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Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common zoonotic parasites worldwide, with infections in humans as well as in all mammals, including dromedaries, that affect reproductive health, leading to malformations and abortions. In the current study, we estimated, for the first time in Tunisia, the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies and its associated risk factors in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. A total of 248 sera samples were collected from dromedaries living in Médenine and Tataouine governorates, South Tunisia. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was estimated to be 29.8 ± 2.9% (74/248) with a significantly higher seroprevalence rate in dromedaries from Médenine (52.5 ± 7.9%; 21/40) compared to Tataouine (25.5 ± 3%; 53/208); it was also higher in dromedaries kept in intensive farming systems (55 ± 11.1%; 11/20) compared to extensive systems (27.6 ± 3%; 63/228), in non-pregnant females (39 ± 4%; 57/146) compared to pregnant ones (16.7 ± 3.7%; 17/102), and in those in contact with cats (66.7 ± 8.6%; 20/30) compared to those with no contact with cats (24.8 ± 2.9%; 54/218). The present study should be followed by others to explore the role of dromedaries in the epidemiological cycle of T. gondii in Southern Tunisia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic properties of isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from sustainable foods including camel milk are the potential research domains. For this purpose, camel milk samples (n = 20), from four different herds of Camelus dromedarius, were processed for the identification of LAB strains based on biochemical profiles followed by amplification and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The probiotic characteristics, i.e., acids and bile salts tolerance, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, hemolytic and antimicrobial activities, auto-aggregation assay, and adhesion to HT-29 epithelial cells were determined. Thirteen out of 20 milk samples were initially found positive for the growth of probiotics or LAB which were further confirmed as Lacticaseibacillus casei (5) and Pediococcus pentosaceus (3). The probiotics/LAB strains showed maximum survival (%) = 92.06 ± 1.82 and 81.35 ± 3.64 against acids and bile salts, respectively. The LAB strains were found sensitive to amoxicillin, ceftazidime, imipenem, linezolid, ofloxacin, tetracycline, tobramycin, and vancomycin. None of the LAB strains showed hemolytic activity. L. casei-04 strain showed a maximum zone of inhibition (15.33 ± 0.58) against multidrug-resistant E. coli AZ1 strain whereas, L. casei-05 showed a maximum zone of inhibition (16.33 ± 1.15) against methicillinresistant S. aureus Saba-1 strain. L. casei-03 showed maximum percentage autoaggregation (28.65 ± 1.96) at 4 h while L. casei-01 showed (41.10 ± 3.03) at 24 h of incubation. Maximum adhesion was shown by P. pentosaceus-01 (11.14%) followed by L. casei-02 (9.73%). Altogether, the current findings suggested that camel milk has significant potential of providing probiotics/LAB strains into human food chain and enabling camel milk as potential sustainable food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to provide insight into the role of camel's saliva in protecting enamel against erosion and to evaluate the levels of salivary sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate ions among 2 groups of camels, those with low-grade tooth surface loss and those with high-grade tooth surface loss. Twenty-eight healthy camels, 5 males and 23 females, aged 20 months to 10 years, were divided into 2 groups. Group I comprise camels with "low-grade tooth surface loss" and Group 2 with "high-grade tooth surface loss." Unstimulated saliva was collected by a draining method. The samples were then analyzed for sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate concentrations using automated chemistry analysis. Data were then statistically analyzed using the unpaired Student's t- test and Pearson correlation coefficient test. The study found the salivary calcium and phosphate concentrations were significantly lower in the "high-grade" erosion group, in comparison with the other group (P <.0001 and P =.0257, respectively). The results also revealed that the more extensive the tooth surface loss, the more carious lesions the subject had (P =.023), and that caries are more common in the anterior teeth, particularly the incisors. The authors conclude that alterations in inorganic elements of saliva, particularly the calcium and phosphate ions, play a major role in the development of resistance to tooth surface loss. This work may represent a direction for future research to develop custom-made preventive supplements, which can protect camelid teeth against tooth surface loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common zoonotic parasites worldwide, with infections in humans as well as in all mammals, including dromedaries, that affect reproductive health, leading to malformations and abortions. In the current study, we estimated, for the first time in Tunisia, the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies and its associated risk factors in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. A total of 248 sera samples were collected from dromedaries living in Médenine and Tataouine governorates, South Tunisia. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was estimated to be 29.8 ± 2.9% (74/248) with a significantly higher seroprevalence rate in dromedaries from Médenine (52.5 ± 7.9%; 21/40) compared to Tataouine (25.5 ± 3%; 53/208); it was also higher in dromedaries kept in intensive farming systems (55 ± 11.1%; 11/20) compared to extensive systems (27.6 ± 3%; 63/228), in non-pregnant females (39 ± 4%; 57/146) compared to pregnant ones (16.7 ± 3.7%; 17/102), and in those in contact with cats (66.7 ± 8.6%; 20/30) compared to those with no contact with cats (24.8 ± 2.9%; 54/218). The present study should be followed by others to explore the role of dromedaries in the epidemiological cycle of T. gondii in Southern Tunisia.

Abstract Background Dromedaries’ normal heart architecture and size have not been adequately examined utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and topographic anatomy. Result we aimed to investigate the regular appearance of the heart and its dimensions, using MRI and cross-sectional anatomy, in mature Arabian one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). We also analyzed hematological and cardiac biochemical markers. MRI scans were conducted on twelve camel heart cadavers using a closed 1.5-Tesla magnet with fast spin echo (FSE) weighted sequences. Subsequently, the hearts were cross-sectionally sliced. Additionally, hematobiochemical studies were conducted on ten mature live camels. The study analyzed standard cardiac dimensions including HL, BW, RA, LA, RV, LV, IVS, LAD, RAD, RVD, AoD, TCVD, and MVD. The results showed a strong positive correlation between the cardiac dimensions obtained from both gross analysis and MR images, with no significant difference between them. On both gross and MRI images, the usual structures of the heart were identified and labeled. Along with the cardiac markers (creatine kinase and troponin), the average hematological values and standard biochemical parameters were also described. Conclusion According to what we know, this investigation demonstrates, for the first time the typical heart structures and dimensions of the heart in dromedaries, and it could serve as a basis for diagnosing cardiac disorders in these animals.

The 2020 world population data sheet indicates that world population is projected to increase from 7.8 billion in 2020 to 9.9 billion by 2050 (Increase of more than 25%). Due to the expected growth in human population, the demand for meats that could improve health status and provide therapeutic benefits is also projected to rise. The dromedary also known as the Arabian camel, or one-humped camel ( Camelus dromedarius), a pseudo ruminant adapted to arid climates, has physiological, biological and metabolic characteristics which give it a legendary reputation for surviving in the extreme conditions of desert environments considered restrictive for other ruminants. Camel meat is an ethnic food consumed across the arid regions of Middle East, North-East Africa, Australia and China. For these medicinal and nutritional benefits, camel meat can be a great option for sustainable meat worldwide supply. A considerable amount of literature has been published on technological aspects and quality properties of beef, lamb and pork but the information available on the technological aspects of the meat of the one humped camel is very limited. Camels are usually raised in less developed countries and their meat is as nutritionally good as any other traditional meat source. Its quality also depends on the breed, sex, age, breeding conditions and type of muscle consumed. A compilation of existing literature related to new technological advances in packaging, shelf-life and quality of camel meat has not been reviewed to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, this review attempts to explore the nutritional composition, health benefits of camel meat, as well as various technological and processing interventions to improve its quality and consumer acceptance. This review will be helpful for camel sector and highlight the potential for global marketability of camel meat and to generate value added products.

Background: Dromedaries' normal heart architecture and size have not been adequately examined utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and topographic anatomy. Result: we aimed to investigate the regular appearance of the heart and its dimensions, using MRI and cross-sectional anatomy, in mature Arabian one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). We also analyzed hematological and cardiac biochemical markers. MRI scans were conducted on twelve camel heart cadavers using a closed 1.5-Tesla magnet with fast spin echo (FSE) weighted sequences. Subsequently, the hearts were cross-sectionally sliced. Additionally, hematobiochemical studies were conducted on ten mature live camels. The study analyzed standard cardiac dimensions including HL, BW, RA, LA, RV, LV, IVS, LAD, RAD, RVD, AoD, TCVD, and MVD. The results showed a strong positive correlation between the cardiac dimensions obtained from both gross analysis and MR images, with no significant difference between them. On both gross and MRI images, the usual structures of the heart were identified and labeled. Along with the cardiac markers (creatine kinase and troponin), the average hematological values and standard biochemical parameters were also described. Conclusion: According to what we know, this investigation demonstrates, for the first time the typical heart structures and dimensions of the heart in dromedaries, and it could serve as a basis for diagnosing cardiac disorders in these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research aimed to provide complete histological, histochemical and ultrastructural features of the lacrimal gland of the one‐humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) as well as novel insights into its adaptability to the Egyptian desert. Our study was applied to 20 fresh lacrimal glands collected from 10 camels instantly after their slaughtering. The results revealed that the gland was a compound tubulo‐acinar gland, and its acini were enclosed by a thick connective tissue capsule that was very rich in elastic and collagen fibres. The gland acini had irregular lumens and were composed of conical to pyramidal cells. The nuclei of secretory cells were found in the basal part, and the cytoplasm was eosinophilic and granular. The glandular tissue consisted of serous and mucous acini and seromucous secretory cells. Histochemically, there was a significant amount of neutral mucopolysaccharides in the acini in which mucous cells had a significant periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS)‐positive reaction, whereas seromucous cells had a mild PAS‐positive reaction. Ultrastructurally, the lacrimal cells had numerous secretory vesicles with contents of moderately to highly electron‐dense cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope consisted of two prominent membranes surrounding the peri‐nuclear cisterna. The acinar cells had numerous electron‐lucent and moderately electron‐dense secretory granules, mainly situated on the apical surface, and secreted their contents into the lumen. The luminal surface of the mucous secretory cells represents the remains of secretory granules discharged by the merocrine mechanism. In conclusion, the mucous secretion is believed to aid in the washing and moistening of the eyeball, particularly in dry, hot and dusty environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is a biofluid. essential for growth and development of infants and is comprised of protein. fat and carbohydrates in the form of lactose and oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides are responsible for any specific biological activity of the particular milk. Camel milk is called gold of dessert and has antitubercular. antiviral and antitumor properties. Camel milk also contains disease-fighting properties and have hypogylcemic activity. Keeping in mind, the usefulness of camel's milk and role of oligosaccharides present in it for treatment of various diseases. It was collected in bulk and processed by modified method of Kobata and Ginsberg method followed by Gel filtration. HPLC and silica column chromatography which led to isolation of a novel nonasaccharide. Ramedrose and its structure was elucidated with the help of ¹H, 13C NMR and 2D NMR i.e. HMBC. HSQC. COSY and TOCSY and Mass spectrometry which is as under (1→3)-α-D-Glc(1→3)-β-D-Glc(1→3)-β-D-Glc(1→3)-β-D-Gal(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc(1→4)-β-D-Glc ... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic properties of isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from sustainable foods including camel milk are the potential research domains. For this purpose, camel milk samples (n = 20), from four different herds of Camelus dromedarius, were processed for the identification of LAB strains based on biochemical profiles followed by amplification and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The probiotic characteristics, i.e., acids and bile salts tolerance, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, hemolytic and antimicrobial activities, auto-aggregation assay, and adhesion to HT-29 epithelial cells were determined. Thirteen out of 20 milk samples were initially found positive for the growth of probiotics or LAB which were further confirmed as Lacticaseibacillus casei (5) and Pediococcus pentosaceus (3). The probiotics/LAB strains showed maximum survival (%) = 92.06 ± 1.82 and 81.35 ± 3.64 against acids and bile salts, respectively. The LAB strains were found sensitive to amoxicillin, ceftazidime, imipenem, linezolid, ofloxacin, tetracycline, tobramycin, and vancomycin. None of the LAB strains showed hemolytic activity. L. casei-04 strain showed a maximum zone of inhibition (15.33 ± 0.58) against multidrug-resistant E. coli AZ1 strain whereas, L. casei-05 showed a maximum zone of inhibition (16.33 ± 1.15) against methicillin-resistant S. aureus Saba-1 strain. L. casei-03 showed maximum percentage auto-aggregation (28.65 ± 1.96) at 4 h while L. casei-01 showed (41.10 ± 3.03) at 24 h of incubation. Maximum adhesion was shown by P. pentosaceus-01 (11.14%) followed by L. casei-02 (9.73%). Altogether, the current findings suggested that camel milk has significant potential of providing probiotics/LAB strains into human food chain and enabling camel milk as potential sustainable food.

Simple Summary: Camel anaplasmosis is a recent emerging disease with potential zoonotic concerns. There is poor understanding of the epidemiology of anaplasmosis in camels and, in particular of Candidatus Anaplasma camelii, which is detected in several countries including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kenya, and Morocco. Most studies of anaplasmosis in camels relied on microscopy and serology for diagnosis, and few used molecular approaches. The present work characterizes Anaplasmataceae strains circulating in the Camelus dromedarius reservoir in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) using PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis for the first time to provide information about the largely neglected disease they cause. Between 2019 to 2023, thirty-five whole-blood samples (35/287 = 12.2%) tested positive for Anaplasmataceae spp. by PCR assay targeting the groEL gene. Of these, only nine positive samples (9/35 = 25.7%) were sequenced using groEL gene primers. A GenBank BLAST analysis revealed that all strains were 100% identical to the Candidatus Anaplasma camelii reference sequence available in the GenBank nucleotide database. The recent emergence of anaplasmosis in camels has raised global interest in the pathogenicity and zoonotic potential of the pathogen causing it and the role of camels as reservoir hosts. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), molecular studies and genetic characterization of camel-associated Anaplasma species are limited. This study aimed to characterize molecularly Anaplasmataceae strains circulating in dromedary camels in the UAE. Two hundred eighty-seven whole-blood samples collected from dromedary camels across regions of the Abu Dhabi Emirate were received between 2019 and 2023 at the Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA) veterinary laboratories for routine diagnosis of anaplasmosis. The animals were sampled based on field clinical observation by veterinarians and their tentative suspicion of blood parasite infection on the basis of similar clinical symptoms as those caused by blood parasites in ruminants. The samples were screened for Anaplasmataceae by PCR assay targeting the groEL gene. Anaplasmataceae strains were further characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the groEL gene. Thirty-five samples (35/287 = 12.2%) tested positive for Anaplasmataceae spp. by PCR assay. Nine positive samples (9/35 = 25.7%) were sequenced using groEL gene primers. GenBank BLAST analysis revealed that all strains were 100% identical to the Candidatus A. camelii reference sequence available in the GenBank nucleotide database. Phylogenetic analysis further indicated that the sequences were close to each other and were located in one cluster with Candidatus A. camelii sequences detected in Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and the UAE. Pairwise alignment showed that the UAE sequences detected in this study were completely identical and shared 100% identity with Candidatus A. camelii from Morocco and Saudi Arabia and 99.5% identity with Candidatus A. camelii from the UAE. This study demonstrates the presence of Candidatus A. camelii in UAE dromedary camels. Further critical investigation of the clinical and economical significance of this pathogen in camels needs to be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the published works of camels in Saudi Arabia, this study is the first checklist of parasites infecting the one-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius in Saudi Arabia between 1950-2021. The present checklist was organized taxonomically in which consist of 75 names representing 4 groups of parasites. The first group was Protozoa with 24 names. Secondly, 13 names of nematodes were reported, while there were 12 names of Platyhelminthes. The last group belongs to the Arthropoda which consists of 26 reported species, most of which belong to Ixodida (Arachnida: Acari). Based on the resulting checklist, the geographical sampling of these records focuses mainly on the Central, Western, Eastern, and Southern regions, respectively. To date, a few studies have recorded parasites in the North region. The evidence reviewed in this list seems to suggest that further research should be undertaken to investigate the biodiversity of parasites infecting camels from the northern region of Saudi Arabia, which is connected to other continents of Asia, Africa, and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Algeria, camel husbandry is undergoing a shift from a traditional extensive system to one more intensive. Such a move in the production system of the dromedary camel should be well investigated in terms of animal welfare, health, and production status. The main objective of this study was to define and evaluate the effects of production systems on physiological responses (hematological and biochemical parameters) in Sahraoui dromedary camels to understand possible changes caused by intensive livestock farming. We analyzed the biochemical and hematological blood profiles in Sahraoui dromedary camel to evaluate and establish the differential responses to intensive conditions. Blood samples were taken from 41 healthy Sahraoui dromedary camels as part of routine veterinary analysis in southern Algeria. In total, 28 camels were from an intensive production system (IS) fed with formulated concentrate and a supply of minerals, and 13 camels were reared in a traditional extensive system (ES) maintained exclusively on grazing. Animals were of a different sex: 16 males and 25 females, and they were divided into three age categories: less than 4 years, 4 to 8, and above 8 years. All animals were healthy. This enabled us to simultaneously check the effect of age and sex on the blood profiles. Results showed that the production system affected the blood parameters of Sahraoui dromedary camel; as total protein, total cholesterol, and urea concentration were significantly higher in the plasma of animals in the intensive production system (P < 0.05). Glucose, triglycerides, and urea values differed significantly (P < 0.05) in camel plasma between age categories. Sex in our study had no effect on enzyme activities (P > 0.05). However, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in camels reared in the extensive production system (1454.13 ± 290 IU/l) than those reared in intensive production system (1313.17 ± 32 IU/l). Age and sex had a marginal effect on mineral status in dromedary camel plasma as only iron concentrations were significantly higher in male camels (P < 0.05), while Ca, P, and K concentrations were increased in the intensive system. On the other hand, our findings showed that sex, age, and production system did not affect the hematological parameters of Sahraoui dromedary (P > 0.05), except for hematocrit (PCV %) that was significantly higher in the extensive system. This work contributes to a better understanding of Sahraoui dromedary camel biology regarding the effect of different production systems on hemato-biochemical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The effects of camel milk (CM) intake on lipid profile among patients with diabetes remain controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to calculate the effect size of CM intake on blood lipids among patients with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes. We searched nine databases from inception until December 31, 2022, to identify relevant RCTs. Effect sizes for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were calculated and expressed using mean differences (MD) and confidence intervals (CI). Of 4,054 retrieved articles, 10 RCTs (a total of 347 participants aged 8–70 years, 60.5% male) were eligible for inclusion. The pooled results from a random-effects model showed statistically significant decreases in TC (MD − 21.69, 95% CI: 41.05, − 2.33; p = 0.03; I 2=99%), TG (MD − 19.79, 95% CI: −36.16, − 3.42; p=0.02, I 2=99%), and LDL (MD −11.92, CI: −20.57, −3.26; p = 0.007, I 2=88%), and a significant increase in HDL (MD 10.37, 95% CI, 1.90, 18.84; p=0.02, I 2=95%) in patients with diabetes supplemented with CM compared with usual care alone. Subgroup analysis revealed that only long-term interventions (> 6 months) elicited a significant reduction in TC levels and TG levels. Consumption of fresh CM by patients with diabetes resulted in significant reductions in TC, TG, and LDL levels, while showing a significant increase in HDL levels. Patients with T1D elicited a more beneficial effect in lowering TC, LDL, and TG levels and in increasing HDL levels than their corresponding partners with T2D. In conclusion, long-term consumption of CM for patients with diabetes, especially those with T1D, could be a useful adjuvant therapy to improve lipid profile alongside prescribed medications. However, the high heterogeneity in the included studies suggests that more RCTs with larger sample sizes and longer intervention durations are required to improve the robustness of the available evidence.

The camel milk sector is still little explored and especially the effect of the camel breeding system on certain properties and chemical compositions of camel milk. This study aims to assess the potential impact of the transition in the camel breeding system on milk productivity and the physicochemical composition of camel milk. To achieve this objective, a preliminary survey was conducted involving several breeders actively practicing the two targeted breeding systems (extensive and semi-intensive) in Algeria. This survey revealed milk production levels of 2 L/d and 3.5 L/d for the extensive and semi-intensive systems, respectively. Physicochemical analyses of these two types of camel milk (from extensive and semi-intensive breeding) were carried out. Various parameters were measured, including pH, acidity, density, total solids, solids-not-fat, ash levels, lactose, calcium, vitamin C, total proteins, whey proteins, and caseins. The results of these analyses indicate that the transition from extensive breeding system to the semi-intensive system significantly impacts the physicochemical quality of camel milk. Specifically, camel milk from the semi-intensive breeding system becomes less dense, more acidic and less rich in total dry matter particularly in solids-not-fat, which includes lactose, vitamin C, and minerals and notably calcium. Furthermore, this milk has become richer in proteins both total proteins and whey proteins, and more notably in caseins.

Background: Since the first human case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) caused by Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, several evidences base have shown one-humped camels as the main reservoir host, from which, infection transmit to humans. Aim: Serological investigation of MERS in dromedary camels in Wasit province (Iraq), detection severity of infection and association to some risk factors. Methods: A total of 455 dromedary camels were selected randomly from two main districts in Wasit province, Iraq during January and April (2023). Sera of all study camels were examined by ELISA, and titers of positive study animals were categorized according to its severity. Results: Serological testing yielded 37.58% positive animals for MERS infection. According to severity of positive ODs (titer), a total of 53.22%, 30.99%, 12.28%, and 3.51% were showed mild, moderate, strong and very strong infections, respectively. Regarding risk factors, significant elevation in seropositivity was seen in camels of  3-6 and  6 years old, and reduced in camels of  3 years old with elevated risk of MERS with increased age. Regionally, seropositivity and relative risk were increased in camels of Shaykh Sa'd when compared with Al-Numaniyah. Regarding sex, no significant variation was detected between seropositive females and males; however, male camels appeared at higher risk than females. Association between severity of MERS infection and risk factors revealed that there was a significant increase in mild and moderate infections in female camels of  6 years old; whereas, strong and very strong infections were seen in male camels of  3-6 years old. The mild and very strong infections were recorded in Shaykh Sa'd; while, moderate and strong infections in Al-Numaniyah. Conclusion: The study indicated a longstanding existence of MERS-CoV in camels of Wasit province, therefore, recent infections or active viral excretion are required for confirmation by molecular approaches. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(10.000): 1283-1289]

The 2020 world population data sheet indicates that world population is projected to increase from 7.8 billion in 2020 to 9.9 billion by 2050 (Increase of more than 25%). Due to the expected growth in human population, the demand for meats that could improve health status and provide therapeutic benefits is also projected to rise. The dromedary also known as the Arabian camel, or one-humped camel ( Camelus dromedarius), a pseudo ruminant adapted to arid climates, has physiological, biological and metabolic characteristics which give it a legendary reputation for surviving in the extreme conditions of desert environments considered restrictive for other ruminants. Camel meat is an ethnic food consumed across the arid regions of Middle East, North-East Africa, Australia and China. For these medicinal and nutritional benefits, camel meat can be a great option for sustainable meat worldwide supply. A considerable amount of literature has been published on technological aspects and quality properties of beef, lamb and pork but the information available on the technological aspects of the meat of the one humped camel is very limited. Camels are usually raised in less developed countries and their meat is as nutritionally good as any other traditional meat source. Its quality also depends on the breed, sex, age, breeding conditions and type of muscle consumed. A compilation of existing literature related to new technological advances in packaging, shelf-life and quality of camel meat has not been reviewed to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, this review attempts to explore the nutritional composition, health benefits of camel meat, as well as various technological and processing interventions to improve its quality and consumer acceptance. This review will be helpful for camel sector and highlight the potential for global marketability of camel meat and to generate value added products.

Background: Sarcocystis is an intracellular parasite of particular importance as it infects many domestic animals as camels that play the role of intermediate host for the parasite. Aim: This study was aimed to identify Sarcocystis species in camels by molecular assay with confirmation of local isolates by phylogenetic analysis. Methods: Totally, 200 slaughtered camels (Camelus dromedarius) which slaughtered in Al-Najaf province (Iraq) abattoirs during October (2021) to July (2022) were subjected to collect the fresh tissues from four organs (esophagus, diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart), to be tested later by the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, a total of 20 positive genomic DNA samples were sequenced, named, get specific access numbers (OP785703.1 to OP785722.1), and compared with the NCBI-GenBank isolates. Results: Targeting Cox1 gene, 80% of collected tissues were found positive by the conventional PCR assay. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the local Sarcocystis isolates were identical to Indian S. cameli isolates at 99.70-99.90%. Significantly, increasing in Sarcocystis infection was seen in esophagus compared to diaphragm, skeletal muscle and heart; older (4 years) than younger (4 years) camels, and in females more than males. Conclusion: For our knowledge, this represents the first molecular study in Iraq which identifies Sarcocystis cameli in camels. However, additional epidemiological and molecular studies in camel populations as well as in other domestic and wild animals appeared to be necessary. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(9.000): 1099-1105]

Abstract Background Investigating genomic regions associated with morphometric traits in camels is valuable, because it allows a better understanding of adaptive and productive features to implement a sustainable management and a customised breeding program for dromedaries. Objectives With a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) including 96 Iranian dromedaries phenotyped for 12 morphometric traits and genotyped‐by‐sequencing (GBS) with 14,522 SNPs, we aimed at identifying associated candidate genes. Methods The association between SNPs and morphometric traits was investigated using a linear mixed model with principal component analysis (PCA) and kinship matrix. Results With this approach, we detected 59 SNPs located in 37 candidate genes potentially associated to morphometric traits in dromedaries. The top associated SNPs were related to pin width, whither to pin length, height at whither, muzzle girth, and tail length. Interestingly, the results highlight the association between whither height, muzzle circumference, tail length, whither to pin length. The identified candidate genes were associated with growth, body size, and immune system in other species. Conclusions We identified three key hub genes in the gene network analysis including ACTB, SOCS1 and ARFGEF1. In the central position of gene network, ACTB was detected as the most important gene related to muscle function. With this initial GWAS using GBS on dromedary camels for morphometric traits, we show that this SNP panel can be effective for genetic evaluation of growth in dromedaries. However, we suggest a higher‐density SNP array may greatly improve the reliability of the results.

The 2020 world population data sheet indicates that world population is projected to increase from 7.8 billion in 2020 to 9.9 billion by 2050 (Increase of more than 25%). Due to the expected growth in human population, the demand for meats that could improve health status and provide therapeutic benefits is also projected to rise. The dromedary also known as the Arabian camel, or one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius), a pseudo ruminant adapted to arid climates, has physiological, biological and metabolic characteristics which give it a legendary reputation for surviving in the extreme conditions of desert environments considered restrictive for other ruminants. Camel meat is an ethnic food consumed across the arid regions of Middle East, North-East Africa, Australia and China. For these medicinal and nutritional benefits, camel meat can be a great option for sustainable meat worldwide supply. A considerable amount of literature has been published on technological aspects and quality properties of beef, lamb and pork but the information available on the technological aspects of the meat of the one humped camel is very limited. Camels are usually raised in less developed countries and their meat is as nutritionally good as any other traditional meat source. Its quality also depends on the breed, sex, age, breeding conditions and type of muscle consumed. A compilation of existing literature related to new technological advances in packaging, shelf-life and quality of camel meat has not been reviewed to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, this review attempts to explore the nutritional composition, health benefits of camel meat, as well as various technological and processing interventions to improve its quality and consumer acceptance. This review will be helpful for camel sector and highlight the potential for global marketability of camel meat and to generate value added products.

Background: Since the first human case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) caused by Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, several evidence bases have shown one-humped camels as the main reservoir host, from which infection is transmitted to humans. Aim: Serological investigation of MERS in dromedary camels in Wasit province (Iraq), detection severity of infection, and association to some risk factors. Methods: A total of 455 dromedary camels were selected randomly from two main districts in Wasit province, Iraq, during January and April (2023). Sera of all study camels were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and titers of positive study animals were categorized according to their severity. Results: Serological testing yielded 37.58% positive animals for MERS infection. According to the severity of positive ODs (titer), a total of 53.22%, 30.99%, 12.28%, and 3.51% showed mild, moderate, strong, and very strong infections, respectively. Regarding risk factors, significant elevation in seropositivity was seen in camels of >3-6 and >6 years old and reduced in camels of £3 years old with an elevated risk of MERS with increased age. Regionally, seropositivity and relative risk were increased in the camels of Shaykh Sa'd when compared with Al-Numaniyah. Regarding sex, no significant variation was detected between seropositive females and males; however, male camels appeared at higher risk than females. Association between the severity of MERS infection and risk factors revealed that there was a significant increase in mild and moderate infections in female camels of >6 years old; whereas strong and very strong infections were seen in male camels of 33-6 years old. Mild and very strong infections were recorded in Shaykh Sa'd; while moderate and strong infections in Al-Numaniyah. Conclusion: The study indicated a longstanding existence of MERS-CoV in camels of Wasit province; therefore, recent infections or active viral excretion are required for confirmation by molecular approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcocystis is an intracellular parasite of particular importance as it infects many domestic animals as camels that play the role of intermediate host for the parasite. Aim: This study aimed to identify Sarcocystis species in camels by molecular assay with confirmation of local isolates by phylogenetic analysis. Methods: A total of 200 slaughtered camels (Camelus dromedarius) that were slaughtered in Al-Najaf province (Iraq) abattoirs from October (2021) to July (2022) were subjected to collect the fresh tissues from four organs (esophagus, diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and heart), to be tested later by the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, a total of 20 positive genomic DNA samples were sequenced, named, got specific access numbers (OP785703.1 to OP785722.1), and compared with the NCBI-GenBank isolates. Results: Targeting Cox1 gene, 80% of collected tissues were found positive by the conventional PCR assay. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the local Sarcocystis isolates were identical to Indian S. cameli isolates at 99.70%–99.90%. Significantly, an increase in Sarcocystis infection was seen in the esophagus compared to the diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and heart; older (>4 years) than younger (≤4 years) camels, and in females more than males. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first molecular study in Iraq that identifies Sarcocystis cameli in camels. However, additional epidemiological and molecular studies in camel populations as well as in other domestic and wild animals appeared to be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of camel milk (CM) intake on lipid profile among patients with diabetes remain controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to calculate the effect size of CM intake on blood lipids among patients with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes. We searched nine databases from inception until December 31, 2022, to identify relevant RCTs. Effect sizes for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were calculated and expressed using mean differences (MD) and confidence intervals (CI). Of 4,054 retrieved articles, 10 RCTs (a total of 347 participants aged 8–70 years, 60.5% male) were eligible for inclusion. The pooled results from a random-effects model showed statistically significant decreases in TC (MD − 21.69, 95% CI: 41.05, − 2.33; p = 0.03; I2=99%), TG (MD − 19.79, 95% CI: −36.16, − 3.42; p=0.02, I2=99%), and LDL (MD −11.92, CI: −20.57, −3.26; p = 0.007, I2=88%), and a significant increase in HDL (MD 10.37, 95% CI, 1.90, 18.84; p=0.02, I2=95%) in patients with diabetes supplemented with CM compared with usual care alone. Subgroup analysis revealed that only long-term interventions (> 6 months) elicited a significant reduction in TC levels and TG levels. Consumption of fresh CM by patients with diabetes resulted in significant reductions in TC, TG, and LDL levels, while showing a significant increase in HDL levels. Patients with T1D elicited a more beneficial effect in lowering TC, LDL, and TG levels and in increasing HDL levels than their corresponding partners with T2D. In conclusion, long-term consumption of CM for patients with diabetes, especially those with T1D, could be a useful adjuvant therapy to improve lipid profile alongside prescribed medications. However, the high heterogeneity in the included studies suggests that more RCTs with larger sample sizes and longer intervention durations are required to improve the robustness of the available evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological quality of dried and salted camel meat, a traditional product of the inhabitants of southern Algeria. A total of 8 test samples of dried and salted camel meat from three regions in southwestern Algeria, against two other control samples (i.e 10 samples in total), were subjected to a series of analyses for some physicochemical and biochemical parameters (pH, sodium chloride content, total solid content, moisture content, ash content, waterholding capacity, protein content, fat content, total sugar content, and detection of antibiotic residues), and microbiological parameters (TAMF, fungal flora, total and fecal coliforms, fungal flora, SRC, Bacillus spp, and pathogenic bacteria such as coagulase-positive staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas spp, and Salmonella spp), following official and reference methods. The physicochemical results showed that the pH and titratable acidity of the dried and salted camel meat samples were acidic with values ranging from 5,14 to 5,72; and 3g/L to 3,63g/L, respectively. The analyzed samples had sodium chloride content ranging from 0,09g/L to 3,31g/L, (6,46% to 25,34%) moisture content, (3,86% to 38,58%) ash content, (162,5% to 267,7%) water-holding capacity, against (0,15g/L; 0,12g/L); (25,34%; 76,75%); (5,78%; 4,73%); (162,52%; 99,33%) for the control samples, which are laboratory-prepared dried camel meat, and fresh camel meat sold in Bechar city, respectively. However, biochemical parameters showed a protein content ranging from 21,7% to 36%, (4,9% to 23,3%) fat content, and (20mg/L to 76,51mg/L) total sugar content, with no antibiotic residues. The microbiological results showed a TAMF load ranging from 4,02 to 6,46 Log10 CFU/g, and 2,48 to 5,21 Log10 CFU/g for total coliforms, where 33% of the samples were contaminated with fecal coliforms. All samples analyzed were free of pathogenic bacteria, namely coagulase-positive staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas spp, and Salmonella spp. Bacillus cereus was detected in one sample (C), while the isolated CoNS species were identified as follows: S. saprophyticus, and S. epidermidis. From previous studies revealing various recipes for preparing dried and salted meat in the southwestern regions studied, this meat by-product presents very interesting physicochemical, biochemical, and hygienic characteristics at the nutritional level compared to fresh meat, which not only contributes to its preservation but also improves its sensory quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) from erythrocytes of camel (Camelus dromedarius) was purified to homogeneity using affinity chromatography and biochemically characterized. Specific activity of 140.88 U/mg was obtained with 745.17-fold purification and 25.37% yield. The enzyme was a monomer with a lower molecular weight (25 kDa) and lower Zn content (0.50 mol of Zn per mol of protein). The enzyme showed higher optimum temperature (70 °C) and pH (pH 9.0), moreover, it was stable at higher temperatures and strongly alkaline pH as judged by thermodynamic parameters (E a , k d , E d , t 1/2 , D-value, Z-value, ΔH , ΔG and ΔS). The enzyme was inhibited by cations (Al3+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+) as well as by anions (Br‾, CH 3 COO‾, ClO 4 ‾, CN‾, F‾, HCO 3 ‾, I‾, N 3 ‾, NO 3 ‾ and SCN‾), some anions (C 6 H 5 O 7 3−, CO 3 2−, SeO 3 ‾ and SO 4 2−) does not affect enzyme activity. Effect of various chemicals on enzyme activity was also investigated. K m , V max , k cat and k cat / K m values for 4-NPA were found to be 1.74 mM, 0.0093 U/mL, 0,0039 s−1 and 0,0023 s−1 mM−1, respectively. With these interesting biochemical properties, camel CA II represents promising candidate for harsh industrial applications, in particular, for a successful biomimetic CO 2 sequestration process. • Purification of a novel CA II from camel erythrocytes was carried out. • Camel erythrocytes CA II was biochemically characterized. • CA II showed higher optimum temperature (70 °C) and pH (pH 9.0). • CA II was stable at higher temperatures and strongly alkaline pH. • CA II represents promising candidate for harsh industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the prevalence, bacterial spectrum of mastitis, and antimicrobial resistance of the causative staphylococci in Algerian dromedary camels, a total of 200 lactating camels were first examined for clinical mastitis and the healthy quarters were examined for subclinical mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Milk samples from the affected quarters were collected aseptically and analysed using conventional bacteriological isolation and identification procedures. Staphylococcal isolates were then analysed for antimicrobial resistance. The overall prevalence of mastitis in camels based on CMT and clinical examination was 35 % (70/200), of which 7.5 % (15/200) was clinical mastitis and 27.5 % (55/200) was subclinical mastitis. At the quarterly level, the overall prevalence was 11.87 % (95/800), of which 2.62 % (21/800) was clinical mastitis and 9.25 % (74/800) was subclinical mastitis. A total of 98 bacterial isolates were identified from the 95 cultured milk samples. Staphylococci (70.4%) were the predominant isolates, with 31.63 % identified as coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) including S. aureus at 25.51 % and 38.77 % identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The remaining isolates were Micrococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., E. coli, and Enterococcus. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that 24 (34.78 %) of the isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial drugs tested, while 21.73 % (15/69) were multidrug resistant strains. The highest resistance rates were found for penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin with 33.33 %, 31.48 % and 21.74 %, respectively. Therefore, the implementation of integrated approaches in the study is of great importance for the prevention and control of mastitis to improve the quality of camel milk, minimize economic losses and avoid significant public health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Intestinal microbial parasites are major contributors to the global burden of gastrointestinal disease. Such infections are mainly caused by Cryptosporidium, Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba histolytica. These parasites are transmitted either directly or indirectly through oral–fecal routes. Previous reports suggested that camels could play a role in the zoonotic transmission of various clinically and veterinary important intestinal parasites, however, limited data are available on intestinal infections of camels, particularly on a molecular level. We aimed to explore the occurrence of these three parasites in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria. (2) A total of 68 samples—63 stool samples from camels and five from the environment—were collected from two desert regions in Algeria and analyzed using PCR and qPCR methods. (3) Overall, 7% of the camels tested positive for zoonotic subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp., while 16% of the camels tested positive for G. duodenalis. Two environmental samples also tested positive for G. duodenalis. None of the samples were positive for Entamoeba histolytica. (4) Our results provide one of the first molecular-based identification of these gut parasites in dromedary camels in Algeria. The presence of G. duodenalis in the host and the environment unveils, in part, the circulation route of this parasite. Our results will spearhead further investigations into the prevalence and epidemiology of gut parasites in hoofed animals and raise questions concerning their role in health and disease in the area.

The camel (Camelus dromedarius) holds significant importance as a valuable livestock species for milk production. Consequently, there is an increasing need to enhance attitudes toward increasing camel milk production by selectively breeding camels with desirable milk production attributes. The Majaheem camels have gained recognition for their favorable milk production traits. However, there is currently a lack of rational and modern tools to aid in the evaluation of Majaheem camels, specifically in terms of their milk production capabilities. To address this deficiency and provide guidance to camel breeders for the effective evaluation and selection of superior milk-producing Majaheem camels, a breed linear scorecard is proposed in line with that adopted for Holstein–Friesian milking cattle. However, the scorecard has been simplified and adapted to the phenotypic characteristics of the Majaheem camel breed.

Trypanosoma species cause animal trypanosomiasis that infects many animals. Trypanosoma evansi is an organism that infects camels. There are many economic problems associated with this disease, including lower milk and meat yields and abortions. The purpose of the current survey was molecular study of the presence of Trypanosoma in dromedary camel blood in the south of Iran, and its effects on the hematologic, and some acute-phase protein changes. Blood samples were aseptically collected from the jugular vein of dromedary camels (n = 100; aged from 1 to 6 years) originating from Fars Province in EDTA-coated vacutainers. Genomic DNA from 100 µL of the whole blood was extracted and amplified using a PCR assay based on ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 ribosomal regions. Also, the PCR products obtained were sequenced. Moreover, the changes in hematological parameters and serum acute-phase proteins (serum amyloid A, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and haptoglobin) were measured. Among 100 tested blood, nine samples (9%, 95% CI: 4.2–16.4%) were found positive by the PCR assay. The phylogenetic tree and blast analysis showed four different genotypes closely related to the strains (accession numbers: JN896754 and JN896755) previously reported from dromedary camels in Yazd Province, center Iran. Based on hematological analysis, normocytic and normochromic anemia and lymphocytosis were detected in the PCR-positive cases compared with the negative group. Furthermore, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein was significantly increased in the positive cases. There was a substantial and positive relation between the number of lymphocytes, and the levels of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and serum amyloid A in the blood (p = 0.045, r = 0.223 and p = 0.036, r = 0.234, respectively). A noticeable frequency of T. evansi infection was reported in dromedary camels in south Iran. This is the first report on the genetic diversity of T. evansi in this region. There was a significant association among Trypanosoma infection, lymphocytosis, and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. Trypanosoma-positive camels had a significant decrease in hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell (RBC) values compared to the non-infected group. Further experimental studies are needed to elucidate the hematological and acute-phase protein alteration during a different phase of Trypanosoma spp. infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the MHC DRB genes in the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). The results revealed the presence of — at least — two transcribed DRB-like genes in chromosome 20, designated MhcCadr-DRB1 and MhcCadr-DRB2. These genes are 155 Kb apart, have similar gene structure, and are transcribed in opposite directions. Compared to DRB1, the DRB2 locus contains a deletion of 12 nucleotides in the second exon (270 bp), exhibits lower transcript abundance, and is expressed as two splice variants differing by exon 2 skipping. This gene seems to be of minor functional relevance in the dromedary camel. Conversely, the DRB1 is thought to be the main gene in this species showing higher transcript abundance and polymorphism levels. A total of seven DRB1 exon 2 alleles were identified in the Tunisian dromedary camel resulting from 18 amino acid substitutions. Six full length alleles were characterized at the mRNA level. Although there is no clear evidence for balancing selection (i.e., heterozygote advantage), signals of weak historical positive selection acting on the DRB1 gene were detected, as indicated by the limited number of the sites being positively selected. This trend might be related to the low exposure to pathogens and to the demographic history of the species. Comparative analysis with Bactrian and wild camel genomes suggested occurrence of trans species polymorphism (TSP) in the Camelus genus. The results lay the foundation for the MHC DRB1 genetic diversity analysis in this genus since the developed genotyping protocols are fully applicable in the three Camelus species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Investigating genomic regions associated with morphometric traits in camels is valuable, because it allows a better understanding of adaptive and productive features to implement a sustainable management and a customised breeding program for dromedaries. Objectives: With a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) including 96 Iranian dromedaries phenotyped for 12 morphometric traits and genotyped‐by‐sequencing (GBS) with 14,522 SNPs, we aimed at identifying associated candidate genes. Methods: The association between SNPs and morphometric traits was investigated using a linear mixed model with principal component analysis (PCA) and kinship matrix. Results: With this approach, we detected 59 SNPs located in 37 candidate genes potentially associated to morphometric traits in dromedaries. The top associated SNPs were related to pin width, whither to pin length, height at whither, muzzle girth, and tail length. Interestingly, the results highlight the association between whither height, muzzle circumference, tail length, whither to pin length. The identified candidate genes were associated with growth, body size, and immune system in other species. Conclusions: We identified three key hub genes in the gene network analysis including ACTB, SOCS1 and ARFGEF1. In the central position of gene network, ACTB was detected as the most important gene related to muscle function. With this initial GWAS using GBS on dromedary camels for morphometric traits, we show that this SNP panel can be effective for genetic evaluation of growth in dromedaries. However, we suggest a higher‐density SNP array may greatly improve the reliability of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the prevalence, bacterial spectrum of mastitis, and antimicrobial resistance of the causative staphylococci in Algerian dromedary camels, a total of 200 lactating camels were first examined for clinical mastitis and the healthy quarters were examined for subclinical mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Milk samples from the affected quarters were collected aseptically and analysed using conventional bacteriological isolation and identification procedures. Staphylococcal isolates were then analysed for antimicrobial resistance. The overall prevalence of mastitis in camels based on CMT and clinical examination was 35 % (70/200), of which 7.5 % (15/200) was clinical mastitis and 27.5 % (55/200) was subclinical mastitis. At the quarterly level, the overall prevalence was 11.87 % (95/800), of which 2.62 % (21/800) was clinical mastitis and 9.25 % (74/800) was subclinical mastitis. A total of 98 bacterial isolates were identified from the 95 cultured milk samples. Staphylococci (70.4%) were the predominant isolates, with 31.63 % identified as coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) including S. aureus at 25.51 % and 38.77 % identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The remaining isolates were Micrococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., E. coli, and Enterococcus. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that 24 (34.78 %) of the isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial drugs tested, while 21.73 % (15/69) were multidrug resistant strains. The highest resistance rates were found for penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin with 33.33 %, 31.48 % and 21.74 %, respectively. Therefore, the implementation of integrated approaches in the study is of great importance for the prevention and control of mastitis to improve the quality of camel milk, minimize economic losses and avoid significant public health risks.

(1) Intestinal microbial parasites are major contributors to the global burden of gastrointestinal disease. Such infections are mainly caused by Cryptosporidium, Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba histolytica. These parasites are transmitted either directly or indirectly through oral–fecal routes. Previous reports suggested that camels could play a role in the zoonotic transmission of various clinically and veterinary important intestinal parasites, however, limited data are available on intestinal infections of camels, particularly on a molecular level. We aimed to explore the occurrence of these three parasites in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria. (2) A total of 68 samples—63 stool samples from camels and five from the environment—were collected from two desert regions in Algeria and analyzed using PCR and qPCR methods. (3) Overall, 7% of the camels tested positive for zoonotic subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp., while 16% of the camels tested positive for G. duodenalis. Two environmental samples also tested positive for G. duodenalis. None of the samples were positive for Entamoeba histolytica. (4) Our results provide one of the first molecular-based identification of these gut parasites in dromedary camels in Algeria. The presence of G. duodenalis in the host and the environment unveils, in part, the circulation route of this parasite. Our results will spearhead further investigations into the prevalence and epidemiology of gut parasites in hoofed animals and raise questions concerning their role in health and disease in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus were recovered from 27.59% (149/540) of camels Camelus dromedarius from a slaughterhouse in Cairo. The organ distribution of cysts was 57=38.26% in the lung, 65=43.62 % in the liver, 23=15.44 % in both liver and lungs, and 4=2.68% in the other organs such as the brain, tongue, and spleen, etc. The investigation looked at how four compounds from scorpions: chitosan, chitosan nanoparticles (Cs-NPs), venom as well as venom-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (V-CN) affect against in vitro hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Aseptically, cyst fluid protoscoleces were aspirated. Each of the aforementioned compounds was always examined in triplicates at doses of 20, 50, and 100 µg/ml for incubation periods of 30, 60, 120, and 240 min to show its scolicidal effects. Using the 0.1% eosin test, the viability of protoscoleces was determined. According to the degree of deacetylation (DDA), concentration, exposure period, and size, all compounds demonstrated statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) against the protoscoleces activity. Chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles had a scolicidal action, directly related to DDA and inversely proportional to size. The most effective scolicidal compound was venom-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, which destroyed all protoscoleces at a concentration of 100 µg/ml, after 240 min of incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study aimed to investigate the immune reactivity levels of aquaporin-7 (AQP-7) antibody in the male Camelus dromedarius testis, epididymis, ductus deferens and prostate gland. This technique is potentially useful for providing insight into the predicted role of AQP-7 during rutting and non-rutting seasons in male camels. Therefore, it is important to check the immune reactivity levels of the anti-AQP-7 antibody as a marker for water and energy homeostasis in the reproductive tract of male camels during rutting and non-rutting seasons. Aquaporins (AQP) are involved in bidirectional transfers of water and small solutes across cell membranes. They are present in all tissues. However, the expression of AQP-7 has not yet been demonstrated in the reproductive tract of the camelid Camelus dromedarius. The study presented here concerns the immunohistochemical evidence of aquaporin-7 (AQP-7) in different parts of the male genital tract of Camelus dromedarius. To check the immune reactivity levels of anti-AQP-7 antibody in the male genital tract of Camelus dromedarius, the testes (proximal part, distal part and rete testis), epididymis (head, body and tail), ductus deferens (initial, middle and ampullary part) and prostate gland (compact and disseminated part) were collected from 12 male camels during the rutting and non-rutting seasons and subjected to immunohistochemistry. The result showed that the highest level of AQP-7 mRNA expression was in the testis of rutting and non-rutting males compared to the ductus deferens, epididymis and prostate. In addition, the highest mRNA gene expression of AQP-7 was in rutting males compared to non-rutting males. AQP-7 mRNA expression was higher in the ret testis, the body of the epididymis, the ampullary part of the ductus deferens and the compact part of the prostate. The immune reactivity levels of AQP-7 in rutting males showed strong reactivity in the testis and prostate compared to the epididymis and ductus deferens. On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that the distribution of the AQP-7 transcript and protein varied among rutting and non-rutting seasons and that the physiological roles of AQP-7 in the transportation of lipids, energy and water should be considered the main challenge in the activity and establishment of male Camelus dromedarius fertility during the rutting and non-rutting seasons. Moreover, AQP-7 detection is critical in assessing regulation and screening for new modulators that can prompt the development of effective medication to enhance fertility during rutting and non-rutting seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent emergence of anaplasmosis in camels has raised global interest in the pathogenicity and zoonotic potential of the pathogen causing it and the role of camels as reservoir hosts. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), molecular studies and genetic characterization of camel-associated Anaplasma species are limited. This study aimed to characterize molecularly Anaplasmataceae strains circulating in dromedary camels in the UAE. Two hundred eighty-seven whole-blood samples collected from dromedary camels across regions of the Abu Dhabi Emirate were received between 2019 and 2023 at the Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA) veterinary laboratories for routine diagnosis of anaplasmosis. The animals were sampled based on field clinical observation by veterinarians and their tentative suspicion of blood parasite infection on the basis of similar clinical symptoms as those caused by blood parasites in ruminants. The samples were screened for Anaplasmataceae by PCR assay targeting the groEL gene. Anaplasmataceae strains were further characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the groEL gene. Thirty-five samples (35/287 = 12.2%) tested positive for Anaplasmataceae spp. by PCR assay. Nine positive samples (9/35 = 25.7%) were sequenced using groEL gene primers. GenBank BLAST analysis revealed that all strains were 100% identical to the Candidatus A. camelii reference sequence available in the GenBank nucleotide database. Phylogenetic analysis further indicated that the sequences were close to each other and were located in one cluster with Candidatus A. camelii sequences detected in Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and the UAE. Pairwise alignment showed that the UAE sequences detected in this study were completely identical and shared 100% identity with Candidatus A. camelii from Morocco and Saudi Arabia and 99.5% identity with Candidatus A. camelii from the UAE. This study demonstrates the presence of Candidatus A. camelii in UAE dromedary camels. Further critical investigation of the clinical and economical significance of this pathogen in camels needs to be carried out.

Abstract Background The 3D computed tomography produces detailed images of the digit bones in addition to the angiograph render volume 3D of the CT shows the relation between the arteries, bones, and tissues of the digit. Therefore, the present study used those imaging techniques to provide a complete description of the digit bones and arteries’ origin, distribution, and course and their relations with surrounding structures in the Dromedary Camel. Which would serve as a guide for surgeons and students in distinguishing normal digit structures. The study used eight hind limbs of four adult camels of both sexes (two males and two females), aged 9–15 years (Mean ± SD, 11.80 ± 2.59 years). The samples were injected with latex with lead oxide were undergone 3D render volume CT (128-slice multi-detector CT scanning protocol) and angiography x-rays. Results The blood vessels and correlated structures such as bones, tendons, and ligaments were examined using 3D CT in all directions, which was easier to view than angiography and dissected specimens. The arterial supply to the camel’s hind foot was the A. digitalis plantaris communis III. The angiography render volume 3D of CT explained the blood supply of the bones and joints of digital regions and showed a good visualization of the many digit arteries. The metatarsals, the phalanges, and the sesamoid bones were visualized. A. plantaris medialis superficialis, A. digitalis plantaris communis III, A. digitalis plantaris communis II and IV, A. interdigitalis, rami articularis medialis and lateralis to the fetlock joint, ramus medialis and ramus lateralis of the A. digitalis plantaris communis III, A. digitalis plantaris propriae III et IV abaxialis, A. digitalis plantaris propriae III et IV axialis, Ramus phalangis axialis and abaxialis of the first phalanx, Ramus phalangis axialis and abaxialis of the second and third phalanges, and A. metatarsae plantaris III were visualized. The study discovered new blood vessel sources in dromedary camels, such as the ramus articularis to the fetlock and the ramus plantaris phalangis abaxialis proximalis and distalis of the first phalanx. Conclusions The digital circulation angiography investigates the circulatory pattern of the camel hind digit, which can assist clinicians in diagnosing digit region affections. 3D CT explained improved visualization of bones and arteries, including many small branches in relation to surrounding structures, in some views better than others.

Avant l’abattage, l’exposition des animaux d’élevage au stress thermique et au stress de transport routier en présence d’une forte densité de stockage dans les camions est capable d’altérer l’homéostasie et la qualité de la viande de ces animaux. Cette étude visait à étudier l’effet du stress thermique associé à une forte densité de chargement des animaux dans le véhicule avant l’abattage sur la composition chimique de la viande du dromadaire, au stade 24 h post mortem. L’analyse de la viande a été réalisée chez deux groupes de sept dromadaires : le groupe I a été transporté à 29–35 °C avec une densité de chargement de 1 animal / 1,74–2,13 m2 ; le groupe II a été transporté à 21–23 °C avec une densité de 1 animal / 3,12–4,31 m2. Le stress thermique associé à la forte densité de chargement n’a pas modifié de manière significative les teneurs en eau, matières sèches, cendres, protéines et lipides, ni l’osmolalité de la viande cameline. Par contre, il a diminué significativement (p

Background: Tumors have been rarely documented in the Arabian dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Methods: Post-slaughter inspections of different skin tumors in one-humped Dromedary camels slaughtered at different abattoirs in Egypt during the period from January 2019 and February 2022. The age of the examined animals ranged from 4 to 15 years. The pathological swelling was collected from affected camels and then subjected to a detailed study to record the different gross and microscopic findings. Results: Our study revealed the presence of 13 cases out of 988 showed neoplasia with an incidence rate of 1.3% including papilloma (0.1%), fibropapilloma (0.1%), lipomas (0.2%), adenoma (0.1%), squamous cell carcinoma (0.1%), and myxosarcomas (0.7%). Conclusions: Myxosarcomas is the most common tumor diagnosed in this study that was immunohistochemically confirmed by positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for vimentin. Meanwhile, benign cutaneous tumors are less frequent in camels such as papilloma, fibropapilloma, lipoma, and adenoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camel racing is one of the popular sports around the world and is growing rapidly especially in Gulf countries. Camel has adapted itself to harsh and draught climate of desert. This quality of camel makes it the best choice in racing industry. Pakistani breed Dromedarius camels are as good as Omani and Sudanese camel breeds in their racing potential. Myostatin (Growth differentiation factor 8) is a protein coded by MSTN gene. Polymorphism in MSTN play a significant role in growth of muscle, increasing fast glycolysis Type IIB muscle fiber, forming tubular aggregates in type IIB fiber by increasing the body strength and racing ability. This gene is also responsible for double muscle phenotype in bovines. In present study, Marecha and Brela camel breeds of Pakistan were studied for genomic characterization of MSTN gene. Blood samples were collected from the healthy animals between the age group of 2-4 years. Genomic DNA was extracted, amplified by using specific sets of primers, purified and sequenced by Sanger's dideoxy chain termination method. No single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in the exon-3 of MSTN of Marecha & Brela, which shows that the gene is highly conserved among species while phylogenetic data of the dromedarius MSTN gene showed highest similarity with Bos taurus and least similarity with Gallus gallus. Genes that are similar to the camel MSTN are myostatin of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Bos taurus, Canis lupus, Rattus norvegicus. The significance of this study was to identify the genetic potential of Pakistani camel for racing that will help in the socioeconomic uplift of the local community. It will also help the camel breeders to select the best breed of camel & enhance their genetic potential by using least operating cost. That will in turn provide opportunity to the camel breeders to produce the best breed that will be selected by the trainers for racing that will provide another source of income for the local community and Pakistan's camels will also be used in the racing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study aims to evaluate the effects of a cold brine (4 °C) pre-treatment on the quality of camel meat. The studied parameters are moisture content, macronutrient composition, color, pH, and shrinkage, before and after drying. Five groups of 108 camel meat slices with dimensions of 100 ×20 x 4 mm (length x width x thickness) were constituted. The control group (group 1) received no treatment. Groups 2 and 3 were immersed for 30 and 90 minutes respectively in a 19 % sodium chloride solution at 4 °C, then sun-dried. As for groups 4 and 5, they were treated in the same way for 30 and 90 minutes, but oven-dried at 65 °C. Results demonstrate that increasing the soaking time reduced the drying duration from 20 to 16 hours for oven drying and 14–12 hours for sun drying. Moisture content decreased from 73.94±0.31 % to 13.33±0.15 %, while protein levels decreased from 75.76±0.04 % to 74.465±0.02 % and 74.97±0.04 % for oven drying and 74.25±0.07 % to 74.51±0.01 % for sun drying after 30 and 90 minutes of soaking, respectively. A decrease in lipid content from 21.65±0.04 % to 19.10±0.06 % and 19.14±0.08 % was also observed during oven drying and 19.33±0.07 % to 19.12±0.09 % for sun drying. Sodium levels increased from 260.47±1.46 mg/100 g to 1690.36±1.94–1712.11±5.14 mg/100 g for oven drying and 1704.48±7.16 mg/100 g - 1714.89±4.18 mg/100 g for sun drying. Longer soaking times increased total color variation for both drying methods. By using cold brine, the nutrients in the muscle slices are preserved and the final product is lower in salinity. • The camel longissimus muscle's drying time is reduced by reducing the soaking time. • Cold brine reduces the solubilization of minerals in camel longissimus muscle. • Shrinkage of camel longissimus muscle is inversely influenced by soaking time. • Sun drying reduces drying time by up to 25–30 % compared to oven drying. • Shorter drying time reduces total color change of camel longissimus muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometritis is considered a significant cause of infertility problems in dromedary camels. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of different treatment protocols for endometritis in dromedary camels under Abu Dhabi Emirates' conditions. A total of 112 dromedary she-camels with uterine infection were subjected to uterine swabbing for bacterial culture and received one of the following treatments: (i) uterine douching with lotagen every other day for three doses, (ii) single parenteral oxytetracycline injection, (iii) subcutaneous injection with ceftiofur for 5 days, or (vi) combined oxytetracycline-ceftiofur injection. The results showed that Escherichia coli was the most isolated bacteria, followed by Streptococcus species. Treatment efficacy was (P < 0.05) higher in ceftiofur and oxytetracycline-ceftiofur protocols compared with lotagen and oxytetracycline protocols. The fertility indexes, services per conception and pregnancy rate, were improved in ceftiofur and mixed oxytetracycline plus ceftiofur protocols as the pregnancy rate was (P < 0.05) higher in those protocols compared with lotagen and oxytetracycline protocols (71.4 and 67.9% vs. 39.3 and 42.9%, respectively). On the other hand, the number of services per conception was significantly lower in ceftiofur and oxytetracycline-ceftiofur protocols (1.2 for each protocol) than in lotagen and oxytetracycline protocols (1.8 and 1.7, respectively). In conclusion, subcutaneous injection of 1 ml ceftiofur per 50 kg body mass for 5 days can be used as an efficient treatment for uterine infection in female dromedary camels caused by E. coli and Streptococcus species for improving their fertility indexes.

We identified and characterized 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers suitable for routine testing (three in the MHC class I sub-region, four in MHC class II and four in the MHC class III sub-region) of dromedaries and Bactrian camels. In total, 38 dromedaries and 33 Bactrian camels were genotyped, and interspecific differences were observed in the numbers of alleles and in allelic frequencies, as well as in the observed heterozygosity. These loci may be used as markers to study the adaptive genetic diversity of the MHC region in Old World camels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive system is a key to survival of specie. The male reproductive system plays a vital role in the production, formation, maturation, and transportation of spermatozoa to the female specie. Little attention has been given to the male fetal reproductive system in Camelus dromedarius. The study was aimed to document the normal gross morphology of the male fetal one-humped dromedary. Forty-five (45) male fetal reproductive organs were used. The fetus age was determined classified into 3 trimesters. The foetuses were dissected from the xiphoid region through the abdominal wall to the preputial orifice to expose and examine the reproductive organs. Morphologically, the testicles were oblong, pale in color and located in the abdominal cavity at the first trimester, moved caudally with a condensing gubernaculum at the 2nd trimester. But did not descend into the scrotum at the third trimester. Ultimately, the testis did not descend before birth. The epididymis was close in contact with the testis throughout its fetal life. Vas deference coursed from the cauda epididymis to the prostate at the base of the bladder. The penis presented a cylindrical form at the first trimester. It was distinct into base, body and glans at the second trimester with a slight arc mid-way of its body. The sigmoid flexure was noted to be curlier at the third trimester. The reproductive organs of the male fetal Camelus dromedarius have some considerable differences from other domesticated animals especially the ruminants [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]