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Fruit color is a crucial attribute of fruit quality in peppers (Capsicum spp.). However, few studies have focused on the mechanism of color formation in immature pepper fruits. In this study, the light-yellow color observed in immature CSJ009 fruits compared to CSJ010 could be attributed to decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Through integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of CSJ009 and CSJ010, we identified 23,930 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 345 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Furthermore, integrated analysis revealed a strong correlation between the HCT-like gene and metabolite MWS0178 (chlorogenic acid). Paraffin section assay revealed that the epidermal cells of immature CSJ010 fruits exhibited a more compact arrangement with significantly greater length than those of CSJ009. Quantitative determination of carotenoids showed that lutein emerged as the predominant carotenoid in immature pepper fruits. Additionally, missense mutation of LCYB2 is likely to lead to a decrease in β -carotene content in immature CSJ009 fruits, whereas CCS may directly catalyze the conversion of lycopene to β -carotene in mature fruits. The null mutation in CCS promoted the biosynthesis of β,ϵ -branch carotenoids leading to lutein being the most abundant carotenoid found in orange CSJ010 fruits. These findings provide important insights into the mechanism underlying color formation in pepper fruits and establish a foundation for the further exploration of color-related genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selecting the appropriate dosage of nano zinc oxide for tomato and capsicum plants is crucial since higher concentration may negatively impact crop productivity and quality. Maintaining soil health helps in increasing crop output and quality without degrading the soil from overfertilization. The main objective of the study was to determine the physiological responses of both crops and ideal dose of nano zinc oxide (ZnO) for yield maximization and quality enhancement under controlled conditions. In present study, nano ZnO had noticeable effect on the fruit and quality parameters of both Solanaceous crops. Plants were treated with seed treatment and foliar applications of nano ZnO @ 50, 100, and 150 parts per million (ppm) along with 100% recommended dose of nutrients (RDN) through vermicompost; and 100% RDN through integration of vermicompost and fertilizers. In addition, nano zinc oxide was not supplied to the control treatment plants (T1). The results of the study revealed that 50 ppm of nano ZnO as foliar spray increased fruit and quality parameters in tomato and capsicum. In case of protein content, treatment comprised of 50 ppm of nano ZnO as seed treatment + 100% RDN through vermicompost and fertilizers, produced higher protein content over control. Furthermore, the application of nano ZnO lowered ascorbic acid levels in tomato and capsicum, while the control had the greatest levels. These results suggested that lower concentration of ZnO nanoparticles (50 ppm) is an ideal dosage and could be used in tomato and capsicum cultivation to improve yield and quality indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Capsicum (Solanaceae) is a globally important vegetable crop and is also used therapeutically in traditional medicine systems. However, little is known of the genetic variation within the commonly grown cultivars, the evolutionary relationships and differences in the chloroplast (cp.) genomes between Capsicum species remain unclear. Results: The cp. genomes of 32 Capsicum varieties in three species from 6 countries were investigated. The cp. genome of Capsicum was found to be ~ 156 kb in length and to contain 113 unique genes, of which 79 encoded proteins, 30 encoded transfer tRNAs, and 4 were for ribosomal RNAs. The 32 varieties that we chose for study represented 13 genotypes, containing a total of 608 indels, 83 SNPs, 47 SSRs and 281–306 repeat sequences. We then included several previously sequenced Capsicum cp. genomes, and found that the nine investigated species showed a number of differences in the characteristics of the four IR boundaries, and it was the non-coding regions that contained the most variable regions. We conducted a phylogenetic reconstruction using the cp. genomes of 43 representative species of Solanaceae, and the resulting phylogeny generally reflected the currently accepted classification, with the species of the pungent group having close relationship with one another. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of Capsicum chloroplast genomes, revealing significant variations in IR boundaries and other genomic features. These findings enhance our understanding of Capsicum evolution and genetic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non‐destructive method for determining the color value of pelletized red peppers is crucial for pepper processing factories. This study aimed to investigate the potentiality of visible and fluorescence images for the determination of color value of pelletized red pepper. The imaging problem, caused by the cylindrical shape and irregular cross‐sectional features of the pelletized red peppers, was reduced through the extraction of an approximate plane region. To integrate the information in the visible and fluorescence images, a baseline convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture was designed and low level, middle level, and high level fusion models (denoted as LL‐CNN, ML‐CNN, and HL‐CNN, respectively) were developed upon the baseline CNN. The effects of input image size and color space were examined. According to the training result, CNN fusion models were developed using visible image in L*a*b* color space and fluorescence image in RGB color space using 56 × 56 input image size. Among the three types of CNN fusion models, the HL‐CNN obtained the best performance, resulting in Rv2 of 0.828 and RMSEV of 0.351. This study suggests that the fusion of visible and fluorescence image through CNN is a practical approach to save testing time and replace traditional destructive method. The low cost and compact structure of the imaging systems can maintain the commercial appeal of pepper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized 303 pepper accessions from diverse Capsicum species to explore fruit traits, including length, width, wall thickness, and weight. Descriptive statistics revealed a mean fruit length of 66.19 mm, width of 23.48 mm, wall thickness of 1.89 mm, and weight of 15.29 g, with significant variability, particularly in fruit weight. Correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive relationships between fruit width, weight, and fruit wall thickness (r = 0.89 and r = 0.86, respectively), while fruit length showed weaker correlations with these traits. Analysis of fruit positions revealed that the majority of accessions had a pendent fruit position (156), followed by erect (85) and intermediate (8). In terms of fruit shape, triangular and narrow triangular shapes were the most common, observed in 102 and 98 accessions, respectively. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fruit traits across four models (Blink, FarmCPU, MLM, MLMM). The number of significantly associated SNPs were as follows: fruit length (89), fruit width (55), fruit weight (63), fruit wall thickness (48), fruit shape (151), and fruit position (51). Several genes were also identified where the SNPs are located or adjacent to, providing candidate genes for further exploration of the genetic basis of fruit morphology. Notably, genes such as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RGLG1 (associated with fruit width), Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HDG11 (involved in fruit width), Auxin response factor 23 (linked to fruit shape), and ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FtsH (related to fruit weight) were identified. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of fruit morphology in Capsicum, offering valuable insights for breeding and agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capsicum (Capsicum annum var. grossum Sendt.) is a popular and widely cultivated vegetable crop. The leaves showing white to grey irregular spots were collected. The organism was isolated and cultured on potato dextrose agar from the diseased samples. The pathogenicity was proved on capsicum seedlings by inoculating hyphal suspension of the organism and koch's postulates were proved by re-isolating the pathogen. The pathogen was identified as Stemphylium lycopersici based on morphological, cultural and molecular investigation (ITS, gapdh and cmdA). This is the first report of Stemphylium lycopersici causing leaf spot of capsicum in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, seed-surface-associated bacteria from fresh fruits of Capsicum spp. were analyzed to explore potential isolates for biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungal strains. A total of 76 bacterial isolates were obtained from three different species of chili pepper (C. annuum L., C. pubescens R. & P., and C. chinense Jacq.), and two isolates were selected via mycelial growth inhibition assays based on their production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) against six fungal strains. Genomic analysis identified these isolates as Bacillus altitudinis CH05, with a chromosome size of 3,687,823 bp and with 41.25% G+C, and Bacillus tropicus CH13, with a chromosome size of 5,283,706 bp and with 35.24% G+C. Both bacterial strains showed high mycelial growth inhibition capacities against Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Alternaria alternata but lower inhibition capacities against Colletotrichum gloesporoides and Fusarium oxysporum. VOC identification was carried out after 24 h of fermentation with 64 VOCs for B. altitudinis CH05 and 53 VOCs for B. tropicus CH13. 2,5-Dimethyl pyrazine and acetoin had the highest relative abundance values in both bacterial strains. Our findings revealed that seed-surface-associated bacteria on Capsicum spp. have the metabolic ability to produce VOCs for biocontrol of fungal strains and have the potential to be used in sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated carotenoid content and fruit color variation in 306 pepper accessions from diverse Capsicum species. Red-fruited accessions were predominant (245 accessions), followed by orange (35) and yellow (20). Carotenoid profiles varied significantly across accessions, with capsanthin showing the highest mean concentration (239.12 μg/g), followed by β-cryptoxanthin (63.70 μg/g) and zeaxanthin (63.25 μg/g). Total carotenoid content ranged from 7.09 to 2566.67 μg/g, emphasizing the diversity within the dataset. Correlation analysis revealed complex relationships between carotenoids, with strong positive correlations observed between total carotenoids and capsanthin (r = 0.94 ***), β-cryptoxanthin (r = 0.87 ***), and zeaxanthin (r = 0.84 ***). Principal component analysis (PCA) identified two distinct carotenoid groups, accounting for 67.6% of the total variance. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 91 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fruit color (15 SNPs) and carotenoid content (76 SNPs). These SNPs were distributed across all chromosomes, with varying numbers on each. Among individual carotenoids, α-carotene was associated with 28 SNPs, while other carotenoids showed different numbers of associated SNPs. Candidate genes encoding diverse proteins were identified near significant SNPs, potentially contributing to fruit color variation and carotenoid accumulation. These included pentatricopeptide repeat-containing proteins, mitochondrial proton/calcium exchangers, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SINAT2, histone–lysine N-methyltransferase, sucrose synthase, and various enzymes involved in metabolic processes. Seven SNPs exhibited pleiotropic effects on multiple carotenoids, particularly β-cryptoxanthin and capsanthin. The findings of this study provide insights into the genetic architecture of carotenoid biosynthesis and fruit color in peppers, offering valuable resources for targeted breeding programs aimed at enhancing the nutritional and sensory attributes of pepper varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic and inorganic composition of pyrolytic liquids derived from biomass pyrolysis and their effects on plant growth with foliar fertilization are insufficiently understood. Particularly, whether there is a link between the composition and effect on plant growth and their property of feedstock and of pyrolysis conditions remains unknown. In this study, three typical pyrolytic liquids derived from pyrolysis of apple branches, maize shoots, and rice husks were selected, the mineral elements and organic molecular composition as well as dissolvable organic carbon content were analyzed using volumetric analysis and GC-MS mass spectroscopy. Subsequently, the liquids were used to formulate liquid fertilizers with consistent amounts of major mineral nutrients (N-P2O5-K2O + DOC, 35% + 10%) . Then, a field demonstration experiment with foliar spraying on capsicum was conducted in a vegetable farm near Nanjing. The field experiment included 5 treatments of no foliar fertilizer (CK, clean water only), commercial foliar fertilizer (WSF), and foliar fertilizer with pyrolytic liquids of rice husk (RF), maize shoots (CF), and apple branches (AF) . When the capsicum was ripe, fruit yield was measured and plant samples were collected for quality assessment. The results showed that the pyrolytic liquids varied not only in organic and inorganic contents but also in organic molecule abundances. The dissolvable organic carbon pool was dominated by organic acids and phenolic compounds with varying amounts of ketones, aldehydes, and esters. In pyrolytic liquids derived from pyrolysis of apple branches and rice husks, organic acids and phenolic compounds were the most abundant, respectively. However, all liquid fertilizers with pyrolytic liquids promoted capsicum growth and improved plant quality. Among them, the AF treatment was the best, followed by CF, RF and WSF treatments. Compared with CK, all the foliar spraying treatments increased the capsicum yield (over 35% on average) and AF treatments increased by 62%. Particularly, the number of fruits, leaf area, and SPAD of a single capsicum plant was significantly increased by 54.73%, 26.99%, and 19.67%, when sprayed with fertilizers containing AF over those containing CK. Similarly, all the foliar spraying treatments increased the size of capsicum fruit (over 25%) and the content of soluble sugar and capsaicin (20% on average) as well as soluble protein (5%) . Moreover, AF treatment exerted the most significant improvement in capsicum growth and quality parameters among the studied foliar fertilizers, the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein, Vitamin C, capsaicin and dry matter were increased by 6%-30%. Overall, the effect of the pyrolytic liquids-based foliar fertilizers on capsicum plant growth and quality was related to the abundance of organic acids of low molecular weight and antioxidant phenols than to that of mineral nutrients [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A few Capsicum (pepper) species produce yellow‐colored floral nectar, but the chemical identity and biological function of the yellow pigment are unknown.A combination of analytical biochemistry techniques was used to identify the pigment that gives Capsicum baccatum and Capsicum pubescens nectars their yellow color. Microbial growth assays, visual modeling, and honey bee preference tests for artificial nectars containing riboflavin were used to assess potential biological roles for the nectar pigment.High concentrations of riboflavin (vitamin B2) give the nectars their intense yellow color. Nectars containing riboflavin generate reactive oxygen species when exposed to light and reduce microbial growth. Visual modeling also indicates that the yellow color is highly conspicuous to bees within the context of the flower. Lastly, field experiments demonstrate that honey bees prefer artificial nectars containing riboflavin.Some Capsicum nectars contain a yellow‐colored vitamin that appears to play roles in (1) limiting microbial growth, (2) the visual attraction of bees, and (3) as a reward to nectar‐feeding flower visitors (potential pollinators), which is especially interesting since riboflavin is an essential nutrient for brood rearing in insects. These results cumulatively suggest that the riboflavin found in some Capsicum nectars has several functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Environment-friendly pest management techniques are safer, sustainable over the years, better for ecosystem services, and more convenient with lower risks. Netting and or bagging is one of the most suitable tools for pest management. To develop environmentally friendly management techniques against the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fab.), we compared the cost-effectiveness of netting and bagging for the production of bell peppers in Bangladesh. Research Method: The study was undertaken in the field of Entomology, at Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh, from October 2018 to April 2019. Netting and bagging significantly improved plant morphology, fruit quality, and yield and managed the insect pests. Findings: In this paper, we tried to bring forth different prospects of netting and bagging in bell peppers to manage the common cutworm. Superior-quality fruits were harvested from the netting/bagging treatment compared to the control. Netting and bagging treatment increased yield by more than 10-fold over control and decreased fruit infestation to 10.67%. The maximum marginal benefit-cost ratio (MBCR = 18.06) was achieved from the netting/bagging treatment, while the lowest MBCR (7.29) was obtained from bagging only. Superior-quality fruits were obtained using white paper bags compared to brown paper bags. The common cutworm first appeared in February and gradually increased with the progress of the season, indicating that netting and bagging need to be applied at the early fruiting stage of bell pepper. Research Limitations: The study focused on the environment-friendly management of common cutworms in bell peppers, revealing impressive results, but these need to be validated across the locations. Originality/Value: Albeit labor-intensive, combining nylon netting with fruit bagging is a cost-effective, eco-friendly management technique against the common cutworm of bell pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Capsicum (Solanaceae) is a globally important vegetable crop and is also used therapeutically in traditional medicine systems. However, little is known of the genetic variation within the commonly grown cultivars, the evolutionary relationships and differences in the chloroplast (cp.) genomes between Capsicum species remain unclear. Results The cp. genomes of 32 Capsicum varieties in three species from 6 countries were investigated. The cp. genome of Capsicum was found to be ~ 156 kb in length and to contain 113 unique genes, of which 79 encoded proteins, 30 encoded transfer tRNAs, and 4 were for ribosomal RNAs. The 32 varieties that we chose for study represented 13 genotypes, containing a total of 608 indels, 83 SNPs, 47 SSRs and 281–306 repeat sequences. We then included several previously sequenced Capsicum cp. genomes, and found that the nine investigated species showed a number of differences in the characteristics of the four IR boundaries, and it was the non-coding regions that contained the most variable regions. We conducted a phylogenetic reconstruction using the cp. genomes of 43 representative species of Solanaceae, and the resulting phylogeny generally reflected the currently accepted classification, with the species of the pungent group having close relationship with one another. Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive analysis of Capsicum chloroplast genomes, revealing significant variations in IR boundaries and other genomic features. These findings enhance our understanding of Capsicum evolution and genetic diversity.

The symptoms caused by viroids differ, ranging from asymptomatic to mild-or-severe symptoms. Pepper plant symptoms caused by the Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd) are mild compared to those affecting tomato plants; however, there is not much more known of the symptomatology on pepper plants. Symptoms that could be used for disease virulence assessment in pepper plants were elucidated from 31 commercial pepper cultivars belonging to Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens that had been purchased from agricultural shops. The plants were mechanically sap-inoculated at the seedling growth stage and observed weekly for symptom development, with disease virulence evaluations performed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post inoculation. Infection of all plants was verified based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, along with visual evidence of growth reduction, including leaf rugosity and leaf size reduction, a narrow canopy of the blocky and elongated fruit shapes for C. annuum and explicit apical stunting with small apical leaves of the elongated fruit type for C. frutescens. The disease virulence assessment was designed based on these symptoms to produce a score with 0–10 disease virulence levels (DVLs). The results showed that the pepper cultivars displayed responses to PCFVd with DVL scores of 1.00–8.00, with no PCFVd transmission being recorded from seeds to seedlings for the 3 test cultivars. This finding indicated that the genetic resources of pepper cultivars against PCFVd were as low as 1.00 DVL. However, the low DVL pepper cultivars could provide an inoculum source to other susceptible plants via mechanical transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives Capsicum baccatum and C. chinense are domesticated pepper species originating from Latin America recognized for their unique flavor and taste and widely diffused as spicy food for fresh uses or for processing. Owing to their capacity for adaptation to diverse habitats in tropical regions, these species serve as a valuable resource for agronomic traits and tolerance to both biotic and abiotic challenges in breeding projects. This study aims to dissect the genetic diversity of C. baccatum and C. chinense germplasm and to detect candidate genes underlying the variation of plant morphological and fruit size and shape traits. To that goal, SNP data from genotyping by sequencing have been used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of 103 accessions belonging to the two species. Further, plants have been assessed with main plant descriptors and fruit imaging analysis and association between markers and traits has been performed. Results The population structure based on 29,820 SNPs revealed 4 subclusters separating C. chinense and C. baccatum individuals. A deeper analysis within each species highlighted three subpopulations in C. chinense and two in C. baccatum. Phenotypic characterization of 54 traits provided approximately 125 thousand datapoints highlighting main differences between species for flower and fruit traits rather than plant architecture. Marker-traits association, performed with the CMLM model, revealed a total of 6 robust SNPs responsible for change in flower traits and fruit shape. This is the first attempt for mapping morphological traits and fruit features in the two domesticated species, paving the way for further genomic assisted breeding.

Abstract The chloroplast (cp.) genome, also known as plastome, plays crucial roles in plant survival, adaptation, and evolution. The stable genetic structure of cp. genomes provides an ideal system for investigating species evolution. We sequenced three complete cp. genome sequences of Capsicum species and analyzed them using sequences of various Capsicum species retrieved from the NCBI database. The cp. genome of Capsicum species maintains a well-preserved quadripartite structure consisting of two inverted repeats (IRs) flanked by a large single copy (LSC) region and a small single copy (SSC) region. The sizes of cp. genome sequences ranged from 156,583 bp (C. lycianthoides) to 157,390 bp (C.pubescens). A total of 127–132 unique genes, including 83–87 protein-coding, 36–37 tRNA, and eight rRNA genes, were predicted. Comparison of cp. genomes of 10 Capsicum species revealed high sequence similarity in genome-wide organization and gene arrangements. Fragments of trnT-UGU/trnL-UAA, ccsA, ndhD, rps12, and ycf1 were identified as variable regions, and nucleotide variability of LSC and SSC was higher than that of IR. Phylogenetic speciation analysis showed that the major domesticated C. annuum species were the most extensively divergent species and closely related to C. tovarii and C. frutescens. Analysis of divergent times suggested that a substantial range of speciation events started occurring ~ 25.79 million years ago (Mya). Overall, comparative analysis of cp. genomes of Capsicum species not only offers new insights into their genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships, but also lays a foundation for evolutionary history, genetic diversity, conservation, and biological breeding of Capsicum species.

Abstract Several factors, such as pruning and phytohormones, have demonstrated an influence on both the quantity and quality in the bell pepper. A factorial experiment using a completely randomized design was conducted on the Lumos yellow bell in a greenhouse. Treatments were the fruit pruning (0, 10, and 30%) and foliar application of phytohormones auxin (AUX) and gibberellic acid (GA3) at concentrations of 10 µM AUX, 10 µM GA3, 10 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3+, and 20 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 along with controls. The plants were sprayed with phytohormones in four growth stages (1: flowering stage when 50% of the flowers were on the plant, 2: fruiting stage when 50% of the fruits were the size of peas, 3: fruit growth stage when 50% of the fruits had reached 50% of their growth, and 4: ripening stage when 50% of the fruits were at color break). The results of the present investigation showed that pruning rate of 30% yielded the highest flesh thickness and vitamin C content, decreased seed count and hastened fruit ripening. The use of GA3 along with AUX has been observed to augment diverse fruit quality characteristics. According to the results, the application of 10% pruning in combination with 20 µM AUX and 10 µM GA3 demonstrated the most significant levels of carotenoids, chlorophyll, and fruit length. The experimental group subjected to the combined treatment of 30% pruning and 10 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 showed the most noteworthy levels of vitamin C, fruit weight, and fruit thickness. The groups that received the 10 µM GA3 and 20 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 treatments exhibited the most favorable fruit flavor. According to the research results, the implementation of hormonal treatments 10 µM AUX and 10 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 in combination with a 30% pruning strategy resulted in the most advantageous yield of bell peppers.

Abstract Background Tropospheric ozone is an air pollutant that causes negative effects on vegetation, leading to significant losses in crop productivity. It is generated by chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight between primary pollutants resulting from human activity, such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Due to the constantly increasing emission of ozone precursors, together with the influence of a warming climate on ozone levels, crop losses may be aggravated in the future. Therefore, the search for solutions to mitigate these losses becomes a priority. Ozone-induced abiotic stress is mainly due to reactive oxygen species generated by the spontaneous decomposition of ozone once it reaches the apoplast. In this regard, compounds with antioxidant activity offer a viable option to alleviate ozone-induced damage. Using enzymatic technology, we have developed a process that enables the production of an extract with biostimulant properties from okara, an industrial soybean byproduct. The biostimulant, named as OEE (Okara Enzymatic Extract), is water-soluble and is enriched in bioactive compounds present in okara, such as isoflavones. Additionally, it contains a significant fraction of protein hydrolysates contributing to its functional effect. Given its antioxidant capacity, we aimed to investigate whether OEE could alleviate ozone-induced damage in plants. For that, pepper plants (Capsicum annuum) exposed to ozone were treated with a foliar application of OEE. Results OEE mitigated ozone-induced damage, as evidenced by the net photosynthetic rate, electron transport rate, effective quantum yield of PSII, and delayed fluorescence. This protection was confirmed by the level of expression of genes associated with photosystem II. The beneficial effect was primarily due to its antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the lipid peroxidation rate measured through malondialdehyde content. Additionally, OEE triggered a mild oxidative response, indicated by increased activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and guaiacol peroxidase) and the oxidative stress index, providing further protection against ozone-induced stress. Conclusions The present results support that OEE protects plants from ozone exposure. Taking into consideration that the promotion of plant resistance against abiotic damage is an important goal of biostimulants, we assume that its use as a new biostimulant could be considered.

The chloroplast (cp.) genome, also known as plastome, plays crucial roles in plant survival, adaptation, and evolution. The stable genetic structure of cp. genomes provides an ideal system for investigating species evolution. We sequenced three complete cp. genome sequences of Capsicum species and analyzed them using sequences of various Capsicum species retrieved from the NCBI database. The cp. genome of Capsicum species maintains a well-preserved quadripartite structure consisting of two inverted repeats (IRs) flanked by a large single copy (LSC) region and a small single copy (SSC) region. The sizes of cp. genome sequences ranged from 156,583 bp (C. lycianthoides) to 157,390 bp (C.pubescens). A total of 127–132 unique genes, including 83–87 protein-coding, 36–37 tRNA, and eight rRNA genes, were predicted. Comparison of cp. genomes of 10 Capsicum species revealed high sequence similarity in genome-wide organization and gene arrangements. Fragments of trnT-UGU/trnL-UAA, ccsA, ndhD, rps12, and ycf1 were identified as variable regions, and nucleotide variability of LSC and SSC was higher than that of IR. Phylogenetic speciation analysis showed that the major domesticated C. annuum species were the most extensively divergent species and closely related to C. tovarii and C. frutescens. Analysis of divergent times suggested that a substantial range of speciation events started occurring ~ 25.79 million years ago (Mya). Overall, comparative analysis of cp. genomes of Capsicum species not only offers new insights into their genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships, but also lays a foundation for evolutionary history, genetic diversity, conservation, and biological breeding of Capsicum species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Capsicum baccatum and C. chinense are domesticated pepper species originating from Latin America recognized for their unique flavor and taste and widely diffused as spicy food for fresh uses or for processing. Owing to their capacity for adaptation to diverse habitats in tropical regions, these species serve as a valuable resource for agronomic traits and tolerance to both biotic and abiotic challenges in breeding projects. This study aims to dissect the genetic diversity of C. baccatum and C. chinense germplasm and to detect candidate genes underlying the variation of plant morphological and fruit size and shape traits. To that goal, SNP data from genotyping by sequencing have been used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of 103 accessions belonging to the two species. Further, plants have been assessed with main plant descriptors and fruit imaging analysis and association between markers and traits has been performed. Results: The population structure based on 29,820 SNPs revealed 4 subclusters separating C. chinense and C. baccatum individuals. A deeper analysis within each species highlighted three subpopulations in C. chinense and two in C. baccatum. Phenotypic characterization of 54 traits provided approximately 125 thousand datapoints highlighting main differences between species for flower and fruit traits rather than plant architecture. Marker-traits association, performed with the CMLM model, revealed a total of 6 robust SNPs responsible for change in flower traits and fruit shape. This is the first attempt for mapping morphological traits and fruit features in the two domesticated species, paving the way for further genomic assisted breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to identify resistant pepper accessions against the destructive disease bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. A total of 338 pepper (Capsicum species) germplasms collected from different countries and deposited in the National Agrobiodiversity Genebank, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea, were evaluated. The evaluated accessions comprise samples from five distinct species: Capsicum annuum (213), Capsicum baccatum (47), Capsicum chinense (45), Capsicum frutescens (31), and Capsicum chacoense (2). Disease severity scores were recorded over four consecutive weeks and showed an increase in severity from initial inoculation to the end of the evaluation period. A strong correlation was observed between week 1 and 2, as well as between week 3 and 4. Ten resistant pepper accessions were identified. All selected accessions consistently exhibited low disease scores ranging from 0 to 1 throughout the observation period. These accessions belong to C. chinense (2), C. annuum (6), C. chacoense (1), and C. frutescens (1). Accessions such as IT236738 (C. chinense) and IT283498 (C. chinense) were demonstrated to have high resistance, showing no symptoms over all four weeks. Other accessions belonging to C. annuum (IT247232 and IT236340) and C. chacoense (IT158713) maintained a disease score of 0 (no symptoms) for the first three consecutive weeks; however, they developed symptoms with a score of 1 in the fourth week. Other important characteristics of the resistant materials were evaluated, including carotenoids and fruit characteristics. These accessions have important traits beyond resistance to the destructive pepper disease. They will serve as promising resources for breeding resistant pepper varieties against BW to enhance productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Climate change is an important concern worldwide. This huge change is causing a negative impact on crop productivity throughout the whole world and shows some drastic effects on sensitive crops including sweet pepper and other kinds of chilies. These stresses have a negative effect on vegetable growth, fruit quality, and fruit yield. Besides these stresses, accurate planting time is the utmost factor in increasing the crop potential and its productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the optimal planting date and best-performing cultivar for sweet pepper to maximize crop productivity, growth, yield, and fruit shelf life under the impacts of climate change. The experiment was conducted in Multan, Pakistan (30° 25 N and 71° 30 E). In this experiment, four planting dates (10 January, 25 January, 10 February, and 25 February) with three cultivars (Ganga, Winner, and Savio) were grown with three replications (each year) during 2020 and 2021. Our findings showed that plant growth, fresh and dry biomass, yield, and yield attributes were statistically higher in earlier plantings, and lower in delayed planting. Regarding the cultivars in both years, 'Winner' performed better in all growth and yield parameters as compared to other growing cultivars. Lower weight loss and decay incidence were reported in 'Winner' cultivar. Additionally, 'Winner' cultivar showed a higher sensory score as compared to the other cultivar in both years. From the results, we conclude that the nursery of sweet pepper plants should be planted on the 25 January to attain higher crop productivity, and the cultivar 'Winner' showed promising effects so it should be planted for better yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptomyces can produce secondary metabolites with a wide range of activities and is often used in agriculture as a biocontrol strain to control soil-borne diseases. Screening and isolation from infected soil is an effective method to obtain active strains. In this study, the best antagonistic inter-root growth-promoting bacteria were isolated from grapevine inter-root soil samples, and strain F2 was identified as Streptomyces sp. based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics as well as 16S rDNA sequencing results. The results showed that the fermentation broth/liquid and sterile filtrate of strain F2 exhibited antagonistic effects against 10 plant pathogens, with an inhibition rate reaching up to 80%. Notably, two of them exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects against Phytophthora capsici with inhibition rates of 80.58% and 87.71%, respectively. The P. capsici leaf control experiment revealed that the control effect of strain F2 fermentation liquid on P. capsici filaments was 61.09%. Furthermore, indoor pot experiments demonstrated that the fermentation liquid of strain F2 had a significant inhibitory effect on pepper blight, with a maximum inhibition of 83.31%. Antagonistic factor analysis indicated that strain F2 had specific organophosphorus hydrolysis, nitrogen fixation, extracellular protease secretion, and IAA production capabilities. Additionally, root treatment with strain F2's fermentation liquid significantly enhanced capsicum growth. Taking together, Streptomyces F2 not only exhibits a wide-spectrum antagonistic effect against plant pathogens but also promotes plant growth, which suggests that Streptomyces F2 can be used as an effective biological control resource and provides important theoretical support for the application of Streptomyces F2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several factors, such as pruning and phytohormones, have demonstrated an influence on both the quantity and quality in the bell pepper. A factorial experiment using a completely randomized design was conducted on the Lumos yellow bell in a greenhouse. Treatments were the fruit pruning (0, 10, and 30%) and foliar application of phytohormones auxin (AUX) and gibberellic acid (GA3) at concentrations of 10 µM AUX, 10 µM GA3, 10 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3+, and 20 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 along with controls. The plants were sprayed with phytohormones in four growth stages (1: flowering stage when 50% of the flowers were on the plant, 2: fruiting stage when 50% of the fruits were the size of peas, 3: fruit growth stage when 50% of the fruits had reached 50% of their growth, and 4: ripening stage when 50% of the fruits were at color break). The results of the present investigation showed that pruning rate of 30% yielded the highest flesh thickness and vitamin C content, decreased seed count and hastened fruit ripening. The use of GA3 along with AUX has been observed to augment diverse fruit quality characteristics. According to the results, the application of 10% pruning in combination with 20 µM AUX and 10 µM GA3 demonstrated the most significant levels of carotenoids, chlorophyll, and fruit length. The experimental group subjected to the combined treatment of 30% pruning and 10 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 showed the most noteworthy levels of vitamin C, fruit weight, and fruit thickness. The groups that received the 10 µM GA3 and 20 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 treatments exhibited the most favorable fruit flavor. According to the research results, the implementation of hormonal treatments 10 µM AUX and 10 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 in combination with a 30% pruning strategy resulted in the most advantageous yield of bell peppers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tropospheric ozone is an air pollutant that causes negative effects on vegetation, leading to significant losses in crop productivity. It is generated by chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight between primary pollutants resulting from human activity, such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Due to the constantly increasing emission of ozone precursors, together with the influence of a warming climate on ozone levels, crop losses may be aggravated in the future. Therefore, the search for solutions to mitigate these losses becomes a priority. Ozone-induced abiotic stress is mainly due to reactive oxygen species generated by the spontaneous decomposition of ozone once it reaches the apoplast. In this regard, compounds with antioxidant activity offer a viable option to alleviate ozone-induced damage. Using enzymatic technology, we have developed a process that enables the production of an extract with biostimulant properties from okara, an industrial soybean byproduct. The biostimulant, named as OEE (Okara Enzymatic Extract), is water-soluble and is enriched in bioactive compounds present in okara, such as isoflavones. Additionally, it contains a significant fraction of protein hydrolysates contributing to its functional effect. Given its antioxidant capacity, we aimed to investigate whether OEE could alleviate ozone-induced damage in plants. For that, pepper plants (Capsicum annuum) exposed to ozone were treated with a foliar application of OEE. Results: OEE mitigated ozone-induced damage, as evidenced by the net photosynthetic rate, electron transport rate, effective quantum yield of PSII, and delayed fluorescence. This protection was confirmed by the level of expression of genes associated with photosystem II. The beneficial effect was primarily due to its antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the lipid peroxidation rate measured through malondialdehyde content. Additionally, OEE triggered a mild oxidative response, indicated by increased activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and guaiacol peroxidase) and the oxidative stress index, providing further protection against ozone-induced stress. Conclusions: The present results support that OEE protects plants from ozone exposure. Taking into consideration that the promotion of plant resistance against abiotic damage is an important goal of biostimulants, we assume that its use as a new biostimulant could be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weakness was observed in the F1 hybrids of crosses between Capsicum annuum × Capsicum chinense or C. annuum × Capsicum frutescens. This phenomenon is morphologically characterized by the cessation of new leaf development approximately 30 days after germination (DAG). We wondered why this phenomenon appeared in the middle of growth and studied the relationship between Capsicum hybrid weakness and the juvenile‐to‐adult (JA) phase transition. Traits that changed during the early vegetative phase in both parents were the petiole/leaf length ratio, number of leaf lateral veins and stomata, colour of epidermal cells in leaves stained with toluidine blue and expression of miR156 and miR172. Based on the changes observed during the early vegetative phase, C. annuum and C. chinense were transferred to the adult phase 28 DAG. However, the F1 hybrids did not show characteristics of the adult phase at any time point. Furthermore, the phenotypes of hybrid weakness were observed at approximately 35 DAG, when F1 hybrids were presumed to reach the JA transition phase. It has been suggested that the JA transition is involved in Capsicum hybrid weakness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyprobes have great potential for simultaneous multipathogen detection and have been successfully used for detecting a large number of plant viruses and/or viroids in a single assay. However, how the length of the polyprobe or the position of the corresponding single probes within them influence their sensitivity has not been previously addressed. In this study, we have developed three polyprobes with the capacity to detect 9 (poly9), 12 (poly12) or 21 (poly21) viruses representing the least prevalent common viruses, the most prevalent viruses or a combination of both types of viruses, respectively, affecting pepper crops. By using known amounts of complementary transcripts and serially diluted extracts from different individually infected pepper plants, we observed that, overall, the detection limit of poly12 and poly21 polyprobes was 5 times and 25/125 times lower than that of the single probes, respectively. An exception was the detection of cucumber mosaic virus and tomato mosaic virus, which were better detected by using poly21 than poly12, possibly due to the more central position of these two probes within the corresponding polyprobes. The analysis of 85 field samples using both poly12 and poly21 also revealed more positives samples with the former, confirming, in general, a higher detection limit for poly12 than poly21. The optimal polyprobe size and temperature for efficient polyvalent virus and/or viroid detection using this technology are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit color is a crucial attribute of fruit quality in peppers (Capsicum spp.). However, few studies have focused on the mechanism of color formation in immature pepper fruits. In this study, the light-yellow color observed in immature CSJ009 fruits compared to CSJ010 could be attributed to decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Through integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of CSJ009 and CSJ010, we identified 23,930 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 345 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Furthermore, integrated analysis revealed a strong correlation between the HCT-like gene and metabolite MWS0178 (chlorogenic acid). Paraffin section assay revealed that the epidermal cells of immature CSJ010 fruits exhibited a more compact arrangement with significantly greater length than those of CSJ009. Quantitative determination of carotenoids showed that lutein emerged as the predominant carotenoid in immature pepper fruits. Additionally, missense mutation of LCYB2 is likely to lead to a decrease in β-carotene content in immature CSJ009 fruits, whereas CCS may directly catalyze the conversion of lycopene to β-carotene in mature fruits. The null mutation in CCS promoted the biosynthesis of β,ϵ-branch carotenoids leading to lutein being the most abundant carotenoid found in orange CSJ010 fruits. These findings provide important insights into the mechanism underlying color formation in pepper fruits and establish a foundation for the further exploration of color-related genes.

There are numerous kinds of chilies, and many have a specialty and specific growing location, such as the katokkon chili, which is specific to Toraja Highland, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This small bell-chili pepper-shaped chili has a distinctive capsicum aroma and a short burning sensation of hot chili's strong spicy taste. This research aims to study the relationship of the genetic kinship of katokkon chili from Toraja and its surrounding regency (Enrekang and Mamasa regencies) using ISSR molecular markers, which are expected to be used as basic information in genetic resource management. Inter Simple Sequences Repeat (ISSR) markers are used for the molecular analysis of 26 katokkon accessions. The result shows that katokkon chili analyzed have a relatively high heterozygosity value of 0.488. The average heterozygosity value is 0.5. Hence, the genetic diversity in these districts is comparatively high. The katokkon chili accession is grouped into three main clusters, each comprising various samples. Only clusters II and III have a close relationship. Information on the genetic diversity based on ISSR can be used as a molecular marker to support further research on the breeding and development of katokkon chili plants and their accession.

There are numerous kinds of chilies, and many have a specialty and specific growing location, such as the katokkon chili, which is specific to Toraja Highland, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This small bell-chili pepper-shaped chili has a distinctive capsicum aroma and a short burning sensation of hot chili's strong spicy taste. This research aims to study the relationship of the genetic kinship of katokkon chili from Toraja and its surrounding regency (Enrekang and Mamasa regencies) using ISSR molecular markers, which are expected to be used as basic information in genetic resource management. Inter Simple Sequences Repeat (ISSR) markers are used for the molecular analysis of 26 katokkon accessions. The result shows that katokkon chili analyzed have a relatively high heterozygosity value of 0.488. The average heterozygosity value is 0.5. Hence, the genetic diversity in these districts is comparatively high. The katokkon chili accession is grouped into three main clusters, each comprising various samples. Only clusters II and III have a close relationship. Information on the genetic diversity based on ISSR can be used as a molecular marker to support further research on the breeding and development of katokkon chili plants and their accession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there have been several reports of the presence of toxic proteins in cultivated or wild plant species, which are implicated in plant defense mechanisms. The existence of these proteins raises the possibility of biotechnological applications originating from the development of new techniques to combat diseases caused by fungi. In this context, there are chitin‐binding proteins. Chitin is an essential component of the fungal cell wall, so chitin‐binding proteins are important in controlling fungal growth. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effect of peptides with chitin binding properties isolated from Capsicum annuum seeds on the growth of the genus Candida. Initially, proteins were extracted in phosphate pH 5.4, and a chitin column was equilibrated with sodium acetate (0.08 M, pH 4.5), where 50 mg of the peptide‐rich heated fraction from each species was applied. Subsequently, the retained material was eluted with 0.1 M HCl. Tricine SDS–PAGE was used to visualize the peptides. After chromatography, two fractions, F1 (not retained in the chitin column) and F2 (retained in the chitin column, named Ca‐F2), were obtained. Electrophoresis showed major protein bands between 3 and 14 kDa. Electrophoresis from chitin affinity chromatography also showed major bands between 3 and 14 kDa, especially for Ca‐F2 retained in the column. One peptide obtained from the F2 fraction was identified by mass spectrometry and showed similarity to seed 2S albumin, named Ca‐Alb2S. Ca‐F2 inhibited the growth of C. albicans and C. tropicalis, was not toxic to mammalian cells and still had a high survival rate when tested in vivo on Galleria mellonella larvae. This is the first report of chitin‐binding peptides isolated from Capsicum seeds through an affinity column and their biological activities. These studies are at an early stage; therefore, other tests are needed to study the mechanism of action of the fraction, since the findings indicate great potential for the development of new antifungal molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chili is a globally significant spice used fresh or dried for culinary, condiment, and medicinal purposes. Growing concerns about food safety have increased the demand for high-quality products and non-invasive tools for quality control like origin tracing and safety assurance. Volatile analysis offers a rapid, comprehensive, and safe method for characterizing various food products. Thus, this study aims to assess the impact of the drying process on the aromatic composition of various Capsicum species and to identify key compounds driving the aromatic complexity of each genetic makeup. To accomplish these objectives, the aroma was examined in fruits collected from 19 different pepper accessions (Capsicum sp.) belonging to four species: one ancestral (C. chacoense) and three domesticated pepper species (C. annuum, C. baccatum and C. chinense). Fresh and dried samples were analyzed using a headspace PTR-TOF-MS platform. Our findings reveal significant changes in the composition and concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fresh to dried Capsicum. Notably, chili peppers of the species C. chinense consistently exhibited higher emission intensity and a more complex aroma compared to other species (both fresh and dried). Overall, the data clearly demonstrate that the drying process generally leads to a reduction in the intensity and complexity of the aromatic compounds emitted. Specifically, fresh peppers showed higher volatile organic compounds content compared to dried ones, except for the two sweet peppers studied, which exhibited the opposite behavior. Our analysis underscores the variability in the effect of drying on volatile compound composition among different pepper species and even among different cultivars, highlighting key compounds that could facilitate species classification in dried powder. This research serves as a preliminary guide for promoting the utilization of various pepper species and cultivars as powder, enhancing product valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophagous mites especially yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) and two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch cause major problems in the cultivation of capsicum or green pepper under protected conditions resulting in significant yield losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different biorationals and natural products against yellow mite, P.latus, infesting capsicum grown in hydroponic system in polyhouse conditions during 2019. The natural products and plant extracts were prepared indigeneously. Results revealed that among all the treatments, pepper extract @ 30ml/l followed by both Brahamastra and Agniastra at the highest doses of 50ml/l caused maximum mortality of mites. Even the PAU home made neem extract and Pongamia extract both @ 12ml/l were found more effective as compared to the Dherek extract. The bioagent, anthocorid bug, Blaptostethus pallescens @ 10 nymphs per plant reduced the mite population after two releases at weekly interval. These natural products and biorationals can be incorporated in integrated mite management programmes under protected cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim An extensive survey was done to clarify the prevalent Stemphylium species on Solanaceae plants across Brazil, and their host ranges. Methods and Results Eighty nine (89) Stemphylium isolates were obtained from naturally infected tomatoes as well as S. paniculatum , potato, eggplant, scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum var. gilo), Physalis angulata , and Capsicum species. Phylogenetic analyses encompassing the ITS-5.8S rDNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genomic regions placed the isolates into two distinct groupings with either Stemphylium lycopersici or S. solani. Isolates of S. lycopersici (n  = 81) were obtained infecting tomato, potato, eggplant, S. paniculatum , and P. angulata. Isolates of S. solani (n  = 8) were detected in natural association with scarlet eggplant and tomato. Two isolates of S. lycopersici displayed a wide experimental host range in greenhouse bioassays, infecting accessions of 12 out of 18 species. Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) was the only experimental host outside the Solanaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capsicum is generally infested with many biotic agents mainly sucking insects, among them the major is aphid (Myzus persicae). Chemical management is one of the most common strategies for their management. However, there are no recommended insecticides for insect management in polyhouse. An experiment was designed to assess the bio-potency of four popularly used insecticides (Imidacloprid-17.8SL, Acephate-75SP, Dimethoate-30EC and Buprofezin-25SC), a botanical (Neem oil 10000 ppm) and two entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15%WP and Lecanicillium lecanii 1.15%WP) for two consecutive seasons. Most effective and the highest reduction of aphid population (78.14–81.92 %) were found in imidacloprid (17.8SL) treated plots. This effective molecule imidacloprid was further studied for its dissipation pattern under polyhouse and open condition and found that the imidacloprid residues in capsicum fruit dissipated below quantification limit (BQL) within 10days after final spray and the residues in the soil sampled at harvest time were found below the detection level. The half-lives of imidacloprid were 1.88 and 2.61 days under polyhouse and 1.07 and 1.52 days in open field at recommended doses (25 g a.i. ha−1) and double doses (50 g a.i. ha−1) of application respectively. The dietary exposure of imidacloprid on capsicum fruit under both conditions exposed that hazard quotient (HQ) values obtained from the different treatment doses have not exceeded the upper limit of toxicity (HQ

In this study, seed-surface-associated bacteria from fresh fruits of Capsicum spp. were analyzed to explore potential isolates for biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungal strains. A total of 76 bacterial isolates were obtained from three different species of chili pepper (C. annuum L., C. pubescens R. & P., and C. chinense Jacq.), and two isolates were selected via mycelial growth inhibition assays based on their production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) against six fungal strains. Genomic analysis identified these isolates as Bacillus altitudinis CH05, with a chromosome size of 3,687,823 bp and with 41.25% G+C, and Bacillus tropicus CH13, with a chromosome size of 5,283,706 bp and with 35.24% G+C. Both bacterial strains showed high mycelial growth inhibition capacities against Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Alternaria alternata but lower inhibition capacities against Colletotrichum gloesporoides and Fusarium oxysporum. VOC identification was carried out after 24 h of fermentation with 64 VOCs for B. altitudinis CH05 and 53 VOCs for B. tropicus CH13. 2,5-Dimethyl pyrazine and acetoin had the highest relative abundance values in both bacterial strains. Our findings revealed that seed-surface-associated bacteria on Capsicum spp. have the metabolic ability to produce VOCs for biocontrol of fungal strains and have the potential to be used in sustainable agriculture.

This study investigated carotenoid content and fruit color variation in 306 pepper accessions from diverse Capsicum species. Red-fruited accessions were predominant (245 accessions), followed by orange (35) and yellow (20). Carotenoid profiles varied significantly across accessions, with capsanthin showing the highest mean concentration (239.12 μg/g), followed by β-cryptoxanthin (63.70 μg/g) and zeaxanthin (63.25 μg/g). Total carotenoid content ranged from 7.09 to 2566.67 μg/g, emphasizing the diversity within the dataset. Correlation analysis revealed complex relationships between carotenoids, with strong positive correlations observed between total carotenoids and capsanthin (r = 0.94 ***), β-cryptoxanthin (r = 0.87 ***), and zeaxanthin (r = 0.84 ***). Principal component analysis (PCA) identified two distinct carotenoid groups, accounting for 67.6% of the total variance. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 91 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fruit color (15 SNPs) and carotenoid content (76 SNPs). These SNPs were distributed across all chromosomes, with varying numbers on each. Among individual carotenoids, α-carotene was associated with 28 SNPs, while other carotenoids showed different numbers of associated SNPs. Candidate genes encoding diverse proteins were identified near significant SNPs, potentially contributing to fruit color variation and carotenoid accumulation. These included pentatricopeptide repeat-containing proteins, mitochondrial proton/calcium exchangers, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SINAT2, histone–lysine N-methyltransferase, sucrose synthase, and various enzymes involved in metabolic processes. Seven SNPs exhibited pleiotropic effects on multiple carotenoids, particularly β-cryptoxanthin and capsanthin. The findings of this study provide insights into the genetic architecture of carotenoid biosynthesis and fruit color in peppers, offering valuable resources for targeted breeding programs aimed at enhancing the nutritional and sensory attributes of pepper varieties.

Integrated nutrient management practices play a vital role for enhancing the soil productivity and sustainable agriculture production. In vegetable crops, bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a most important vegetable as well as spice crop grown worldwide. The indiscriminate use of inorganic fertilizers for long period deteriorates productivity as well as soil fertility. Therefore, this study was proposed for an extensive evaluation of different combinations of organic manure, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with inorganic fertilizers and their influence on growth, yield, quality, economics, and soil health in bell pepper. This study was carried out on capsicum cv. Solan Bharpur with 15 treatment combinations in randomized block design with three replications. 75% Nitrogen Phosphorus (NP) + vermi compost (VC) and enriched compost (EC)@ 2.5 t/ha + PGPR resulted greatest available nitrogen (420.13 kg ha−1), phosphorus (53.87 kg ha−1), potassium (466.37 kg ha−1), organic carbon content (1.63%), and electrical conductivity (0.91 dSm−1). Similar treatment combination ie T14 obtained greatest values for yield and yield attributing parameters viz. fruit length (7.06 cm), fruit breadth (5.91 cm), pericarp thickness (6.72 mm), number of fruits per plant (28.05), improved yield by 60.89%, and enhanced total soluble solids (5.94 OBrix), ascorbic acid content (182.54 mg/100 g). Our findings revealed that combining organic manures, such as farm yard manure, VC, EC, and PGPRs, with inorganic fertilizers to the extent of 50–75% is good for enhancing the soil health and delivering a benefit:cost ratio of 2.59 along with long-term crop output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]