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This work is designed to examine the influence of using four different dietary carbohydrate sources (rice-bran RB, wheat-bran WB, wheat-flour WF, and yellow-corn YC) on growth, feed utilization, relative gut length, biochemical composition, blood glucose, and intestinal enzyme activity in thin-lip grey mullet (Liza ramada) fry. Five diets were evaluated during a 68 days using fifteen glass aquaria (30×40×100 cm) contained 22 L. ramada (0.3 g/fry) per aquarium which included the marine water. The first set remained in a basal regime (∼25% CP), whereas the other four groups provided the tested carbohydrate source separately. Fry feeding was applied three times per day throughout the whole experimental duration. Findings designated an enhancement in growth and feed utilization for fry nourished on both RB and WF contained diets as compared to the corresponding's for fish fed the YC diet. The weight gain values ranged between 0.98 and 1.28 g/fry for YC and RB respectively. Moreover, a significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher lipid contents (32.33%) and relative gut length (2.6) of the fry fed the RB diet remained detectable in comparison to other diets. In addition, these results showed significantly variances in concentrations amongst nutritional treatments for highest average blood glucose value (126.33 u/ml), lipase (14 u/ml), and amylase (1982.7 u/ml) in fry fed RB enzymes and liver glycogen (107.3 mg/g) for YC.

Date kernels (DK) are cheap by-products rich in energy and phenolic compounds. It can be used as an alternative to the conventional sources of energy in ruminant diets while reducing methane (CH4) production. Using a semi-automated gas production (GP) system, the initial pH of buffered rumen liquor was adjusted to 5.5 and 6.8. Five experimental diets were evaluated, control (0% DK), and DK25, DK50, DK75, and DK100 presented 25, 50, 75, and 100% replacement of maize by DK, respectively. Of the 16 phenolic compounds detected in DK, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic and catechin were the most abundant. At pH 6.8, the control diet recorded higher (p < 0.05) GP values throughout the first 12 h incubation than all other DK diets, while at 5.5 pH, DK50 displayed the highest (p < 0.05) GP at 3 and 6 h compared to all other diets. At either pH conditions, all DK diets reduced (p < 0.05) CH4 compared to the control without affecting protozoal counts. At 5.5 pH, DK diets showed enhanced (p < 0.05) nutrients degradability compared to control. DK modified (P < 0.05) the fermentation patterns toward more propionate than the control under either pH conditions. Substitution of maize by 50% DK was highly recommended in ruminant diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient in vitro propagation of Cymbidium aloifolium protocorm-like-bodies (PLBs) using carbohydrate sources and hormones as a medium supplement was established. Twelve-week-old protocorms were used as explants. Experiment 1 ; protocorms were propagated on solidified New Dogashima (ND) medium supplemented with various concentrations of glucose and sucrose (0, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 g/l) as carbohydrate sources. Experiment 2 ; protocorms were cultured on the same medium added 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D ; 0, 0.5, 1 and 1,5 mg/l) combination with kinetin (0, 1 and 2 mg/l) as plant growth regulators. Survival, response, shoot number and length, root number and length, leaf number, and fresh and dry weight were measured after 12 weeks of culture. Results revealed that sucrose as the appropriate carbohydrate source for promoting shoot and leaf development while glucose was better for stimulating weight and root development. Optimal concentration of sucrose was 20-35 g/l with highest leaf number obtained at 20 g/l, shoot number at 25 g/l and shoot length at 35 g/l. The highest fresh weight, dry weight, root number and length were recorded at 35 g/l glucose treatment. Supplementation of hormone 2,4-D as auxin, and kinetin as a cytokinin produced highest growth of protocorm at 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D and 2 mg/l kinetin treatment. Different supplements and concentrations had diverse affected on root, shoot and leaf growth. These results provided valuable knowledge for future orchid conservation studies.

The purpose was to develop new ingredients for the food industry. The flours were obtained from the bark and the fruit of juca (Libidibia ferrea) by grinding and drying in an air circulation greenhouse. The flours were analyzed in terms of nutritional, anti-nutritional, antioxidant, and technological functionality propriety. The flours developed are rich in carbohydrates with values ranging from 89.29 g/100g for the fruit and 81.76 g/100g for the bark. Flours showed low water and fat absorption index, high compacted and real density, and intermediate flow values by the Hausner’s ratio and Carr’s index. The hygroscopicity of the flours ranged from 5.56 g/100g for the bark and 10.31 g/100g for the fruit, influencing the solubility property. The anti-nutritional compounds do not discourage the technological application of flours since studies indicate the action of tannic and phytic acids as antioxidants. The flour shows high total phenolic compound and antioxidant activity in vitro (DPPH and FRAP methods), due to the flavonoids compounds as catechin and myricetin identified by HPLC method. Therefore, fruit flour is the best one when compared to the botanical parts, and indicated as an ingredient to improve sensory characteristics such as crispness, increased sensation, and retention of food flavor.

This study investigated the impact of carbohydrate source and fluid passage rate (dilution rate) on ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbial crude protein (MCP) formation. Three commonly used feeds (barley grain [BG], beet pulp [BP], and soybean hulls [SBH]), which differ considerably in their carbohydrate composition, were incubated together with a mixture of grass hay and rapeseed meal in two identical Rusitec apparatuses (each 6 vessels). Differences in fluid passage rate were simulated by infusing artificial saliva at two different rates (1.5% [low] and 3.0% [high] of fermenter volume per h). This resulted in six treatments (tested in 3 runs): BGhigh, BGlow, BPhigh, BPlow, SBHhigh and SBHlow. The system was adapted for 7 d, followed by 4 d of sampling. Production of MCP (mg/g degraded organic matter [dOM]; estimated by 15N analysis) was greater with high dilution rate (DL; p < 0.001) and was higher for SBH compared to both BG and BP (p < 0.001). High DL reduced OM degradability (OMD) compared to low DL (p < 0.001), whereas incubation of BG resulted in higher OMD compared to SBH (p < 0.002). Acetate:propionate ratio decreased in response to high DL (p < 0.001). Total gas and methane production (both /d and /g dOM) were lower with high DL (p < 0.001). In our study increasing liquid passage rate showed the potential to increase MCP and decrease methane production simultaneously. Results encourage further studies investigating these effects on the rumen microbial population.

Ninebark is a very popular ornamental shrub. Micropropagation is an efficient method for mass production of uniform plant material. This study was designed to develop and optimize conditions at all phases of ninebark micropropagation. For the multiplication stage, the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium at full concentration and pH 5.8 was chosen as the basal medium. Sorbitol proved a more effective carbohydrate source than fructose, with no adverse effects on shoot vitrification or the medium itself. The best shoot production, both in number and length, was on the medium enriched with 2 and 3 mg·L−1 zeatin. High numbers of shoots were also obtained in treatments with 1 mg·L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) or 2 mg·L−1 meta-Topolin (mT) in the basal medium. BA was the most cost-effective cytokinin. There was a positive effect of the gibberellic acid on proliferation: the highest shoot number per explant was produced in the presence of 1 mg·L−1 GA3. No effect of the culture age (up to 20 subcultures) on the percentage of regenerating explants was evident, and the highest numbers of shoots were obtained between passages 10 and 17. For rooting, the MS medium at half strength was used. The best rooting was at 1 mg·L−1 IBA. Spraying the in vitro rooted cuttings with abscisic acid (ABA) favored plant acclimation to the ex vitro conditions. Exvitro rooting, including the treatments with IBA and ABA, shortened the production time by approximately one third. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high protein feed (Hipro-feed) formulated with carbohydrate source in concentrate mixture on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and milk performance of lactating cows fed Ruzi grass. Sixty cross-bred dairy cows (75% Holstein–Friesian and 25% Thai cows) in mid-lactation, 390 ± 50.0 kg body weight, 85 ± 5 days in milk with daily milk production of 10 ± 2.0 kg/day, were selected from 15 smallholder dairy farms and assigned according to a randomized complete block design. Four cows per farm were subjected to two groups to receive dietary treatments: Formulation I = control formula used by farmers and Formulation II = Mixed carbohydrate source + Hipro-feed (48% crude protein). The results showed that cows that received Formulation II had higher total feed intake and nutrient digestibility (P

The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of maternal prepartum dietary carbohydrate source on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of offspring. Angus-based cows were assigned to either a concentrate-based diet or forage-based diet during mid- and late-gestation. A subset of calves was selected for evaluation of progeny performance. Dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed (G:F), and ultrasound measurements (muscle depth, back fat thickness, and intramuscular fat) were assessed during the feeding period. Carcass measurements were recorded, and striploins were collected for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), trained sensory panel, crude fat determination and fatty acid profile. Maternal dietary treatment did not influence (p > 0.05) offspring BW, DMI, ultrasound measurements, percent moisture, crude fat, WBSF, or consumer sensory responses. The forage treatment tended to have decreased (p = 0.06) 12th rib backfat compared to the concentrate treatment and tended to have lower (p = 0.08) yield grades. The concentrate treatment had increased (p < 0.05) a* and b* values compared to the forage treatment. These data suggest variation in maternal diets applied in this study during mid- and late-gestation has limited influence on progeny performance.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of seven oligosaccharides on the growth rate and stress tolerance of Lactobacillus plantarum ZLP001 in vitro , and the potential synbiotic effects of the most effective oligosaccharide [fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS)] and L. plantarum ZLP001 on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and serum immune index in weaning piglets. Most oligosaccharides were utilized as carbohydrate sources by L. plantarum ZLP001, but we observed obvious differences in the bacterial growth depending on oligosaccharide type and concentration. Oligosaccharides and glucose significantly alleviated the decrease in L. plantarum ZLP001 viability in artificial gastric fluid, whereas none of the sugars affected viability in artificial intestinal fluid. FOS and galacto-oligosaccharide significantly improved the viability of L. plantarum ZLP001 under heat stress (65 °C for 15 and 30 min). FOS and soybean oligosaccharide significantly increased the viability of L. plantarum ZLP001 in response to cold stress (4 °C for 30 and 60 days). On the basis of the findings of in vitro experiments, we selected FOS for in vivo studies. Eighty-four weaned piglets were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: control (basal diet, no additives), freeze-dried L. plantarum ZLP001 (4.2 × 109 CFU/g, 2 g/kg diet), FOS (5 g/kg diet), and combination (0.2% L. plantarum ZLP001 + 0.5% FOS). Body weight and feed consumption were recorded for determinations of the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed-to-gain ratio (F/G). On day 28, fresh fecal samples were collected to evaluate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbiota, and serum samples were collected to determine the immune status. L. plantarum ZLP001 plus FOS significantly increased ADG and decreased the F/G ratio compared with the no-additive control. The combination treatment also increased the apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter and crude protein. Compared with the control and single supplementation, the combination treatment had a significant regulatory effect on the intestinal microbiota, as evidenced by increases in Lactobacillus spp. and a decrease in Enterobacteriaceae. In addition, the combination treatment increased the concentrations of serum IFN-γ and immunoglobulin G. In conclusion, FOS can be utilized well by L. plantarum ZLP001 and can be combined with it as a potential synbiotic that shows synergistic effects in weaning piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Various components influence the in vitro growth and physiology of Rose. • Impact of sugar (type and concentration) on the in vitro Rose development and de novo shoot organogenesis. • High variability in growth and development between Rose genotypes. • Sorbitol detrimental to growth and organogenesis in Rose tested genotypes. • Protocol to induce Rose de novo shoot organogenesis. Abstract A procedure was developed for in vitro propagation of Rosa genotypes along with an efficient de novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) method. We tested, on one genotype (hybrid of Rosa wichurana), the effects of MS basal medium complemented with two growth regulators to achieve either shoot elongation or shoot multiplication of plants. These media were complemented with carbohydrate concentrations from different sources. Then, the impacts of various carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, maltose, sorbitol, sucrose) on the growth and development of several rose genotypes during donor plant subculturing were studied on SMM. The results showed high variability in growth and development between genotypes. Contrary to other members of the Rosaceae family, no correlation was found between the shoot size and number when the amount of sorbitol was increased. Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 3.0 mg L−1 BAP and containing fructose or glucose at 30 g L−1 was chosen to induce leaf explants for the DNSO experiments. MS basal medium complemented with TDZ/IBA at three ratios and the same range of carbohydrate sources were tested for DNSO. Significant genotypic variations with regard to the percentage of regeneration was demonstrated with six genotypes. For two genotypes, a hybrid of Rosa wichurana and Rosa ' White Pet', we defined the conditions required to obtain 100% DNSO. For Rosa chinensis 'Old blush' and the rootstock genotype Rosa ' Natal Briar', we obtained 74 and 87.5% DNSO and only 56.67% and 37.5% for Rosa GUY SAVOY ® ('Delstrimen') and Rosa 'Félicité et Perpétue' respectively. This adventitious shoot regeneration method may be used for large-scale shoot propagation and genetic engineering studies in Rosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, nitrogen-free extract, and energy in selected carbohydrate sources including wheat flour (WF), α-potato starch (PS), α-corn starch (CS), Na alginate (AL), dextrin (DEX), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were determined for olive flounder. The olive flounder averaging 150 ± 8.0 g were held in 300-L tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank. Chromic oxide was used as the inert marker. Feces were collected from the flounder by a fecal collector attached to a fish rearing tank. Apparent dry matter and energy digestibilities of flounder fed WF, PS, CS, and DEX diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed AL and CMC diets. Apparent crude protein digestibility coefficients of flounder fed PS and CS diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed AL, DEX, and CMC diets. Apparent crude lipid and nitrogen-free extract digestibility coefficients of flounder fed PS and DEX diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed WF, CS, AL, and CMC diets. The present findings indicate that PS and DEX could be effectively used as dietary carbohydrate energy compared to WF, CS, AL, and CMC for olive flounder.

The tissue culture regeneration system of Lupinus albus has always been considered as recalcitrant material due to its genotype-dependent response and low regeneration efficiency that hamper the use of genetic engineering. Establishment of repeatable plant regeneration protocol is a prerequisite tool for successful application of genetic engineering. This aim of this study was to develop standardized, efficient protocol for successful shoot induction from cotyledonary node of white lupin. In this study, 5 day old aseptically cultured seedlings were used to prepare three explants (half cotyledonary node, HCN; whole cotyledonary node, WCN; and traditional cotyledonary node, TCN), cultured on four concentrations of M519 medium (M519, ½ M519, 1/3 M519, and ¼ M519), containing four carbohydrate sources (sucrose, fructose, maltose, and glucose), and stimulated with various combinations of KT (kinetin), and NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) for direct shoot regeneration. High frequency of 80% shoot regeneration was obtained on ½ M519 medium (KT 4.0 mg L−1 + NAA 0.1 mg L−1) by using HCN as an explant. Interestingly, combinations of (KT 4.0 mg L−1 + NAA 0.1 mg L−1 + BAP 1.67 mg L−1), and (KT 2.0 mg L−1 + NAA 0.1 mg L−1) showed similar shoot regeneration frequency of 60%. Augmentation of 0.25 g L−1 activated charcoal (AC) not only reduced browning effect but also improved shoot elongation. Among the all carbohydrate sources, sucrose showed the highest regeneration frequency with HCN. Additionally, 80% rooting frequency was recorded on ½ M519 containing IAA 1.0 mg L−1 + KT 0.1 mg L−1 (indole acetic acid) after 28 days of culturing. The present study describes establishment of an efficient and successful protocol for direct plant regeneration of white lupin from different cotyledonary nodes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high protein feed (Hipro-feed) formulated with carbohydrate source in concentrate mixture on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and milk performance of lactating cows fed Ruzi grass. Sixty cross-bred dairy cows (75% Holstein-Friesian and 25% Thai cows) in mid-lactation, 390 ± 50.0 kg body weight, 85 ± 5 days in milk with daily milk production of 10 ± 2.0 kg/day, were selected from 15 smallholder dairy farms and assigned according to a randomized complete block design. Four cows per farm were subjected to two groups to receive dietary treatments: Formulation I = control formula used by farmers and Formulation II = Mixed carbohydrate source + Hipro-feed (48% crude protein). The results showed that cows that received Formulation II had higher total feed intake and nutrient digestibility (P < .05). However, ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, and propionic acid were increased in cows that consumed Formulation II, while acetic acid and butyric acid, ruminal pH, temperature, and blood urea nitrogen were similar between groups. Milk yield and economic return were increased in cows receiving Formulation II. In conclusion, Hipro-feed could usefully be incorporated with carbohydrate source in concentrate formulation for the improvement of diary performance of smallholder dairy farming in the northeastern region of Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level in the concentrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in swamp buffaloes. Four, 4-yr old rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) and CC+rice bran at a ratio 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was level of cottonseed meal (CM); 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) in isonitrogenous diets (490 g CP/kg). Buffaloes received urea-treated rice straw ad libitum and supplemented with 5 g concentrate/kg BW. It was found that carbohydrate source did not affect feed intake, nutrient intake, digested nutrients, nutrient digestibility, ammonia nitrogen concentration, fungi and bacterial populations, or microbial protein synthesis (p>0.05). Ruminal pH at 6 h after feeding and the population of protozoa at 4 h after feeding were higher when buffalo were fed with CC than in the CR3:1 treatment (p0.05). Based on this experiment, concentrate with a low level of cottonseed meal could be fed with cassava chips as an energy source in swamp buffalo receiving rice straw.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of levels of cottonseed meal with various carbohydrate sources in concentrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in dairy bulls. Four, 6 months old dairy bulls were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) and cassava chip+rice bran in the ratio of 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was cotton seed meal levels in the concentrate; 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) at similar overall CP levels (490 g CP/kg). Bulls received urea-lime treated rice straw ad libitum and were supplemented with 10 g of concentrate/kg BW. It was found that carbohydrate source and level of cotton seed meal did not have significant effects on ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, microbial protein synthesis or feed intake. Animals which received CC showed significantly higher BUN concentration, ruminal propionic acid and butyric acid proportions, while dry matter, organic matter digestibility, populations of total viable bacteria and proteolytic bacteria were lower than those in the CR3:1 treatment. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids was higher in HCM than LCM treatments, while the concentration of butyric acid was higher in LCM than HCM treatments. The population of proteolytic bacteria with the LCM treatments was higher than the HCM treatments; however other bacteria groups were similar among the different levels of cotton seed meal. Bulls which received LCM had higher protein digestibility than those receiving HCM. Therefore, using high levels of cassava chip and cotton seed meal might positively impact on energy and nitrogen balance for the microbial population in the rumen of the young dairy bull.

Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei farmed at 3.0 psu were fed five diets containing glucose, sucrose, wheat starch, corn starch or potato starch as the carbohydrate ( CBH) source. Shrimp were fed for 50 days to explore the effect of dietary CBH source on growth, body composition and ammonia tolerance. The specific growth rate of body length of shrimp fed glucose was the highest and significantly higher than those fed potato starch. The survival rate of shrimp fed glucose was 89.44%, and it was the highest and significantly higher than those fed wheat starch. Whole shrimp body crude protein and lipid of the corn starch group were 140.2 g kg−1 and 10.1 g kg−1 respectively. And they were significantly higher than those fed wheat starch. Shrimp fed potato starch had higher hepatopancreas and muscle glycogen. Shrimp fed sucrose had higher glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lower pyruvate kinase activities ( P < 0.05). Besides, shrimp fed starch produced more B cells in hepatopancreas tubules than those fed glucose or sucrose. Shrimp fed different sources of CBH differed in the number of R cells. After 96-h of ammonia nitrogen challenge, the survival rate of the treatments from high to low in turn was glucose, wheat starch, corn starch, sucrose and potato starch, and no significant differences were observed among all treatments. Based on shrimp growth and the economic problems of practical production, we recommend wheat starch as CBH source in practical diets for L. vannamei farmed at low salinities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of nitrogen level and carbohydrate source on apparent ruminal synthesis (ARS) of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folates, and vitamin B12 were evaluated using 4 lactating Holstein cows distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with treatments following a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Cows were fitted with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum. The treatments were 2 N levels and 2 carbohydrate sources. The diet with the high N level provided 14% crude protein, calculated to meet 110% of the protein requirements and an adequate supply in rumen-degradable protein, whereas the diet with the low N level contained 11% crude protein, calculated to meet 80% of the protein requirements with a shortage in rumen-degradable protein. Carbohydrate source treatments differed by their nature (i.e., high in starch from barley, corn, and wheat, or high in fiber from soybean hulls and dehydrated beet pulp). All 4 diets were isoenergetic, based on corn silage, and had the same forage-to-concentrate ratio (60:40, dry matter basis). Duodenal flow was determined using YbCl3 as a marker. Each B-vitamin ARS was calculated as duodenal flow minus daily intake. The intake of several B vitamins varied among treatments, but because the animals consumed a similar amount of feed every day (average of 20 kg of dry matter/d) the difference was mostly due to vitamin content of each ingredient and their relative proportion in the diets. Decreasing N concentration in the diet reduced vitamin B6 duodenal flow and increased its apparent ruminal degradation. It also decreased duodenal flow and ARS of folates. The high-starch diets increased duodenal flow and ruminal balance of riboflavin, vitamin B6, and folates, whereas the high-fiber diets increased vitamin B12 ARS and duodenal flow. These effects on apparent synthesis are possibly due to changes in ruminal fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silages making is a solution to overcome the shortage or excessive of forages in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rice bran as carbohydrate source and Lactobacillus plantarum 1BL-2 addition on the quality of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) silages. The concentrations of rice bran and Lactobacillus plantarum 1BL-2 added were 0%,1%, 3% and 5 % (w/w) and incubated for 30 days. The results showed that the addition of 1%-5% rice bran significantly affected (P

Avaliaram-se o consumo alimentar, a digestibilidade parcial e total e o balanço de nitrogênio, em novilhos confinados. Foram utilizados três novilhos de corte cruzados, canulados no rúmen e no duodeno, distribuídos em dois delineamentos em quadrado latino 3 x 3. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de 60% de silagem de milho, tendo como fonte de proteína o farelo de girassol e, como fonte de energia, o milho (MI). O milho foi substituído parcialmente pela casca de soja (CS) ou pelo farelo de gérmen de milho (FGM). Quatro indicadores internos (lignina e FDA, FDN e lignina indigestíveis) foram submetidos a 144 horas de digestão in vitro, para estimativa da digestibilidade parcial e total das dietas. Houve maior ingestão dos componentes fibrosos na dieta CS, porém não foi observado efeito sobre o consumo de matéria seca. A lignina subestimou significativamente a digestibilidade. A utilização da FDAi, FDNi e lignina-i para estimar a digestibilidade total é viável, no entanto, a FDAi e lignina-i não estimaram adequadamente as digestibilidades parciais. Houve efeito significativo na digestibilidade ruminal da FDA, com valores mais elevados para CS e semelhantes para FGM, em relação à dieta MI. A digestibilidade total da FDA foi maior na dieta CS, porém, as digestibilidades dos demais componentes não foram afetadas pelas diferentes fontes energéticas. Não houve diferença significativa para a digestibilidade da energia e nos valores obtidos de NDT, com média de 61,5%. A casca de soja e o farelo de gérmen de milho, em substituição parcial do milho, mostraram-se fontes alternativas satisfatórias para a inclusão na dieta de bovinos.Feed intake, partial and total digestibility and nitrogen balance were evaluated in confined steers. Three crossbreed steers, rumen and duodenum cannulated, were allotted to two 3 x 3 Latin square experimental design. The experimental diets were composed by corn silage (60%) and concentrate with sunflower meal as protein source and ground corn as energy source (MI). The ground corn was partially substituted by soybean hulls (CS) or by corn germ meal (FGM). Lignin and indigestible ADF (iADF), NDF (iNDF) and lignin (i-lignin) determined by 144 h of in vitro digestion were used as markers to estimate the total and partial diet digestibility of diets. The fiber intake was higher on CS diet, however no effect on dry matter intake was observed. Lignin underestimated significantly the digestibility. Indigestible ADF, iNDF and i-lignin was able to estimate total digestibility, however iADF and i-lignina did not estimate adequately the partial digestibility. Ruminal ADF digestibility was influenced by diets with higher values for CS and similar values for FGM, in relation to MI. Total ADF digestibility was higher in diet CS, but the other nutrients digestibility were not affected by different energy sources. Energy digestibility and NDT values did not differ among diets, with average of 61.5%. Soybean hulls and corn germ meal, on partial substitution of ground corn, were satisfactory alternative sources for inclusion on steer diets.

This research was aimed at characterization of maltodextrin DP 3-9 (produced by enzymatic hydrolysis and membrane separation process) as compared to commercial maltodextrin and glucose and assessment of its potential application as carbohydrate source in sport drink. The research showed that application of maltodextrin DP 3-9 had some advantages as compared to glucose with regard to absorption rate that was 2 times longer (60 minutes instead of 30 minutes), osmolality degree that was 5,6 times lower (178 mOsmol/kg as compared to 1000 mOsmol/kg), and relative sweetness degree that was 10 - 11 times lower (6,15-7,20 as compared to 57,00-61,00). However, thie application of maltodekstrin DP 3-9 had limitation which was shown by its viscosity characteristic that was 5,70 -- 6,20% higher (1,29 cSt and 1,37 cSt as compared to 1,22 cSt and 1,29 cSt). When compared to commercial maltodextrin, maltodextrin DP 3-9 is favorable as carbohydrate source in sport drink based on its absorption rate that was more than 2 times faster (60 minutes as compared to more than 120 minutes) and storage stability at refrigeration temperature (which was more than 8 weeks, with or without sterilization; with sterilization).

A 3-month feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate source on the growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients and liver glucose enzyme activity in juvenile blunt snout bream. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 33% wheat starch, corn starch, dextrin, maltose, glucose or cellulose. At the end of the experiment, the best final body weight (18.4 g), specific growth rate (SGR, 2.46%/day), feed conversion ratio (FCR, 1.41 g feed/g gain) and protein efficiency ratio (PER, 2.22 g gain/protein) were found in the group fed with the dextrin diet, while the poorest values were observed in the group fed with the cellulose diet among the treatments. Fish fed with the glucose (1.55 g feed/g gain) or maltose (1.53 g feed/g gain) diet showed significantly higher FCR than those fed with the dextrin diet (1.41 g feed/g gain). Dietary cellulose caused the highest feed intake (2.91 g/fish/day) and FCR (1.87 g feed/g gain) among the treatments. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter was significantly lower in fish fed with the cellulose diet than those fed with other diets. ADC of protein was independent of dietary carbohydrate source. The highest ADC of energy was observed in fish fed with diets containing glucose, maltose or dextrin; followed by wheat starch, corn starch and cellulose. Carbohydrate source did not affect whole body moisture, protein and ash contents, and plasma total protein and cholesterol contents. Lipid contents of whole body and plasma triglyceride contents increased with increasing carbohydrate complexities. Plasma glucose contents and liver enzyme activities were affected by sampling time and dietary carbohydrate source. Fish fed with the dextrin diet showed the highest liver glucokinase (GK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities, and the lowest glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity among all the groups. Significantly higher G6Pase activity was observed in fish fed with the glucose diet than those fed with the dextrin or wheat starch diet at 2 h postprandial. These results indicated that dextrin was the best dietary carbohydrate source for juvenile blunt snout bream, based on growth performance, feed utilization, ADC and liver glucose enzyme activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stachys genus is one of the largest genera of the Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family and is widely distributed across Europe and East Asia, as well as in America. In this study the essential oil composition and consumption pattern of Stachys species as food are discussed. A survey of the literature found that the genus was consumed primarily as teas and that this was due to their essential oil and phenolics contents. Some species of the genus are also consumed in Europe and China as a carbohydrate source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four early-lactation crossbred cows (82.5 % Holstein) were selected to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level in the concentrate on rumen fermentation and milk production. Cows were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source: cassava chip (CC) and CC + rice bran at a ratio 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was variation in the level of cottonseed meal (CM): low (LCM) and high (HCM) in isonitrogenous diets (180 g CP/kg DM). It was found that carbohydrate source did not affect feed intake, dry matter digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial population, milk yield and composition, or economic return ( P > 0.05). However, cows fed with CC had a higher population of amylolytic bacteria than cows fed with CR3:1 ( P < 0.05). Cows fed with HCM had a higher total feed intake, milk yield and composition, and milk income when compared with cows fed on LCM although the concentrate and roughage intakes, dry matter digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial populations were similar between treatments ( P > 0.05). In addition, the carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level interactions were not significant for any parameter. It could be concluded that cassava chip and high level of cottonseed meal could usefully be incorporated into concentrates for dairy cows without impacting on rumen fermentation or milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In a completely randomized design, fifteen male Moghani sheep were used to determine the influence of supplementing processed broiler litter (BL) with different carbohydrate sources (i.e., corn, barley or molasses) on the nutrients digestibility, microbial protein (MP) production, ruminal parameters and blood metabolites. The three dietary treatments, which were iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous, were corn diet (alfalfa hay, wheat straw, processed BL, corn grain), barley diet (alfalfa hay, wheat straw, processed BL, barley grain) and molasses diet (alfalfa hay, wheat straw, processed BL, molasses). The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber and MP in sheep fed molasses diet were higher (P<0.05) compared with those fed with diets containing corn or barley. However, sheep fed molasses diet had lower (P<0.05) ruminal pH ammonia concentration than those fed with other diets. Including various carbohydrate sources in the diets had no effect on volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations (P>0.05), except for total VFA and molar proportion of butyrate which increased (P<0.05) by molasses feeding. From blood metabolites only the blood urea-N concentration in sheep fed diet containing molasses was lower (P<0.05) than diet containing corn. In conclusion, adding molasses to processed BL-containing diet led to improved nutrient digestibility and MP production in sheep. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Efficient methods were developed for both in vitro seed germination and micropropagation of an economically important dye yielding multipurpose tree, Bixa orellana L. Mature seeds were inoculated onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA). Highest frequency of germination (93.3 %) was recorded on medium supplemented with 3 μM GA against 13.33 % in control. Nodal explants cultured on MS medium fortified with 5 μM isopentanyl adenine (2-iP) produced maximum explants response (93.3 %) and highest number of shoots (35.71). Addition of relatively higher concentration (15 μM) of benzyl adenine (BA) resulted in the production of significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced number of shoots (12.66). Sucrose at 87.6 mM was found to be the best carbohydrate source for multiple shoot induction compared to glucose and fructose. Regenerated shoots (3-4 cm) were rooted (95.5 %) on agar gelled MS medium supplemented with 10 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). In vitro developed plantlets with well-developed roots were potted and acclimatized initially in the growth chamber and then moved to a green house with 83.3 % survival. The present protocol avoids the use of auxins in shoot multiplication medium, which will lower the cost, avoid callus formation and thus reduces the possibility of somaclonal variation in the regenerated plants. The method is efficient to produce over 32,000 hardened plants within a 10-month culture period starting from a single nodal explant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To explore various unexplored locations where Penicillium spp. would be available and study the production of penicillin from the isolated Penicillium spp. in different media with altered carbohydrate source. Methods: The collected soil samples were screened for the isolation of Penicillium chrysogenum (P. chrysogenum) by soil dilution plate. The isolated Penicillium species were further grown in different production media with changes in the carbohydrate source. The extracted penicillin from various isolates was analyzed by HPLC for the efficacy of the product. Further the products were screened with various bacterial species including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). And the work was extended to find the possible action on MRSA, along with characterization using other pathogens. Results: From the various soil and citrus samples used for analysis, only the soil sample from Government General Hospital of Bangalore, India, and Sanjay Gandhi Hospital, Bangalore, India, showed some potential growth of the desired fungi P. chrysogenum. Different production media showed varied range of growth of Penicillium. Optimum production of penicillin was obtained in maltose which proved maximum zone of inhibition during assay. Characterization of penicillin on pathogens, like wild Escherichia coli strain, Klebsiella spp., and MRSA, gave quite interesting results such as no activity on the later strain as it is resistant. HPLC data provided the analytical and confirmation details of the penicillin produced. Accordingly, the penicillin produced from the soil sample of Government General Hospital had the high milli absorbance unit of 441.5 mAu compared with that of the penicillin produced from Sanjay Gandhi Hospital sample, 85.52 mAu. Therefore, there was a considerable change in quantity of the penicillin produced from both the samples. Conclusions: The Penicillium spp. could be possibly rich in hospital contaminants and its environments. This research focuses on various unexplored sources of medical ailments, and also shows that the growth of penicillin is high in maltose rich media that could possibly enhance the growth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A reproducible procedure was developed for genetic transformation of Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. cv. Blaumeise by Agrobacterium tumefaciens following the development of an efficient regeneration system using leaf discs excised from 12 to 15 weeks old meristem-derived vitroplants. Explants were cultivated on solid B5 medium complemented with maltose 110mM, BAP 10μM and NAA 0.5μM. A low light regime of 17μmolm−2 s−1 improved regeneration frequency up to 86%. For transformation, leaf discs were inoculated and co-cultivated with two disarmed A. tumefaciens strains, EHA 101 and LBA 4404, both carrying the binary vector pFAJ3000 which contained the nptII selectable gene and the GUS reporter gene. A pre-culture period of 3 days and a short co-cultivation duration (1 day) improved the efficiency of transformation. Inoculation of only 10min with agitation including (or not) vacuum infiltration was sufficient. If selection on kanamycin containing medium was applied after a 2 weeks culture period on shoot regeneration medium, the percentage of explants forming kanamycin-resistant shoots increased from 3.3 to 13.3%. Integration and expression of the introduced transgene were confirmed by histochemical GUS assay, PCR and Southern blot analysis. Flowering of transgenic plants in glasshouse occurred 10 months after acclimatization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present research investigated the effect of carbohydrate (CH) source for maintaining a high C:N ratio, and tilapia driven bioturbation on pond ecology, production and economical performances in C/N controlled periphyton-based (C/N-CP) freshwater prawn ponds. Two carbohydrate sources (high-cost tapioca starch and low-cost maize flour) were compared in 40m2 ponds stocked with 80 freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) juveniles (individual weight 0.81±0.03g) and 20 finfish fingerlings (Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and Indian major carp rohu, Labeo rohita) in three different combinations: 100% tilapia, 50% tilapia+50% rohu, and 100% rohu (individual weight 27.7±0.6g). The CH sources for increasing C:N ratio from 10 (as in feed) to 20 had no significant effect (P >0.05) on water quality parameters, abundance of natural food (plankton, periphyton and benthos) and production of prawn and finfish. However, different fish combination had significant effects on pond ecology. The highest PO4–P (P <0.001) and the lowest chlo-a (P <0.01) concentrations in water were observed in ponds with 100% tilapia as compared to ponds stocked with 100% rohu. The abundance of phytoplankton, periphyton biomass (dry matter, ash, ash free dry matter and chlo-a) and benthos was significantly higher (P <0.05) in 100% rohu ponds than in 100% tilapia ponds indicating the more efficient utilization of natural food items by tilapia than by rohu. The freshwater prawn production was not affected (P >0.05) by the different stocking combinations of finfish. The net yield and survival of finfish were significantly higher in 100% tilapia ponds and lower in 100% rohu ponds resulting in 58% higher combined net yield (both prawn and finfish) in the former treatment during a 120-d culture period. This treatment gave the best economic return in terms of benefit–cost ratio while maize flour was used as CH source. In conclusion, maize flour can be used as an alternative cheap on-farm CH source for maintaining a high C:N ratio and tilapia driven re-suspension in C/N-CP system improves culture environment, natural food utilization, production and economic return, further enhancing economic sustainability of C/N-CP freshwater prawn farming system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effects of different honey concentrations in culture media, in comparison to sucrose medium, for the in vitro development of the epiphytic Encyclea cordigera orchid, in order to improve the process of propagation of the species. The in vitro germination was prepared on a reduced Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium. After 90 days, the seedlings were divided into different treatments, where they remained for another 90 days. Six treatments were set up (30g L-1 of sucrose; 15, 30, 45, and 60g L-1 of honey; and absence of any carbohydrates) in a completely randomized design. Plants were removed from the vials 270 days after the start of the experiment, and the number of roots, length of the largest leaf, length of the longest root, number of leaves, and fresh and dry masses were evaluated. Data concerning the number of leaves and roots were (x+1)½ transformed and subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA); the means were compared by a Tukey's test set at 5% probability. Medium containing 60g L-1 of honey proved to be superior to the sucrose medium traditionally used, favoring the in vitro growth and development of Encyclea cordigera. This medium can therefore be recommended for the propagation of this species, which is usually cultivated as an ornamental plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis induction and conversion in paradise tree ( Melia azedarach) were evaluated. Somatic embryogenesis was influenced by plant growth regulators, explant stage, carbohydrate source and concentration, gelling agents, light, and induction times. MS medium with 4.54 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) was optimal for the induction of embryogenic tissue. Zygotic embryos that were 1-1.5 mm long (torpedo and early cotyledonal stage) had a greater embryogenic response than smaller or larger embryos and better conversion of somatic embryos into plants. In general, embryos that formed in medium containing 1% or 5% carbohydrate were hyperhydrics or fused, respectively, whereas those that formed in medium with a carbohydrate concentration of 3% had better morphology. Raffinose at 3% yielded satisfactory somatic embryo induction with good morphology and the best values of conversion into plants. Induction and conversion of somatic embryos were superior on medium solidified with agar A-1296. The explants maintained under 160 μmol m−2 s−1 or 1 week in darkness and later 160 μmol m−2 s−1 produced a significantly higher embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either raffinose or sucrose at 3% as a carbohydrate source, were required to induce somatic embryogenesis, but longer exposure, until 18 days, increased the yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to evaluate the differential effects of dietary glucose, lactose and starch on small-intestinal morphology, organ weights, pH of chyme and haptoglobin levels in blood plasma of weaned piglets. It was hypothesised that lactose consumption would ameliorate the weaning-induced decrease in gut integrity. A total of forty-two barrows were used. Piglets were weaned at 27 (sd 0??8) d of age and weighed 8??0 (sd 0??51) kg. On the day before weaning (day ???1) all pigs were blocked according to body weight and randomly assigned to seven groups (n 6 per group). The groups differed in diet and day of dissection. On the day of weaning, dissection was performed on one group of six piglets. The remaining groups were fed one of three experimental diets in which glucose, lactose or starch had been iso-energetically exchanged, supplying 24% dietary energy. The piglets received a liquid diet (air-dry meal:water of 1:2, w/w). The piglets were given access to a maximum of dietary energy in order to prevent confounding between feed intake and villus architecture. The piglets were dissected and sampled on days 0, 3, or 10 post-weaning. The results show that the carbohydrate source did not affect growth performance, organ weights, villus architecture, pH of chyme and plasma haptoglobin level. The weaning transition resulted in decreased villus height and increased haptoglobin levels. In the contents of the caecum and large intestine, the pH decreased after weaning. It is concluded that at least under conditions of similar feed intake and low infectious pressure, dietary lactose does not ameliorate the weaning-induced compromise of small-intestinal integrity when compared with either glucose or starch. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Plant cell, tissue and organ cultures require a carbohydrate supply in order to satisfy energy demands. Experiments to define type and concentration of carbon source that allow culture establishment and development are usually conducted. Several studies published in the literature have inappropriately used percentages as reference concentrations to determine the quantities of the different types of sugars contained in the treatments leading to conflicting results and conclusions. The use of percentage references adds an undesirable osmotic variable among different treatments and some authors fail to consider this aspect. Therefore, molar concentrations should be used to carbohydrate concentrations reference because it isolates the osmotic variable influence that acts concomitantly with the nutritional variable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of maternal prepartum dietary carbohydrate source on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of offspring. Angus-based cows were assigned to either a concentrate-based diet or forage-based diet during mid- and late-gestation. A subset of calves was selected for evaluation of progeny performance. Dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed (G:F), and ultrasound measurements (muscle depth, back fat thickness, and intramuscular fat) were assessed during the feeding period. Carcass measurements were recorded, and striploins were collected for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), trained sensory panel, crude fat determination and fatty acid profile. Maternal dietary treatment did not influence (p > 0.05) offspring BW, DMI, ultrasound measurements, percent moisture, crude fat, WBSF, or consumer sensory responses. The forage treatment tended to have decreased (p = 0.06) 12th rib backfat compared to the concentrate treatment and tended to have lower (p = 0.08) yield grades. The concentrate treatment had increased (p < 0.05) a* and b* values compared to the forage treatment. These data suggest variation in maternal diets applied in this study during mid- and late-gestation has limited influence on progeny performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tissue culture regeneration system of Lupinus albus has always been considered as recalcitrant material due to its genotype-dependent response and low regeneration efficiency that hamper the use of genetic engineering. Establishment of repeatable plant regeneration protocol is a prerequisite tool for successful application of genetic engineering. This aim of this study was to develop standardized, efficient protocol for successful shoot induction from cotyledonary node of white lupin. In this study, 5 day old aseptically cultured seedlings were used to prepare three explants (half cotyledonary node, HCN; whole cotyledonary node, WCN; and traditional cotyledonary node, TCN), cultured on four concentrations of M519 medium (M519, ½ M519, 1/3 M519, and ¼ M519), containing four carbohydrate sources (sucrose, fructose, maltose, and glucose), and stimulated with various combinations of KT (kinetin), and NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) for direct shoot regeneration. High frequency of 80% shoot regeneration was obtained on ½ M519 medium (KT 4.0 mg L−1 + NAA 0.1 mg L−1) by using HCN as an explant. Interestingly, combinations of (KT 4.0 mg L−1 + NAA 0.1 mg L−1 + BAP 1.67 mg L−1), and (KT 2.0 mg L−1 + NAA 0.1 mg L−1) showed similar shoot regeneration frequency of 60%. Augmentation of 0.25 g L−1 activated charcoal (AC) not only reduced browning effect but also improved shoot elongation. Among the all carbohydrate sources, sucrose showed the highest regeneration frequency with HCN. Additionally, 80% rooting frequency was recorded on ½ M519 containing IAA 1.0 mg L−1 + KT 0.1 mg L−1 (indole acetic acid) after 28 days of culturing. The present study describes establishment of an efficient and successful protocol for direct plant regeneration of white lupin from different cotyledonary nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the effect of different sources of dietary carbohydrate on the growth, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and digestive enzyme and carbohydrate metabolism enzyme activities in the juvenile oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense. The experimental diets, which comprised raw maize starch, pregelatinized maize starch, dextrin, maltose, glucose or cellulose, were fed to juvenile prawns for 56 days, respectively. We found that prawns fed with starch, dextrin or maltose achieved better growth. The highest digestive enzyme activities were noted in prawns fed with starch or dextrin. Furthermore, the prawns fed with starch, dextrin or maltose exhibited significantly higher levels of hepatopancreas hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity was higher in prawns fed with dextrin, maltose or cellulose, and higher glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities were observed in prawns fed with starch or dextrin. We further evaluated the effect of different dietary carbohydrate sources on antioxidant capacity and immune competence. Prawns supplied with starch exhibited superior activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), lysozyme and respiration burst, and had lower level of maleic dialdehyde (MDA). In summary, the dietary addition of starch is a promising option for juvenile prawn farming, given its positive effect on the growth, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, antioxidant activity and immunity of prawns. • Prawns fed starch, dextrin or maltose achieved higher growth than those fed on glucose or cellulose. • Dietary starch induced the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, and depressed the gluconeogenesis pathways of prawn. • Prawns fed on starch exhibited significantly higher digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity and immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]