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A marketing management paradigm for academe is discussed along with aspects of the pricing policy process. The two most important factors affecting the college choice process are shown to be college quality and price-related considerations. Implications for marketing are discussed. (Author/LBH)

Factors underlying individual demand for higher education are assessed using data from Greece. A set of family, personal, geographical, and school characteristics are related by multivariate analysis to a student's decision regarding further education and to his choice of institution. Empirical estimates of the strength of factors affecting self-selection are also given. (Author/LBH)

Background: Monitoring free valproate concentrations, as with other highly protein-bound anticonvulsants, is essential in clinical situations where protein binding may be disrupted. Conversion of measured total concentrations to approximate free concentrations offers a cost-effective alternative. This study evaluated the relationship between total and free valproate concentrations for discordance and the impact of key determinants. A novel formula was devised that incorporates significant variables. Methods: A multicentre, cross-sectional observational analytical study included 101 subjects 18 years and older using valproate for 6 months or longer. Participants were recruited from private and public sector healthcare settings from primary to tertiary level in, South Africa, during 2017–2019. Results: Free valproate concentrations could be measured for 84 subjects. Discordance for concomitant total and free valproate concentrations was 79.1%. Among 19 participants with elevated free concentrations, 15 (78.9%) had total valproate concentrations within the recommended reference range. Calculations based on the study-derived formula were more accurate in predicting free valproate concentration than previously proposed methods. Conclusion: This study proposes that the novel formula for calculating free valproate enables more accurate prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the main stages and results of the project "Mobile Space Environment Testing Equipment Development of "Metamorphosis" Prototype for Transportation Intermodal Traffic". For successful implementation of the project, the project has been divided into four stages: 1) Design calculations and design documentation for the design elements of the prototype; 2) Prototype software development; 3) Manufacturing of construction details and prototype assembly; 4) Industrial research and prototype testing. The goal of the project is, based on industrial research, to develop a prototype of the Mobile Space Environment Test Facility (MSTF) "Metamorphosis" transported in an intermodal environment, and to achieve the level of scientific and technical readiness of MSTF from TRL2 to TRL4 (by the scale of the European Space Agency (ESA)) for further development of the project. This project is unique and has no comparable analogues, as all existing test facilities are stationary. The project is implemented by Riga Technical University in cooperation with Cryogenic and Vacuum Systems Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerating performance and braking performance are the core performance of a vehicle, and tire load analysis is a prerequisite for performance studying. A calculation and correction method of dynamic tire loads is proposed in this paper. First, the numerical and experimental models of tire dynamic load identification are established, by measuring the acceleration signals at different positions of the steering knuckle arm, the tire deformation in three directions is inversely calculated. Second, the longitudinal force, lateral force and vertical force of the tire are estimated according to the tire stiffness and deformation. Finally, the tire loads are corrected by data filtering and tire stiffness adjustment. The results show that the average agreement between the calculated load and the test load is more than 90%. The calculation and correction method can provide a theoretical basis and reference for analyzing the dynamic change characteristics of tire load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Calculation has emerged as an imperative practice, providing universities with one of their most effective strategies for self-governance. This norm has significantly influenced university decisions on the availability of places across different disciplines. Utilising the Foucauldian conceptual tool ‘technology of government’, this paper delves into the nuances of self-governance under the Australian Demand-Driven Funding System, which allows universities to admit as many undergraduate students as they desire. This study is based on semi-structured interviews with key policymakers from government and university sectors, and document analysis of government reports, ministerial speeches, and parliamentary Hansard. Two arguments are made in this paper. First, the Demand-Driven Funding System marks a transformation in governing modes, moving from a totalising towards an individualising one. It makes universities autonomous while holding them responsible for their allocation decisions. Second, it argues that the ways universities govern themselves for risk management are driven by calculation processes and practices, where heterogeneous information is formulated into quantifiable data and informative tables to prevent financial losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most commonly used method for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) estimation is the Friedewald equation, which has notable limitations. However, more accurate methods have been proposed. This study investigates the advantages and limitations of these methods and identifies the contexts in which each equation is the most or least applicable. Methods: A cohort of 222 individuals underwent a standard lipid profile assessment, including directly measuring their LDL-C (dLDL-C). LDL-C was also estimated using the Friedewald, Martin–Hopkins, and Sampson equations. The differences (%Delta) between the estimated and measured LDL-C were analyzed in relation to dLDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride levels. Results: The %Delta was significantly lower (p < 0.0001) for the Martin–Hopkins (−8.8 ± 9.8) and Sampson (−9.5 ± 9.2) equations compared to Friedewald (−12.2 ± 9.2). All equations increasingly underestimated LDL-C as the dLDL-C levels decreased. The %Delta of the Martin–Hopkins equation showed significant positive correlations with dLDL-C (≤130 mg/dL) and triglycerides and a significant negative correlation with HDL-C. In a subgroup of 30 individuals with extreme %Delta values, patterns of gross underestimation were observed, particularly when low LDL-C, low triglycerides, and high HDL-C coincided. Conclusions: The Martin–Hopkins equation is a superior method for LDL-C estimation and a valuable tool in precision medicine. However, clinicians and laboratory professionals must be aware of its limitations and recognize patterns that could lead to significant LDL-C underestimation. We propose an algorithm for clinical laboratories to provide personalized LDL-C assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The purpose of the study is to develop the design of a thermoelectric installation for lifting objects from shallow reservoirs using the freezing method, as well as its calculation, analysis of parameters and electrical and thermophysical characteristics. Method. The research is based on the use of methods of thermodynamic analysis, full-scale and computational modeling of cryogenic equipment in order to find optimal solutions for the reliability and service life of low-temperature installations. Result. The installation includes a waterproof probe, on the end surface of which, facing the bottom of the reservoir, thermoelectric modules are installed, heat is removed from the hot junctions of which by means of a heat removal system made in the form of an all-metal heat pipe or in the form of a thermal thermosiphon. The connection between the object lifted from the reservoir and the thermoelectric installation is carried out through a cold wall by freezing. The thermoelectric installation was calculated and its parameters were determined. Graphs were constructed and dependencies were obtained describing the main characteristics of TEMs included in the thermoelectric installation. The graphs are presented at a temperature of the hot junctions of the TEM of 300 K and the achievement of such values of the thickness of frozen water ice on the cold wall of the technical device that would allow lifting objects from a reservoir up to 4 m deep. Conclusion. The installation parameters have been determined: the number of TEMs of the DRIFT-1.2 type is 8, the operating power range of a single TEM of the DRIFT-1.2 type is from 14 to 40 W with an average temperature difference between the junctions of 45 K, the supply current is from 3.8 to 7 .6 A with power consumption from 50 to 200 W, coefficient of performance - from 0.1 to 0.45, minimum temperature of the cold wall of the TU - 248 K, a domestically produced thermal thermosyphon is used as a heat removal system from the hot junctions of the TEM.

Asaf Achiron,1 Tal Yahalomi,2 Amit Biran,1 Eliya Levinger,1 Eyal Cohen,1 Uri Elbaz,3 Asim Ali,4,5 Kamiar Mireskandari,4,5 Raimo Tuuminen,6,7 Oleksiy V Voytsekhivskyy8 1Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Samson Assuta Ashdod Hospital and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; 3Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; 4Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 5Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 6Helsinki Retina Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; 7Department of Ophthalmology, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland; 8Kyiv Clinical Ophthalmology Hospital Eye Microsurgery Center, Kyiv, UkraineCorrespondence: Oleksiy V Voytsekhivskyy, Kyiv Clinical Ophthalmology Hospital Eye Microsurgery Center, Komarov Ave. 3, Medical City, Kyiv, 03680, Ukraine, Tel +38067-584-28-11, Email iolpower@ukr.netPurpose: To compare the accuracy of 16 intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas in pediatric cataract eyes.Patients and Methods: The data records of pediatric patients who had been implanted with three IOL models (SA60AT, MA60AC, and enVista-MX60) between 2012 and 2018 were analyzed. The accuracy of 16 IOL power calculation methods was evaluated: Barrett Universal II (BUII), Castrop, EVO 2.0, Haigis, Hill-RBF 3.0, Hoffer Q, Hoffer QST, Holladay 1, Kane, LSF AI, Naeser 2, Pearl-DGS, SRK/T, T2, VRF, and VRF-G. The non-optimized (ULIB/IOLcon) and optimized constants were used for IOL power calculation. The mean prediction error (PE), Performance Index (FPI), and all descriptive statistics were calculated.Results: Ninety-seven eyes of 97 pediatric patients aged 13.2 (IQR 11.2– 17.1) were included. No statistically significant difference (HS-test) was observed (p > 0.818) except for the Hoffer Q, and Naeser 2 (P = 0.014). With optimized lens constants, the best FPI indices were obtained by Hoffer Q (0.256) and VRF-G (0.251) formulas, followed by Hill-RBF 3.0 and BUII, with an index of 0.248. The highest FPI indices with non-optimized constants showed SRK/T and T2 formulas (0.246 and 0.245, respectively), followed by VRF-G and Holladay 1, with an index of 0.244. The best median absolute error values (MedAE) were achieved by Hoffer Q (0.50 D), VRF-G (0.53 D), and Hill-RBF 3.0 (0.54 D), all P ≥ 0.074.Conclusion: Our results place the Hoffer Q, VRF-G, Hill-RBF 3.0, and BUII formulas as more accurate predictors of postoperative refraction in pediatric cataract surgery.Keywords: IOL power, formulas, pediatric eyes, calculation, axial length

Introduction. According to current regulations, values of required heat transfer resistance of external enclosing structures must comply with the purpose of a building, a structure itself and the number of degree days in a heating period. This technique applies to all external enclosing structures, including windows. However, windows have greatly lower heat transfer resistance than solid envelopes. Therefore, windows have a greater effect on temperature than solid envelopes at the boundary of habitable space in a room.Materials and methods. The resulting temperature at the boundary of habitable space is lowest when outdoor temperature is lowest, or when temperature is lowest for five days in a raw. It has been found out that during such periods standards of resulting temperature are not met. A regression curve, made using the least squares method, is presented; it describes the relationship between t592 and the heating season degree-day (HSDD) for nursery and junior groups of preschool institutions in 30 cities of the Russian Federation. Some points are below the trendline. It is for such cities that it is proposed to take into account not only the HSDD, but also t592 when standards are set for resistance of windows to heat transfer.Results. Resulting temperatures at the boundary of habitable space in a room are determined. They show that optimal requirements for resulting temperature are never met, while acceptable requirements are met for all values of heat transfer resistance of windows and exterior walls, even if resistance to heat transfer is normalized. As for the local asymmetry of resulting temperature, its standards are also met at all times. Values of resistance of windows to heat transfer are calculated to find those that correspond to optimal resulting temperatures at the boundary of habitable areas of rooms for nursery and junior groups at preschool institutions if basic values of resistance of exterior walls to heat transfer remain unchanged. In a large number of cases, values of resistance of windows to heat transfer greatly exceed the maximum value set by Construction Regulations 50.13330.Conclusions. If the choice of a large value of window width is only explained by aesthetic reasons, the window’s resistance to heat transfer must exceed 0.8 m2∙°С/W, despite higher costs of such windows.

The aim of this study is to determine the functional dependence for the calculation of the re-quired power of the electric motor of the traveling mechanism of the overhead traveling crane on the load capacity and span. The set aim is achieved by solving the following problems: figur-ing out how to calculate the power of the electric motor of the overhead traveling crane mecha-nism by the traditional methodology; selecting constants known from the initial data and varia-bles that require additional calculation; collecting and arranging statistical data - values of varia-bles for overhead cranes of different spans and load capacities; determining regression equa-tions based on statistical data - functions of two variables from the load capacity and span; sub-stituting the equations for the power of the overhead traveling crane mechanism from the load capacity and span. In the process of solving the set tasks, it was found that the greatest difficulty is the determination of static resistance and crane mass. Traditional calculation of these parame-ters requires the use of additional reference data and making design decisions of high responsi-bility. When searching for regression equations, the cubic model is-used, which provides high accuracy and does not overload the equation with summands. The most important result is the derivation of the final expression for determining the motor power as a function of two varia-bles - load capacity and span. The importance of the obtained results is that the proposed meth-od of calculation significantly reduces the time for the selection of the electric motor in the de-sign of a new crane, because there is no need to calculate or select additional parameters that are included in the traditional calculation. The proposed regularity is easier to integrate into comput-er-aided design systems. Since the calculation was based on statistical data of cranes manufac-tured and successfully operating, the probability of erroneous calculation is practically excluded.

The urgent task of forensic expert science is the development of methodological bases of judicial examination of construction facilities design documentation, which differ from the methodological provisions of non-judicial state (or non-state) examination of design documentation. Purpose: to undertake a comparative analysis of judicial examination of construction facilities design documentation and non-judicial examination of design documentation carried out in accordance with Article 49 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, mathematical calculations; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; specific scientific methods of modeling and interpretation of legal norms. Results: the article develops and formulates the definitions of the basic concepts of judicial examination of design documentation. On the basis of comparative analysis, the authors identify some analogies and differences in the tasks and methods of research in the procedure for conducting judicial and nonjudicial examination of construction facilities design documentation. The article considers procedural features of the application of existing norms to the composition, content and presentation of design documentation as well as to the calculation substantiation of design decisions. Some problems of carrying out judicial examination of construction facilities design documentation are revealed: insufficient level of qualification of forensic experts; errors related to misunderstanding of the subject, purpose and objectives of forensic examinations. The necessity and specifics of individualization of design documentation in the course of judicial and non-judicial expert examination of construction facilities design documentation are noted. It is established that the basis for a forensic report is the assessment of the impact of non-compliance of design solutions with the normative rules on the reliability of the designed structure. Methodological recommendations are developed for assessing construction facilities design documentation.

Implementing the IIoT concept in industry involves the development and implementation of online systems monitoring the technical state of electromechanical equipment. This is achieved through the use of digital twins and digital shadows (object state observers). The tasks of mastering new rolling profiles and optimizing plate mill rolling programs require improved methods for calculating equivalent motor currents and torques. Known methods are generally based on calculations using smoothed load diagrams, which are assumed to be identical for the upper and lower main drive (UMD and LMD) rolls. These methods do not consider the differences in actual loads (currents or torques) in steady rolling states. Experiments performed on the 5000 plate mill have shown that due to speed mismatches, the UMD and LMD torques differ three times or more. This causes overheating of the more heavily loaded motor, insulation life reduction, and premature failure. Therefore, the problem of developing and implementing techniques for monitoring the load and thermal regimes of motors using digital observers is relevant. The paper's contribution is the first justification of the concept of object-oriented digital shadows. They are developed for specific classes of industrial units using open-source software. This research justifies a methodology for assessing motor load and temperature by processing arrays of motor currents or torques generated during rolling. An equivalent load observer and a temperature observer were proposed and implemented using Matlab-Simulink resources. The algorithm was implemented on the mill 5000 and tuned using an earlier-developed virtual commissioning methodology with digital twins. Thermal regimes were studied, proving that torque alignment ensures equal motor temperatures. The proposed considerations contribute to the development of the theory and practice for creating digital systems to monitor the technical condition of electromechanical and mechatronic systems and implementing the Industry 4.0 concept at industrial enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbes are increasingly central to visions of sustainable and healthy futures, including in farming movements such as regenerative agriculture. In social science and environmental humanities scholarship, (re)connecting with microbes is seen as a way to challenge, conceptually and practically, the very ontology of human-nature separation which underpins the destruction and violence in human relations with other living beings and with environments. The crux of this onto-ethical potential is a shift towards relational modes of knowing microbes, rooted in localised, proximate, and sensuous practice, and expressed in embodied expertise. This paper engages critically with this promise by calling attention to persistence of calculability to people's self-governance within current microbiopolitics. Through a case study of regenerative agriculture in the United Kingdom, I argue that while embodied expertise of soil microbes is seen as crucial to soil health-oriented farming, it is also dismissed as an insufficient in guiding farmers and shaping future practice, including by farmers themselves. Regenerative agriculture continues to function within "farming by numbers", an agri-biopolitical regime in which farmers' and advisors' subjectivity is that of calculating managers situated in calculable environments. As a result, calculability acts as a 'break' on the development of alternative microbial onto-ethics, and regenerative agriculture practitioners look for ways to bring soil microbes into the realm of calculability (e.g., through metagenomics). Consequently, the way microbes are being incorporated into future agri-environmental relations reinforces rather than threatens existing structures of biopolitical power. Overall, I argue that human-microbe research, potentially due to its empirical focus on alternative practices, has underplayed the importance of calculability to people's self-governance in relations with microbes. The struggle for a new microbiopolitics, especially in agriculture and environmental management, will require addressing the continued importance of calculability, and a creative and socially relevant experimentation with alternative forms of expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The results are applicable to the configuration of design parameters of pneumatic brake valves. The proposed conceptual solution for the valve's differential part has implementation potential. The analyses meet the trend of increasing the speed of pneumatic braking systems. Pneumatic systems, despite being slower than hydraulic systems, pose less environmental risk during use or failure. Motivation: To increase the efficiency of the brake valve by adding a corrective member. Background: The speed of response and smooth transition between modes of operation in the braking system are the primary research questions. Objective and research question: Will the optimal selection of the input parameters of the differentiating part of a conceptual brake valve ensure the speed of operation and enable a smooth transition from the accelerating mode to the tracking mode? Methods: The mathematical model of the differentiating part of the brake valve uses the lumped method, and the solution was obtained by numerical means. Results: Within the assumed range of variation of spring stiffness and control piston bore throughput, the distribution maps of action times and piston lift were determined, and the optimal configuration of the analyzed input parameters was obtained by a genetic algorithm. Future research: future activities will focus on the development of a system of smooth variation of the throughput of the connecting chamber of the differential part of the valve. Conclusions: The determined maps of functional parameter distributions are the basis for the selection of components of the braking system; optimization indicates the directions of modification of the valve in order to obtain an acceptable performance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Termination of the individual employment contract requires a thorough understanding of the notice period. Whether dismissal or resignation, an understanding of the legal requirements and notice periods is crucial for both employers and employees, especially in a context where many issues are not covered by legislation and where judicial practice and literature are not unanimous in their solutions. This article analyses the specifics of each termination method, the procedure/formalities to follow and how to calculate the notice period, ensuring a clear understanding of the rights and responsibilities involved in the termination process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this scientific paper hash functions such as MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-256 are widely utilized in the field of cryptography to verify file integrity, confirming that files remain unaltered and free from corruption. The practical application of the hash functions MD5, SHA-1, AND SHA-256 through five widely used software tools: 7z, PowerShell, BullZip MD5 Calculator, HashCalc and CrypTool 1.4.40 is made. The analysis focuses on each tool's effectiveness in calculating and comparing hash values, emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses in ensuring data integrity. By investigating the functionality and applications of each tool, this scientific study provides important perspectives on the practical significance of MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-256 for maintaining the authenticity and reliability of digital files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we resume discussions about the application of Differential and Integral Calculus in the Teaching of Chemical Kinetics in Teacher Training. Aspects aimed at demonstrating statements through the resolution of tasks in a course of studies and research as a strategy aimed at appropriating concepts in the domain of reaction kinetics, in the context of activities based specifically on the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic (ATD), based on epistemological models of reference and the dominant one around the object speed laws of chemical reaction. Along the way, the importance and reason for being of Integral and Differential Calculus techniques for teacher training and the formulation of didactic organizations that can serve as support for tasks in the exercise of the profession in high school were highlighted, highlighting the use of instruments of ICT, such as Excel, in the construction of these tasks. It was observed that throughout the course the students understood the steps proposed in the reference epistemological model by completing a crucial task, associated with the question that generated the course, which necessarily applies integration and differentiation techniques to obtain ordinary differential equations, associated with the technique analysis of the least squares method, for the kinetic characterization of a chemical system, a medicine in the simulation of the experimental determination of its expiration date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reads the South Korean novel The Boy from Paradise (2013) by J. M. Lee as a work of post-9/11 fiction. It situates the novel within the post-Cold War matrix of geopolitical conflict on the Korean peninsula, held in place by the tension between the neoconservative preoccupation with "holding the rogue to account," on the one hand, and the neoliberal fantasy of integrating it into the borderless world system on the other. These opposing attitudes toward the North Korean rogue—expressed within a frame narrative in which an American CIA agent interrogates a wanted North Korean math savant with Asperger's—point to a deeper crisis within the notion of accountability itself as a moral, narrative, and calculative enterprise. However, while the novel attempts to defuse the "North Korea problem" by recourse to a national allegory, its reparative vision is eventually undone by its core conceit—the ableist pathologization of North Korea as an "autistic" nation. Ultimately, this article makes the case for rethinking not only the place of North Korea in the larger contemporary world-literary system but also the literary-ethical consequences of exercising one's creative license: the very act of writing itself as an intractable form of roguery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers types of contact fatigue of vehicle transmission gears. It is shown that the main operability criterion for transmission gears of tractors and heavy-duty vehicles is deep contact fatigue of tooth surfaces. It is established that the procedure for calculating gear durability presented in GOST 21354–87 has significant errors, which results in significant uncertainty of the calculations. A procedure for calculating gear life expectancy that incorporates fatigue resistance of the tooth material and is based on the dependence of the limit of deep contact endurance on the hardness and structure of the hardened layer is proposed. An example of calculating gear life expectancy is considered, and the results are compared with bench test data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using a gradient-type model, the authors solve a boundary-value problem on stress redistribution in rock mass during mining. The elastoplastic model takes into account local discontinuity. The condition of smoothness of the displacement field is essentially weakened—instead of one smooth field of displacements, two-dimensional kinematics is described using two independent smooth fields. As a consequence, the model receives a structural parameter including the dimension of length and characterizing local bends of unit volumes. The article gives examples of plastic strain calculations in adjacent rock mass with identification of the increased stress concentration zones. It is shown that inclusion of local bends leads, on the hand, to the reduction of plastic shears in adjacent rock mass and, on the other hand, to deeper expansion of high stress concentration zones in rock mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypothesis of curved models is used to calculate the flow around a cylinder performing damped rotational oscillations in the air flow. The influence of a disk coaxially fixed in the head of the cylinder on the oscillations is studied. The elongation of the cylinder (the ratio of the length of the cylinder to its diameter) is nine. The diameter of the disk is equal to 0.6 of the diameter of the cylinder. It is assumed that the only reason for the damping of on the oscillations is aerodynamic force. The parameters characterizing the attenuation of rotational on the oscillations of the cylinder occurring in the air flow at the Reynolds number Re = 750 are determined. It turned out that the presence of a coaxial disk in the head leads to a faster attenuation of on the oscillations. This fact is in qualitative agreement with the results of an experiment to determine rotational derivatives in a wind tunnel at large Reynolds numbers. The hypothesis of quasi-stationary is applied in the calculation of translation vibrations of the cylinder. The parameter characterizing the damping of vibrations of a cylinder with a disk in absolute magnitude slightly exceeds the same parameter for a cylinder without a disk, which corresponds to the results of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of wind energy has been observed for many years. Both construction firms and the scientific world are analyzing new design solutions, atmospheric conditions and the technical performance achieved. The main goal of this research is to evaluate the requirements that have to be met to design wind power stations that would be an optimal fit for the climatic conditions in Poland. This study combines the results of empirical studies on wind velocity distributions with the physical fundamentals of wind power station design. This paper presents modelling of the relationships between wind velocity distributions observed in Poland and technical requirements for wind power stations design. The wind velocities distributions for various locations in Poland are determined and expressed in Weibull distribution parameters. Theoretical computations concerning the dependence of wind power stations as function of wind speed and air's physical properties are presented. Conclusions important for the design of power stations fitted to the atmospheric conditions in Poland are given. LabVIEW 2021 was used for computer modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature and shrinkage stress of concrete are influenced by various factors, and sensitive parameters will undergo transformation with changes in component size and pouring age. In the theoretical calculation, numerical analysis, and crack control technology of concrete temperature and shrinkage cracks, if the sensitive parameters are not judged properly, the analysis results obtained will have a large deviation, and the formulated crack control technology is difficult to be targeted. The concept of dominant constraint is put forward in this paper. When two or more constraints exist at the same time, the maximum tensile stress is basically determined by the dominant constraint, and the sensitive parameter exists in the relevant parameters of the dominant constraint. A concrete component model was established based on three different constraint forms: material composition, temperature gradient, and external constraints. The sensitive characteristics of each parameter value under different constraints were analyzed through finite element numerical calculation, and the sensitive parameters of temperature shrinkage stress in common concrete components were obtained. On this basis, combined with parameter values and range of variation, a screening method for the sensitive parameters affecting the temperature shrinkage stress of common concrete components was formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to solve problems involving fractions is a fundamental aspect of mathematics education. This study explores how Pre-Service Primary School Teachers approach problem-solving in fractional computations. A workbook is designed to support pre-service primary school teachers ' computational thinking in fraction-context challenges. The study employs a qualitative descriptive method encompassing interviews, study documentation, and observation to assess fraction computation problem-solving abilities. Twenty-seven participants were involved in this study. They were first-year students enrolled in the Primary School Teacher Education Department at one of the private universities in Jakarta, Indonesia. The findings reveal a notable outcome in pre-service primary school teachers ' understanding of fraction computation problem-solving, marked by recognizable strategies in their problem-solving approach. This research suggests that designing a series of workbooks containing various strategies in computational fractions and building a strong fractional number sense can help pre-service teachers reduce misconceptions and better understand fraction operations. These findings offer guidance for mathematics teacher education on how to effectively teach and embed the concept of fraction calculations to their future students so that they can only teach procedurally if they understand the meaning of fraction operations.

Mathematical operations are cognitive actions we take to calculate relations among numbers. Arithmetic operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are elemental in education. Addition is the first one taught in school and is most popular in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. Division, typically taught last is least studied with fMRI. fMRI meta-analyses show that arithmetic operations activate brain areas in parietal, cingulate and insular cortices for children and adults. Critically, no meta-analysis examines concordance across brain correlates of separate arithmetic operations in children and adults. We review and examine using quantitative meta-analyses data from fMRI articles that report brain coordinates separately for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in children and adults. Results show that arithmetic operations elicit common areas of concordance in fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular networks in adults and children. Between operations differences are observed primarily for adults. Interestingly, higher within-group concordance, expressed in activation likelihood estimates, is found in brain areas associated with the cingulo-opercular network rather than the fronto-parietal network in children, areas also common between adults and children. Findings are discussed in relation to constructivist cognitive theory and practical directions for future research.

The article tries to substantiate the extension of the list of accounting methods, which make up the method of current bookkeeping. Focus is not made on specifying content of the present and established in practice ways of accounting but on insertion in the list such elements of the method that foster realization of tasks facing the current accounting within the frames of informational support of management and outward control. At the same time these elements of the method were not taken into consideration in the regulatory framework. According to the author, extension of the list of elements of bookkeeping methods can build a frame for shaping the home regulatory framework in bookkeeping. Reorganization of Russian accounting rules (standards), which can be traced lately, demonstrates timeliness of introduction of new approaches to elaborating the system of enactments. Insertion in the list of key issues liable to regulation of matters of methodology underlines the importance of the principle of content priority over form. It can help adjust regulatory framework in accordance with procedure and technological principle. The author put forward methodology, which can be applied to any type of objective accounting.

The article presents the results of the calculation of specific energy consumption for the filtration drying process of corn alcohol distillery stillage. It was determined that the optimal total energy consumption for the evaporation of 1 kg of moisture during the filtration drying of corn alcohol distillery stillage from the initial moisture content of the material ω1 = 72.78 % wt. to the final value ω2 = 14 % wt. is 9468.96 kJ/kg H2O or 2.63 kW h/kg H2O for the following process parameters: the height of the layer of dried material H = 120 mm, the thermal agent temperature T = 90 °C, the thermal agent velocity v0 = 1.76 m/sec. Based on the selected optimal parameters of the filtration drying process of corn alcohol distillery stillage at the experimental installation, an evaluation calculation of the efficiency of filtration drying in industrial conditions was made. The total amount of energy required to dry ⁓ 1000 kg of corn alcohol distillery stillage in the filtration drying installation is approximately 1923.91 kW h. The total energy consumption for the removal of 1 kg of moisture during the test material drying at an industrial filtration drying installation is approximately 2.64 kW h/kg H2O. To compare the effectiveness of the filtration method of drying for corn alcohol distillery stillage, it was calculated for drying under a similar technical task in a rotary dryer. During the drying of 1000 kg of corn alcohol distillery stillage, a total of approximately 2146.91 kW h of energy is required, and the total energy consumption for removing 1 kg of moisture during the corn alcohol distillery stillage drying in a rotary dryer is approximately 3.13 kW h/kg H2O. It was calculated that the use of the filtration drying method makes it possible to reduce the specific energy consumption for removing 1 kg of moisture by 15.65 % with the required amount of thermal agent compared to drying in a rotary dryer. The use of filtration drying in industry would have a higher economic effect, given the higher heat losses in a rotary dryer to the environment and the need for energy-intensive auxiliary equipment for rotary dryers.

Drawing on twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork, this article traces the everyday practices of vendors at Marché Collé, a neighbourhood market in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, as they calculated their way through uncertainty. As intensifying political and economic insecurity refracted into their businesses and moral worlds, the emotional and cognitive efforts of their calculative practices became heightened and more visible, illuminating what they cared about, and reflecting their changing scope of agency in exercising this care. The experiences and expertise of Marché Collé’s vendors illustrate a form of work underexplored in academic work thus far: the emotional and cognitive practices through which people direct their labour and deploy their resources to meet needs and aspirations and mitigate threats. I call this labour ‘calculating care’ and argue that the complexity and amount of this work someone must do corresponds to the (under)valuation of their labour, and body, through socially constructed inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes and ethyl acetoacetate catalyzed by L-proline in water, ionic liquid, and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), respectively, was studied. The mild reaction conditions, enhanced rates, improved yields, and reagents' reactivity are observed in deep eutectic solvents. The highest yields are up to 94.4%. The Z/E selectivity of products is up to 3.21. In addition, the influencing factors of product configuration were studied by calculation and experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to the World Health Organization's 2023 estimates, 1.3 billion people worldwide, i.e., 1 in 6 people or 16% of the total world population, are seriously physically or mentally disabled. Changing disability/handicap/disablement (DHD) regulations and statutes may cause different DHD rates for the same injury. The presented study aims to determine whether the DHD rate of cases evaluated under any regulation/statute changes under other regulations or statutes, and if so, to what extent this change occurs. Materials and Methods: In the study, DHD rates calculated according to different regulations and statutes on 100 cases at two different universities were also calculated according to other regulations and statutes divided into four groups as A, B, C and D, and the differences between them were calculated statistically. Results: In the study, DED reports belonging to 100 people (mean age: 31.4±16.0), 70 men and 30 women, were evaluated. Statistically significant differences were found in 5 out of a total of six comparisons made according to different regulations and statutes. Conclusions: It was predicted that organizing joint scientific meetings in the fields of medicine and law and gathering VET calculations under a single guide, taking into account international standards and characteristics such as the person's profession, age and gender, would prevent both loss of rights and unjust gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of new investigations into possible loss of cooling of spent fuel assemblies (FAs) stored in near-reactor spent fuel pools of BWR and VVER reactor plants (RPs). The experiments were carried out in 2022 on the ALADIN installation (Germany, a BWR type RP) and the "Reflooding test bench" installation (Russia, a VVER type RP). In comparing the experimental data obtained on different test benches, it was noted that the thermal-hydraulic processes that were observed during water boiling, cooling, and subsequent heat-up of fuel assemblies had similar patterns for the above-mentioned reactor types. By using the KORSAR/GP computer code, posttest calculations of experiments were carried out, the results of which were compared with the basic experimental data on the maximum fuel rod temperature and water level. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental results was obtained. Deviations of the calculated data from the experimental results were estimated with respect to the water boiling onset and fuel rod heat-up onset moments, the moment at which the fuel rod temperature reaches its maximum value, and its absolute values. The obtained results can be used for validating thermal-hydraulic codes, substantiating their applicability, and for performing safety analysis under the conditions of accidents involving loss of spent fuel pool cooling at NPPs with VVER/PWR reactor plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extra-mathematical knowledge is often overlooked when investigating mathematical skills. This study explores profiles of mathematical skills and associations with extra-mathematical knowledge and the understanding of complex sentences. The study involved 1,288 sixth-grade students (52.1% male) from 95 classes in 58 schools in Estonia. Students completed a math test as part of their regular lessons. The profiles of mathematical skills included students' calculation skills, standard problems, and complex problems. Three distinct profiles of students emerged: students with high skill levels, students with average skill levels, and students with low skill levels. Students with high mathematical skills also had high extra-mathematical knowledge showing the crucial role of understanding the context of the math tasks in addition to having good mathematical skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the role of calculations in shaping what numbers convey in crematorium burden sharing schemes. Two co-existing numerical indicators are present in these schemes, with one speaking to the limitation of environmental risk and another to exchange value generation. The environmental risk indicator emerges from the calculations present within environmental policy discussions, where numbers are measured against the damage of air emissions to the environment. Yet, burden sharing involves the introduction of new calculations that cultivate a second indicator of exchange value generation. These calculations are used to decide on the worth of environmental compliance afforded by emissions credits, correlating numbers with the generation of money and away from a focus on sustaining environmental health. The paper offers an empirically grounded contribution to the politics of the environmental disposal of the dead body by demonstrating how the use of numbers inside of crematorium burden sharing schemes reflects a tension between environmental and market-based values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulated prices do not apply in Slovakia. Market prices apply. Each contractor has the right to offer any price for the work. Which should cover the costs of implementation as well as other costs of the contractor such as wages, overheads and profit. For this reason, the preparation of the offer is key, while one of the activities is to prepare a budget with a statement of measurements. It is necessary to study the project documentation and all supporting documents. This is often not possible in terms of time. And then the offers are prepared by the so-called "on his knees" just to submit a price offer by the deadline. For the reasons mentioned, different forms of budgets are presented in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical models are the base for unified methods of calculating and designing radio-electronic devices. The developed limiting continuous mathematical model of a DC/DC converter built using the SEPIC topology allows us to estimate the range of changes in currents flowing through the windings of the inductors and voltages on the capacitor plates, as well as determine their maximum and minimum values for various converter parameters, such as the power switching frequency key, fill factor, element values, etc. The research results show that the phase coordinates of the mathematical model tend to the real values of the currents and voltages of the converter when the switching frequency of the power switch is more than 200 kHz. A correspondence was established between the calculated values of the ripple ranges and the results obtained during modeling (with changes in the duty cycle and switching frequency of the power switch). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A special case of equality of the conduction current density and the displacement current density in a homogeneous nonmagnetic conducting medium was used to consider the results of approximate calculation estimation of the relative permittivity εr of nonmagnetic conducting materials (metals and alloys), which are extensively used in electrical power engineering, electric power industry, and high-voltage pulse technology under the influence of variable (pulsed) electric currents and electromagnetic fields (EMF) with various amplitude–time parameters. It was demonstrated that, in the investigated case, at low frequencies f0 of conduction current and EMF (at a frequency on the order of 102 Hz) in the range of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic waves (EMW), the materials under consideration exhibit extremely high values of the electrophysical parameter εr (on the order of 1015). For extremely high frequencies f0 of current and EMF (at a frequency on the order of 5 × 1013 Hz) in the infrared range of EMW, these conducting materials are characterized by εr values on the order of 102–104, and in terms of the electrophysical parameter εr, they approach solid dielectrics and ferroelectrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the solution of a variety of problems which concern molecular structures, it is often necessary to calculate the Cartesian coordinates of the atoms from a set of geometric parameters. In order to fully utilize symmetry operations in the calculation of Cartesian coordinates, it is necessary to construct the molecule within a primary coordinate system. This is accomplished by introducing a set of four dummy atoms, by which unit vectors are specified. One atom is placed at the origin and the others at unit distances along each of the three Cartesian axes. in this framework according to the attachment procedures described below. The atoms of a molecule are positioned through the use of a secondary coordinate system. A base coordinate system is defined by the positions of three atoms, numbered 1, 2, and 3. The origin is taken at Atom 1, the negative x-axis passes through Atom 2, and Atom 3 lies in the first or second quadrant of the xy plane. In order to define the angles, the following conventions are adopted: for a general atom j, the atom to which it was attached is called j ′, and the atom to which j ′ was attached is called j ′′, and the atom to which j ′′ was attached is called j ′′′. Two special cases where these definitions do not suffice are atoms attached to Atom 1 and to Atom 2. Where j is attached to Atom 2, Atom 1 is taken as j ′′ and Atom 3 as j ′′′. Where j is attached to Atom 1, Atom 2 is taken as j ′′ and Atom 3 as j ′′′. The program described is being used extensively for specifying molecular structures for electron diffraction investigations. Other current uses are in programs for x-ray diffraction of polymers, for estimating magnitudes of energy via postulated force field functions, and in molecular orbital calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the opposite of judgement and calculation. This opposition has been a traditional anchor of critiques concerned with the rise of AI decision making over human judgement. Contrary to these approaches, it is argued that human judgement is not and cannot be replaced by calculation, but that it is human judgement that contextualises computational structures and gives them meaning and purpose. The article focuses on the epistemic structure of algorithms and artificial neural networks to find that they always depend on human judgement to be related to real life objects or purposes. By introducing the philosophical concept of judgement, it becomes clear that the property of judgement to provide meaning and purposiveness is based on the temporality of human life and the ambiguity of language, which quantitative processes lack. A juxtaposition shows that calculations and clustering can be used and referred to in more or less prejudiced and reflecting as well as opaque and transparent ways, but thereby always depend on human judgement. The paper clearly asserts that the transparency of AI is necessary for their autonomous use. This transparency requires the explicitness of the judgements that constitute these computational structures, thereby creating an awareness of the conditionality of such epistemic entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal. Calculation and experimental determination of middle speed vL of advancement of plasma leader channel of a pulse spark discharge in the long air interval of the double-electrode discharge system (DEDS) «tip-plane». Methodology. Bases of the theoretical electrical engineering and electrophysics, electrophysics bases of technique of ultra- and high-voltage and high pulse currents, bases of high-voltage pulse technique and measuring technique. Results. The close calculation and experimental method of determination of middle speed vL of advancement of plasma leader channel of an electric pulse spark discharge is offered in the long air interval of DEDS «tip-plane». This method is based on the offered calculation empiric formula for finding of the indicated speed vL and results of decoding of oscillograms of process of cut of in-use standard interconnect аperiodic pulse of over- and high-voltage of temporal shape of Tm/Тd≈200 μs/1990 μs of positive polarity at an electric hasp in indicated DEDS of long air intervals with their minimum length of lmin, numeral making 1,5 m (first case) and 3 m (second case). It is shown that middle speed vL of advancement in atmospheric air of front of plasma channel of positive leader of an electric pulse spark discharge in probed DEDS «tip-plane» for two considered applied cases at lmin=1,5 m of lmin=3 m numeral makes approximately vL≈(1±0,03)ꞏ105 m/s. The found numeral value of this speed vL well coincides with the known experimental information for speed of advancement of vL≈105 m/s in atmospheric air of plasma channel of negative leader for a long storm spark discharge in DEDS «charged cloud-earth». It is set that for the standard interconnect аperiodic pulse of high- and ultra-voltage of temporal shape of Tm/Тd≈200 μs/1990 μs of positive polarity middle value of aggressive strength Ed of high pulse electric field in the air interval of probed DEDS «tip-plane» numeral makes minimum length of lmin=1,5 m near Ed1≈360,8 kV/m, and for his minimum length of lmin=3 m of − Ed2≈313,4 kV/m. Originality. The comfortable is developed in the use and reliable in practical realization technicians-and-engineers calculation and experimental method of research in the conditions of high-voltage electrophysics laboratory of difficult electro-discharge processes of development of leader hasp of long air intervals and determination of minimum electric durability of air insulation of electrical power engineering and electrophysics equipment on working voltage of classes of 330-1150 kV. Practical value. Application in area of industrial electrical power engineering and high-voltage pulse technique of the got numeral electrophysics results and offered calculation and experimental method of determination of middle speed vL of advancement in atmospheric air of plasma channel of leader of a long spark discharge will allow, from one side, to deepen our scientific knowledges about a long electric pulse spark discharge in an air dielectric, and, from other side, to develop high-voltage electrical power engineering and electrophysics devices with enhanceable reliability of their work both in normal operation and malfunctions. References 20, figures 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of the analysis of approaches to designing a mobile vacuum system 'METAMORPHOSIS' for simulation of space environment, which could help provide services of testing space objects at the request of the customers at a place and time acceptable to them, which allows saving time and assets in the development of space objects, their elements, including satellites. As a result of the conducted analysis, methodological approaches to the determination of the structure of the vacuum system were undertaken. To avoid unanticipated issues and to validate computer-driven modelling, testing in a space simulation chamber is an important part of the quality-assurance process. Spacecraft and their components must withstand extreme temperatures and pressure to travel outside the Earth's atmosphere. Space simulation testing involves the use of a thermal vacuum chamber to replicate the conditions experienced in space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]