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Enhanced dietary Ca intake linearly increases intestinal Ca absorption in pigs, but not in broilers, suggesting potential differences in whole body Ca homeostasis. To determine the role of kidney in Ca homeostasis in these species, we varied in growing pigs in experiment (Exp) 1, the dietary Ca content 2·0 v. 9·6 g/kg and phytase 0 v. 500 FTU/kg, in broilers, in Exp 2 the dietary Ca/retainable P from 1·3 to 2·8 and phytase 0 v. 1000 FTU/kg, and in Exp 3 dietary Ca/P from 0·50 to 1·75. Increasing dietary Ca reduced renal mRNA expression of Ca-related transporters (TRPV5, TRPV6, CaBP-D28k and NCX1) and tight junctions (CLDN-12 and −16) in pigs, indicating Ca reabsorption was reduced to maintain Ca homeostasis. In broilers (Exp 2), high dietary Ca increased renal TRPV6, CaBP-D28k and CLDN-2 mRNA, indicating an increased capacity for Ca reabsorption. Moreover, the effect of dietary Ca was enhanced by inclusion of dietary phytase in pigs but reduced in broilers. Furthermore, increasing dietary Ca upregulated inorganic phosphate transporter 1 (PiT-1), while phytase downregulated xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1) mRNA expression in pigs; in broilers, dietary Ca downregulated renal mRNA expression of Na-dependent phosphate transporter IIa (NaPi-IIa), PiT-1, PiT-2 and XPR1, while phytase downregulated NaPi-IIa but upregulated PiT-2 and XPR1 mRNA expression. In Exp 3, Ca/P effect on transporter mRNA expression was largely consistent with Exp 2. In conclusion of this study, together with previously measured data about Ca and P homeostasis, in pigs the kidneys play a more regulatory role in Ca homeostasis than in broilers where the intestine is more important for regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Although several studies have explored the influence of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and exogenous phytase (EP) on growth performance and bone mineralization responses to dietary nonphytate P (nPP) levels in broilers, there remains a gap in meta-analytical research focusing on these factors under Eimeria or necrotic enteritis (NE) infections. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relevant literature to shed light on this issue. We found that regardless of infection status, reducing Ca and nPP levels in broiler diets led to decreased body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and bone ash percentage. Eimeria vaccination reduced BWG and bone ash weight, whereas Eimeria infection severely impacted BWG, FI, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and bone ash weight. However, phytase supplementation increased BWG, bone ash percentage and ash weight. Notably, the efficacy of phytase on bone ash percentage and ash weight were compromised when broilers were infected with Eimeria or necrotic enteritis. Our findings suggest that Ca, nPP, phytase, and infection conditions significantly influence the growth performance and bone mineralization of broilers. The effects of phytase on bone ash weight and ash percentage vary depending on different infection status. Given the complexity of these interrelationships, further research is warranted to deepen our understanding of their combined effects on broiler growth and bone mineralization under Eimeria infections.

In this review, we describe genetic mutations affecting metabolic pathways of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis has tight hormonal regulation by three major hormones: vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). We describe the physiology and pathophysiology of disorders, their biochemical profile, clinical characteristics, diagnostics, and treatments.

Background: Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or noninsulin-dependent diabetes is an endocrinological disease of impaired metabolism of carbohydrates. T2DM is increasing both nationally and worldwide at an alarming rate. In intermediary metabolism, including enzyme activities, electrical gradients and cellular function Vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus play an important role. Disturbances in the levels of Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus were found to be associated with T2DM. The present study is aimed to evaluate the levels of Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus levels in 300 patients, of which 150 were nondiabetic healthy individuals (control) and 150 were T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: A volume of 5 ml of the blood sample was taken after 12 h of overnight fasting by complete aseptic means from the antecubital vein with the sterilized disposable syringe for fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPPG), glycated hemoglobin, serum 25 hydroxy (OH) Vitamin D (25[OH]D), calcium, and phosphorus. Results: Of 150 type-2 diabetic and 150 nondiabetic group, there was a significant statistical difference between the diabetic and nondiabetic group for FPG (P < 0.001), PPPG (P < 0.001), 25(OH) D (P < 0.001), calcium (P < 0.001), and phosphorus (P < 0.001). 25(OH) D, calcium, and phosphorus levels were decreased in T2DM patients as compared to the control group. Conclusion: This study revealed that there is a significant decrease in the levels of Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus in Type-2 diabetic patients, which may be an important factor in the early onset of the disease in susceptible individuals.

Background: Type‑2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or noninsulin‑dependent diabetes is an endocrinological disease of impaired metabolism of carbohydrates. T2DM is increasing both nationally and worldwide at an alarming rate. In intermediary metabolism, including enzyme activities, electrical gradients and cellular function Vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus play an important role. Disturbances in the levels of Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus were found to be associated with T2DM. The present study is aimed to evaluate the levels of Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus levels in 300 patients, of which 150 were nondiabetic healthy individuals (control) and 150 were T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: A volume of 5 ml of the blood sample was taken after 12 h of overnight fasting by complete aseptic means from the antecubital vein with the sterilized disposable syringe for fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPPG), glycated hemoglobin, serum 25 hydroxy (OH) Vitamin D (25[OH]D), calcium, and phosphorus. Results: Of 150 type‑2 diabetic and 150 nondiabetic group, there was a significant statistical difference between the diabetic and nondiabetic group for FPG (P < 0.001), PPPG (P < 0.001), 25(OH) D (P < 0.001), calcium (P < 0.001), and phosphorus (P < 0.001). 25(OH) D, calcium, and phosphorus levels were decreased in T2DM patients as compared to the control group. Conclusion: This study revealed that there is a significant decrease in the levels of Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus in Type‑2 diabetic patients, which may be an important factor in the early onset of the disease in susceptible individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dose-response experiment assessing 6 total dietary vitamin A (VA) levels (0, 3,000, 6,000, 9,000, 12,000, and 15,000 IU/kg) was conducted to study the effects of different levels of VA on growth performance and bone indexes of 0 to 28 d goslings. A total of 360 healthy 1-day-old goslings with similar body weights were randomly divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 10 goslings in each replicate. The experiment duration was 28 d. The experimental results showed that the VA content in the serum and liver of gosling increased with increasing VA amount (P

Chitin is an organic polymer and it is the most frequent marine natural polysaccharide after cellulose. The main natural sources of chitin are exoskeletons of insects, mollusks, the cell walls of certain fungi and crustaceans such as crabs, shrimps and lobsters. The waste of these marine exoskeletons are pollutant for the environment, but these waste raw materials could be useful for production of commercial products like chitin. Chitin is an important raw material used for water treatment, agricultural, biomedical, biotechnological purposes, food and paper industry and cosmetics. Based on the variety of importance, the present targets of this study are to optimize the demineralization process for the removal of calcium and phosphate contents from the waste of Portunidae segnis (P. segnis) by using acid at ambient temperature and to characterize the isolated demineralized sample as well as the percentage of remaining calcium and phosphorus contents by using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The prepared waste carbs coarse powder samples of P. segnis were demineralized with seven different concentrations of hydrochloric acid at ambient temperature for 1 h. All the demineralization samples by the different concentrations were analyzed by using sensitive ICP-OES. The results based on ICP-OES showed that among the seven different concentrations used in the demineralization process for the isolation of chitin, the best was 2 M of HCl concentration for the production of chitin. The results also showed that the optimized concentration 2 M HCl gave the minimum concentration of calcium and phosphorus compared to other concentrations applied in this experiment. In conclusion, the optimized concentration for demineralization process could be used commercially for the isolation or commercial production of chitin for agricultural, biomedical and biotechnological purposes.

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a leg disorder caused by the abnormal development of the tibia in fast-growing poultry. Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) strains have been reported to have effects on increasing bone growth and improving osteoporosis in animals. However, whether L. rhamnosus JYLR-005 can improve bone growth in TD chickens remains unclear. In this study, we noted that L. rhamnosus JYLR-005 could not reduce the suppression of the production performance of TD broilers (p > 0.05) but had a slight protective effect on the broiler survival rate (χ2 = 5.571, p = 0.062). However, for thiram-induced TD broiler chickens, L. rhamnosus JYLR-005 could promote tibia growth by increasing tibia-related parameters, including the tibia weight (day 11, p = 0.040), tibia length (day 15, p = 0.013), and tibia mean diameter (day 15, p = 0.035). Moreover, L. rhamnosus JYLR-005 supplementation improved the normal growth and development of the tibial growth plate by maintaining the morphological structure of the chondrocytes and restored the balance of calcium and phosphorus. Taken together, these findings provide a proof of principle that L. rhamnosus JYLR-005 may represent a therapeutic strategy to treat leg disease in chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Dietary calcium and phosphorus are required for bone and muscle development. Deficiencies of these macrominerals reduce bone mineral and muscle accretion potentially via alterations of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and satellite cell (SC) activities.Objectives: With increasing interest in the role of early-life events on lifetime health outcomes, we aimed to elucidate the impact of dietary calcium and phosphorus, from deficiency through excess, on MSC and SC characteristics during neonatal development.Methods: Neonatal pigs [30 females, 1-d-old, 1.46 ± 0.04 kg body weight (BW)] were fed milk replacers for 16 d that were isonitrogenous and isocaloric with a consistent ratio of calcium to phosphorus, but either 25% deficient (calcium: 0.78%; phosphorus: 0.60%; CaPD), adequate (calcium: 1.08%; phosphorus: 0.84%; CaPA), or 25% in excess (calcium: 1.38%; phosphorus: 1.08%; CaPE) of calcium and phosphorus requirements based on sow-milk composition and extrapolation from NRC requirements for older pigs. BW and feed intake were recorded daily. Blood was collected for serum phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) determination. Humeri were collected for MSC isolation and radii/ulnae bone were collected for analysis. Longissimus dorsi muscle was collected for SC isolation and analysis.Results: There was 4.6% increase in bone ash percentage in CaPE- versus CaPD-fed pigs (P < 0.05). In vivo proliferation indicated a 41.3% increase in MSCs in CaPA compared with CaPD and a 19% increase in SCs in CaPA compared with both CaPE and CaPD. MSCs from CaPD had 2- to 5-fold greater expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) but lower osteocalcin (BGLAP) and fibronectin (FN1) expression than CaPA (P < 0.05). SCs from CaPD-fed pigs had 19% lower in vivo proliferation than in CaPA-fed pigs.Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that feeding a diet marginally deficient in calcium and phosphorus to neonatal pigs had a great impact on bone development, MSC, and SC characteristics. These dietary deficiencies may program future bone health and muscle development by altering MSC and SC activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the composition of some mineral nutrients of Cenchrus purpureus cv. Cuba CT-115 after grazing when used as a biomass bank. For this, a completely randomized sampling design with 15 repetitions was used. Treatments consisted on regrowth age or grass rest from the time of departure of animals from the paddock (time zero) and in accordance with the biomass bank technology. Results indicated that contents of ash, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium had a variable performance, while nitrogen was reduced with the regrowth age for all grazing cycles of this technology. Ash contents ranged between 3.89% and 15.41% (P <0.01), while calcium and phosphorus were between 0.30 and 0.83% (P <0.05) and between 0.17 and 0.43% (P <0.05), respectively. All the studied indicators had higher values in leaves than in stems for tillers and for residue with their new growth. Phosphorus and magnesium contents found in leaves and stems for some regrowth ages were lower than those required for proper growth and development of the grass, so the use of maintenance fertilization might be necessary. It is recommended to use these results to design other management options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous study demonstrated that obesity and associated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are increasing. However, the combination of obesity and GDM contribute to the pregnancy complication have yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to compare serum fructosamine, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus levels in the first, second, and third trimester in obese and non-obese pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus. We performed a prospective, case-control study in 30 obese women diagnosed with GDM, 30 non-obese pregnant women with GDM, and 30 non-obese and without GDM, age-matched pregnant women who were enrolled in the first, second, and third trimester and followed-up until delivery. Blood samples were collected once from each participant in the first trimester of pregnancy, during the fetal viability scan, once in the second trimester of gestation during screening for gestational diabetes mellitus, and once in the third trimester of gestation. Serum fructosamine, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus levels were measured. In the third trimester, fructosamine level (1.8 ± 0.08) was slightly higher in obese women who were diagnosed with GDM than in the second and first trimester (1.70 ± 0.12, 1.70 ± 0.09), respectively. But, in the third trimester, phosphorus levels were slightly lower in GDM women who were GDM women than in the first trimester. In the first, second, and third trimester, in these subjects, the mean levels of vitamin D and calcium were slightly different. Our data tend to support the concept that fructosamine, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus level assays can provide a good index of health control especially in obese. This study has increased our knowledge of biochemical changes in GDM among obese pregnant women with GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D is critical for bone homeostasis and immunomodulation. We therefore assessed whether 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D) deficiency in mice with targeted deletion of the gene encoding 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (1α(OH)ase [1αOH)ase-/- mice]) results in alveolar bone loss and periodontal inflammation in vivo.Methods: Ten-week-old and 12-month-old 1α(OH)ase-/- mice and wild-type littermates were fed a normal diet or a rescue diet, and the phenotype of the periodontium was then analyzed using microcomputed tomography, histology, immunohistochemistry, and real-time Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results: Alveolar bone loss was increased and maxillary bone mineral density (BMD), osteoblast numbers, and the number of osterix-positive cells were decreased significantly in 1α(OH)ase-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. Although aging from 10 weeks to 12 months accentuated these changes, and a rescue diet reduced them, the alterations in the 1α(OH)ase-/- mice exceeded the effects of aging and diet change. Nuclear factor kappa light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-кB) p65 and CD3 positive cells, and the gene expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and -8 were all increased significantly in periodontal tissues of 1α(OH)ase-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. Aging from 10 weeks to 12 months also accentuated these changes, and a rescue diet reduced them, however, the alterations in the 1α(OH)ase-/- mice exceeded the effects of aging and diet change.Conclusion: 1,25(OH)2 D deficiency in the 1α(OH)ase-/- mice accelerated alveolar bone loss by inhibiting osteoblastic bone formation and enhancing periodontal tissue degeneration in a calcium- and phosphorus- as well as an age-independent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de fósforo digestível de suínos em crescimento. Foram utilizados 70 suínos mestiços (35 machos castrados e 35 fêmeas), com peso médio inicial de 29,72±1,52 kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, sete repetições e dois animais (um macho e uma fêmea) por unidade experimental. O experimento teve duração de 21 dias. Os tratamentos consistiram de rações à base de milho e farelo de soja suplementadas com fosfato bicálcico, correspondendo a cinco níveis de fósforo digestível (0,19; 0,25; 0,30; 0,35 e 0,40%). Para cada nível de fósforo estudado, foi adicionado calcário buscando manter constante a relação cálcio:fósforo das dietas. O aumento dos níveis de fósforo digestível influenciou de maneira quadrática o consumo de ração e o ganho de peso, cujos valores máximos foram obtidos nos níveis de 0,32 e 0,31% de fósforo digestível, respectivamente. Não houve efeito dos níveis de fósforo digestível sobre a conversão alimentar. Os teores de cinzas e de cálcio analisados nos metatarsos não foram influenciados pelos níveis de fósforo digestível, enquanto o teor de fósforo apresentou resposta linear. A exigência de fósforo digestível para suínos alimentados com dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja é de 0,31%, que corresponde ao consumo diário de 5,87 g de fósforo digestível.This study was carried out to determine the digestible phosphorus requirement for growing swine. Seventy crossbred swine (35 castrated males and 35 females), with initial weight of 29.72±1.52 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, seven replicates and two animals (one male and one female) per experimental unit. The experiment lasted 21 days. The treatments were composed of diets formulated with corn and soybean meal, supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, corresponding to five levels of digestible phosphorus (0.19; 0.25; 0.30; 0.35 and 0.40%). For each phosphorus level, limestone was added to maintain the calcium:phosphorus ratio constant. The increase in digestible phosphorus influenced feed intake and weigh gain quadratically, and the maximum values for those parameters were obtained with the levels of 0.32 and 0.31% digestible phosphorus, respectively. There was no effect of digestible phosphorus levels on the feed:gain ratio. The ashes and calcium contents analyzed in the metatarsi were not influenced by digestible phosphorus levels, while the phosphorus content in bone showed linear response. The requirement of digestible phosphorus for pigs fed diets based on corn and soybean meal is 0.31%, corresponding to a daily intake of 5.87 g digestible phosphorus.

This study was carried out to determine the phytase levels in diets for growing swine selected for meat deposition. Sixty-four crossbred swine (32 barrows and 32 females), with an average initial weight of 23.311±2.254 kg were distributed in a block design with four treatments and eight replications of two animals (one male and one female) each. The treatments consisted of a control diet with vegetables ingredients, without dicalcium phosphate and phytase inclusion, containing 0.100% available phosphorus and three other diets obtained by the inclusion of 300, 600 and 1200 phytase units (FTU kg-1) to the control diet. Levels of phytase influenced linearly the daily weight gain and feed intake, increasing to the level of 293 and 307 FTU kg-1 diet, respectively, from which remained on a plateau. Feed conversion ratio decreased to 255 FTU kg-1 diet, and remained on a plateau. Levels of phytase did not affect the levels of ash and phosphorus in animal bone. There was decreasing linear effect of treatments on the biochemical results of alkaline phosphatase. The best results in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were obtained, respectively, with levels of 293, 307 and 255 FTU kg-1 of feed for pigs of high genetic potential for lean deposition during the 55 to 90 days of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, many contemporary forests are not continuous, but were established on former agricultural land in territories of deserted villages. We aimed to explore whether medieval settlement activities of only 60 years irreversibly changed soil properties and whether these changes were reflected by contemporary forest vegetation. The research was performed in the deserted village of Kří, which existed from 1357 to ca 1420 AD in a current oak forest on sandy soils in the Czech Republic. We identified four former land-use types (building sites, courtyards, the village square, and gardens), where we analyzed soil properties and plant species composition of the forest understory. Higher concentrations of plant-available P, K, Ca, and Mg as well as the total concentrations of organic C and trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, and Zn) were recorded at former building sites with neutral soils, compared to the other former land-use types with acidic soils. The four-times higher species richness at former building sites compared to the former gardens indicate the strong effect of soil pH and nutrient availability on plant species composition, even on the spatial scale of several square metres. Understanding recent patterns in soil properties and biodiversity in Central European forests requires detailed knowledge of former land use over centuries. Analysis of contemporary soil properties together with analysis of vegetation can help to identify former land-use types in deserted villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine how zinc deficiency or supplementation affects estrogen and progesterone and calcium and phosphorus levels in the serum. The study was carried out on 40 adult female rats of Spraque-Dawley species. The rats were allocated to four groups: Group 1: Control, Group 2: Ovariectomized (OVX) control. Group 3: OVX-Zinc-supplemented. Group 4: OVX-Zinc-deficient. Blood samples were taken from the experimental animals by decapitation method and analyzed in terms of estrogen, progesterone, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc levels. Group 1 had the highest estrogen levels (p<0.05). Estrogen levels in group 3 were higher than those in groups 2 and 4 (p<0.05). The lowest estrogen levels were found in group 4 (p<0.05). Progesterone levels were higher in group 1 than in groups 2, 3 and 4 and the same parameter in group 3 was higher than those in groups 2 and 4. The highest calcium and phosphorus levels were obtained in groups 1 and 3 (p<0.05). Calcium and phosphorus levels in group 2 were higher than those in group 4 (p<0.05). There was no difference among groups with regard to magnesium levels. Group 3 had the highest serum zinc levels (p<0.05). Zinc levels in group 1 were higher than those in groups 2 and 4 and the levels in group 2 were higher than those in group 4. Findings of the study show that zinc deficiency causes a significant decrease in calcium and phosphorus levels and that zinc supplementation prevents these adversities in ovariectomized rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the National Kidney Foundation's publication of "The K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease". Need for consideration of the differences in clinical features of management for renal osteodystrophy between Japan and the U.S.; Difference in the method of calcium correction; Difference in the timing of measurement.

This study analyzed the calcium and phosphorus content of extracted tooth roots exposed to the in vivo oral environment. 20 teeth were obtained from 16 patients and divided into two groups of 10 teeth each. In group I, the teeth had gingival probing depths of 5 mm or more, and teeth of group 2 had gingival recessions of 3 mm or more. Prior to extraction, the gingival margin location was recorded by placing a groove on the tooth surface. After extraction, the teeth were sectioned coronal-apically, air dried and coated with carbon. Energy dispersive X-ray spectra, excited in a scanning electron microscope, were analyzed to measure relative calcium and phosphorus contents and for calculation of their ratios. X-rays were collected from two positions on the sectioned root. Experimental positions were selected within the exposed portion of the roots of groups 1 and 2. and unexposed positions were selected from that portion of the same root with attached periodontal membrane. At each position, calcium and phosphorus content was measured at 4 depths into the root surface: in cementum, in dentin three-quarters of the distance to the pulp chamber, and at 2 locations in between on either side of the cemento-dentinal junction. Analysis of data demonstrated large variations in calcium and phosphorus content from surface to surface of individual teeth and from tooth to tooth in a subject. No statistically significant differences were found between experimental and unexposed locations. Calcium and phosphorus contents were greater in roots exposed to pockets when compared to roots exposed by recession at both experimental and unexposed locations. The mean calcium/phosphorus ratio of 1.8 was increased over reported values for hydroxyapatite. Trend analysis across combined data from groups I and 2 showed both calcium and phosphorus were significantly higher toward locations nearer to the pulp chamber. This study showed that the oral environment had little effect on either calcium or phosphorus content or ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With electron probe microanalysis the concentration of calcium and phosphorus was determined in central parts of tibia epiphyseal bone. Trabeculae from five men who had had a fracture of the ipsilateral tibia diaphysis were analyzed. The results were compared with those of five men who had suffered sudden death. There was an even distribution of calcium in the control cases: the mean value was 45 +/- 1 wt%. In the posttraumatic group of patients there was a lower mean and a greater scatter: 29 +/- 10 wt%. Also, the concentration of phosphorus was lower in the posttraumatic cases as compared with the cadavers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe and explore the effects of high-flux hemodialysis (HFHD) on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) . Methods Eighty-six patients with MHD in our hospital from August 2012 to February 2014 were selected and randomly divided into the observation group and the control group. 43 cases in the observation group were treated with HFHD, while 43 patients in the control group were treated with low-flux hemodialysis (LFHD). All patients accepted hemodialysis for 6 months. Calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone ( iPTH) and calcium-phosphorus product were measured and compared in the two groups before and after hemodialysis. Results The differences of calcium, phosphorus, iPTH and calcium-phosphorus product between two groups before treatment were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) . After hemodialysis, calcium, phosphorus, iPTH and calcium-phosphorus product were (3.2 ± 0.3) mmol/L, (1.8 ± 0.2) mmol/L, (156.5 ± 32.8) pg/mL and (32.5 ± 3.6) mg2/dL2 in the observation group, and were (2.1 ± 0.4) mmol/L, (2.1 ±0.2) mmol/L, (387.2 ± 74.5) pg/mL and (47.1 ± 4.3) mg²/dL² in the control group, respectively. The differences were statistically significant between the two groups (P < 0.05) . Conclusion HFHD can significantly eliminate phosphorus and iPTH, as well as improve serum calcium level in patients with MHD, thereby improving patient's calcium and phosphorus metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to determine correlations between individual and total body bone ash to identify the bone that is most representative of total body bone ash. Ten gilts and 10 barrows (BW: 40.8 kg) were allotted to 2 diets. The 2 diets were formulated to contain 60% or 100% of the requirement for standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P and STTD Ca with a STTD Ca:STTD P of 1.90:1, which is believed to maximize bone ash. Body weight and the amount of feed consumed by pigs were recorded on d 14 and 28 and carcass characteristics of all pigs were determined on d 28. Metacarpals, metatarsals, femur, tibia, fibula, ribs, and all other bones from the carcass were collected separately, defatted, and ashed. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and sex and BW within sex as random effects. Correlation coefficients between total and individual bones were determined. Overall, pigs fed the diet formulated to meet 100% of the requirement for Ca and P had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain and gain:feed compared with pigs fed the diet with 60% Ca and P, but there was no difference in average daily feed intake (Table 1). There was no effect of dietary Ca and P on carcass characteristics of pigs. Weights of bone ash were greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the diet with 100% rather than 60% of the requirement for Ca and P. Correlation coefficients between the weight of total bone ash and the weight of ashed metacarpals, metatarsals, and tibia were greater than 0.950 (P < 0.05), whereas correlation coefficient for femur, fibula, and ribs were less than 0.929 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, metacarpals, metatarsals, and tibia were more representative of total body bone ash compared with femur, fibula, and ribs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of several studies on the vitamin and mineral intake of weanling pigs. "Vitamin C and β-Carotene in Weanling Pig Diets," by D. M. Fernandez and J. A. Cuaron; "Determination of True Digestible Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements in Weaned Pigs," by M. Fan, Y. Shen, T. Archbold, A. Holt and Y. Yin; "Diet Buffer Capacity and Mineral Sources Alter Growth and Salmonella Prevalence in Nursery Pigs," by P. Bahnson, M. E. Glenn and T. D. Crenshaw; "Impact of Feeding Herbal Extracts and Additional Copper Plus Zinc on Growth Performance and Immune Function of Newly Weaned Piglets," by H. Namkung and C. F. M. de Lange.

Presents abstracts of several studies on the vitamin and mineral intake of weanling pigs. "Vitamin C and β-Carotene in Weanling Pig Diets," by D. M. Fernandez and J. A. Cuaron; "Determination of True Digestible Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements in Weaned Pigs," by M. Fan, Y. Shen, T. Archbold, A. Holt and Y. Yin; "Diet Buffer Capacity and Mineral Sources Alter Growth and Salmonella Prevalence in Nursery Pigs," by P. Bahnson, M. E. Glenn and T. D. Crenshaw; "Impact of Feeding Herbal Extracts and Additional Copper Plus Zinc on Growth Performance and Immune Function of Newly Weaned Piglets," by H. Namkung and C. F. M. de Lange.

The concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were determined in central parts of bone trabeculae in the human iliac crest by means of an energy dispersive microanalysis technique. Two age groups, each consisting of six suddenly diseased male subjects, were investigated. It was found that the concentrations of calcium and phosphorus did not differ between young and old men. The obtained mean values were fairly alike and determined to 40 and 17 weight %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meltability, melt profile parameters, and hardness of cheddar cheese prepared with varying levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content, residual lactose content, and salt-to-moisture ratio were studied at 0,1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mo of ripening. Meltability, melt profile parameters, and hardness of cheddar cheeses measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mo of ripening showed significant interaction between the levels of Ca and P, residual lactose, salt-to-moisture ratio, and ripening time for most of the properties studied. cheddar cheese prepared with high Ca and P (0.67% Ca and 0.53% P) resulted in up to 6.2%, 4.5%, 9.6%, 5.0%, and 22.8% increase in softening time, softening temperature, melting time, melting temperature, and hardness, respectively, and 23.5%, 9.6%, and 3.2% decrease in meltability, flow rate, and extent of flow, respectively, compared to the cheddar cheese prepared with low Ca and P (0.53% Ca and 0.39% P). cheddar cheese prepared with high lactose (1.4%) content resulted in up to 7.7%, 7.0%, 4.9%, 4.2%, and 24.6% increase in softening time, softening temperature, melting time, melting temperature, and hardness, respectively, and 14.7%, 12.7%, and 2.8% decrease in meltability, flow rate, and extent of flow respectively compared to the cheddar cheese prepared with low lactose (0.78%) content. cheddar cheese prepared with high salt-to-moisture ratio (6.4%) resulted in up to 21.8%, 11.3%, 12.9%, 4.1%, and 29.4% increase in softening time, softening temperature, melting time, melting temperature, and hardness, respectively, and 13.2%, 28.6%, and 2.6% decrease in meltability, flow rate, and extent of flow, respectively, compared to the cheddar cheese prepared with low salt-to-moisture ratio (4.8%) during ripening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effects of administering a mixture of subchronic lead acetate (Pb (NO3)2) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2·2.5H2O) on the bone metabolism of rats. A control group and three experimental groups consisted of randomly selected rats. Rats in each experimental group were orally administered with a mixture of Pb (NO3)2 and CdCl2·2.5H2O with the following respective doses for 90 consecutive days: 0 mg/kg body weight b.w. (Group I, to serve as a control), 29.96 mg/kg b.w. (Group II, 29.25 + 0.71), 89.88 mg/kg b.w. (Group III, 87.74 + 2.14), and 269.65 mg/kg b.w. (Group IV, 263.23 + 6.42). Serum osteocalcin (OC) and bone-specific alkaline phosphates (BALP) were considered as bone-formation markers, whereas carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX) in serum acted as bone resorption markers. Calcitonin (CT) and parathormone (PTH) were tested as calciotropic hormones markers. The (Ca) and phosphorus (Pi) concentrations in the serum and urine were determined. These results were indicated by a significant (P < 0.05 - P < 0.01) increase in BALP, CTX, and PTH concentrations and decrease in CT and OC concentrations. Moreover, the concentrations of Ca and Pi in the serum were decreased, whereas those in urine increased. Results indicated that the administration of Pb and Cd induced bone metabolism disorders by decreasing bone formation and increasing bone resorption to destroy the hormonal regulation of mineral metabolism as a result of Ca and Pi imbalance.

This study aims to investigate the effects of low-dose subchronic exposure to lead acetate (Pb(NO₃)₂) and cadmium chloride (CdCl₂·2.5H₂O) on bone in rats. The rats were assigned randomly to a control group and three experimental groups that were given the mixture of Pb(NO₃)₂ and CdCl₂·2.5H₂O by gastric gavage at doses of 0 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) (Group I, to serve as a control), 29.96 mg/kg b.w. (Group II, 29.25+0.71), 89.88 mg/kg b.w. (Group III, 87.74+2.14), and 269.65 mg/kg b.w. (Group IV, 263.23+6.42) for at least 90 consecutive days. Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (Pi) contents in the bone were determined. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the tibia and femur region by dual-energy X-ray absorbsiometry. The histopathology of bone was evaluated by light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The BMD of rats in the experimental group was significantly lower and the contents of Ca and Pi were decreased than those in the control group. The histopathological evaluation showed that co-induction of Pb and Cd results in bone microstructure damage, especially to trabecular bone, marrow cavity, collagen fiber, and osteoblast. In general, results indicate that combining Pb with Cd induces bone damage and increases the risk of osteoporosis.