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A nanoparticle viscosity reducer has been shown to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil effectively. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are environmentally friendly materials with good application prospects and biocompatibility. In this research, hydroxyl CNPs with phenyl groups on their surface were synthesized and used to reduce viscosity and improve fluidity in heavy oil. The effects of the CNPs on the rheological properties of heavy oil and their ability to reduce viscosity were measured using a rheometer and a rotational viscometer. The CNP viscosity reducer decreased the viscosity of Tahe heavy oil by up to 65.89%, with the introduction of long-chain alkyl groups affecting the viscosity reduction performance. The asphaltene structure was studied using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, which showed that the microcrystalline structural parameters of asphaltene changed after the interaction with the CNP viscosity reducer. The effect of the viscosity reducer on the intermolecular hydrogen bonds of asphaltene was studied using Fourier-transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, which showed that the interaction with the viscosity reducer destroyed the original hydrogen bonds within the asphaltene. The CNP viscosity reducer decreases the accumulation height of asphaltene aggregates by changing the microcrystalline structural parameters of asphaltenes and dispersing asphaltene aggregation structures, thereby reducing the viscosity of heavy oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon nanoparticles layer coated zinc anode with (1 0 3) crystal plane preferential oriented crystal structure (denoted as C@RZn) is prepared by a facile one-step vapor deposition method, and showed great potentials in extending lifespan and inhibiting dendrite growth. [Display omitted] • The C@RZn was prepared by a facile one-step vapor deposition method. • The C@RZn is combining crystallographic orientation and coating layer. • The C@RZn can guide the deposition of Zn2+ ions and inhibit the dendrite growth. • The C@RZn anode achieves a stable cycle life for more than 3000 h. • The MVO//C@RZn cell keep stable for 5000 cycles. Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have been considered promising energy storage systems due to their excellent electrochemical performance, environmental toxicity, high safety and low cost. However, uncontrolled dendrite growth and side reactions at the zinc anode have seriously hindered the development of ZIBs. Herein, we prepared the carbon nanoparticles layer coated zinc anode with (1 0 3) crystal plane preferential oriented crystal structure (denoted as C@RZn) by a facile one-step vapor deposition method. The preferential crystallographic orientation of (1 0 3) crystal plane promotes zinc deposition at a slight angle, effectively preventing the formation of Zn dendrites on the surface. In addition, the hydrophobic layer of carbon layer used as an inert physical barrier to prevent corrosion reaction and a buffer during volume changes, thus improving the reversibility of the zinc anode. As a result. the C@RZn anode achieves a stable cycle performance of more than 3000 h at 1 mA cm−2 with CE of 99.77 % at 5 mA cm−2. The full battery with C@RZn anode and Mn-doped V 6 O 13 (MVO) cathode show stability for 5000 cycles at the current density of 5 A g−1. This work provides a new approach for the design of multifunctional interfaces for Zn anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance is a crisis that is escalating nowadays. Thus, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is crucial to personalize the dose. Point‐of‐care (POC) devices are very effective in TDM where drug concentration can be easily and continuously monitored. This work describes for the first time the use of inexpensive, transportable, efficacious, and eco‐friendly POC solid‐state potentiometric sensor for the TDM of Flucloxacillin (FLU) in spiked plasma samples. This was achieved by using an innovative glassy carbon electrode modified with ion sensing membrane doped with carbon nanotubes. Optimization of the sensing membrane composition was performed using different plasticizers and by adding an ionophore. This was followed by doping the ion sensing membrane with carbon nanotubes which resulted in enhancing the sensor's sensitivity towards FLU. Over a concentration range from 1.0×10−5–1.0×10−2 M FLU, a linear response was obtained with a slope of 56.6 mV/decade. Our proposed sensor has been validated according to IUPAC recommendations with acceptable results.It was effectively employed for a selective determination of FLU in the presence of a co‐formulated antibiotic (Amoxicillin), along with other excipients in the dosage form, and in spiked plasma samples, without any interference. The whiteness of the method was assessed, which proves the high greenness and superb functionality of our proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yun Li,1,2 Zhijie Xu,3 Zijuan Qi,4 Xiaofeng Huang,1,2 Mingyu Li,5 Sijin Liu,1,2 Yuanliang Yan,6 Ming Gao1,2 1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 4Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 5Mudanjiang Medical University, Mu Danjiang, Hei Longjiang, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of Pharmacy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yuanliang Yan, Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People’s Republic of China, Email yanyuanliang@csu.edu.cn Ming Gao, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People’s Republic of China, Email minggao@rcees.ac.cnAbstract: Recent advances in tumor immunotherapy have highlighted the pivotal role of carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon dots, graphene quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes. This review examines the unique benefits of these materials in cancer treatment, focusing on their mechanisms of action within immunotherapy. These include applications in immunoregulation, recognition, and enhancement. We explore how these nanomaterials when combined with specific biomolecules, can form immunosensors. These sensors are engineered for highly sensitive and specific detection of tumor markers, offering crucial support for early diagnosis and timely therapeutic interventions. This review also addresses significant challenges facing carbon nanomaterials in clinical settings, such as issues related to long-term biocompatibility and the hurdles of clinical translation. These challenges require extensive ongoing research and discussion. This review is of both theoretical and practical importance, aiming to promote using carbon nanomaterials in tumor immunotherapy, potentially transforming clinical outcomes and enhancing patient care.Keywords: carbon nanoparticles, immune cell, tumor immunotherapy, drug delivery, immunosensors

Ultrafine grained (UFG) n-C/Al composite bulk was obtained by mechanical milling and hot extrusion with petroleum coke utilized as carbon source. After extrusion, n-C sheets got dispersed and distributed in grain interiors or at grain boundaries. The tensile strength and corresponding thermal conductivity reached 407 ± 3 MPa and 216 ± 1.6 W m−1 K−1.

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) emitting pH-dependent blue photoluminescence (PL) in aqueous solutions were solvothermally prepared and modified with a new fluorophore molecule, N-chlorobenzyl dithiomaleimide dimethyl diacetate (NCBDTM), with pH-dependent yellow-green PL in aqueous solutions and irreversible PL emission quenching in alkaline aqueous solutions at basic pHs. In the π-complex system formed by donor CNPs and acceptor NCBDTM molecules, energy transfer occurs by the FRET mechanism. Due to the implementation of the FRET mechanism, a significant Stokes shift of 170 nm is observed, making this and similar systems promising for the visualization of pH-dependent processes in the green-yellow visible light region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and PEDOT-functionalized carbon nanoparticles (f-CNPs) were synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization and pyrolysis methods. f-CNP-PEDOT nanocomposites were prepared by varying the concentration of PEDOT from 1 to 20% by weight (i.e., 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 wt%). Several characterization techniques, such as field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analyses, as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were applied to investigate the morphology, the crystalline structure, the N2 adsorption/desorption capability, as well as the electrochemical properties of these new synthesized nanocomposite materials. FESEM analysis showed that these nanocomposites have defined porous structures, and BET surface area analysis showed that the standalone f-CNP exhibited the largest surface area of 801.6 m2/g, whereas the f-CNP-PEDOT with 20 wt% exhibited the smallest surface area of 116 m2/g. The BJH method showed that the nanocomposites were predominantly mesoporous. CV, GCD, and EIS measurements showed that f-CNP functionalized with 5 wt% PEDOT had a higher capacitive performance compared to the individual f-CNPs and PEDOT constituents, exhibiting an extraordinary specific capacitance of 258.7 F/g, at a current density of 0.25 A/g, due to the combined advantage of enhanced electrochemical activity induced by PEDOT doping, and highly developed porosity of f-CNPs. Symmetric aqueous supercapacitor devices were fabricated using the optimized f-CNP-PEDOT doped with 5 wt% of PEDOT as active material, exhibiting a high capacitance of 96.7 F/g at 1.4 V, holding practically their full charge, after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles at 2 A/g, thus providing the highest electrical electrodes performance. Hereafter, this work paves the way for the potential use of f-CNP-PEDOT nanocomposites in the development of high-energy-density supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) inevitably results in their introduction into soil and groundwater, which poses a significant risk to the safety of these natural resources. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the transport behavior of CNPs in the subsurface environment and how it affects the transport of co-contaminants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, nano-plastics, engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This review focuses on recent advancements in research on the transport behaviors of CNPs in porous media and its effect on the transport of co-contaminants, with respect to the mechanisms associated with CNPs transport and the mechanisms of action of CNPs on co-contaminant transport, as well as the factors that influence these processes. Results of the existing research indicate that aggregation, attachment, detachment, straining, blocking and ripening are the primary processes governing CNPs transport due to their unique physiochemistry. CNPs can either act as carriers, facilitating the transport of co-contaminants, or as competitors, hindering the deposition of co-contaminants. Additionally, they can serve as collectors for co-contaminant deposition or co-deposit with co-contaminants, inhibiting their transport. The interactions between CNPs, co-contaminants, and the medium determine the exact role played by CNPs in co-contaminant transport. The processes of CNPs transport and its effect on co-contaminant transport are affected by the physicochemical properties of CNPs and porous media, as well as the chemistry and hydrodynamics of groundwater. This review article is of great significance for risk assessment of CNPs in soil and groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study prepared carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) by precipitating a soluble carbon material (SCM) solution synthesized from phloroglucinol. To this end, an SCM was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and deionized water, which was used as a poor solvent. After tuning the initial concentration of the SCM-DMF solution (0.5–10 wt. %), the CNPs prepared from SCM (SCMCNPs) dispersions demonstrated changeable particle sizes (18–110 nm). Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that the primary SCMCNPs had a spherical shape, and Raman analysis confirmed that the SCMCNPs had G and D bands, further confirming that they were carbon materials. Moreover, the SCMCNPs, whose zeta potential was − 42.1 mV at pH 7.16, was dispersed in a stable and uniform manner in water, and Tyndall effect was observed. The lubricating properties of the SCMCNP dispersions were evaluated. A smaller coefficient of friction was observed for larger particle sizes. Therefore, the largest SCMCNPs exhibited the best lubricity with a kinetic friction coefficient of 0.3. The SCMCNPs also exhibited rolling lubrication properties because of their spherical shape. Thus, this study demonstrates that size-adjustable SCMCNPs can be synthesized using simple and environment-friendly methods and can be used in aqueous systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long‐term effect of intraoperative usage of carbon nanoparticles (CN) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) test strip using immune colloidal gold technique (ICGT) is unclear. This study aims to compare the effect of intraoperative usage of CN and ICGT test strips on PG function. Methods: This randomized clinical study involved adult patients who underwent total thyroidectomy. They were randomly allocated into three groups (control, CN, and ICGT group). Clinical data were analyzed. Results: Each group involved 98 patients. Serum calcium and PTH concentrations at 24 h postoperatively (PTH24h) were higher in CN group. The parathyroid function recovered quicker in CN group. Use of CN increased in situ PG preservation and PTH24h. Mediation analysis indicated that 23.05% of the total effect of CN on PTH24h was attributed to PGRIS. Conclusion: CN holds promise to improve in situ PG preservation and protect PG vasculature, thereby reducing the incidence of early hypoparathyroidism. The value of ICGT test strips for PG protection is dubious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of nanomaterials in different plants exerts varying effects, both positive and negative. This study aimed to investigate the influence of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) on the growth and development of Ficus tikoua Bur. plant. The morphological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters, and chlorophyll content of F. tikoua Bur. plants were evaluated under four different concentrations of CNPs. Results indicated a decreasing trend in several agronomic traits, such as leaf area, branching number, and green leaf number and most photosynthetic parameters with increasing CNPs concentration. Total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b contents were also significantly reduced in CNPs-exposed plants compared to the control. Notably, variations in plant tolerance to CNPs were observed based on morphological and physiological parameters. A critical concentration of 50 g/kg was identified as potentially inducing plant toxicity, warranting further investigation into the effects of lower CNPs concentrations to determine optimal application levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of carbon-supported components is a crucial factor in augmenting the interplay between carbon-supported and metal-active components in the utilization of catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs). Here, we propose a strategy for designing a catalyst by modifying candle soot (CS) and loading nickel onto ordered carbon soot. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the Ni nanoparticles content on the electrocatalytic performance of Ni–CS, ultimately leading to the identification of a maximum composition. The presence of an excessive quantity of nickel particles leads to a decrease in the number of active sites within the material, resulting in sluggishness of the electron transfer pathway. The electrocatalyst composed of nickel and carbon support, with a nickel content of 20 wt%, has demonstrated a noteworthy current activity of 18.43 mA/cm2, which is three times that of the electrocatalyst with a higher nickel content of 25 wt%. For example, the 20 wt% Ni–CS electrocatalytic activity was found to be good, and it was approximately four times higher than that of 20 wt% Ni–CB (nickel–carbon black). Moreover, the chronoamperometry (CA) test demonstrated a reduction in current activity of merely 65.80% for a 20 wt% Ni–CS electrocatalyst, indicating electrochemical stability. In addition, this demonstrates the great potential of candle soot with Ni nanoparticles to be used as a catalyst in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of effective supercapacitor materials is still a priority in the quest to improve energy storage technology. Herein, we present a novel nanocomposite composed of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and colloidal SnO2 quantum dots (c-SQDs) or colloidal SnO2 ultrasmall nanoparticles, synthesized through a facile sonochemical-assisted hydrothermal approach. The XRD and XPS analyses confirmed the successful synthesis and composition of the CNP/c-SQD nanocomposite. Morphology studies revealed a well-dispersed morphology with intimate interfacial interactions between the CNPs and c-SQDs. Specifically, the nanocomposite exhibited a high specific capacitance of 569 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, surpassing conventional carbon-based supercapacitors. Furthermore, the nanocomposite displayed excellent stability with 99% capacity retention after 5000 cycles, indicative of its superior cyclability. These results underscore the potential of the CNP/c-SQD nanocomposite as a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor applications, offering enhanced charge storage capacity, stability, and cyclability. This study contributes to the advancement of energy storage technologies, paving the way for the development of efficient and sustainable electrochemical energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of nanoparticles (NPs), namely graphene oxide (GO), multilayer carbon tubes (MWCNTs + Fe), magnetite (Fe3O4) and in situ forming brushite (DCPD) in chitosan (CS) based matrices on the cytotoxicity, Pregabalin (PG) release, and in vivo behavior of mechanically stabilized conductive nerve conduits (NCs). NPs change the composites’ hydrophilicity in the order: DCPD (46.8) < MWCNT (54.21) ∼ Fe3O4 (54.44) < GO (65.99) and the water contact angle (47–66°) corresponds to the conditions of cell adhesion. NPs of ≤ 150 μg/ml reduce cell adhesion but don't trigger oxidative stress and toxic effects. Magnetite NPs of 300 µg/ml promote apoptosis in nerve cells. The introduction of PG at stage b during the DCPD formation provides the drug release kinetics closest to the zero-order kinetic model. The most electrically conductive GO- and MWCNTs + Fe - containing NCs have a prolonged biodegradation period of about 6 months, which makes them promising for the regeneration of damaged peripheral nerves in humans.

We utilize a dual plasma system to convert methane into graphite-like (turbostratic) carbon particles. A first plasma reactor nucleates seed carbon nanoparticles from precursors such as acetylene or toluene vapor. The seed particles are then injected into a second plasma, supplemented by methane gas. The addition of the seed particles greatly improves the conversion of methane into carbon nanoparticles. We have used the material as a conductive additive in lithium-ion battery anodes and found their performance to be comparable to that of commercial carbon black. This approach is one of the most energy-efficient plasma-based approaches to carbon black synthesis at the laboratory scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an engineered porous graphite felt (GF) was first prepared by a high-temperature etching method and then carbon nanoparticles were decorated on the GF surface. The physical and chemical properties of the modified carbon graphite felt (MCGF) electrode were then analyzed through various tests, including field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charging/discharging curves. The physical characterization and electrochemical performance analysis indicated that high-temperature etching influenced the hydrophilicity and reaction surface area of the electrode. The presence of carbon nanoparticles adhering to the fiber surface enhances electron transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface during the oxidation and reduction processes of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (4-HO-TEMPO). The peak currents of the redox reactions (147.2 and 142.3 mA for oxidation and reduction processes, respectively) on the electrode modified by MCGF are about two times those for the other electrodes. After the electrode was assembled in the battery, the MCGF electrode demonstrated a significant improvement in battery performance, notably increasing both battery capacity and efficiency. Meanwhile, the carbon nanoparticles can still firmly attach to the modified electrode after multiple cycles and exhibit powerful catalytic performance. At a current of 80 mA/cm2, the energy efficiency (EE) of the battery increased from 51.1 to 54.4% by the MCGF electrode. Furthermore, after 100 cycles, the system's cyclability testing revealed no significant fading, indicating the outstanding cycling stability of the MCGF electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, increasing attention of researchers in the field of membrane technology has been paid to the development of membranes based on biopolymers. One of the well-proven polymers for the development of porous membranes is cellulose acetate (CA). This paper is devoted to the study of the influence of different parameters on ultrafiltration CA membrane formation and their transport properties, such as the variation in coagulation bath temperature, membrane shrinkage (post-treatment at 80 °C), introduction to casting CA solution of polymers (polyethylene glycol (PEG), polysulfone (PS), and Pluronic F127 (PL)) and carbon nanoparticles (SWCNTs, MWCNTs, GO, and C60). The structural and physicochemical properties of developed membranes were studied by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. The transport properties of developed CA-based membranes were evaluated in ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin (BSA), dextran 110 and PVP K-90. All developed membranes rejected 90% compounds with a molecular weight from ~270,000 g/mol. It was shown that the combination of modifications (addition of PEG, PS, PL, PS-PL, and 0.5 wt% C60) led to an increase in the fluxes and BSA rejection coefficients with slight decrease in the flux recovery ratio. These changes were due to an increased macrovoid number, formation of a more open porous structure and/or thinner top selective, and decreased surface roughness and hydrophobization during C60 modification of blend membranes. Optimal transport properties were found for CA-PEG+C60 (the highest water—394 L/(m2h) and BSA—212 L/(m2h) fluxes) and CA-PS+C60 (maximal rejection coefficient of BSA—59%) membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examined the changes in surface characteristics of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) covered with vegetable oil-based epoxide-amine (ETO + D230) and its nanocomposite derivatives Epoxy + amine + carbon nanotube (ETO + D230 + C), Epoxy + amine + fullerene (ETO + D230 + F), and Epoxy + amine + graphene (ETO + D230 + G) doped with carbon nanoparticles following weathering. Results showed that while all coated groups displayed good lightness stability following weathering, the non-coated (control) group produced negative lightness stability values. The coated Oriental beech had greater overall color stability than the uncoated (control) group. The specimens coated with ETO + D230 + C nanocomposite exhibited the best color stability. All uncoated and coated specimens produced negative a* and positive b* values, indicating a propensity to turn greenish or yellowish after weathering, respectively. After weathering, while the surface roughness values of all specimens increased, their gloss decreased. In addition, after weathering, all coated samples had less gloss loss and lower surface roughness than the control group. Our findings show that following weathering, Oriental beech coated with ETO + D230 + C, ETO + D230 + F, and ETO + D230 + G nanocomposites have better surface properties than ETO + D230-coated Oriental beech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, copper-doped carbon nanoparticles with emission in a wide spectral range and the ability to change the relaxation times of water protons during magnetic resonance imaging were fabricated. A high relaxivity value r1 = 0.92 mM–1 s–1 was achieved, which is the highest value of r1 for copper nanoparticles, to our knowledge. The suggested carbon nanoparticles are promising two-modal nanoprobes for bioimaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosensitive memristor structures based on graphene oxide reduced under hydrothermal conditions are studied. The wavelength of light absorption in such structures was controlled by carbon nanoparticles deposited on the surface of a graphene oxide film. The obtained structures exhibited photomemristive states that were controlled by light of different wavelengths and bias voltages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Air filters are intended to effectively remove particles in the air, and their structure is built of ordinary micro fibrilated cellulose (MFC). Fibrous membrane (FM) was developed using cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt%) by electrospinning process offer high-performance air filters than those produced of normal MCF due to their larger surface area and smaller pore size. In this study, dust removal effectiveness proved that introducing a membrane containing 1.5 wt% of CNPs significantly improved air filtration while simultaneously increasing pressure drop. The FM had favorable results of the tensile strength (26.48 ± 0.41 MPa), elongation at break (19.23 ± 0.13%), water absorption (28.14 ± 0.22%) and desorption (30.14 ± 0.13%). The findings showed that FM offered 99.99% filtration efficiency, indicating an acceptable technique for constructing inexpensive basis-weight HEPA filters using using CNFs and CNPs as the primary filtration material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many agents have been used for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in endometrial cancer. Carbon dye, which has a strong staining ability and high contrast due to its dark black color, identifies the lymph nodes efficiently. Our aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of carbon dye for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in endometrial cancer. Methods: We conducted a single-center, prospective, cohort study in 89 patients with early-stage endometrial cancer between September 2021 and August 2022. The procedure was performed under laparoscopy. Results: The sensitivity and negative predictive value of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with carbon dye injection were 83.3% and 98.8%, respectively. Mapping identified at least one sentinel lymph node in 84 patients (94.4%) on one pelvic side and at least one sentinel lymph node in 73 patients (82.0%) on each pelvic side out of 89 patients. In addition, no carbon dye-associated allergic reaction was detected. Conclusion: Carbon dye is a non-allergenic, inexpensive, and effective agent for SLNB with a satisfying sensitivity and a negative predictive value. In addition, both unilateral and bilateral detection rates were sufficient. Accordingly, carbon dye may be a promising tracer and a considerable option, particularly for low-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to assess the benefits and limitations of four intraoperative visualization of parathyroid gland (IVPG) strategies in the identification and functional protection of parathyroid glands (PGs). Methods: We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CNKI, EMBASE, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases until 30 June 2023. Four IVPG strategies were composed of the naked eyes (NE) and three imaging strategies: autofluorescence (AF), indocyanine green fluorescence (ICGF), and carbon nanoparticles (CN). We performed a pairwise meta-analysis (PMA) for direct comparisons and a Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) for indirect comparisons. Results: A total of 29 eligible studies were included. According to NMA and PMA, AF had significantly lower rates of postoperative hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism, PG inadvertent resection, and PG auto-transplantation compared to NE, while had significantly higher rate of PG identification. CN showed significantly lower rates of postoperative hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism, and PG inadvertent resection compared to NE in PMA and NMA. ICGF showed a significantly higher rate of PG auto-transplantation compared to NE in PMA and AF in NMA. According to SUCRA values, AF showed the best advantage in reducing the rate of postoperative hypocalcemia (0.85) and PG inadvertent resection (0.89), and increasing the rate of PG identification (0.80). CN had the greatest advantage in reducing the rate of postoperative hypoparathyroidism (0.95). ICGF ranked the highest in the rate of PG auto-transplantation (0.98). Conclusions: Three imaging strategies demonstrate significant superiority over NE in the intraoperative PG identification and functional protection. AF is the best strategy in reducing the incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia, increasing the rate of PG identification, and reducing the rate of PG inadvertent resection and auto-transplantation. ICGF has great value in assessing PG viability, leading to the trend towards PG auto-transplantation. CN is the best strategy in reducing the incidence of postoperative hypoparathyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) poses significant dangers to the environment and human health. The advancement of technology for cleaning up PAH-contaminated environments is receiving more attention. Adsorption is the preferred and most favorable approach for cleaning up sediments polluted with PAH. Due to their affordability and environmental friendliness, carbonaceous adsorbents (CAs) have been regarded as promising for adsorbing PAH. However, adsorbent qualities, environmental features, and factors may all significantly impact how well CAs remove PAH. According to growing data, CAs, most of which come from laboratory tests, may be utilized to decontaminate PAH in aquatic setups. However, their full potential has not yet been established, especially concerning field applications. This review aims to concisely summarize recent developments in CA, PAH stabilization processes, and essential field application-controlling variables. This review analysis emphasizes activated carbon, biochar, Graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon-nanomaterials composite since these CAs are most often utilized as adsorbents for PAH in aquatic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable Energy device's efficiency enhancement by utilizing the waste of tobacco is focused on this research. The carbon nanoparticles derived from the waste of tobacco through a novel approach. The produced Carbon nanoparticles were used to improve the efficiency of sustainable solar collectors in the form of nanofluid. When it comes to improving thermal performance, using nanofluids in evacuated tube collectors (ETSC) is the best option because of the improved thermo-physical characteristics of the working fluid. In this investigation, Syltherm oil was preferred for base fluid to prepare nanofluids with the concentrations of Carbon nanoparticles 0.05 vol%, 0.1 vol%, and 0.2 vol%. Additionally, a spiral coil heat exchanger was introduced to facilitate heat transfer between the nanofluid and water for heating applications. Results indicate that Syltherm/0.2 % carbon nanofluid exhibits higher thermal performance compared to neat Syltherm oil and other nanofluids. Notably, Syltherm/0.2 % carbon nanofluid demonstrated an average peak heat acquisition of 769.1 W and the lowest heat loss of 156.7 W. Furthermore, the thermal and exergy efficiencies are measured at 68.2 % and 42.5 %, respectively. These findings suggested that higher concentrations of carbon nanoparticles lead to increased heat transfer rate and improved efficiency compared to low-concentrated Nanofluids in the ETSC system.

The importance of nanocomposites with tailored properties is growing due to their applications in various fields. In the present study, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and functionalized carbon nanoparticles (f-CNPs) are synthesized by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization and pyrolysis methods, respectively. The f-CNPs-PEDOT nanocomposites are prepared by varying the concentration of PEDOT (i.e., 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 wt%), and the thermal stability, dielectric properties and antibacterial activities of f-CNPs-PEDOT nanocomposites were evaluated. The dielectric studies indicated that the addition of PEDOT has enhanced the dielectric properties due to interfacial polarization effect, whereas decreased the thermal stability due to degradation of PEDOT in the nanocomposite, however, it is higher than the pure PEDOT. The antimicrobial potential of synthesized f-CNPs-PEDOT nanocomposites was studied against two different bacterial strains, namely Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. The findings of this research have potential to open new opportunities for employing f-CNPs-PEDOT nanocomposites in physical sciences and antimicrobial applications.

The application of nanomaterials in different plants exerts varying effects, both positive and negative. This study aimed to investigate the influence of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) on the growth and development of Ficus tikoua Bur. plant. The morphological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters, and chlorophyll content of F. tikoua Bur. plants were evaluated under four different concentrations of CNPs. Results indicated a decreasing trend in several agronomic traits, such as leaf area, branching number, and green leaf number and most photosynthetic parameters with increasing CNPs concentration. Total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b contents were also significantly reduced in CNPs-exposed plants compared to the control. Notably, variations in plant tolerance to CNPs were observed based on morphological and physiological parameters. A critical concentration of 50 g/kg was identified as potentially inducing plant toxicity, warranting further investigation into the effects of lower CNPs concentrations to determine optimal application levels.

Carbon nanoparticles are well-characterized as nanotubes, nano diamonds, graphene and carbon dots. Their unique properties present promising applications in nanomedicine, including drug delivery systems. However, the cell-damaging effect of carbon-based nanoparticles remains elusive. Studies on carbon-caused cell deaths are contradictory, which makes it challenging to claim their precise nature, mechanisms, and harmful dosage. Moreover, previous findings showed that immune cells are the most susceptible cells to carbon nanoparticle treatment, where cell viability differs depending on cell culture and treatment specificities. Considering the shortage of topic-specific summarized data and rising interest in carbon nanomaterials, the present review article focuses on the cytotoxicity of carbon, in terms of cell viability, and types of cell deaths induced by carbon nanoparticles.

Wettability, typically estimated through the contact angle, is a fundamental property of surfaces with wide-ranging implications in both daily life and industrial processes. Recent scientific interest has been paid to the surfaces exhibiting extreme wettability: superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces, characterized by high water repellency and exceptional water wetting, respectively. Both chemical composition and morphology play a role in the determination of the wettability "performance" of a surface. To tune surface-wetting properties, we considered coatings of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) in this study. They are a new class of nanomaterials synthesized in flames whose chemistry, dimension, and shape depend on combustion conditions. For the first time, we systematically studied the wettability of CNP coatings produced in a controlled rich ethylene/air flame stabilized over a McKenna burner. A selected substrate was intermittently inserted in the flame at 15 mm above the burner to form a thin coating thanks to a thermophoretic-driven deposition mechanism. The chemical-physical quality and the deposed quantity of the CNPs were varied by opportunely combing the substrate flame insertion number (from 1 to 256) and the carbon-to-oxygen ratio, C/O (from 0.67 to 0.87). The wettability of the coatings was evaluated by measuring the contact angle, CA, with the sessile drop method. When the C/O = 0.67, the CNPs were nearly spherical, smaller than 8 nm, and always generated hydrophilic coatings (CA < 35°). At higher C/O ratios, the CNPs reached dimensions of 100 nm, and fractal shape aggregates were formed. In this case, either hydrophilic (CA < 76°) or superhydrophobic (CA ~166°) behavior was observed, depending on the number of carbon nanoparticles deposed, i.e., film thickness. It is known that wettability is susceptible to liquid surface tension, and therefore, tests were conducted with different fluids to establish a correlation between the flame conditions and the nanostructure of the film. This method offers a fast and simple approach to determining mesoscale information for coating roughness and topographical homogeneity/inhomogeneity of their surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the size dependence of the work function of carbon nanoparticles on the concentration of free electrons in a thermal dusty plasma has been studied using an analytical model. It has been shown that there is a certain size of nanoparticles at which the most efficient emission of electrons from them into thermal plasma is achieved. The effect of temperature and volume fraction of nanoparticles on the nature of the dependence of the concentration of free electrons in a thermal dusty plasma on the radius of particles has been examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of carbon nanoparticles-guided lymph node dissection during thyroidectomy in patients with papillary thyroid cancer(PTC). Methods: Clinical trials consisted of two subgroups: unilateral lobectomy (UL; n=283) and total thyroidectomy (TT; n=286). From each subgroup, the patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the carbon nanoparticle group and control group. Primary endpoints included parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, number of lymph nodes (LNs) detected, number of tiny lymph nodes detected, and recognition and retention of the parathyroid glands. Secondary endpoint was recognition and protection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Results: A total of 569 patients with PTC were recruited. There were no statistically significant differences in demographics between the carbon nanoparticles and control groups (P > 0.05). In the UL subgroup, there were no significant differences in PTH levels between the two groups at preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative day one, and postoperative month one (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the serum Ca2+ levels between the two groups preoperatively and at postoperativemonth one (P>0.05). The number of lymph nodes dissected in the carbon nanoparticles group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.0001). The detection rate of tiny lymph nodes in the carbon nanoparticles group was higher than that in the control group (P=0.0268). In the TT subgroup, therewas no significant difference in PTH levels between the two groups at preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative day one (P>0.05). However, the mean PTH level in the carbon nanoparticles group was significantly higher than that of the control group at postoperative month one (P=0.0368). There was no significant difference in the serum Ca2+ levels between the two groups preoperatively and at postoperative month one (P>0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the number of dissected LNs (P>0.05) or the detection rate of tiny lymph nodes (P>0.05). No drugrelated AE and complications due to the injection of carbon nanoparticleswere recorded in this study. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of parathyroid preserved in situ and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in the UL and TT subgroups. Conclusions: Carbon nanoparticles demonstrated efficacy and safety in thyroidectomy. The application of carbon nanoparticles could significantly facilitate the identification and clearance of LNs and the optimum preservation of parathyroid function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delved into the characterization of epoxy nanocomposites containing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGBEA), graphene nanoplates (GN), and carbon nanotubes (CNT) across a range of weight percentages (0.05% to 2%). The nanocomposites were produced through a process involving mechanical stirring and ultrasonication. To assess compatibility, three‐dimensional solubility parameters (3DSP) were employed. CNT demonstrated superior compatibility with epoxy and triethylenetetramine (TETA), due to its higher amount of oxygenated species in nanoparticle surface compared to GN. A rheological percolation phenomenon occurred in CNT systems at concentrations above 0.2%, while GN did not display percolation even at 2% concentration. Incorporating nanoparticles led to increased curing enthalpy due to surface functional groups. As the percolation network formed, viscosity rose, and a reduced glass transition temperature (Tg) indicated restricted molecular mobility. Surprisingly, Tg consistently increased by approximately 27°C during composite annealing, regardless of nanoparticle type or concentration. This was attributed to forming a three‐dimensional network structure potentially originating from reactions between nanoparticle‐oxygenated groups and the epoxy matrix. This phenomenon was crucial in heightened creep and irreversible deformations, setting these nanocomposites apart from pure resin behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, functionalized carbon dots (CDs) derived from candle soot (CS) was used as a potential corrosion inhibitor for the corrosion of stainless steel (SS) in 1 M HCl medium. The carbon soot was collected from the waste candle which on further strong oxidation with conc. HNO3 results in the formation of CDs. CS and CNs were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, UV–Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). TEM analysis of CNs shows that the particles of CDs are spherical with an average size of 3 nm. Further, the corrosion inhibiting nature of CDs towards the corrosion of SS was evaluated using weight loss measurements, surface morphological analysis using SEM, potentiodynamic polarization studies, and electrical impedance spectroscopy. Calculation of activation energy using the Arrhenius equation shows the increase in activation energy while adding the CDs in 1 M HCl medium and the maximum activation energy (54.06 kJ mol−1) was observed for 200 mg L−1 CDs in an acid medium. The negative entropy obtained from the transition state equation suggested the associative mechanism in the formation of the activated complex. Langmuir adsorption isotherm suggested the type of interaction between CDs and SS is both physisorption and chemisorption. Electrical impedance spectral analysis and Tafel analysis show the high inhibiting nature of CDs towards the corrosion of SS in 1 M HCl medium due to the formation of a passive film of CDs on the surface of SS resulting in the protection of corrosion in acid medium. Further, Tafel analysis revealed the type of inhibitor as a mixed type inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions and characteristics for nanoporous anodic oxidized aluminium (AOA) are presented. The anodizing process is carried out in a solution of oxalic acid containing carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). The carbon nanoparticles are studied by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, dynamic laser scattering (in the aggregated state), Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopes are used to study the morphology of the AOA. The pore size of the porous layer is of 20–40 nm, and the pore-wall thickness is up to 50 nm. In the absence of the addition of carbon material, similar surface parameters are of 50–100 nm and 30 nm, respectively. The effect of the carbon material on the structuring of the pore layer is explained in terms of adsorption of it on the AOA during anodizing process. A high-disordered structure of carbon nanoparticles is revealed. The adsorption isotherm is obtained, and it is found that the Temkin model is the most suitable for describing the sorption equilibrium. The crystallization of AOA under hydrothermal conditions at 200°C is proposed. The addition of CNDs to the oxalic acid electrolyte reduces the pore size of obtained anodized aluminium. Carbon nanoparticles effect on the formation of the porous structure of AOA with adsorption. The advantage of CNDs over GO is the fabrication of AOA with smaller pores in mild conditions without aggressive reagents. The effect of CNDs on the porous structure of AOA can be explained, on the one hand, by its shielding by carbon nanoparticles, and on the other hand, by the ‘damping effect’ of CNDs on the faster thermal expansion of aluminium compared to Al2O3 . It is possible to obtain samples of AOA with nanoscale pores by environmentally friendly synthesis using cheap and readily available chemicals. To obtain crystalline Al2O3, hydrothermal treatment can be implemented that has the advantage of a lower crystallization temperature over calcination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex compositions and structural features of low-rank coal obstruct its wide use in materials applications directly. Graphene nanocarbon hydrosol with uniform particle size and containing nanodiamond structures were prepared from long-flame coal by a simple H 2 O 2 oxidation, achieving the highest extraction rate of 30.86%, and the depolymerization degree was 80.21% when the temperature was 80 °C. The average diameter of the carbon nanoparticles was 1.86 ± 0.62 nm with 2–3 graphite flake layers, and these graphite flake layers were derived from the stable crystalline domains in the raw coal. Carbon nanoparticles exhibited good excitation wavelength-dependent and concentration-dependent fluorescence, which can be tunable from blue to green fluorescence by adjusting the concentration (0.19–1.5 g/L) and excitation wavelength (340–460 nm), the reason may be due to the combined effect of the relative intensity changes of various types of oxygenous groups, low-lying effects resulting from n(OH)→π*(CO) interactions between the hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups, and the aggregation of particle. The post-reaction residue has a similar structural composition to that of humic acid and could be used for developing functional materials and agricultural restoration. Therefore, preparing carbon nanoparticles and humic acid by mild oxidation of hydrogen peroxide for the high-value utilization of long-flame coal has good application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the thermal and mechanical characterization of epoxy composites reinforced with different fillers developed by modifying thermo‐mechanically extracted bamboo micron fibers. The modification of bamboo fibers was done by adding carbon nanoparticles to their surface and also by making powdered fillers using the process of ball milling. A decrease in water absorption in case of surface coated bamboo fibers was observed. The glass transition behavior was enhanced for composites filled with milled bamboo fillers as compared to neat epoxy. Better mechanical properties were observed for composites reinforced with milled bamboo fillers compared to that of composites filled with bamboo fibers. The highest tensile strength (90.258 MPa) was observed for composites reinforced with 5 wt% of milled bamboo fillers depicting an increase of 93.01% compared to that of neat epoxy (46.762 MPa). Highlights: Bamboo fibers were modified with a sizing agent and carbon nanoparticles.A novel "milled bamboo filler" was produced and incorporated in composites.Thermal properties of epoxy composite were enhanced by the novel filler.Tensile strength of the composite was significantly enhanced.The novel filler has the future scope of application in various composite products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel study was undertaken for cleaning the wastewater from the paint industry by using the combinations of carbon nanoparticles produced from waste material using different methods and TiO2 nanoparticles. Carbon nanoparticles were produced from sugarcane bagasse (a waste material) by using three different methods, namely charring in a muffle furnace (C1), heating in the air (C2), and treating with sulfuric acid (C3). Atomic force microscopy demonstrated the smaller size of C2 and C3 nanoparticles as compared to C1. Further, Raman spectroscopy displayed fewer defects in C1 nanoparticles than in C2 and C3 but better graphene structure in C2. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study revealed the degraded structure of carbon nanoparticles prepared by using sulfuric acid (C3) with more functional groups than C1 and C2. A comparative study using UV-visible spectroscopy showed that the sulfuric acid-treated carbon nanomaterials (C3) were more efficient in removing the contaminants from wastewater from the paint industry because of their small size and functional groups. When carbon nanoparticles were used in the combinations with TiO2 nanoparticles, study showed that the combination of C3 with 10% by wt TiO2 nanoparticles were the best for clearing wastewater. Mechanisms are proposed for the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and their role along with carbon nanoparticles (C3) for the removal of contamination from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An influence of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanospheres coated by Au–Pd and Pt on the microstructure of solder/copper joints at room temperature and after aging at sub-zero temperature. The carbon nanosized admixtures were mixed with ternary Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu matrix to prepare a composite solder. The microstructure of the solder joints between the nanocomposite solders and a copper substrate was studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that minor (0.05 wt. %) admixtures of both the carbon nanospheres and nanotubes increase the shear strength of the solder joints and reduce the growth rate of the intermetallic Cu6Sn5 layer, formed at the interface between solder and copper. This effect may be related to the adsorption of nanoinclusions on the grain surface during the solidification process. Comparative analysis suggests that exposure for 2 months at 253 K does not lead to deterioration of such an important mechanical characteristic of the solder joint as shear strength, indicating the possibility of using these nanocomposite solders in microelectronic equipment even at temperatures below 0 ℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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