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The development of new encapsulating coatings for flexible solar cells (SCs) can help address the complex problem of the short lifespan of these devices, as well as optimize the technological process of their production. In this study, new laminate-type protective composite coatings were prepared using a silicon oxynitride thin-film matrix obtained by curing the pre-ceramic polymer perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) through two low-temperature methods: (i) thermal annealing at 180 °C and (ii) exposure to UV radiation at wavelengths of 185 and 254 nm. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were used as fillers via dry transfer, facilitating their horizontal orientation within the matrix. The optical, adhesive, and structural properties of the matrix films and SiOxNy/SWCNT composite coatings, along with their long-term stability, were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, HR-SEM, spectral ellipsometry, and a progressive-load scratch test. In this work, the optical constants of PHPS-derived films were systematically studied for the first time. An antireflection effect was observed in the composites revealing their two-component nature associated with (i) the refractive index of the SiOxNy matrix film and (ii) the embedding of a SWCNT filler into the SiOxNy matrix. The curing method of PHPS was shown to significantly affect the resulting properties of the films. In addition to being used as protective multifunctional coatings for SCs, both SiOxNy/SWCNT composites and SiOxNy matrix films also function as broadband optical antireflective coatings. Furthermore, due to the very low friction coefficients observed in the mechanical tests, they show potential as scratch resistant coatings for mechanical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional thin films are becoming extremely popular in many technological fields. An increase in their functionality can be achieved by the creation of nanocomposite structures. This study represents novel thin composite coatings with a horizontally oriented single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) filler inside a silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y) matrix obtained by (i) low-temperature thermal curing or by (ii) UV radiation-induced curing. The SiO x N y /SWCNT composite structures were prepared by simple dry transfer of a SWCNT film into a perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) polymer matrix film deposited by the spin-coating technique followed by curing. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the SiO x N y /SWCNT composite films were studied using HR-SEM/EDX, ATR-FTIR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. It was found that SWCNT films were uniformly transferred into the PHPS matrix, maintaining their horizontally oriented close-packed structure, and avoiding the problem of agglomeration, thereby forming a laminate-type composite. SWCNTs had no effect on the curing process of the PHPS matrix. The SWCNT concentration remained relatively low, resulting in highly transparent composite films. An antireflection effect in the composite film relative to the transmission of the SWCNT film was observed. The results indicate that SiO x N y /SWCNT composites are attractive for applications as protective, antireflective optical coatings. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived magnetic metal/carbon nanocomposites have evolved as prospective functional materials with application in the electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption field due to their tailorable dielectric–magnetic characteristic. Nonetheless, a significant challenge remains in regulating the microstructure of MOF-derived nanomaterials to acquire excellent EMW absorption. Herein, NiCo alloy and N-doped bamboo-like carbon nanotube network (NiCo@CNTs/NC) magnetic–dielectric composites were fabricated using a one-dimensional (1D) NiCo-MOF nanobelt as precursor through a one-step melamine-assisted pyrolyzing process. The interconnected carbon nanotube network structure offers multiple electronic migration and hop paths and effectively facilitates conductive loss. The adjustable Ni/Co nodes in the 1D MOFs were effectively transformed into NiCo alloy nanoparticles and confined within the tips of the in situ-generated interconnected CNT networks. Such well-dispersed and nanoconfined magnetic NiCo nanoparticles generate a nanoscale magnetic coupling network and provide a high density of polarized sites, reinforcing the magnetic–dielectric coupling ability as well as triggering interfacial polarization. Consequently, the optimized NiCo@CNTs/NC-20/1 composite achieves glorious EMW absorption with a strong reflection loss (RLmax) of −30.31 dB at only 1.4 mm thickness and an effective absorption bandwidth as wide as 4.5 GHz at 1.6 mm thickness when the filling fraction is 20 wt %. Considering the excellent EMW absorption properties, we believe that this work will provide new insights into the design of magnetic metal/carbon nanocomposites that enhance EMW absorption properties through the reasonable construction of low-dimensional interconnected magnetic–dielectric networks with magnetic nanoparticles in nanoconfined spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polymer nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity show a promising prospect in thermal management of next‐generation electronic devices due to their excellent mechanical adaptability, outstanding processability, and superior flexibility. However, interfacial thermal resistance between individual CNT significantly hinders the further improvement in thermal conductivity of CNT‐reinforced nanocomposites. Herein, an interfacial welding strategy is reported to construct graphitic structure welded CNT (GS‐w‐CNT) networks. Notably, the obtained GS‐w‐CNT/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite with a GS loading of 4.75 wt% preserves a high thermal conductivity of 5.58 W m−1 K−1 with a 410% enhancement as compared to a pure CNT/PDMS nanocomposite. Molecular dynamics simulations are utilized to elucidate the effect of interfacial welding on the heat transfer behavior, revealing that the GS welding degree plays an important role in reducing both phonon scattering in the GS‐w‐CNT structure and interfacial thermal resistance at the interfaces between CNT. The unique welding strategy provides a new route to optimize the thermal transport performance in filler reinforced polymer nanocomposites, promoting their applications in next‐generation microelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friction behavior of carbon nanotube networks (CNNs) is ubiquitous in applications, however, is poorly investigated. Here, we employ coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations to investigate friction behaviors and microscopic mechanism of CNNs. We first give a phase diagram to determine the initial contacting state of "supported" or "trapped" for an indenter in CNNs. In a "supported" state, friction force is mainly originated from the local surface adhesion of CNNs which experience stable elastic deformation in friction process. In contrast, in a "trapped" state, friction force is mainly activated by nonlocal reconstitution of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) accompanied with irreversible bond breaking. Furthermore, with an increased normal pressure, the friction force keeps nearly constant for a "supported" indenter while it increases linearly for a "trapped" one; the friction force is linearly or nonlinearly related to the sliding velocity of an indenter in a supported or trapped state. Importantly, there is a critical crosslink density, above which, the coefficient of friction is greatly decreased due to enhanced integrity of CNNs. These results provide a profound understanding of friction deformation behavior of CNNs, which is of great significance for optimal design in practical applications. The left figure shows the contacting state of a spherical indenter on a CNN film. The red thick line divides the σ-R plane into two parts: trapped and supported; the right one shows the top view of CNN color-coded by the value of σ xx after friction and the comparison of normalized dynamic friction force for the two initial contact states of the indenter. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the intrinsic variability in nanoelectronic devices has been a major obstacle and has prevented mass production, this natural stochasticity can be an asset in hardware security applications. Herein, we demonstrate a true random number generator (TRNG) based on stochastic carrier trapping/detrapping processes in randomly distributed carbon nanotube networks. The bitstreams collected from the TRNG passed all the National Institute of Standards and Technology randomness tests without post-processing. The random bit generated in this study is sufficient for encryption applications, particularly those related to the Internet of Things and edge computing, which require significantly lower power consumption.

In this work, the Co-Ni basic carbonate nanowires were in-situ grown on carbon nanotube (CNT) network through a facile chemical bath deposition method, which could be further converted into active hydroxide via cyclic voltammetry strategy. A series of carbonate nanowire/nanotube with different Co/Ni ratio revealed the different growth status of the nanowires on CNT network. The nanostructures of the as-synthesized samples were examined via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The Co/Ni ratio of the carbonate largely affected the size of the nanowires, that the low Co/Ni ratio was beneficial for thin nanowire formation and the nanowires loading on CNT network. Subsequently, the electrochemical performance of the Co-Ni basic hydroxides was studied in a three-electrode test system. The nanowires with low Co/Ni ratio 1/2 can form nanowire array on individual CNTs, which exhibited better electrochemical capacitive performance than the composite network with high Co/Ni ratio nanowires after electrochemical activation. The addition of Co enhanced the rate performance of the hydroxide/CNT, especially improved the long cycle stability largely compared to the rate performance of pure Ni converted hydroxide/CNT composite film reported by our previous research. This result is valuable for the design of inorganic electrochemical active composites based on conductive networks for energy conversion/storage applications.

For a simple graph with the vertex set and the edge set and for an integer , , an edge labeling induces a vertex labeling defined by , where are the edges incident to the vertex . The function is called a -total edge product cordial labeling of if for every , , where and are the number of edges and vertices with and , respectively. In this paper, we investigate the 3-total edge product cordial labeling of a carbon nanotube network.

Exploring various topological states (TS) and topological phase transitions (TPT) has attracted great attention in condensed matter physics. However, so far, there is rarely a typical material system that can be used as a platform to study the TS and TPT as the system transforms from one-dimensional (1D) nanoribbons to two-dimensional (2D) sheet then to three-dimensional (3D) bulk. Here, we first propose that some typical TS in 1D, 2D, and 3D systems can be realized in a tight-binding (TB) model. Following the TB model and further based on first-principles electronic structure calculations, we demonstrate that the structurally stable (4,0) carbon nanotube derivatives are an ideal platform to explore the semiconductor/nodal-point semimetal states in 1D nanoribbons [1D-(4,0)-C 16 H 4 and 1D-(4,0)-C 32 H 4 ], nodal-ring semimetal state in 2D sheet [2D-(4,0)-C 16 ], and nodal-cage semimetal state in 3D bulk [3D-(4,0)-C 16 ]. Furthermore, we calculate the characteristic band structures and the edge/surface states of 2D-(4,0)-C 16 and 3D-(4,0)-C 16 to confirm their nontrivial topological properties. Our work not only provides new excellent 2D and 3D members for the topological carbon material family, but also serves as an ideal template for the study of TS and TPT with the change of system dimension. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent, highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors have been successfully fabricated using carbon nanotube (CNT) networks with various densities as the sensing medium. Owing to the unique two-dimensional percolated structure, the CNT network-based sensors exhibit excellent sensing performance over a wide strain range from 0.5 to 100%. By decreasing the density of CNTs from 152 to 7.2/μm2, their gauge factor is remarkably increased from 0.4 to 50. It is found from the experimental results and theoretical analysis that the sensing mechanism of the CNT networks is transferred from percolation theory to tunneling effect with decreasing the density or increasing the tensile strain of the CNT networks. This study provides a facile technique to prepare high stretchable strain sensors and also fundamental principles for the structural design of the CNT network-based strain sensors. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring effective monitoring of methotrexate (MTX) levels in the bloodstream of cancer patients undergoing high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy is crucial to prevent potentially harmful side effects. However, the absence of portable analytical devices suitable for point-of-care bedside monitoring has presented a significant obstacle to achieving real-time MTX monitoring. In this study, we developed an impedimetric immunosensor that doesn't require reagents for measuring MTX levels in undiluted human blood serum. This reagentless approach simplifies the assay process, enabling rapid and straightforward MTX quantification. The immunosensor transducer was fabricated by electrodepositing conductive network of porous multiwalled carbon nanotube@polypyrrole/polytyramine on screen-printed gold microchip electrode (SP–Au/MWCNT 70 @PPy-PTA). Polyclonal anti-MTX antibodies were immobilized on the film, acting as the immunorecognition element. Non-specific binding was prevented by blocking the transducer interface with denatured bovine serum albumin (d BSA) fibrils, resulting in SP-Au/MWCNT 70 @PPy-PTA/anti-MTX Ab | d BSA film electrode. When MTX binds to the SP-Au/MWCNT 70 @PPy-PTA/anti-MTX Ab | d BSA interface, the film conductance and electron transfer resistance changes. This conductivity attenuation allows for electrochemical impedimetric signal transduction without a redox-probe solution. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results showed increased charge transfer resistance and phase angle as MTX concentrations increased. The SP-Au/MWCNT 70 @PPy-PTA/anti-MTX Ab | d BSA demonstrated high sensitivity, with a linear response from 0.02 to 20.0 μM and a detection limit of 1.93 nM. The detection limit was 50 times lower than the intended safe level of MTX in human serum. The immunosensor exhibited minimal cross-reactivity with endogenous MTX analogs and serum proteins. The SP-Au/MWCNT 70 @PPy-PTA/anti-MTX Ab | d BSA immunosensor presents a simple and rapid method for therapeutic drug monitoring compared to traditional immunoassay systems. [Display omitted] • Fabrication of porous SP-Au/MWCNT70@PPy-PTA film microchip electrode. • Changes in film resistance for reagentless impedimetric detection. • Low detection limits of 1.93 nM, wide linear range of 20–20,000 nM for MTX. • Selective MTX detection in undiluted human blood serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implantable neural probes that are mechanically flexible yet robust are attractive candidates for achieving stable neural interfacing in the brain. Current flexible neural probes consist mainly of metal thin-film electrodes integrated on micrometer-thick polymer substrates, making it challenging to achieve electrode-tissue interfacing on the cellular scale. Here, we describe implantable neural probes that consist of robust carbon nanotube network embroidered graphene (CeG) films as free-standing recording microelectrodes. Our CeG film microelectrode arrays (CeG_MEAs) are ultraflexible yet mechanically robust, thus enabling cellular-scale electrode-tissue interfacing. Chronically implanted CeG_MEAs can stably track the activities of the same population of neurons over two months. Our results highlight the potential of ultraflexible and free-standing carbon nanofilms for stable neural interfacing in the brain.

A novel three-dimensional (3D) carbon nanotube (CNT) network, composed of vertically aligned CNT array (primary CNT) bridged with randomly oriented secondary CNT, is synthesized in this work. We report the first data for the thermal properties of this new structure using freestanding sensor-based 3ω technique. Introducing freestanding sensor to conventional 3 ω system enables the nondestructive characterization for samples with rough surfaces. The thermal conductivities of CNT films, as well as the contact resistance between the sensor and sample surfaces, are extracted numerically by a finite-element thermal model. The thermal conductivities of 3D CNT network under different array densities range from 9.3 to 19.8 W/mK. It is found that at lower CNT array density of 5.6 × 10 8 /cm 2 , the growth of secondary CNT enhances the thermal conductivity of primary CNT array by 55.9%. This significant improvement in thermal conductivity can be attributed to the additional thermal pathway provided by the secondary CNTs in the primary CNT forest. However as the density of primary CNT array increases beyond 7.2 × 10 8 /cm 2 , the growth of secondary CNTs on primary CNT forest reduces its thermal conductivity. This reduction in thermal conductivity can possibly be caused by the excessive thermal resistance from the CNT-CNT connection points within 3D CNT network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study theoretically the carrier transport and the plasmonic phenomena in the gated structures with dense lateral carbon nanotube (CNT) networks (CNT 'felt') placed between the highly-conducting slot line electrodes. The CNT networks under consideration consist of a mixture of semiconducting and metallic CNTs. We find the dispersion relations for the two-dimensional plasmons, associated with the collective self-consisted motion of electrons in the individual CNTs, propagating along the electrodes as functions of the net electron density (gate voltage), relative fraction of the semiconducting and metallic CNTs, and the spacing between the electrodes. In a wide range of parameters, the characteristic plasmonic frequencies can fall in the terahertz (THz) range. The structures with lateral CNT networks can used in different THz devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical-free option to reduce membrane fouling is the use of electrical fields for membranes. To maximize the strength of the electric field in compact membrane module constructions, electrically conductive membranes are preferred to only conductive supports. Conductive, porous membranes are sintered from polyetherimide powder particles that are surface-covered with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The fusion of the surface-covered particles forms a conductive MWCNT network in the composite, with a large number of inter-MWCNT contacts. Membranes with a high specific electrical conductivity of up to 2.28 Sm−1 at a concentration of 3.0 wt% MWCNT are produced in an adapted sintering process. The sintering behavior of decorated particles depends on the coverage of the polymer particles with MWCNT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical quantity that characterizes the whole structure of a graph is called a topological index. The concept of Randić ( Rα), atom−bond connectivity (ABC), and geometric−arithmetic (GA) topological indices was established in chemical graph theory based on vertex degrees. In this paper, we study a carbon nanotube network that is motivated by the molecular structure of a regular hexagonal lattice and determine Rα, ABC, and GA indices for this important class of networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low-cost and large-area manufacturing of flexible and stretchable electronics using printing processes could radically change people's perspectives on electronics and substantially expand the spectrum of potential applications. Examples range from personalized wearable electronics to large-area smart wallpapers and from interactive bio-inspired robots to implantable health/medical apparatus. Owing to its one-dimensional structure and superior electrical property, carbon nanotube is one of the most promising material platforms for flexible and stretchable electronics. Here in this paper, we review the recent progress in this field. Applications of single-wall carbon nanotube networks as channel semiconductor in flexible thin-film transistors and integrated circuits, as stretchable conductors in various sensors, and as channel material in stretchable transistors will be discussed. Lastly, state-of-the-art advancement on printing process, which is ideal for large-scale fabrication of flexible and stretchable electronics, will also be reviewed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two degree based topological indices, the atom-bond connectivity ( ABC ) and the geometric–arithmetic ( GA ) indices of fullerene networks and carbon nanotube networks are studied. Expressions for ABC and GA indices for these important classes of networks are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates heat dissipation at carbon nanotube (CNT) junctions supported on silicon dioxide substrate using molecular dynamics simulations. The temperature rise in a CNT (~top CNT) not making direct contact with the oxide substrate but only supported by other CNT s bottom CNT) is observed to be hundreds of degree higher compared with the CNTs well-contacted with the substrate at similar power densities. The analysis of spectral temperature decay of CNT-oxide system shows very fast intratube energy transfer in a CNT from high-frequency band to intermediate-frequency bands. The low frequency phonon band (0-5 THz) of top CNT shows two-stage energy relaxation which results from the efficient coupling of low frequency phonons in the CNT-oxide system and the blocking of direct transport of high- and intermediate-frequency phonons of top CNT to the oxide substrate by bottom CNT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of electronic devices based on carbon nanotube networks (CNTNs) depend on the carbon nanotube (CNT) deposition method used, which can yield a range of network morphologies. Here, we synthesize single-walled CNTs using an aerosol (floating catalyst) chemical vapor deposition process and deposit CNTs at room temperature onto substrates as random networks with various morphologies. We use four CNT deposition techniques: electrostatic or thermal precipitation, and filtration through a filter followed by press transfer or dissolving the filter. We study the mobility using pulsed measurements to avoid hysteresis, the on/off ratio, and the electrical noise properties of the CNTNs, and correlate them to the network morphology through careful imaging. Among the four deposition methods thermal precipitation is found to be a novel approach to prepare high-performance, partially aligned CNTNs that are dry-deposited directly after their synthesis. Our results provide new insight into the role of the network morphologies and offer paths towards tunable transport properties in CNT thin film transistors. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single carbon nanotube (CNT) has lots of important potential applications in many fields for its good electrical conductivity and mechanical property. But, single CNT is a nanometer material, and a powder from the macro point of view, which would hinder its applications. So there is need to CNT macro material. There are two ways to make the lots of single CNTs into macro materials: adding adhesive and without adhesive by other methods. Of course, adding adhesive can result in impurity. So the method without adhesive is a better way. But the way has no connections between the single CNTs and can result in that the obtained macro materials electrical conductivity and mechanical property are not as good as that of the single CNT. In order to resolve the problem, the authors firstly made the single CNTs into a macro material (CNT network precursor) via filtration method, and then grew new CNT between the close pristine single CNTs. The obtained macro material can have much better (ten times) electrical conductivity and mechanical property than those of the CNT network precursor. The obtained material and the CNT network precursor were both characterized by SEM, electrical conductivity testing and mechanical property testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The super-graphene (SG) and super-square (SS) carbon nanotube network are built by the straight single-walled carbon nanotubes and corresponding junctions. The elastic buckling behaviors of these carbon nanotube networks under different boundary conditions are explored through the molecular structural mechanics method. The following results are obtained: (a) The critical buckling forces of the SG and SS networks decrease as the side lengths or aspect ratios of the networks increase. The continuum plate theory could give good predictions to the buckling of the SS network but not the SG network with non-uniform buckling modes. (b) The carbon nanotube networks are more stable structures than the graphene structures with less carbon atoms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Destruction and formation of the carbon nanotube network in polymer melts have been investigated by a combination of conductivity spectroscopy and dynamic-mechanical analysis for polycarbonate (PC) containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The combined setup allows simultaneous time-resolved measurements of electrical conductivity, dielectric permittivity and dynamic shear modulus. Furthermore, well-defined shear deformations can be applied to the samples. After annealing the samples well above glass transition short shear deformations were applied to the melt. These deformations lead to a decrease of the conductivity by about 6 orders of magnitude and of the real part of the shear modulus (G′) by a factor of 20. In the rest time after the shear deformation a complete recovery of the conductivity and G′ modulus was observed. The changes in conductivity and G′ were assigned to destruction and reformation of agglomerates, which are assumed to be conductive spherical objects containing loosely packed nanotubes. For a quantitative description of the time dependent electrical conductivity a simple model combining cluster aggregation and electrical percolation is applied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we describe a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) based biological sensor for the detection of biomolecules like Streptavidin and IgG. SWNTs have been employed for two types of sensing mechanisms. First, the changes in the electrical conductance of the carbon nanotube (CNT) matrix on noncovalent binding of the biomolecules to the side walls of the CNT and, second, quantification of mass uptake of the matrix on biomolecule incubation are presented. Both sensing mechanisms exhibited consistent and highly sensitive responses. Biomolecular immobilization on the CNT surface was monitored by atomic force microscopy [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An extensive investigation of carrier mobility is presented for thin-film transistors (TFTs) with single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks as the semiconductor channel. For TFTs particularly with low-density SWCNTs in the networks, the extracted mobility using the standard method for Si metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors is erroneous, mainly resulting from use of a parallel-plate capacitor model and assumption of the source–drain current being inversely proportional to the channel length. Large hysteresis in the transfer characteristics further complicates the extraction. By properly addressing all these challenges in this letter, a comprehensive methodology is established, leading to the extraction of mobility values that are independent of geometrical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A voltage-pulse method is utilized to investigate the charge-injection-induced time decay of the source–drain current of field-effect transistors with randomly networked single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the conduction channel. The relaxation of trapped carriers in the CNT networks can be accounted for by assuming two exponential decays occurring simultaneously. The slow decay is characterized by a time constant comparable to literature data obtained for a carrier recombination in the semiconducting CNTs. The faster decay with a time constant that has a smaller order of magnitude is attributed to the annihilation of trapped carriers in metallic CNTs or at metal-CNT contacts. Both time constants are gate-bias dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An efficient and controllable method to synthesize continuous metal-organic framework (MOF) films is highly desired. Herein, we demonstrate a facile and universal electrochemical method to synthesize homogeneous and uniform zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF, a typical class of MOF family) films on various macroconductive substrates (e.g., conductive glass, Ni foam and carbon cloth) as well as nanostructured substrates (one-dimensional nanorod array, two-dimensional nanowall array, and three-dimensional nanoframework). Particularly, the MOF film can be easily transformed into hierarchical ordered carbon nanotube networks, which display multifunctional electrocatalytic performances, such as excellent activity and good long-term stability in overall water splitting and oxygen reduction. It is worth mentioning that this is the first reported work for electrosynthesis of ZIF films on various conductive substrates, illustrating the great potential of the fast and economical method for constructing functional and integrated films or electrodes toward energy-related applications.