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RESUMEN: Objetivo: determinar los contenidos impartidos en cariología, su aplicación clínica y metodología educativa empleada, en las escuelas dentales chilenas de pregrado. Método: Se efectuó un estudio de corte transversal, en una muestra por conveniencia de docentes de cariología y/o asignaturas relacionadas con cariología en 23 de 29 escuelas de odontología chilenas (año 2015), n=13 acreditadas ante la Comisión Nacional de Acreditación y n=10 de 16 no acreditadas. Se envió un cuestionario de 55 preguntas por vía electrónica, basado en los dominios propuestos por la Asociación para la Educación Dental Europea. El cuestionario fue sometido al análisis y evaluación previa de contenido y lenguaje por un comité de expertos, los resultados fueron tabulados y analizados utilizando STATA v14.2. Resultados: La tasa de respuesta del cuestionario fue de 86,95%. En promedio el 70% de los contenidos encuestados son impartidos, de ellos, el 65% se impartieron en clases teóricas, el 14% en práctica de laboratorio y se realizó aplicación clínica en el 24% de los contenidos impartidos. Conclusiones: La actual enseñanza de la cariología en las escuelas dentales chilenas es alta en contenidos teóricos, los que mayoritariamente no se imparten a través de práctica de laboratorio y la aplicación clínica de los contenidos desarrollados es escasa.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: determinar los contenidos impartidos en cariología, su aplicación clínica y metodología educativa empleada, en las escuelas dentales chilenas de pregrado. Método: Se efectuó un estudio de corte transversal, en una muestra por conveniencia de docentes de cariología y/o asignaturas relacionadas con cariología en 23 de 29 escuelas de odontología chilenas (año 2015), n=13 acreditadas ante la Comisión Nacional de Acreditación y n=10 de 16 no acreditadas. Se envió un cuestionario de 55 preguntas por vía electrónica, basado en los dominios propuestos por la Asociación para la Educación Dental Europea. El cuestionario fue sometido al análisis y evaluación previa de contenido y lenguaje por un comité de expertos, los resultados fueron tabulados y analizados utilizando STATA v14.2. Resultados: La tasa de respuesta del cuestionario fue de 86,95%. En promedio el 70% de los contenidos encuestados son impartidos, de ellos, el 65% se impartieron en clases teóricas, el 14% en práctica de laboratorio y se realizó aplicación clínica en el 24% de los contenidos impartidos. Conclusiones: La actual enseñanza de la cariología en las escuelas dentales chilenas es alta en contenidos teóricos, los que mayoritariamente no se imparten a través de práctica de laboratorio y la aplicación clínica de los contenidos desarrollados es escasa. ABSTRACT: The objective: was to determine the current contents of cariology taught, its clinical application and educational methodology used in Chilean undergraduate dental schools. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a convenience sample of cariology teachers and/or teachers of cariology-related subjects belonging to 23 of the 29 Chilean Dental Schools (year 2015), including n=13 out of 13 schools accredited by the National Accreditation Commission, and n=10 out of 16 non-accredited schools. A questionnaire of 55 questions was sent electronically, based on the domains proposed by the Association for European Dental Education (ADEE). The survey was subjected to prior analysis and evaluation of content and language by a panel of experts, the results were tabulated and analyzed using STATA v14.2. Results: The response rate o was 86.95%. On average, 70% of the contents surveyed are taught, of which 65% were taught in didactic classes, 14% were in laboratory practice and 24% were taught in the clinical setting. Conclusions: The current teaching of cariology in chilean dental schools includes a large number of subjects taught mainly in didactic settings, with less in the laboratory practice, while the clinical application of the contents developed is scarce.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Creación de un currículo de competencias mínimas en Cariología, para la formación de los Cirujano-Dentistas egresados de las escuelas de Odontología de Chile. Metodologías: A partir de una reunión de académicos de las Universidades de Talca y de Chile (año 2011), se elaboró una propuesta de currículo inicial, basado en los dominios propuestos por la Unión Europea (Schulte AG y cols). Durante el año 2016, dicha propuesta fue analizada mediante diálogos digitales y grupos de trabajo, con la participación del 96% de las Escuelas de Odontología existentes en el país, que concluyeron en un documento intermedio. Este documento fue analizado, discutido y perfeccionado durante el Taller para el Desarrollo de un Currículo de Competencias Mínimas en Cariología para las Escuelas de Odontología Chilenas (22/Mayo/2017, Talca, organizado por la Universidad de Talca y la Universidad de Chile) con la asistencia de representantes del 96% de las escuelas dentales chilenas, Ministerio de Salud de Chile, Colegio de Cirujano-Dentistas de Chile y con la asesoría de los profesores de Cariología Dres. Margherita Fontana y Carlos González-Cabezas (Universidad de Michigan, Ann Arbor, EEUU). Cada grupo de trabajo revisó el documento y envió nuevos comentarios, los que fueron incorporados en el documento final por una comisión asesora. Resultados: El documento del Currículo en Cariología se organizó en 5 Dominios: 1. Conocimientos base; 2. Determinación de Riesgo, diagnóstico de caries y detección de lesiones de caries; 3. Toma de decisiones y manejo preventivo no operatorio; 4. Toma de decisiones y manejo operatorio y 5. Cariología basada en la evidencia, en la práctica clínica y de salud pública. Se consensuaron las definiciones operacionales, las competencias principales y las sub-competencias para cada uno de los dominios. Las sub-competencias fueron clasificadas en tres niveles: A: Ser competente en; B: Tener conocimientos sobre y C: Estar familiarizado con. El documento final fue enviado a todos los participantes del taller para su aprobación y difusión en cada una de las instituciones involucradas. Conclusiones: Se logró, por medio de consenso, la construcción del Currículo de Competencias mínimas en Cariología para estudiantes de pregrado de Odontología en las universidades chilenas. ABSTRACT: Objective: Development of a minimum set of competencies in Cariology that every dentist graduated from a Dental School in Chile must have. Methodology: Starting from a meeting of scholars from the Universities of Talca and Chile (year 2011), an initial proposal for a curriculum was developed, based on the domains proposed by the European Cariology Curriculum (Schulte, et al, 2011). During 2016, this proposal was discussed through online dialogues and working groups, with the participation of 95.2% of the Chilean dental schools, which resulted in an intermediate document. This document was analyzed, discussed and refined during the Workshop for the Development of a Curriculum of Minimum Competencies in Cariology for Chilean Dental Schools (May 22, 2017, Talca, organized by the Universities of Talca and Chile) with the attendance of representatives from 95.2% of the Chilean dental schools, the Chilean Ministry of Health, Chilean College od Dentists and with the assistance of the professors of Cariology Margherita Fontana and Carlos González-Cabezas (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA). Each working group revised the document and provided feedback, which was incorporated in the final document by an advisory committee, elected on the day of the workshop, including the authors of the present article. Results: The Cariology Curriculum was organized in 5 Domains: 1. Basic knowledge; 2. Risk assessment, caries diagnosis and caries lesion detection; 3. Decision-making and non-operative preventive treatment; 4. Decision making and operative treatment; and 5. Evidence-based, clinical and public health practice. Operational definitions, main competencies and sub-competencies for each domain were agreed. Sub-competencies were classified into three levels: A: Be competent in; B: Have knowledge about, and C: Be familiar with. The final document was sent to all the participants of the workshop for dissemination in each of the institutions involved. Conclusions: The development of the Competency-based Curriculum in Cariology for undergraduate dental students at Chilean universities was achieved through consensus.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Creación de un currículo de competencias mínimas en Cariología, para la formación de los Cirujano-Dentistas egresados de las escuelas de Odontología de Chile. Metodologías: A partir de una reunión de académicos de las Universidades de Talca y de Chile (año 2011), se elaboró una propuesta de currículo inicial, basado en los dominios propuestos por la Unión Europea (Schulte AG y cols). Durante el año 2016, dicha propuesta fue analizada mediante diálogos digitales y grupos de trabajo, con la participación del 96% de las Escuelas de Odontología existentes en el país, que concluyeron en un documento intermedio. Este documento fue analizado, discutido y perfeccionado durante el Taller para el Desarrollo de un Currículo de Competencias Mínimas en Cariología para las Escuelas de Odontología Chilenas (22/Mayo/2017, Talca, organizado por la Universidad de Talca y la Universidad de Chile) con la asistencia de representantes del 96% de las escuelas dentales chilenas, Ministerio de Salud de Chile, Colegio de Cirujano-Dentistas de Chile y con la asesoría de los profesores de Cariología Dres. Margherita Fontana y Carlos González-Cabezas (Universidad de Michigan, Ann Arbor, EEUU). Cada grupo de trabajo revisó el documento y envió nuevos comentarios, los que fueron incorporados en el documento final por una comisión asesora. Resultados: El documento del Currículo en Cariología se organizó en 5 Dominios: 1. Conocimientos base; 2. Determinación de Riesgo, diagnóstico de caries y detección de lesiones de caries; 3. Toma de decisiones y manejo preventivo no operatorio; 4. Toma de decisiones y manejo operatorio y 5. Cariología basada en la evidencia, en la práctica clínica y de salud pública. Se consensuaron las definiciones operacionales, las competencias principales y las sub-competencias para cada uno de los dominios. Las sub-competencias fueron clasificadas en tres niveles: A: Ser competente en; B: Tener conocimientos sobre y C: Estar familiarizado con. El documento final fue enviado a todos los participantes del taller para su aprobación y difusión en cada una de las instituciones involucradas. Conclusiones: Se logró, por medio de consenso, la construcción del Currículo de Competencias mínimas en Cariología para estudiantes de pregrado de Odontología en las universidades chilenas.

The paper presents a description of larva, pupa, imago (male) and karyotype of Chironomus amissum from southeastern Brazil. It belongs to pseudothummi cytocomplex with 2n=8 and chromosome arm combinations: AE BF CD G. Several fixed homozygous inversions distinguished arm A of the new species from that of Chironomus columbiensis Wülker et al. 1989 and Chironomus anonymus Williston, 1896. One homozygous inversion of arm F differentiated it from C. anonymus. Species-specific characters were presented in the larva, pupa and imago. Neste artigo é apresentada a descrição de larva, pupa, adulto macho e cariótipo de Chironomus amissum, uma nova espécie do sudeste brasileiro. Ela pertence ao citocomplexo pseudothummi com 2n=8 e cromossomos com combinações de braços: AE BF CD G. Várias inversões homozigóticas diferem o braço A da nova espécie em relação às espécies Chironomus columbiensisWülker et al. 1989 e Chironomus anonymus Williston, 1896. Uma inversão homozigótica do braço F diferencia essa espécie de C. anonymus. Caracteres que diferenciam a espécie nova são também apresentados para larva, pupa e adulto.

Memoria ID-0047. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2015-2016.

8 p., tablas, fot., mapas, [EN]Artemisia herba-alba is a largely-distributed and often landscape-dom- inating taxon in arid areas of the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions. In Algeria, in 2010 its communities covered 10% of the steppe territory, but its populations have been subjected to overgrazing. A karyological study based on 22 populations together with a cytogenetic characterisation of this species has been performed for the first time in Algerian materials, through genome size and chromosome number determination. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was also used to assess the rDNA loci number and distribution in the two ploidy levels detected. The studied accessions are diploid (2n = 2x = 18 chromosomes, 6 populations) or tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36 chromosomes, 15 popula- tions). One population, occupying a more or less central geographic posi- tion among the studied area, presented both cytotypes. Genome size reflects well the two ploidy levels, with no evidence of downsizing with polyploidy. The karyotypes are rather symmetric (2A Stebbins’ class). FISH analyses detected four signals (2 loci) in diploid and eight signals (4 loci) in tetraploid cytotypes for both ribosomal DNA genes, which present an L-type (linked) organisation, i.e. with loci from both rDNA genes colocal- ised. The presence of two ploidy levels suggest a genomic dynamism and even a possible differentiation underlying the morphological uniformity and despite the dramatic decrease experienced by this plant in Algeria in terms of surface coverage., [ES]Artemisia herba-alba es un taxon ampliamente distribuido y dominante en el paisaje en áreas áridas de las regiones mediterránea e irano-turania. En Argelia, sus comunidades cubrían en 2010 el 10% de su territorio de estepa, pero sus poblaciones se encuentran sometidas a sobrepastoreo. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio cariológico basado en 22 poblaciones, se han caracterizado citogenéticamente por primera vez poblaciones argelinas de esta especie y se ha estimado el tamaño del genoma y el número cromosomático, además de la determinación por hibridación in situ fluorescente (FISH) del número y la distribución de los loci del ADN ribosómico en los dos niveles de ploidía. Las accesiones estudiadas son diploides (2n = 2x = 18, 6 poblaciones) o tetraploides (2n = 4x = 36, 15 poblaciones), y una, que ocupa una posición más o menos céntrica entre las consideradas, presenta ambos niveles de ploidía. El tamaño del genoma refleja los dos niveles de ploidía y no se observan indicios de disminución con la poliploidía. Los cariotipos son simétricos (clase 2A de Stebbins). Los análisis de FISH detectan cuatro señales (2 loci) en los citoti- pos diploides y ocho señales (4 loci) en los tetraploides para ambos genes del ADN ribosómico, que presenta una organización del tipo L (ligada), es decir, con los loci de los dos genes del ADNr colocalizados. La pres- encia de dos niveles de ploidía sugiere un dinamismo genético e incluso una posible diferenciación más allá de la uniformidad morfológica, con independencia del retroceso experimentado por esta planta en Argelia., This work was supported by the Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica, Spanish government (CGL2013-49097-C2-2-P) and the Generalitat de Catalunya, Catalonian government (“Ajuts a grups de recerca consolidats”, 2014SGR514). Y.B. received a grant from the Algerian government for two short stages in coauthors’ laboratories in Barcelona. S.G. benefitted from a Juan de la Cierva and Ramón y Cajal contracts from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Government of Spain.

The systematics of the annual species of the Campanula lusita - nica complex in the Western Mediterranean is reviewed using ITS sequences, karyology and morphology of all species of the complex. The information provided by these three sources is consistent, and the species are reorganized into two groups with the rank of section: Campanula sect. Rapunculus Boiss. and Campanula sect. Decumbentes, the latter described as new in this work. These sections comprise two well-defined subclades in the phylogenetic analyses. Sect. Rapunculus is composed, in the W Mediterranean region, by C. lusitanica L. and C. matritensis A. DC., both with 2n = 18 chromosomes, and C. cabezudoi Cano-Maqueda & Talavera, C. specularioides Coss., C. transtagana R. Fern., and C. broussonetiana Schult., all with 2n = 20 chromosomes. In the Iberian Peninsula, Sect. Decumbentes com prises two endemic species, C. decumbens A. DC. with 2n = 32 chromosomes and C. dieckii Lange with 2n = 28 chromosomes. In C. decumbens a new subspecies is described: C. decumbens subsp. baetica Cano-Maqueda & Talavera, which occurs in the Guadalquivir valley. In the formal systematic part we provide a key to identify these annual species of the Western Mediterranean, with a description and typification, photographs of flowers and fruits, distribution maps, and comments on the habitat for each taxon. En este trabajo se revisa la sistemática de las especies anuales del complejo Campanula lusitanica en el occidente del Mediterráneo usando secuencias ITS, cariología y análisis de los caracteres morfológicos de todas las especies del complejo. La información proporcionada por estas tres fuentes de caracteres es congruente, y las distintas especies se reorganizan en dos grupos principales con categoría de sección, que se corresponden con los dos subclados bien definidos: Campanula sect. Rapunculus Boiss. y Campanula sect. Decumbentes, descrita como nueva en este trabajo. En el Mediterráneo occidental, la sect. Rapunculus está formada por las siguientes especies anuales: C. lusitanica L. y C. matritensis A. DC., con 2n = 18 cromosomas, y C. cabezudoi Cano-Maqueda & Talavera, C. specularioides Coss., C. transtagana R. Fern. y C. broussonetiana Schult., con 2n = 20 cromosomas. En la Península Ibérica la sect. Decumbentes está representada por C. decumbens A. DC., con 2n = 32 cromosomas, y C. dieckii Lange, con 2n = 28 cromosomas, ambas endémicas de la Península Ibérica; de C. decumbens se describe una subespecie nueva: C. decumbens subsp. baetica Cano-Maqueda & Talavera, taxon del valle del Guadalquivir muy bien diferenciado morfológicamente de la subsp. decumbens. En la parte sistemática se proporciona una clave para la identificación de estas especies anuales del oeste del Mediterráneo, así como una descripción y tipificación, fotografías de las flores y frutos, mapas de distribución, y aspectos de la ecología para cada uno de los táxones. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia REM2002-04354-C02-02, CGL2005-01951, CGL2006-00817, CGL2009-08178, BES-2003-0332

We describe a new species of Astragalus section Sesamei from the semiarid zone of SE Spain: Astragalus castroviejoi. Morphologically the new species resembles A. sesameus L. and A. stella L. and we provide a key to distinguish the three species. A. castroviejoi is a diploid species with 2n = 16, the same chromosome number as A. sesameus and A. stella. We provide an image of the karyotype, together with an illustration of the new species and a map of its distribution. Since the existing populations are restricted in area, we also provide an estimate of the conservartion status of this species according to the criteria of the IUCN. En este trabajo se describe una especie nueva de la zona semiárida del SE de España perteneciente a la sección Sesamei del género Astragalus: Astragalus castroviejoi. En lo morfológico, esta especie se parece a A. sesameus L. y A. stella L., por lo que se aporta una clave para la identificación de estas tres especies. A. castroviejoi es una especie diploide con 2n = 16, el mismo número cromosomático de A. sesameus y A. stella. Se da la descripción del cariótipo y se aporta la iconografía de la especie y un mapa de distribución. Como los núcleos poblacionales son pequeños se hace también una valoración, siguiendo los criterios de la IUCN, del estado de conservación de la especie.

We describe a new species of Astragalus section Sesamei from the semiarid zone of SE Spain: Astragalus castroviejoi. Morphologically the new species resembles A. sesameus L. and A. stella L. and we provide a key to distinguish the three species. A. castroviejoi is a diploid species with 2n = 16, the same chromosome number as A. sesameus and A. stella. We provide an image of the karyotype, together with an illustration of the new species and a map of its distribution. Since the existing populations are restricted in area, we also provide an estimate of the conservartion status of this species according to the criteria of the IUCN.En este trabajo se describe una especie nueva de la zona semiárida del SE de España perteneciente a la sección Sesamei del género Astragalus: Astragalus castroviejoi. En lo morfológico, esta especie se parece a A. sesameus L. y A. stella L., por lo que se aporta una clave para la identificación de estas tres especies. A. castroviejoi es una especie diploide con 2n = 16, el mismo número cromosomático de A. sesameus y A. stella. Se da la descripción del cariótipo y se aporta la iconografía de la especie y un mapa de distribución. Como los núcleos poblacionales son pequeños se hace también una valoración, siguiendo los criterios de la IUCN, del estado de conservación de la especie.

Dysploidy and polyploidy are well documented in the large genus Centaurea, especially in sect. Acrocentron and in a small group of species from the Iberian Peninsula described as sect. Chamaecyanus, closely related to Acrocentron. We have explored two interesting cases of polyploid series in both sections: the polyploid series of Centaurea toletana in sect. Chamaecyanus and the series of C. ornata group in sect. Acrocentron. We have carried out a karyological study using both classic karyotype analyses and chromosome banding with fluorochromes. The C. toletana complex exhibits three different ploidy levels, diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid, the latter usually considered a different species, C. argecillensis. Our results do not contradict the original hypothesis of tetraploid C. toletana being an autopolyploid, but they suggest that this case of autopolyploidy, as many others, is the result of multiple events of polyploidization. Regarding C. argecillensis, our results confirm that it is an allopolyploid originated by hybridization of C. toletana and an unknown species. The colonizing habit of C. argecillensis, as it was the case of tetraploid C. toletana, suggests that the allopolyploid has multiple origins. The C. ornata complex exhibits four ploidy levels, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid and endecaploid. In this section, however, the banding patterns have not helped us to determine the relation between the polyploid series and neither have allowed us to confirm the hypothesis of the possible progenitors of C. kunkelii.No disponible.

INTRODUÇÃO: a maneira como a cárie dentária é conceituada e seus fatores etiológicos considerados têm gerado divergências, na elaboração de estratégias preventivas, entre epidemiologistas e profissionais da saúde. As considerações e o conhecimento sobre a formação, progressão e definição da lesão de cárie devem ser aprofundados, para se estabelecer critérios que favoreçam o diagnóstico, a prevenção e o tratamento, preservando a qualidade de vida do paciente. O conceito de cárie dentária como doença infecciosa, transmissível e dieta dependente deve ser revisto, e os fatores etiológicos melhor interpretados e entendidos, para evitar estratégias de prevenção e tratamento equivocadas. É necessário um posicionamento mais conclusivo de instituições científicas e universidades, objetivando o estabelecimento definitivo desses conceitos, para que possam refletir-se em resultados práticos. OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste trabalho foi trazer uma contribuição baseada em 35 anos de exercício profissional e da vivência acadêmica no ensino e pesquisa e, também, realizar uma revisão da literatura de Cariologia, com a intenção de levar a uma interpretação dos achados científicos que permita um raciocínio lógico sobre o conceito de cárie dentária e dos fatores envolvidos em sua etiologia, podendo, com isso, chegar o mais próximo possível da verdade. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: os conhecimentos adquiridos até hoje, por meio da pesquisa científica e também a partir das conclusões deste trabalho, permitem elaborar estratégias preventivas mais eficientes em todo o planeta e a cárie dentária passará a ser, dentro de pouco tempo, um problema irrelevante ao ser humano. A partir do raciocínio desenvolvido neste trabalho, pode-se concluir que a cárie dentária não deve ser considerada uma doença, mas simplesmente uma lesão do esmalte de causa local, sem fatores etiológicos determinantes, porém provocada pelo desequilíbrio de fatores considerados fisiológicos, pertencentes à biodiversidade do ser humano e especificamente da cavidade bucal. Uma estratégia objetiva de prevenção deve buscar o equilíbrio biológico, sem perder de vista a qualidade de vida do ser humano.INTRODUCTION: The concept of dental caries and its etiologic factors have been raising disagreement in the establishment of preventive strategies among epidemiologists and health professionals. Considerations and knowledge on the formation, progression and definition of carious lesions should be enhanced for establishment of criteria to favor the diagnosis, prevention and treatment, maintaining the life quality of patients. The concept of dental caries as an infectious, transmissible and diet-dependent disease should be revised; the etiologic factors should be better interpreted and understood to avoid mistaken approaches for prevention and treatment. A more conclusive positioning of scientific institutions and universities is required for definitive establishment of these concepts and achievement of practical outcomes. AIM: This study aimed to provide a contribution based on 35 years of professional exercise and academic experience in teaching and research, as well as to conduct a literature review on cariology for interpretation of scientific findings to allow logical conclusions on the concept of dental caries and its etiologic factors, to reach the truth as much as possible. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The information currently available by means of scientific investigation and also the conclusions of this study allow the formulation of more effective preventive strategies throughout the world allows; in the short term, dental caries will be a minor problem to mankind. Based on the present study, it is concluded that dental caries should not be considered a disease, but rather an enamel lesion due to local causes, without determinant etiologic factors, yet caused by imbalance between physiological factors pertinent to the biodiversity of mankind and specifically to the oral cavity. An objective preventive strategy should aim to achieve biological balance, taking into account the mankind quality of life.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of two fluorescent dyes and Laser Fluorescence (LF) device in detecting smooth and occlusal natural caries in primary teeth in vitro.Methods: Measurements were performed with the LF and with LF associated with tetrakis (N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin (LF TMPyP) and protoporphyrin IX (LF PPIX) in 72 smooth (63 primary molars) and 134 occlusal sites (81 primary molars). For validation, surfaces were sectioned and sections obtained were evaluated under stereomicroscope. Smooth surfaces were also evaluated using polarized light microscopy and Knoop microhardness. For both smooth and occlusal surfaces, ROC analyses were performed, and sensitivities, specificities and accuracies were assessed. In smooth surfaces, Pearson’s correlation coefficients between LF values and lesions hardness or lesions depth were calculated.Results: LF TMPyP presented higher correlation with hardness and lesion depth than other methods in smooth surfaces. No differences were observed in other parameters among the methods, in both smooth and occlusal surfaces.Relevance: The LF TMPyP might improve performance in quantifying smooth-surface caries lesions in primary teeth. However, the sensitivity is improved at D2 (caries extending into inner half of the enamel but not to amelodentinal junction) threshold when using PPIX in smooth caries lesions. The association of LF with fluorescent dyes does not improve the performance on occlusal caries.

[EN]Our study concerns eight species of the section Pentadactyles, namely two (S. genesiana and S. vayredana) endemic of the Montseny-Guilleries massif, five (S. geranioides, S. moschata, S. intricata, S. pentadactylis and S. pubescens) growing in the Pyrenees, and one (S.fragilis) existing in both mountain ranges (Pyrenees and Catalanidic); as well as several natural hybrids between some of these taxa. In order to know the relationships among all them, we take in account vegetative and floral parameters, pollen and seed morphology and viability, nuclear DNA amount and chromosome numbers. The results show DNA content to be conclusive to differentiate all taxa and to detect hybrid populations. Pollen grains and seeds give also discriminative characters. As regards the distinction between S. geranioides and S. genesiana, the sole important character is the seed ornamentation, consisting of micropapillae in the first taxon, while of mixed micropapillae and macropapillae in S. genesiana. The chromosomal number is the same (2n = c. 44) in both taxa. Results suggest that S. genesiana derived from a S. geranioides population of Eastern Pyrenees., Aquest estudi s’ha beneficiat d’un ajut a la recerca, concedit per la Secció de Ciències Biològiques de l’Institut d’Estudis Catalans; i d’una beca predoctoral de docència i recerca de la Universitat de Barcelona atorgada a un dels autors (G. M. de X.).

Karyotype analyses of eight species of the Quercus genus were performed and are reported here. Five species (Q. candicans, Q. crassifolia, Q. elliptica, Q. hintonii and Q. urbanii) belong to the Lobatae section and three (Q. frutex, Q. obtusata and Q. rugosa) to the Quercus section. This is the first report of the chromosome numbers of all of them except Q. rugosa, and demonstrate that they are diploid (2n = 2x = 24) and the karyotypes are moderately asymmetrical.Se han realizado los estudios cariológicos de ocho especies del género Quercus, de las cuales cinco (Q. candicans, Q. crassifolia, Q. elliptica, Q. hintonii y Q. urbanii) pertenecen a la sección Lobatae y tres (Q. frutex, Q. obtusata y Q. rugosa) a la sección Quercus. Se indica por primera vez el número cromosómico de todas ellas excepto Q. rugosa. En todos los casos se trata de diploides (2n = 2x = 24) con cariotipos moderadamente asimétricos.

Populations of Scilla beirana Samp. were sampled in NW Portugal and compared with its relatives S. ramburei Boiss, and S. peruviana L. Leaf and scape anatomy, morphology, chromosome number and idiogram were identical in S. beirana and S. ramburei, but differed from S. peruviana. Diagnostic characters previously used to discriminate S. beirana (width of leaves and flower number) showed continuous, but not clinal, variation, and failed to provide a clear-cut basis for identification and no other morphological attributes were found to separate the taxa. All available evidence suggests that S. beirana should be put into synonymy with S. ramburei, as was earlier suggested by COUTINHO (1935).Se muestreó Scilla beirana Samp. en diversas poblaciones del noroeste de Portugal y se comparó con dos táxones con los que se había relacionado previamente, S. ramburei Boiss, y S. peruviana L. La macromorfología, la anatomía de la hoja y escapo, el número cromosomático y el idiograma de S. beirana y S. ramburei fueron indistinguibles, pero diferentes de los de S. peruviana. Los caracteres diagnósticos que se habían utilizado previamente para discriminar a S. beirana -anchura foliar y número de flores- revelaron una variación continua y no permitieron diferenciarla de S. ramburei, en la cual debería ser incluida como sinónimo, tal como había sugerido COUTINHO (1935).

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior A poliploidia é considerada um dos principais fatores envolvidos na formação de novas espécies. Lippia alba é uma espécie herbácea de grande importância medicinal, sendo empregada popularmente no tratamento de problemas gástricos e respiratórios. A espécie, de ampla distribuição caracteriza-se por apresentar vasta plasticidade morfológica e variados quimiotipos além de grande variação cariotípica. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar por meio de técnicas citogenéticas, diferentes citótipos coletados em ambientes naturais e contribuir para entender a dinâmica da formação de um possível complexo poliploide em L. alba. A partir de técnicas de bandeamento cromossômico e hibridização fluorescente in situ somadas às análises meióticas e de viabilidade polínica realizadas em cinco citótipos do complexo poliploide, foi possível verificar variações cromossômicas numéricas e estruturais. Os resultados sugerem que cruzamentos intraespecíficos e eventos de autopoliploidização originaram esta ampla variação cariológica em L. alba. A técnica de FISH, em especial a região de DNAr 5S, revelou indícios fortes de autopoliploidia, já que o número de sítios do complemento monoploide apresentou-se constante independente do nível de ploidia. Além disso, os altos índices de irregularidades meióticas encontrados nos acessos triploides, aneuploide, tetraploide e hexaploide também são indícios de pareamento e segregação cromossômica anormal, fenômeno típico de poliploides recém-formados. Em adição, os resultados de viabilidade polínica com o corante FDA corroboram os dados meióticos e incrementam a hipótese de formação de um complexo poliploide em L. alba. The polyploidy is considered one of the most important factors in plant speciation, Lippia alba is an important medicinal herb being popularly used mainly in the treatment of gastric and respiratory problems. Once your popular use is employed as palliative for various human diseases. The species, of widely distribution possess extensive morphological plasticity and different chemotypes in addition to great karyotype variation. The present study aimed to characterize by means of cytogenetic techniques different cytotypes collected in natural environment and help to understand the dynamic of possible polyploid complex formation of the in L. alba. By means of chromosome banding and fluorescence in situ hibridization techniques in addition to meiotic and pollen viability analyses accomplished in five cytotypes of polyploid complex, it was possible to observe numerical and structural variations. The results suggest that intraspecific crosses autopolyploidization events caused the wide karyological variation in L. alba. The FISH technique, specially the rDNA 5S region, revealed important indications of autopolyploidy, once the number of marks of monoploid complement remained constant regardless of chromosome number. Moreover, the high rates of meiotic irregularities observed in triploid, aneuploid, tetraploid and hexaploid accessions also indicates abnormal paring and chromosomal segregation , a typical phenomenon of newly formed polypoids. In addition, the results of pollen viability by means of FDA test corroborate the meiotic data and support the hypothesis of of a polyploid complex formation in L. alba.

Objetivo Determinar la relación entre características fisicoquímicas de la saliva, el recuento de microorganismos cariogénicos, bacterias anaerobias facultativas y gram negativas, con la experiencia de caries en adultos jóvenes.Materiales y Métodos Se recolectó saliva total estimulada de 120 estudiantes de odontología entre 17 y 34 años de edad, para el análisis de tasa de flujo salivar, pH, concentraciones de iones de calcio y fosfato, ácido láctico, recuento de microorganismos cariogénicos, bacterias facultativas y gram negativas.Resultados La tasa de flujo salivar se incluyó en el intervalo biológico de referencia y no se asoció con la presencia de caries dental, lo mismo sucedió con los niveles de ácido láctico. Se encontró relación directamente proporcional entre las concentraciones de calcio y fosfato y la presencia de caries. Los recuentos de Estreptococos del grupo Mutans se relacionaron con la presencia de lesiones de mancha blanca; Lactobacillusspp, bacterias anaerobias facultativas y gram negativas se asociaron a presencia de lesiones cavitacionales de caries.Conclusiones En el grupo de adultos jóvenes evaluado, las características fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas de las saliva se relacionan de manera diferencial con la presencia de caries dental en diferentes grados de avance.

Se realiza una revisión taxonómica de Centaurea sect. Paniculatae (Hayek) Dostál y Centaurea sect. Phalolepis (Cass.) DC. en la Península Ibérica. Se señalan los límites taxonómicos de cada Sección y se discute el valor de los caracteres morfológicos en la separación de taxones. Los estudios taxonómicos se complementan con estudios palinológicos, caariológicos y de la biología de la reproducción de cada taxón reconocido. Para cada taxón se indica, junto a una clave taxonómica, el nombre correcto, sinonimias, descripción, tipo, número cromosómico, distribución, ecología y localidades estudiadas.

The genus Lippia (Verbenaceae) comprise around 160 species spread out mainly in South and Central Americas with few African species, some of them with potential medicinal use. Brazil is one the most important centers of diversity with approximately 75% of the species described so far. Innumerous species are endemic and poorly studied especially at a cytological level. Here, chromosomal length, karyomorphology and chromosome asymmetry of twelve Brazilian species of Lippia were evaluated [L. alba (Miller) N.E.Brown, L. diamantinensis Glaz., L. florida Cham., L. hermanioides Cham., L. lacunosa Mart. & Schauer, L. lupulina Cham., L. pohliana Schauer, L. pseudothea (St. Hil) Schauer, L. rosella Moldenke, L. rotundifolia Cham., L. rubella Moldenke and L. sidoides Cham.]. The analysis suggested that the genus has a variable chromosome number (from 2n = 20 to 2n = 56) originated by dysploidy and polyploidy. This is the first description of chromosome morphology for 11 of the 12 Lippia species studied.O gênero Lippia (Verbenaceae) possui cerca de 160 espécies distribuídas principalmente nas Américas Central e do Sul com poucas espécies Africanas, algumas delas com potencial uso medicinal. O Brasil é um dos mais importantes centros de diversidade com aproximadamente 75% das espécies descritas. Inúmeras espécies são endêmicas e pouco estudadas, principalmente a nível citológico. Aqui, o comprimento cromossômico, a cariomorfologia e a assimetria cromossômica de doze espécies brasileiras de Lippia foram avaliados [L. alba (Miller) N.E.Brown, L. diamantinensis Glaz., L. florida Cham., L. hermanioides Cham., L. lacunosa Mart. & Schauer, L. lupulina Cham., L. pohliana Schauer, L. pseudothea (St. Hil) Schauer, L. rosella Moldenke, L. rotundifolia Cham., L. rubella Moldenke e L. sidoides Cham.]. As análises sugeriram que o gênero tem um número cromossômico variável (de 2n = 20 a 2n = 56) originado por disploidia e poliploidia. Esta é a primeira descrição da morfologia cromossômica para 11 das 12 espécies de Lippia estudadas.

Both chromosome numbers and karyotype structure from 15 wild North-African populations of Delphinium L. sect. Delphinium were studied. Delphinium balansae Boiss. & Reuter, with a more symmetrical karyotype, appears as a possible perennial ancestor of' the remaining annuals with highly asymmetrical and shorter karyotype. A taxonomical reorganization of this section is proposed: two new series (ser. Macropetala ser. nova and ser. Balansae ser. nova.) and two new nomenclatural combinations (D. nanum subsp. alboliliaceum and D. nanum subsp. elongatum) are proposed. S'han estudiat els nombres cromosòmics i l'estructura deis cariotipus de 15 poblacions nordafricanes de Delphinium L. sect. Delphinium. Delphinium balansae Boiss. & Reuter, amb cariotipus mes simètric, apareix com a possible ancestre perenne de la resta d’espècies anuals amb cariotipus més asimètric i més curt. Es proposa una reorganització taxonòmica de la secció, d'on es descriu en dues series noves (ser. Macropetala ser. nova i ser. Balansae ser. nova.) i es proposen dues combinacions noves (D. nanum subsp. alboliliaceum and D. nanum subsp. elongatum).

Orientadores: Angélica Zaninelli Schreiber, Márcia Ortiz Mayo Marques Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro o efeito dose-resposta da nanoemulsão do extrato etanolico de Lychnophora pinaster sobre celulas planctonicas e biofilme de Streptococcus mutans UA159 ATCC700610 e sobre a desmineralizacao do esmalte dental ao redor de braquetes ortodonticos. Alem disso, foi avaliada a associacao do ion fluor (F-), contido em um dos materiais de colagem de braquetes (Fuji Ortho LC), com a nanoemulsao, assim como a interferencia da mesma sobre a forca de adesao dos braquetes. Com as celulas planctonicas foram realizados Testes de Disco Difusao (DD), Concentracao Inibitoria Minima (CIM) e Concentracao Bactericida Minima (CBM). A formacao do biofilme sobre blocos de esmalte dental bovino, tendo braquetes Synergy colados, foi induzida utilizando-se meio de cultura Muller Hinton cation ajustado (CLSI M7-A6), com exposicao 8x/dia, durante 1 minuto, a sacarose 10%. Os blocos foram divididos em experimentos de acordo com o material de colagem, Transbond XT ou Fuji Ortho LC. Para cada material foram avaliados 6 grupos (n=4); 2 controles negativos (48 e 120 horas), 3 experimentais (nanoemulsao na CIM; CIM x 100; CIM x 1000) e 1 controle positivo (digluconato de clorexidina - CHX 0,12%), sendo que os experimentos foram realizados em duplicata. Apos 48 horas, os biofilmes foram tratados 2x/dia, durante 1 minuto, com NaCl 0,9% (controle negativo), nanoemulsao (experimentais), ou CHX 0,12% (controle positivo). Os meios foram trocados a cada 12 horas e o pH mensurado a cada troca para avaliar a acidogenicidade do biofilme. Apos 120 horas os biofilmes foram coletados e foi determinado peso seco, micro-organismos viaveis (UFC) e concentracao de F-. A desmineralizacao do esmalte dental foi determinada em seccao transversal (DZ), nas posicoes 0, 100 e 500 ¿Êm de distancia do braquete e foi verificada a resistencia ao cisalhamento dos braquetes de acordo com os materiais de colagem. Os resultados demonstraram que o halo inibitorio da nanoemulsao foi similar ao da CHX 0,12% e a CIM/CBM se apresentaram abaixo de 500 ¿Êg/mL, o que indica uma forte inibicao ao Streptococcus mutans UA159 ATCC700610. No biofilme formado utilizando ambos os materiais de colagem, a nanoemulsao CIM x 1000 foi similar a CHX 0,12% na diminuicao da UFC/peso seco. Quanto a desmineralizacao, utilizando Transbond XT, a nanoemulsao CIM x 100 ou 1000 foi similar a CHX 0,12% e utilizando Fuji Ortho LC, a nanoemulsao a partir da CIM foi similar a CHX 0,12%. Para todos os grupos, a distancia 0 ¿Êm apresentou maior desmineralizacao que as distancias 100 e 500. A media de resistencia ao cisalhamento do experimento utilizando Transbond XT foi superior a do experimento utilizando Fuji Ortho LC, porem nao houve diferenca entre os grupos em nenhum dos experimentos. Os resultados sugerem que a nanoemulsao do extrato etanolico de Lychnophora pinaster foi efetiva contra celulas planctonicas e biofilme de Streptococcus mutans UA159 ATCC700610 e sobre a desmineralizacao do esmalte dental ao redor de braquetes ortodonticos, sem interferir na forca de adesao dos braquetes, sendo que combinada ao F- do Fuji Ortho LC, o efeito de inibicao da desmineralizacao foi potencializado Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro dose-response effect of ethanolic extract nanoemulsion of Lychnophora pinaster on planktonic cells and biofilm of Streptococcus mutans UA159 ATCC700610, as well as on dental enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Moreover, it was evaluate the association of the ion fluorine (F-), contained in one of the bracket bond materials (Fuji Ortho LC), with the nanoemulsion, as well as the interference of the nanoemulsion on the brackets bond strength. With planktonic cells, the following tests were performed: Disk Diffusion Testing (DD), Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The biofilm was formed on bovine enamel blocks, in which Synergy brackets were bonded, using cation adjusted Muller Hinton broth medium (CLSI M7-A6), exposed to 10% sucrose, during 1, minute 8x/day. The blocks were divided into experiments, according to the brackets bond materials, i.e., Transbond XT or Fuji Ortho LC. Six groups (n=4) were evaluated for each material,i.e., two negative control groups (48 and 120 hours), three experimental groups (nanoemulsion at MIC; MIC x 100; MIC x 1000) and one positive control group (chlorhexidine digluconate - 0.12% CHX), considering that the experiments were performed in duplicate. After 48 hours, biofilms were treated 2xday, during 1 minute, with 0.9% NaCl (negative control group), nanoemulsion (experimental groups) or 0.12% CHX (positive control group). The media was changed every 12 hours and the pH was determined every change to evaluated the biofilm acidogenicity. After 120 hours the biofilms were collected and it was determined dry weight, viable microorganisms (UFC) and F- concentration. The dental enamel demineralization was determined in transverse section (DZ) on positions 0, 100 and 500 ¿Êm of distance from the bracket, and it was evaluate the brackets shear strength according to bond materials. The results showed that the nanoemulsion presents the same inhibitory halo than 0.12% CHX and a MIC/MBC lower than 500 ¿Êg/mL, that indicates a higher inhibition of Streptococcus mutans UA159 ATCC700610. Regarding the biofilm formed with both materials, the nanoemulsion 1000 x MIC was similar to 0.12% CHX in the UFC/dry weight reduction. Concerning the demineralization, using Transbond XT, the nanoemulsion 100 and 1000 x MIC was similar to CHX 0.12%, and using Fuji Ortho LC, the nanoemulsion at MIC was similar to 0.12% CHX. For all groups, the distance 0 ¿Êm presented higher demineralization than the distances 100 and 500. The mean shear bond strength for Transbond XT experiment was higher than Fuji Ortho LC experiment, however did not have difference among groups in none of the experiments. The results suggest that the ethanolic extract nanoemulsion of Lychnophora pinaster was effective against Streptococcus mutans UA159 ATCC700610 planktonic cells and biofilm, as well as on dental enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets, without interfere on brackets bond strength, and in association with the Fuji Ortho LC F-, the demineralization inhibition effect was enhanced Doutorado Ciências Biomédicas Doutor em Ciências Médicas

Tese de mestrado, Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, 2012 Submitted by Patrícia Torres (patricia.torres@campus.ul.pt) on 2017-02-14T12:09:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 ulfmd07093_tm_Ana_Reis.pdf: 538569 bytes, checksum: 7ae3151a7818c74a1c0e618ce7891147 (MD5) ulfmd07093_tm_anexo_1.pdf: 482342 bytes, checksum: d722eab52b58f6c37afa4db941996ef7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T12:59:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 ulfmd07093_tm_Ana_Reis.pdf: 538569 bytes, checksum: 7ae3151a7818c74a1c0e618ce7891147 (MD5) ulfmd07093_tm_anexo_1.pdf: 482342 bytes, checksum: d722eab52b58f6c37afa4db941996ef7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012

Tese de mestrado, Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, 2012 Submitted by Patrícia Torres (patricia.torres@campus.ul.pt) on 2017-02-23T16:45:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ulfmd07073_tm_Rita_Cardoso.pdf: 684797 bytes, checksum: 4664bdbd18963d6aa0eabb2b77407f9f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-24T17:13:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ulfmd07073_tm_Rita_Cardoso.pdf: 684797 bytes, checksum: 4664bdbd18963d6aa0eabb2b77407f9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012

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