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During development cells must change shape and move without disrupting dynamic tissue architecture. This requires robust linkage of cell-cell adherens junctions to the force-generating actomyosin cytoskeleton. Drosophila Canoe and mammalian afadin play key roles in the regulation of such linkages. One central task for the field is defining mechanisms by which upstream inputs from Ras-family GTPases regulate Canoe and afadin. These proteins are unusual in sharing two tandem Ras-association (RA) domains - RA1 and RA2 - which when deleted virtually eliminate Canoe function. Work in vitro has suggested that RA1 and RA2 differ in GTPase affinity, but their individual functions in vivo remain unknown. Combining bioinformatic and biochemical approaches, we find that both RA1 and RA2 bind to active Rap1 with similar affinities, and that their conserved N-terminal extensions enhance binding. We created Drosophila canoe mutants to test RA1 and RA2 function in vivo. Despite their similar affinities for Rap1, RA1 and RA2 play strikingly different roles. Deleting RA1 virtually eliminates Canoe function, whereas mutants lacking RA2 are viable and fertile but have defects in junctional reinforcement in embryos and during pupal eye development. These data significantly expand our understanding of the regulation of adherens junction-cytoskeletal linkages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel forward dynamics model of racing kayak surge motion. The model, driven by adjustable oscillating propulsion forces, replicates true paddle stroke forces. It is based on Newton's second law of motion, with the net force comprising of propulsion force, skin friction drag, wave-making drag, form drag, and air drag. The total mass includes the kayak, paddler, and added mass. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta method is used to solve for speed and distance. The model incorporates a unique hull formulation for wetted surface area estimation, Michell's integral for wave-making drag, and a log wind profile with allometric scaling for air drag. It accounts for varying stature height, body mass, kayak dimensions, wind speed, and stroke propulsion profiles. The model is a significant advancement in its domain, with broad applicability for the future. It aligns with existing data and analyses, but validation data is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between upper extremity joint length, reaction time and shoulder strength in young canoe athletes. The study was carried out with the voluntary participation of 23 young canoe athletes. Within the scope of the research plan, height measurements, body weight measurements, length measurements of the upper extremities (arm and forearm length), arm span length measurements, reaction time measurements and isokinetic strength measurements of the athletes were carried out. The effect of joint length values on reaction time and shoulder strength parameters was examined by multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that joint length values have a significant effect on reaction time and shoulder strength values in canoe athletes (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between upper extremity joint length, reaction time and shoulder strength in young canoe athletes. The study was carried out with the voluntary participation of 23 young canoe athletes. Within the scope of the research plan, height measurements, body weight measurements, length measurements of the upper extremities (arm and forearm length), arm span length measurements, reaction time measurements and isokinetic strength measurements of the athletes were carried out. The effect of joint length values on reaction time and shoulder strength parameters was examined by multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that joint length values have a significant effect on reaction time and shoulder strength values in canoe athletes (p<0.05). In conclusion, it is thought that an increase in joint length may also lead to an increase in reaction times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of women canoe in the Olympic Games reflects the growth and development that women have ahead of them in this modality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore sex and performance level differences in muscle contractile properties through Tensiomyography (TMG), range of motion (ROM), strength, and canoe-specific functional electromechanical dynamometry (FEMD) performance and establish performance differences between international medalists and non-medalists. Twelve male and nine female canoeists from the Spanish and Portuguese national canoe teams were assessed through TMG, ROM, strength, and canoe-specific isometric and incremental FEMD tests. Few sex and performance level differences were found in TMG and ROM; however, significant sex differences were found in the strength and FEMD tests. Male canoeists had a greater Fmax in Leg Press, Pm and Pmax in canoe position cable row, 1RM bench press and bench pull, Fm and Fpeak canoe-specific isometric FEMD test and number of strokes, and Fpeak and Pmax on the incremental FEMD test than females. International medalists showed a lower time until reaching Vmax and Pmax in Leg Press on both sides and a greater number of strokes and Fpeak in the maximal incremental FEMD test than non-medalists. This study reinforces the utility of the use of TMG and FEMD for assessing and monitoring world-class athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust linkage between adherens junctions and the actomyosin cytoskeleton allows cells to change shape and move during morphogenesis without tearing tissues apart. The Drosophila multidomain protein Canoe and its mammalian homolog afadin are crucial for this, as in their absence many events of morphogenesis fail. To define the mechanism of action for Canoe, we are taking it apart. Canoe has five folded protein domains and a long intrinsically disordered region. The largest is the Dilute domain, which is shared by Canoe and myosin V. To define the roles of this domain in Canoe, we combined biochemical, genetic and cell biological assays. AlphaFold was used to predict its structure, providing similarities and contrasts with Myosin V. Biochemical data suggested one potential shared function - the ability to dimerize. We generated Canoe mutants with the Dilute domain deleted (CnoADIL). Surprisingly, they were viable and fertile. CnoADIL localized to adherens junctions and was enriched at junctions under tension. However, when its dose was reduced, CnoADIL did not provide fully wild-type function. Furthermore, canoeADIL mutants had defects in the orchestrated cell rearrangements of eye development. This reveals the robustness of junction-cytoskeletal connections during morphogenesis and highlights the power of natural selection to maintain protein structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canoe modality in flatwater canoeing has a clear asymmetrical nature. This study aimed (1) to determine the magnitude and direction of neuromuscular properties, range of motion (ROM) and lower-limb strength asymmetries in female and male canoeists; (2) to establish sex-individualized asymmetry thresholds for canoeists' neuromuscular properties, ROM and lower-limb strength; and (3) to determine the relationship of canoeists' neuromuscular properties, ROM and lower-limb strength asymmetries with a specific canoe–dynamometer performance test. Twenty-one international canoeists were assessed through tensiomyography (TMG), ROM, lower-limb explosive strength, and a specific canoe incremental dynamometric test. The magnitude of asymmetry assessed through TMG and ROM was not modulated either by sex or performance level (international medal vs. non-medal). Females showed greater asymmetry than males on muscle tone of the erector spinae towards non-stroke side (22.75% vs. 9.72%) and the tibialis anterior (30.97% vs. 16.29%), and Fmax in explosive leg press (2.41% vs. 0.63%) towards the stroke side. International medalists showed greater asymmetry in semitendinosus contraction time towards non-stroke side (20.51% vs. 9.43%) and reached Vmax earlier in explosive leg press towards stroke side leg (19.20% vs. 9.40%). A greater asymmetry in Fmax and in Vm, and a smaller asymmetry in Tvmax and in leg press showed a small predictive capacity for canoeists' performance on a specific canoe incremental dynamometry test. Reporting reference data from world-class canoeists' asymmetries can be of great importance for coaches to periodically control lateral asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has captured widespread interest lately, offering prospects for enhanced road safety, alleviation of traffic congestion, and heightened fuel efficiency. The essential role of Controller Area Network (CAN) bus protocols in the operational integrity of AVs is undeniable. This research outlines the architecture of an elementary autonomous vehicle predicated on diverse CAN bus frameworks. We introduce a design that integrates a multiplexed CAN bus arrangement, fostering streamlined interactions among the AV's various subsystems. This design is inherently scalable, promoting ease of modification in step with evolving autonomous vehicular technologies. The paper delves into the intricacies encountered throughout the design phase and articulates the methodologies adopted to surmount these obstacles. Empirical simulations substantiate the efficacy of our design, underscoring its dependability and strength across a multitude of vehicular contexts. Fundamentally, this design lays the groundwork for the advancement of sophisticated AVs, thereby contributing to the realization of optimized vehicular ecosystems.

Copyright of Automotive Engineer (1674-6546) is the property of Auto Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the past two decades the importance of trunk contribution to sporting performance has been highlighted through the expanse of literature concerning core stability and strength. However, the role of trunk motion and the abdominal muscles are yet to be established during sprint kayak performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations among trunk rotation, kayak velocity, and abdominal muscle activity during on-water sprint kayaking. Eight international paddlers completed five 150 m sprint trials. During each trial peak muscle activation (peak rootmean-squared electromyogram) of the latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominus, external obliques and rectus femoris for ipsilateral (stroke side) and contralateral (opposite side) were recorded as the paddler passed through a 5-m calibrated volume, in conjunction with upper and lower trunk rotation and kayak velocity. Results indicated a significant strong negative relationship between lower trunk rotation and peak velocity (r = -0.684, p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant strong positive relationship (p < 0.05) with mean velocity was identified for the contralateral rectus abdominus and multiple significant associations between the rectus femoris, rectus abdominus and external obliques during the paddle stroke. Findings indicate that limiting the rotation of the lower trunk will increase both the peak and the mean velocity, with the rectus abdominus, external oblique and rectus femoris combining to assist in this process. Training should therefore focus on developing the strength of these muscle groups to enhance performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canoe slalom is an Olympic discipline where athletes race down a whitewater course in kayaks (K1) or canoes (C1) navigating a set of down-stream and upstream gates. Kayak paddles are symmetrical and have a blade at each end, whereas C1 paddles have only one blade that must be moved across the boat to perform strokes on either the right or left side. Asymmetries in paddle force between the two sides of the boat may lead to a reduction in predicted race time. The purpose of this study was to quantify asymmetries in the paddle forces between the two sides for slalom paddling. Paddle forces for 42 canoe slalom athletes (C1 and K1) were quantified from the straight sections of a flat-water figure-of-eight course. Paddle forces were measured using strain gauges embedded in the paddle shaft, stroke type was identified using video, and boat trajectory was tracked using inertial measurement units and high-speed GPS: data were fused using in-house analysis software. Paddle forces were quantified by their peak force, and impulse during the stroke. Paddle forces for the kayakers had asymmetries of 14.2 to 17.1% for the male K1M and 11.1 to 14.4% for the women K1W. Canoeists were no more asymmetrical than the kayakers for their ‘on-side’ strokes between the right and left sides. However, there were considerable differences for their ‘off-side’ strokes: male C1M off-side paddle forces were similar to their ‘on-side’ forces for the same side, but the women C1W had a significantly lower (−20.8% to −29.5%) paddle forces for their ‘off-side’ strokes compared to their ‘on-side’ strokes on that same side. Despite an increasing number of younger male athletes being introduced to the switching technique, and it being used by C1M athletes in international competitions since 2014, C1M paddlers still do not use switching transitions as much as C1W. The data from this study indicate that there is a biomechanical reason for this sex-based difference in the higher proportion of off-side strokes used by the C1M athletes compared to C1W athletes: and this needs to be considered for optimal technique development and race performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paddler ability in kayaking is reflected through boat motion. Through the application of accelerometers, an easy to use and readily available assessment tool, the current study attempts to determine whether skill level can be ascertained through such measures in order to better assess performance and training. In all, 79 male canoe sprint kayakers participated in this study and paddled a 200 m straight course. According to the time they finished the course, they were divided into three skill level groups and labelled as slow, moderate, and fast speed. Tri-axial boat acceleration data were recorded using an accelerometer system mounted on the back of the kayak. The maximum and standard deviation of boat acceleration along superoinferior, mediolateral, and anteroposterior axes were compared among the three groups. Mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) test revealed that maximum and standard deviation of acceleration data along the superoinferior axis were significantly greater in the fast speed group than in the moderate and slow ones, and higher in the moderate group than in slow one. These findings suggest that the kayaker's body movements will eventually be reflected in the boat's total acceleration, which could be a measure of overall performance. Given that accelerometers are a small, portable, and easy-to-use devices, and that the results of this study also revealed that boat acceleration differs between different skill groups, it appears that studying acceleration time series in real competition and outside of laboratory environments could open a new window into kayak research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aim. Courage in sports is a concept that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. It is very important for the athletes to reveal their psychological performance as well as their physical and technical skills during competition and or training times. In this context, this research is important in terms of revealing the mental endurance and courage levels of canoe athletes who struggle not only with their competitors but also with natural conditions. Material and Methods. The sample of the research consists of 163 volunteer canoe athletes selected by simple random sampling method. In order to collect the necessary data in the research, the “Courage in Sports Scale” was used. The scale consists of the sub-dimensions of 'competence', 'determination', 'aggression', 'taking the risk' and 'being self-sacrificing'. T-test and ANOVA test were used in the analysis of the data. Statistically, the error level was accepted as p

Canoe slalom is an Olympic discipline where athletes race down a whitewater course in kayaks (K1) or canoes (C1) navigating a set of down-stream and up-stream gates. Kayak paddles are symmetrical and have a blade at each end, whereas C1 paddles have only one blade that must be moved across the boat to perform strokes on either the right or left side. Asymmetries in paddle force between the two sides of the boat may lead to a reduction in predicted race time. The purpose of this study was to quantify asymmetries in the paddle forces between the two sides for slalom paddling. Paddle forces for 42 canoe slalom athletes (C1 and K1) were quantified from the straight sections of a flat-water figure-of-eight course. Paddle forces were measured using strain gauges embedded in the paddle shaft, stroke type was identified using video, and boat trajectory was tracked using inertial measurement units and high-speed GPS: data were fused using in-house analysis software. Paddle forces were quantified by their peak force, and impulse during the stroke. Paddle forces for the kayakers had asymmetries of 14.2 to 17.1% for the male K1M and 11.1 to 14.4% for the women K1W. Canoeists were no more asymmetrical than the kayakers for their ‘on-side’ strokes between the right and left sides. However, there were considerable differences for their ‘off-side’ strokes: male C1M off-side paddle forces were similar to their ‘on-side’ forces for the same side, but the women C1W had a significantly lower (−20.8% to −29.5%) paddle forces for their ‘off-side’ strokes compared to their ‘on-side’ strokes on that same side. Despite an increasing number of younger male athletes being introduced to the switching technique, and it being used by C1M athletes in international competitions since 2014, C1M paddlers still do not use switching transitions as much as C1W. The data from this study indicate that there is a biomechanical reason for this sex-based difference in the higher proportion of off-side strokes used by the C1M athletes compared to C1W athletes: and this needs to be considered for optimal technique development and race performance.

The inclusion of women canoe in the Olympic Games reflects the growth and development that women have ahead of them in this modality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore sex and performance level differences in muscle contractile properties through Tensiomyography (TMG), range of motion (ROM), strength, and canoe-specific functional electromechanical dynamometry (FEMD) performance and establish performance differences between international medalists and non-medalists. Twelve male and nine female canoeists from the Spanish and Portuguese national canoe teams were assessed through TMG, ROM, strength, and canoe-specific isometric and incremental FEMD tests. Few sex and performance level differences were found in TMG and ROM; however, significant sex differences were found in the strength and FEMD tests. Male canoeists had a greater Fmax in Leg Press, Pm and Pmax in canoe position cable row, 1RM bench press and bench pull, Fm and Fpeak canoe-specific isometric FEMD test and number of strokes, and Fpeak and Pmax on the incremental FEMD test than females. International medalists showed a lower time until reaching Vmax and Pmax in Leg Press on both sides and a greater number of strokes and Fpeak in the maximal incremental FEMD test than non-medalists. This study reinforces the utility of the use of TMG and FEMD for assessing and monitoring world-class athletes.

Trunk, pelvis, and leg movements are important for performance in sprint kayaking. Para-kayaking is a new Paralympic sport in which athletes with trunk and/or leg impairment compete in 3 classification groups. The purpose of this study was to identify how physical impairments impact on performance by examining: differences in 3-dimensional joint range of motion (RM) between 10 (4 females and 6 males) elite able-bodied kayakers and 41 (13 females and 28 males) elite para-kayakers from the 3 classification groups, and which joint angles were correlated with power output during high-intensity kayak ergometer paddling. There were significant differences in RM between the able-bodied kayakers and the 3 para-kayak groups for the shoulders (flexion, rotation: able-bodied kayakers < para-kayakers); trunk and pelvis (rotation: able-bodied kayakers > para-kayakers); and legs (hip, knee, and ankle flexion: able-bodied kayakers > para-kayakers) during paddling. Furthermore, athletes with greater impairment exhibited lower trunk and leg RM compared with those with less impairment. Significant positive correlations were observed for both males and females between power output and peak shoulder and trunk flexion; trunk and pelvis rotation RM; and hip, knee, and ankle flexion RM. This information is important for understanding how key kinematic and kinetic variables for para-kayaking performance vary between athletes from different classification groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nigde University Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Nigde Üniversitesi Beden Egitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Physical Education & Sports Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The design and development of product designs is not only carried out in large companies, but can also be carried out by MSME actors. One of the things that can be done is the development of packaging designs. It's the same as in Sapuangin Kopi which is located at the Basecamp hiking trail for Mount Merapi via Klaten, to be precise in Tegalmulyo Village, Kemalang District, Klaten Regency, Central Java. The aim of this research was to obtain the product packaging criteria needed by consumers, create packaging prototypes, and determine the level of consumer satisfaction from the packaging that has been designed. The research method used is Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to look for product packaging criteria needed in the development of packaging designs and create a House Of Quality as a comparison of the criteria that have been selected, then the Kano Model method is used to determine consumer satisfaction with products that have been designed with using Blauth's Formula. From the results of the research conducted, there were 7 criteria out of a total of 8 criteria offered to respondents. The criteria chosen were Practical with a frequency of 90 respondents, Quick Presentation of 59 respondents, Attractive of 61 respondents, Effective of 78 respondents, Quality Maintained of 91 respondents, Affordable of 67 respondents, and Easy to Use attributes of 62 respondents, while from the formulation of the Kano Model it was found that all attributes were included in the Functional category, with the attributes Practical, Quick Presentation, Quality, and Easy to Use included in the one dimensional category. Attractive and Affordable Attributes fall into the attractive category. Then the Effective attribute goes into the must be category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equating maritime anthropology to the ethnography of fishing communities has driven researchers to neglect certain subjects (and objects) such as traditional shipbuilding communities. It has also limited the array of sources of information. Few anthropological studies have focused on traditional boat building, while these practices are heading toward extinction, given the wide distribution, increasing reliability, and decreasing prices of synthetic materials for ship and boat construction. While fiberglass boats are replacing wooden vessels, many artisan shipbuilding traditions around the world have managed to survive, but most of them have remained in the shadows. This paper provides a seminal state of the art and points out sources of information to solve questions on traditional shipbuilding. It attempts to propose a methodology based in a set of questions that anthropologists should ask when recording traditional shipbuilding practices. We argue that the information gathered by following the set of questions is valuable for its own sake in order to maintain vanishing maritime traditions, but the surviving ethnographical record is also priceless as it is the only way to fill gaps in the archaeological and historical record. Finally, it contains a short reflection on the difficulties of building a typology of traditionally built vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, the Cape Porpoise Archaeological Alliance recovered a dugout canoe located during a surface survey of the Cape Porpoise tidal flats in Kennebunkport, Maine. A sample of the canoe dated to between 1275 and 1380 cal AD making it the oldest known from the region. Professional archaeologists and volunteers excavated the canoe from the intertidal in the summer of 2019 for analysis and conservation. This paper provides new insight into pre-Contact watercraft technology in the Far Northeast and emphasizes the promise of citizen science initiatives for identifying and recovering delicate archaeological materials that are exposed and under threat from rapidly changing coastlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oldest canoe discovered in South Carolina was illegally recovered from the Cooper River near Charleston in 1997 and spent 23 years in state custody awaiting funding for conservation treatment. In 2020, it was transferred into the temporary custody of Clemson University's Warren Lasch Conservation Center. Where once the conservation methodology would have begun and ended with an impregnation treatment and vacuum freeze-drying, the Cooper River Canoe Project instead began by consultation with the Native American communities of South Carolina. Through collaboration with Native American leaders, archaeologists, and conservators, the conservation of a 4000-year-old, waterlogged, fragmentary dugout canoe will be undertaken. Unprecedented in South Carolina, the Cooper River Canoe Project challenges established colonial practices in archaeology and conservation, and designs a new approach to the conservation of Native American cultural heritage. By recognizing Native American communities' rights to the management and determination of their cultural heritage, project partners are creating a new model for the conservation of cultural heritage in South Carolina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cortical domains are characterized by spatially restricted polarity proteins. The pattern of cortical domains is dynamic and changes during cell differentiation and development. Although there is a good understanding for how the cortical pattern is maintained, e. g. by mutual antagonism, less is known about how the initial pattern is established, and its dynamics coordinated with developmental progression. Here we investigate the initial restriction of subapical marker proteins during the syncytial-cellular transition in Drosophila embryos. The subapical markers Canoe/Afadin, the complex ELMO-Sponge, Baz and Arm become initially restricted between apical and lateral domains during cellularization. We define the role of zygotic genome activation as a timer for subapical domain formation. Subapical markers remained widely spread in embryos treated with α-amanitin and became precociously restricted in mutant embryos with premature zygotic transcription. In contrast, remodeling of the nuclear division cycle without cytokinesis to a full cell cycle is not a prerequisite for subapical domain formation, since we observed timely subapical restriction in embryos undergoing an extra nuclear cycle. We provide evidence that earliest subapical markers ELMO-Sponge and Canoe are required for subapical accumulation of Baz. Supporting an important role of cortical F-actin in subapical restriction, we found that the formin Dia was required for Baz restriction, and its distribution depended on the onset of zygotic gene expression. In summary, we define zygotic transcription as a timer, to which subapical markers respond in a dia -dependent mechanism. [Display omitted] • Formation of the subapical domain is part of the mid-blastula transition during cellularization in Drosophila. • Initial formation of the subapical domain is triggered by the onset of zygotic transcription. • The formin Dia reponds to onset of zygotic transcription and is required for formation of the subapical domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clio: Revista de Pesquisa Histórica (01024736) is the property of Universidad Federal de Pernambuco / Revista Clio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Diversity of Research in Health Journal / Revue de la Diversité de la Recherche en Santé is the property of Diversity of Research in Health Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Safe and satisfactory recreation experiences are embedded in the mission of multiple land use management agencies that support 5.2 million recreation-related jobs in the United States. However, visitors are often unaware of potential risks and safety hazards associated with recreation and subsequently unprepared. With the advent of online information, opportunities exist to target communications and key messages. This research observed water-based visitors against recommended safety behaviors as well as online messaging related to safety among public, private and non-profit organizations in the recreation area. Results indicate significant safety issues and multiple opportunities to use and enhance online communications to increase safe recreation behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationships between boat velocity, stroke rate and displacement per stroke in Paracanoe 200m Sprint Kayak races. Data were analysed from 646, 200m efforts performed by 13 international Paracanoe athletes between 2017 and 2020 (Male: N= 6, female: N= 7) using boat-based GPS unit (Catapult S5). Significant differences between the Paralympic classifications were observed for boat velocity, stroke rate and displacement per stroke across both genders (p < 0.001) and Paracanoe classification (p < 0.001). Stroke rate was found to be the best predictor of boat velocity across classifications explaining between 13% and 34% of the variation. However, displacement per stroke was found to be more important for males than females potentially due to strength and anthropometric differences. Boat velocity, stroke rate and displacement per stroke values for the final 150m (measured in 50 m splits) indicated evidence for a mix of all-out and positive pacing strategies. The results of this study suggest intricate differences exist in Paracanoe Sprint Kayak based on gender and classification between athletes. This information is useful in the coaching of Paracanoe Sprint Kayak with evidence that physical preparation, training, and race strategy can be individualised to each athlete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating Domestic Craft and Subsistence Activities through Experiments and Material Analysis. Leiden University currently coordinates the project “Putting Life in Neolithic Houses”. Th is will take until 2025 and is funded by the Dutch Research Council NWO. Besides EXARC, other partners are: BIAX Consult Biological Archaeology & Environmental Reconstruction, Stichting LAB (Leids Archeospecialistisch Bureau), Woud en Beek, York University, Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, Masamuda, Studio Kelvin Wilson, Het Stenen Tijdperk, and TGVideo.

The significance of our study is that it aims to help reclaim the amateur spirit under the guidance of trainers, emphasize the social importance of sports through prioritizing this amateur spirit over material gains, and prevent degeneration in sports by creating an ethical understanding of sports and promoting playing by rules

The objective of this study was to determine the anthropometric and somatotype differences between elite single-canoeists (C1) included in the white-water slalom Czech national team (NT) (n = 5) and others (n = 12) who did not qualify for the national team (DNQ) leading up to the Olympic Games in Rio de Janiero, 2016. All paddlers were measured using a battery of 40 anthropometric parameters in one day, 4 weeks before competing in the Czech national selection races. The NT racers had a significantly (p < 0.05) greater circumference of the forearm (27.8 ± 0.6 vs. 26.8 ± 1.4) and upper arm (35.60 ± 1.5 vs. 33.5 ± 1.7) for the dominant paddling arm, as well as a greater chest circumference (98.3 ± 2.4 vs. 93.9 ± 2.3). Additionally, the sum of triceps, scapular, calf, and supraspinal skinfolds were significantly less in NT. There were no significant differences in height (p = 0.14), body mass (p = 0.18) or circumferences of the lower extremities (p = 0.09–0.32). Somatotype was statistically similar (p = 0.06–0.13), but practically different (NT = 1.4–5.6–2.3; DNQ = 1.6–4.6–3.1) such as body fat percentage (NT = 7.5 ± 2.3; DNQ = 9.1 ± 1.6). Based on the results of this study we can recommend that single-canoeists seeking to achieve elite performance should participate in training that focuses on maximizing the musculature of the upper limbs and chest while maintaining minimal body fat. The current data also shows that experience likely plays a role in national team selection, as NT were an average of 5.5 years older than DNQ.

À la Libération, la Régie nationale des usines Renault (RNUR) a encouragé la création d’associations sportives. Regroupant des salariés portés par le développement du comité d’entreprise (CE), les représentants syndicaux se sont appliqués à promouvoir le sport comme creuset de sociabilité des travailleurs. Dans ce contexte, il s’agit de montrer en quoi, à travers l’histoire des clubs, les rapports entre loisir et territoire marquent les relations ambivalentes entre ces associations et la direction de la RNUR. En effet, les dirigeants de la firme insufflent une forme de « paternalisme sportif1 ». Le soutien à la compétition révèle les conflits entre la direction et le syndicat majoritaire, la CGT, porteuse d’idéaux en tension avec la logique de performance. Mais en dépit de conflits et de crises, employés et ouvriers ont cohabité à la faveur de l’action du CE.

The article presents a phenomenological research on the Squamish Ocean Canoe Family based on stories shared by the Protocol Keeper Wes Nahanee and Squamish Ocean Canoe Family President Larry Nahanee in British Columbia. Topics discussed include the residence of the Squamish people around the coastal inlet Howe Sound, role of the ocean as a source of food, culture, ceremony and spirit for the Squamish, and revival of the ocean-going canoe and traditions such as the Tribal Canoe Journeys.

This article provides a comparative physical and cultural study of a cypress log sailing canoe and the plantation culture of nineteenth-century north-eastern Florida that created it. The author makes the argument that this and other vessels of similar construction represent a typology of log boat construction that was limited to Florida's north-east during the mid- to late nineteenth century. These vessels evolved to provide a means of commerce between the settlements along the rivers and estuaries of north-eastern Florida. Those vessels that remain provide an important historic link with early American settlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the acute effect of an 8-week specific hamstring flexibility training on junior canoeist during the competition season. Sixteen canoeists participated, divided into 3 groups: 5 in experimental group 1 (EG1), 5 in experimental group 2 (EG2), and 6 in a control group. The EG1 underwent a supervised program consisted by simple static stretching, dynamic static stretching, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), whereas the EG2 performed a program without PNF and no supervision. Two measurements were performed to analyze the effect on the knee joint range of motion (ROM) and trunk flexion; neuromuscular and contractile properties in biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles; and maximum power and average speed in lower limbs. A mixed-design factorial analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05) was performed and the effect size was calculated. The results show significant improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in both legs for knee joint ROM and trunk flexion in EG1 (8.9 and 25.5%; 5.7 and 20.9% in the right and left leg, respectively) and EG2 (6.7 and 22%; 3.9 and 24.4%), only EG1 improved muscular stiffness in BF (27.4% left leg) and ST (20.5 and 24.3%), and lateral symmetry in BF (49%) without decreasing average speed in lower limbs. All improvements have a large effect size. In conclusion, it is suggested that a supervised hamstring flexibility program performed concurrently during a canoeist competition season can produce an increase in the knee joint ROM and trunk flexion, without negative repercussions in contractile and neuromuscular capacities, maximum power, and average velocity in lower limbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of selecting young canoe and kayak rowers can not be successfully solved unless the medical and biological aspects are subjected to a thorough analysis. The basis of individual differences of development and improvement preconditions of the sportsman's motor abilities is his morphological features. For kayaking and canoeing, the most informative are the following indicators: body length, arm length, arm spread, body length, when kneeling with arms outstretched, body length when sitting arms up and body length up to the 7th cervical vertebra.

Introduction: Kayak racing has been an Olympic sport since 1936. The sport is evolving with the introduction of ocean skis and stand-up-paddle boards (SUP). Musculoskeletal injury incidence surveys have been conducted for ultra-marathon events, but no data have been published for other racing formats. Objective: To identify and compare the rates and types of injuries sustained by paddling athletes as a function of discipline and training parameters in Sprint, Marathon, Ultra-Marathon, and Ocean events. Methods: Competitors from 6 kayak and/or ocean surf-ski races in Australia were surveyed. Before each race, competitors were asked to complete a questionnaire. The questionnaire investigated paddling-related injuries over the previous 5 years, athlete morphology, flexibility, equipment and its setup, training volume, and environment. Results: Five hundred eighty-three competitors were surveyed. Disciplines included 173 racing-kayak (K1), 202 touring-kayak, 146 ocean-skis, 42 SUP, and 20 other. The top 5 paddling-related injuries were shoulder (31%), low back (23.5%), wrist (16.5%), neck (13.7%), and elbow (11.0%). The highest percentage of injury was found in K1 paddlers for shoulder (40.5%), SUP for low back (33.3%), and ocean-ski for wrist (22.6%). After controlling for on-water training hours, the relative risk (RR) of wrist injury was significantly increased in ocean-ski paddlers (1.86) and in paddlers with decreased flexibility (1.53-1.83). Relative risk of shoulder and low-back injury was significantly increased in athletes with lower training volumes (1.82-2.07). Younger athletes had lower RR of wrist and shoulder injury (0.58-0.62). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drowning is the most common cause of death in recreational boating. Life jackets prevent drowning, yet adult wear rates remain relatively low on most types of boats. Canoes and kayaks are among the least used boat types, yet maintain the third and first highest annual boating-related drowning rates in 2012, respectively. This 1999-2017 study collected data from 124 study sites across the US. Life jacket wear was calculated for 13 dichotomized risky and non-risky variables, using Chi-square tests. A count variable based on number of risks was created, and Cochran-Armitage trend tests examined linearity in life jacket use. Three illustrative variables for each boat type were represented in tree diagrams. Kayakers had higher wear rates than canoeists among all variables observed. For both boats, the majority of risky conditions had higher life jacket wear rates than their non-risky alternatives. As the number of risks increased, life jacket wear rate increased. Boaters seemingly conduct a mental assessment of risk to determine whether to wear a life jacket. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kayak racing performance is known to be dependent on technique, strength and equipment, but the relationship between these factors and performance is not well understood. Complete experimental measures of stroke technique and the interactions between the water and the paddle and the boat are not practical in a racing environment. Instead, simulation using computational fluid dynamics can be used to study this system. A coupled biomechanical-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (B-SPH) model of the kayaking athlete is presented. Verification and validation of the model are confirmed using drag force data from the literature and a spatial resolution study. Using this model and stroke kinematics (developed from the combination of literature data and digitised motion of an amateur level athlete from video), calculations are made of (a) the fluid response to interactions with the paddle and kayak; (b) speed of the kayak; and (c) magnitudes of force and impulse on the paddle and the hands. Key features of the fluid response are related to the loading on the athlete and the speed of the kayak. Perturbations to stroke technique are explored to give new insights into the relationships between technique and racing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]