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Background: Pleural effusion (PE) is presenting symptoms of many different diseases and is often a diagnostic challenge. Negative cytology in the malignant PE requires more complicated diagnostic procedures, such as closed pleural biopsy or thoracoscopic pleural biopsy. Not all the patients will be fit for such invasive procedures due to high risk. Tumor markers seem to be a promising alternative and have been proposed to aid in the differentiation of the PE etiology. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of pleural fluid carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in differentiation between malignant and nonmalignant PEs and to compare adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels with respect to malignant and nonmalignant PE. Methodology: It was a prospective observational study. Patients who presented with undiagnosed exudative PE during the time period 2016–2018 were studied. Pleural fluid was subjected to all routine investigations such as sugar, protein, lactate dehydrogenase, ADA, and CEA. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study. Fifty-one patients had malignancy. Univariate analysis showed that smoker, previous history of cancer, ADA 2.15 were variables associated with malignancy. Multivariate analysis showed pleural fluid CEA >2.15 as only independent risk factor associated with malignancy. The sensitivity of 91.5% and 65% and specificity of 92.5% and 81.4%, respectively, were found for CEA 2.15 ng/dl and ADA

Background: Pleural effusion (PE) is presenting symptoms of many different diseases and is often a diagnostic challenge. Negative cytology in the malignant PE requires more complicated diagnostic procedures, such as closed pleural biopsy or thoracoscopic pleural biopsy. Not all the patients will be fit for such invasive procedures due to high risk. Tumor markers seem to be a promising alternative and have been proposed to aid in the differentiation of the PE etiology. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of pleural fluid carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in differentiation between malignant and nonmalignant PEs and to compare adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels with respect to malignant and nonmalignant PE. Methodology: It was a prospective observational study. Patients who presented with undiagnosed exudative PE during the time period 2016-2018 were studied. Pleural fluid was subjected to all routine investigations such as sugar, protein, lactate dehydrogenase, ADA, and CEA. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study. Fifty-one patients had malignancy. Univariate analysis showed that smoker, previous history of cancer, ADA <20, and CEA of >2.15 were variables associated with malignancy. Multivariate analysis showed pleural fluid CEA >2.15 as only independent risk factor associated with malignancy. The sensitivity of 91.5% and 65% and specificity of 92.5% and 81.4%, respectively, were found for CEA 2.15 ng/dl and ADA <16.5 U/L as plotted from receiver operating characteristic curve. The combined CEA and ADA (2.39 ng/ml and 16.5 U/L) values in pleural fluid had higher sensitivity of 100%. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that pleural fluid CEA levels have a sensitivity of 93.5% and specificity of 73% in diagnosing of malignant PE. ADA levels lesser than 16.5 U/L were seen in patients with malignant PE, but less sensitive and specific compared to CEA. Combined ADA and CEA levels had higher sensitivity than CEA alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pancreatic cancer is a challenging disease, often requiring invasive procedures for diagnosis. Reliable tumour markers are essential for ensuring early detection and better patient outcomes. Although Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 is the most commonly used marker, it is marred by low predictive accuracy and high false positivity. Carcino Embryonic Antigen also has limited practical use. A novel antigen, Cytokeratin fragment 21-1, is gaining significance for its diagnostic value in various tumours., Materials and Methods: This prospective study aimed to evaluate the potential of Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 in comparison with Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 and Carcino Embryonic Antigen in diagnosing pancreatic cancer. From January 2016 to December 2019, 45 patients with confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were included in this cross-sectional study., Results: Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 was raised in 22 patients, Carcino Embryonic Antigen was elevated in 17, and Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 was elevated in 30 cases. Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 was found to be elevated in the presence of jaundice. Both Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 and Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 had good correlation with stage of cancer, while Carcino Embryonic Antigen had very minimal correlation., Conclusion: In this study, Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 was elevated in a higher number of cases than Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 and Carcino Embryonic Antigen. Both Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 and Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 correlated well with cancer stage. Also Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 was not affected by jaundice, unlike Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9. Therefore, Cytokeratin fragment 21-1 has the potential to be an effective individual tumour marker in pancreatic cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Cancer is one of the most important problems facing the world. The economic burdens that result from it burden the world annually. Lung cancer is one of the most important types of cancer, which shows high rates of death around the world. [CEA] Carcino Embryonic Antigen is considered one of the most important protein biomarkers and detection it especially in the early stages, it is considered one of the most important high-end methods for detecting the presence of lung cancer. In order to achieve this goal, a new and sophisticated method was proposed for the high quantitative estimation of this biomarker, which depends on the formation of an electrochemical cell in which the working electrode is made of graphite with a porphyrin dye added to increase sensitivity. This method was performed for a range of concentrations ranging from 1.15x10*-8 and 2.65x10*-7 µg/mL. The detection limit value was 2.22X10*-9 µg/mL. Also, the selectivity of this method was revealed by the influence of foreign substances. Successfully this method was applied in the analysis of CEA in blood models without any pre-existing additives to the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, bimetallic core-shell rhodium@palladium nanodendrites (Rh@Pd NDs) loaded on sulfo group functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-SO 3 H) were combined to form Rh@Pd NDs/MWCNTs-SO 3 H nanocomposites. And the composites were used to construct a simple and label-free electrochemical immunosensor for carcino embryonic antigen (CEA) detection using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Rh@Pd NDs with dendritic nanostructure not only provide abundant catalytically active sites, but also increase the loading of antibody, which could improve the analytical performance and result in high sensitivity. In addition, the MWCNTs-SO 3 H could further enhance electrochemical properties due to the excellent conductivity, good solubility and high surface area. Taking advantages of both Rh@Pd NDs and MWCNTs-SO 3 H, the proposed immunosensor showed a broad linear range from 25 fg mL −1 to 100 ng mL −1 for CEA detection and a low detection limit of 8.3 fg mL −1 (signal-to-noise ratio of 3) under optimal experimental conditions. Moreover, the expected immunosensor exhibited good reproducibility and high sensitivity, which could achieve excellent analysis of CEA in human serum with satisfactory results. Therefore, the Rh@Pd NDs/MWCNTs-SO 3 H nanocomposites may be considered as a sensing platform for fabrication of simple, ultrasensitive and label-free electrochemical immunosensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"n Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Background: Gastric adenocarsinoma is the first leading fatal malignancy in Iran. Despite advances in novel therapeutics approaches for gastric cancer (GC) patient, tumor dissemination via blood stream to distant organ is still the major cause of death. Therefore, there is urgent need to establish sensitive methods for early detection of disseminated tumor cells in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) specimens of gastric cancer patients. "n"nMethods: In the present study, we use Carcinoma Embryonic Antigen (CEA) as a tumor marker and Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as an internal control to detection and quantification of disseminated tumor cells in PB and BM specimens of affected individuals. Total RNA was extracted from AGS (gastric cancer) cell line and CEA and GAPDH fragments were generated by reverse transcription. The amplified fragments were cloned into pTZ57R/T vector separately. Double cloning of these genes has done into one pTZ57R/T vector. Serial dilution of this recombinant plasmid is used to construct standard curve, each containing a known amount of input copy number. Total RNA was extracted from BP and BM specimens of 35 GC patients. cDNA of the specimens were synthesized by reverse transcription and subjected to Quantitative Real-Time PCR (QRT-PCR)."n"nResults: We developed a highly sensitive and specific quantitative PCR for CEA and GAPDH using Real-Time PCR based on TaqMan technology. CEA mRNA was detected in 23% of PB and 20% of BM specimens. There was no CEA mRNA detecting in control group."n"nConclusions: The QRT-PCR for CEA can be a useful technique for detection of micrometastases in the PB and BM specimens of gastric cancer patients."n

Background: Gastric adenocarsinoma is the first leading fatal malignancy in Iran. Despite advances in novel therapeutics approaches for gastric cancer (GC) patient, tumor dissemination via blood stream to distant organ is still the major cause of death. Therefore, there is urgent need to establish sensitive methods for early detection of disseminated tumor cells in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) specimens of gastric cancer patients. Methods: In the present study, we use Carcinoma Embryonic Antigen (CEA) as a tumor marker and Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as an internal control to detection and quantification of disseminated tumor cells in PB and BM specimens of affected individuals. Total RNA was extracted from AGS (gastric cancer) cell line and CEA and GAPDH fragments were generated by reverse transcription. The amplified fragments were cloned into pTZ57R/T vector separately. Double cloning of these genes has done into one pTZ57R/T vector. Serial dilution of this recombinant plasmid is used to construct standard curve, each containing a known amount of input copy number. Total RNA was extracted from BP and BM specimens of 35 GC patients. cDNA of the specimens were synthesized by reverse transcription and subjected to Quantitative Real-Time PCR (QRT-PCR). Results: We developed a highly sensitive and specific quantitative PCR for CEA and GAPDH using Real-Time PCR based on TaqMan technology. CEA mRNA was detected in 23% of PB and 20% of BM specimens. There was no CEA mRNA detecting in control group. Conclusions: The QRT-PCR for CEA can be a useful technique for detection of micrometastases in the PB and BM specimens of gastric cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel label-free photocathodic immunosensor was constructed by introducing a direct Z-scheme I-BiOCl/CdS cathodic material as highly effective photocatalyst for the selective detection of carcino embryonic antigen (CEA). The Z-scheme photocatalyst could promote the separation of photogenerated carriers and showed a more negative conduction band potential. In addition, the I-BiOCl with abundant oxygen vacancies could activate electron acceptors (i.e. O 2 and H 2 O 2) and made them reduce more completely, thus the sensitivity of the photocathodic immunosensor was significantly improved. Afterward, CEA antibody (Ab) was employed for the selective recognition of CEA target, which was covalently bonded to the substrate material. The formation of immune complexes hindered the diffusion of electron acceptors, thus the photocurrent decreased. Under the optimized conditions, the photocathodic immunosensor displayed abroad linear range (0.01–40.0 ng/mL) and a low detection limit (0.002 ng/mL) for CEA detection. Furthermore, acceptable reproducibility, excellent selectivity and high anti-interference ability were achieved. This work provides a new horizon for the design and development of Z-scheme cathodic materials as photoactive material for photocathodic biosensing. • Z-scheme I-BiOCl/CdS was synthesized and used as highly effective cathodic photocatalyst. • The Z-scheme process promoted the separation of photogenerated carriers. • The oxygen vacancies activated electron acceptors (i.e. O 2 and H 2 O 2). • Developed a novel photocathodic immunosensor for CEA detecting in serum sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generation of human recombinant antibody libraries displayed on the surface of the filamentous phage and selection of specific antibodies against desirable targets allows production of fully human antibodies usable for repeated administration in humans. Various lymphoid tissues from immunized donors, such as lymph nodes or peripheral blood lymphocytes from individuals with tumor or lymphocytes infiltrating tumor masses may serve as a source of specific anti-tumor antibody repertoire for generation of tumor-focused phage display libraries. In the case of lack of tumor-associated antigens in the purified form, high affinity anti-tumor antibodies can be isolated through library panning on whole cells expressing these antigens. However, affinity selection against cell surface specific antigens within highly heterogeneous population of molecules is not a very efficient process that often results in the selection of unspecific antibodies or antibodies against intracellular antigens that are generally useless for targeted immunotherapy. In this work, we developed a new cell-based antibody selection protocol that, by eliminating the contamination of dead cells from the cell suspension, dramatically improves the selection frequency of anti-tumor antibodies recognizing cell surface antigens., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)