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Introduction Multiple myeloma (MM) patients with renal impairment (RI), especially dialysis-dependent (DD) RI, have poorer outcomes than MM patients with normal renal function. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a treatment option, but there is concern at a perceived higher risk of complications which may be limiting consideration of the use of ASCT in this population. The evidence is inconsistent among studies and interpretation is complicated by heterogeneous datasets, some dating to before the availability of novel agents. Finally, the reversibility of RI following ASCT is an important prognostic factor for both survival and quality of life. Aim To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ASCT in MM patients with DD RI transplanted in EBMT centres between 1997 and 2017. Methods Baseline characteristics at diagnosis, patient treatment regimens and clinical outcomes were collected using standardised report forms. OS was defined as the period between the date of ASCT and the date of death or the date of last observation. PFS was defined as the period between the date of ASCT and date of progression/relapse or death of any causes or the date of the last observation. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was applied to assess risk factors for progression and death. Survival curves were plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank test. P Results A total of 109,959 adult MM patients are registered in the EBMT database as having undergone ASCT between 1997 and 2017. We further analysed 118 DD MM patients who had a first ASCT during this period. The median (range) age was 57 (27-71) years. Seventy (59%) patients were males. Forty nine patients (49/94 patients, 52%) had Karnofsky score ≥90. One hundred and ten patients were treated with hemodialysis and eight with peritoneal dialysis. A total of 68 (58%) patients had Light Chain MM, 43 kappa and 25 Lambda. In first-line induction therapy, 47/76 (62%) patients received bortezomib-based regimens. Forty-four (37%) patients achieved at least VGPR pre-ASCT. The median time from diagnosis to ASCT was 0.7 years (0.3-4.9). Melphalan doses were as follows: 140 mg/m2 (n=55, 67%), 70-100 mg/m2 (n=15, 18%), and >140 mg/m2 (n=12, 15%). The times to Neutrophil (>0.5) and Platelet (>20) engraftment were 12 (10-37) and 14 (4-128) days, respectively. The 30-day and 100-day transplant-related mortality (TRM) rates were 0.0% and 0.9%, respectively. ASCT was associated with a significant deepening of response (at least VGPR pre- vs post-ASCT: 36/93 (39%) vs 48/93 (52%), p < 0.001). The median PFS was 37 months (95% CI: 24-43) and 5-year PFS was 31% (95% CI: 20-41). The median OS was 102 months (95% CI: 67-129). Five-year OS post-ASCT was 62% (52-72) and 10-year OS 36% (17-55). Thirty-one (26%) DD MM patients achieved dialysis independence. There were no differences in PFS or OS when comparing the 1997-2007 and 2008-2017 cohorts: 5-year PFS - 28% (6-49) vs 31% (19-43) (p=0.7) and 5-year OS - 61% (38-84) vs 63% (51-74) (p=0.9), respectively. On univariate analysis of factors affecting PFS, achievement of an Overall Response Rate (ORR) (CR+VGPR+PR vs. Other) pre-ASCT was associated with a lower risk (HR 0.467, p=0.032) and older age (>55 years) with a higher risk (HR 1.786, p=0.035) of post-ASCT progression. Age higher than 55 (HR 2.033, 95%CI: 0.992 - 4.166, p=0.053) increased and achievement of at least VGPR pre-transplant (HR 0.494, 95%CI: 0.224 - 1.091, p=0.081, on the verge of statistical significance) decreased the risk of death. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, the DIADEM study is the largest analysis of ASCT in DD MM pts to date. This cohort of 118 unselected patients had an OS comparable to patients without RI. This may reflect patient selection based on younger age, Karnofsky scores and pre-ASCT response. The low TRM and excellent outcomes support consideration of the use of ASCT in pts with DD RI. Notably, more than a quarter of patients became dialysis independent, an outcome likely to confer an improved Quality-of-Life.. These results can also inform the debate around the role of renal transplantation in younger DD MM patients who do not achieve dialysis independence. Disclosures Snowden: IDMC: Honoraria; Kiadis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Honoraria; Mallinckrodt: Honoraria; Jazz: Honoraria; Gilead: Honoraria. Dreger:MSD: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Sponsoring of Symposia; AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Riemser, Roche: Consultancy; AbbVie, Gilead, Novartis, Riemser, Roche: Speakers Bureau; Neovii, Riemser: Research Funding. Illés:Takeda, Seattle: Research Funding; Janssen, Celgene, Novartis, Takeda, Roche, Pfizer: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Basak:Teva: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Gyan:Pfizer: Honoraria. Hayden:Alnylam: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria. Beksac:Amgen: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Janssen&Janssen: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy. Schönland:Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Medac: Other: Travel Grant; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Prothena: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.

In recent years, greater polarization in incomes and growth in wealthy consumers have fueled new opportunities in luxury markets. As firms launched luxury brands, some have thrived as others stumbled. One very important difference between those who succeed and those who struggle, we suggest, is brand authenticity. Scholars have studied authenticity extensively, and research has isolated different sources of authenticity. How firms draw on these sources to create legitimate luxury brands has, however, received surprisingly little attention. In this paper, we discuss the research on the sources of brand authenticity, and explore how brands rely on those sources to craft authentic luxury brands. Using the experience of Canada Goose and Shinola, we illustrate how one firm drew on multiple sources of authenticity and, through the symbolism of its actions, successfully created an authentic luxury brand. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for other firms seeking to enter the luxury market.

To assess the validity of neurosonological parameters (transorbital sonography (TOS)) for detection and monitoring of patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).Prospective, single-center, case-controlled study in 25 patients with IIH and 19 controls. Visual parameters of papilledema, visual acuity, computerized static threshold perimetry, fundus examination, and neurosonological parameters of papilledema/optic disc elevation (ODE), optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and optic nerve diameter (OND) were recorded at baseline and only for patients with IIH again within 6 months.ONSD was significantly enlarged among individuals with IIH (6.2 ± 0.73 mm) compared to controls (4.99 ± 0.54 mm; p 0.001). Bilateral ODE was found in 36/50 eyes in patients at their initial visit and in none of the controls. Re-evaluation 6 months later showed a significant reduction of ONSD (6.0 ± 0.7 mm; p = 0.024) and ODE (0.2 (0-1) mm; p ≤0.001). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and square root of lost variance (sLV) remained stable. Headache intensity (Numeric rating scale, NRS) improved significantly p 0.001. When compared to patients with first diagnosed IIH (n = 18), the subset of patients with preexisting IIH with acute relapse (n = 7) showed persistent but reduced levels of ICP increase. They also presented significant decrease of BVCA (p = 0.01) and mean defect (MD) (p = 0.012). Re-evaluation 6 months later showed significant change in ODE in both groups.Our study confirmed that TOS and ophthalmological parameters are a valuable and non-invasive method to detect and monitor elevated ICP in IIH.

Purpose To investigate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of endoscopic transconjunctival transorbital deep lateral wall decompression for thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). Design Prospective single-surgeon interventional case series. Methods Twenty-two patients (39 orbits) diagnosed with TAO without dysthyroid optic neuropathy were enrolled in this study. All the patients underwent endoscopic transconjunctival transorbital deep lateral wall decompression for proptosis reduction. The data, including measurement on exophthalmometry, volumetric change on computerized tomography, and surgery-related complications, were analyzed. Results We observed a proptosis reduction (mean, 3.42±0.87 mm; range, 2.10–5.52 mm) and a corresponding decrease in the bony volume of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone (mean, 1.89±0.81 cm3; range, 0.56–3.79 cm3) postoperatively. Pre-existing diplopia improved in five patients (22.72%). Transient zygomaticotemporal hypoaesthesia developed in all patients while cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in one orbit (2.56%). No patient complained of temporal hollowing, oscillopsia, new-onset or worsening diplopia during follow-up. Conclusion Endoscopic transconjunctival transorbital deep lateral wall decompression is an effective and minimally invasive treatment for proptosis reduction in TAO patients. The surgery-related complications with this technique were fewer compared with traditional approaches.

Introduction:Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by arterial and/or venous thrombosis in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Recently, derangement in the complement pathway has been implicated in APS pathophysiology. Refractory cases of APS with recurrent and potentially fatal thrombosis have prompted use of the monoclonal antibody eculizumab, which inhibits generation of the terminal complement complex. We present the successful use of eculizumab in controlling and preventing recurrent thrombosis in a refractory case of APS. Case Description:An 18-year-old female received a diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome after developing extensive unprovoked deep vein thrombosis of axillary, inferior vena caval and brachiocephalic veins. Thrombophilia evaluation revealed triple positivity for lupus anti-coagulant (LA), beta-2 glycoprotein I (GP) IgG 84.9 SGU Units, IgM 76.5 SMU Units, IgA 66.7 SAU Units and strongly positive anti-cardiolipin (aCL) antibodies (each >>40U/mL) with persistent positive titers after 12 weeks of initial evaluation. She was refractory with trials of multiple anticoagulants alone and with antiplatelet and adjunctive therapies. Anticoagulants used were enoxaparin, fondaparinux, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and warfarin; antiplatelet agents used were aspirin and clopidogrel; and adjunctive therapies included hydroxychloroquine, immunosuppression with steroids and rituximab, and plasmapheresis. Despite these interventions, she continued to develop recurrent thrombosis of subclavian, femoral, common femoral, iliac, popliteal and saphenous veins. She additionally developed a potentially life-threatening hepatic infarction and pulmonary embolism, and 6 weeks of plasma exchange failed to decrease antiphospholipid antibody titers. Following this event, eculizumab (600mg weekly x 4 weeks, followed by 900mg once on week 5, followed by 900mg every 2 weeks) was initiated in combination with fondaparinux, aspirin, clopidogrel, and hydroxychloroquine. She has remained on this regimen with additional anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy without recurrence of thrombosis over the subsequent year. Discussion:Recent evidence has shown complement activation playing a role in pathophysiology of antiphospholipid syndrome. This is thought to occur through C3 and C5a causing platelet and endothelial activation, leading to microvascular thrombosis. Histological evidence of such processes is supported by the demonstration of anti-beta-2 GP1 IgG-C5b-9 immune complexes in microvascular organ thrombi in individuals with APS leading to thrombotic microangiopathy and multiorgan failure. Such evidence of complement induced thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome led us to use eculizumab following failure of available therapies including anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, immune modulation and plasmapheresis in a potentially life-threatening event. Absence of recurrent thrombotic events over approximately one year with eculizumab combined with anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy highlights the potential role of complement inhibition in preventing thrombosis in APS. While the role of complement in thrombosis continues to be elucidated, we have observed no decline in antiphospholipid antibody levels in a span of one year in our patient. Importantly, there has been no recurrent thrombosis during this time. Our case suggests that eculizumab may have a role as a therapeutic option in refractory thrombosis in APS. Chronology of Events:Eculizumab initiated on 9/5/2019. No evidence of venous or arterial thrombosis since 10/2019 to present. Figure Disclosures Tarantino: Pfizer:Other;Genentech:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Octapharma:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Dova:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;CDC:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Grifols:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau;Amgen:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Biomarin:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;NovoNordisk:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau;Takeda:Research Funding;HRSA:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Spark:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Sobi:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.McCrae:Rigel:Consultancy;Novartis:Honoraria;Momenta Pharmaceuticals:Consultancy;Dova:Consultancy.Chaturvedi:Sanofi:Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Alexion:Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.Roberts:Octapharma:Consultancy, Speakers Bureau;uniQure:Consultancy;Sanofi:Consultancy, Speakers Bureau;Novo Nordisk:Consultancy, Speakers Bureau;Pfizer:Consultancy;Takeda:Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. OffLabel Disclosure: eculizumab for treatment of refractory thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome

OBJECTIVE The petrous apex (PA) is one of the most challenging areas in skull base surgery because it is surrounded by numerous critical neurovascular structures. The authors analyzed the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) and transorbital approach (TOA) procedures for lesions involving PA to determine the perspectives and proper applications of these two approaches. METHODS The authors included patients younger than 80 years with lesions involving PA who were treated between May 2015 and December 2019 and had regular follow-up MR images available for analysis. Patients with meningioma involving petroclival regions were excluded. The authors classified PA into three regions: superior to the petrous segment of the internal carotid artery (p-ICA) (zone 1); posterior to p-ICA (zone 2); and inferior to p-ICA (zone 3). Demographic data, preoperative clinical and radiological findings, surgical outcomes, and morbidities were reviewed. RESULTS A total of 19 patients with lesions involving PA were included. Ten patients had malignant tumor (chondrosarcoma, chordoma, and osteosarcoma), and 6 had benign tumor (schwannoma, Cushing’s disease, teratoma, etc.). Three patients had PA cephalocele (PAC). Thirteen patients underwent EEA, and 5 underwent TOA. Simultaneous combined EEA and TOA was performed on 1 patient. Thirteen of 16 patients (81.3%) had gross- or near-total resection. Tumors within PA were completely resected from 13 of 16 patients using a view limited to only the PA. Complete obliteration of PAC was achieved in all patients. Postoperative complications included 2 cases of CSF leak, 1 case of injury to ICA, 1 fatality due to sudden herniation of the brainstem, and 1 case of postoperative diplopia. CONCLUSIONS EEA is a versatile surgical approach for lesions involving all three zones of PA. Clival tumor spreading to PA in a medial-to-lateral direction is a good indication for EEA. TOA provided a direct surgical corridor to the superior portion of PA (zone 1). Patients with disease with cystic nature are good candidates for TOA. TOA may be a reasonable alternative surgical treatment for select pathologies involving PA.

Sevoflurane was first synthesized independently by Richard Wallin and Bernard Regan at Travenol Laboratories Incorporated and Ross Terrell and Louise Croix at Airco, Inc in the late 1960s, and subsequent animal studies and a phase-1 human trial of the agent published in 1981 showed promising results. Further research in the United States was halted, however, because of concerns regarding potential nephrotoxicity and the introduction of less degradable alternatives. Interest in sevoflurane resumed in Japan when Maruishi Pharmaceutical Company, Limited (Ltd) (Maruishi) decided to continue its development in 1982. They secured approval by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare for its clinical use in January 1990. Because of its low blood:gas partition coefficient and resulting rapid action, sevoflurane quickly became the anesthetic of choice of Japanese anesthesiologists. In 1992 Abbott Laboratories, now AbbVie, Inc (Abbott, North Chicago, IL) finalized a licensing agreement with Maruishi to seek the US Food and Drug Administration approval for sevoflurane sales in the United States. Approved in June 1995, sevoflurane is now marketed by Abbott in 120 countries and has been administered >120 million times. This report details the Japanese contribution to the development of sevoflurane.

OBJECTIVE The optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) excluding the dura mater (ONSDE; i.e., the subarachnoid diameter) and the ONSD including the dura mater (ONSDI) have been used differently in studies, but the predictive ability of these two different measurements of the ONSD as measured by invasive intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring has never been compared. Additionally, studies on the prediction of ICP using central retinal artery (CRA) Doppler ultrasonography are scarce. The authors aimed to determine how the two different ONSD measurements, the ONSD/eyeball transverse diameter (ETD) ratio, and transorbital Doppler ultrasonography parameters are associated with ICP via external ventricular drainage (EVD). METHODS This prospective observational study included 50 patients with brain injury who underwent EVD between August 2019 and September 2020. The mean of three repeated measurements of the ONSDI and ONSDE was calculated to reduce artifact and off-axis measurements. ETD, an immutable value, was measured from the initial brain CT with a clear outline of the eyeball. Simultaneously, flow velocities in the CRA and posterior ciliary artery (PCA) were compared with the ICP. RESULTS The ONSDE, ONSDI, and ONSD/ETD ratio were significantly associated with ICP (p = 0.005, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The ONSD/ETD ratio showed the highest predictive power of increased ICP (area under the curve [AUC] 0.897). The ONSDI was correlated more with the ICP than was the ONSDE (AUC 0.855 vs 0.783). None of the Doppler ultrasonography parameters in the CRA and PCA were associated with ICP. CONCLUSIONS The ONSD/ETD ratio is a better predictor of increased ICP compared with the ONSDI or ONSDE in brain-injured patients with nonsevere ICP. The ONSDI may be more available for predicting the ICP than the ONSDE.

Introduction. A transorbital intracranial injury with a foreign body can be a very complex and controversial therapeutic problem. The orbit's content is susceptible to penetrating trauma, and neurovascular skull base structures are at high risk from injury. There are some traditional cranial surgical approaches, and more recently reported different endoscopic approaches for treating this kind of injury. Case report. We present a case of a 30-year-old male who had an accident at work when a piece of wood hit him in his head and entered through the medial aspect of his left orbit with skull base and cavernous sinus injury. Rapid and complete radiological and clinical assessments were performed, and the patient was treated in a minimally invasive manner. The foreign body was manually extracted with an endoscopic and endovascular team ready to treat adverse events. No postoperative complications were reported, and visual acuity increased at one month follow up. Conclusion. Penetrating wounds of the orbit represent a challenge that requires a multidisciplinary assessment and well-organized management. Combined endoscopic minimally invasive approaches should be considered during the treatment of this kind of injury.

The recent emergence of Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) enables the Autonomous Intersection Management (AIM) system, replacing traffic signals and human driving operations for improved safety and road efficiency. When CAVs approach an intersection, AIM schedules their intersection usage in a collision-free manner while minimizing their waiting times. In practice, however, there are pedestrian road-crossing requests and spillback problems, a blockage caused by the congestion of the downstream intersection when the traffic load exceeds the road capacity. As a result, collisions occur when CAVs ignore pedestrians or are forced to the congested road. In this article, we present a cooperative AIM system, named Roadrunner+ , which simultaneously considers CAVs, pedestrians, and upstream/downstream intersections for spillback handling, collision avoidance, and efficient CAV controls. The performance of Roadrunner+ is evaluated with the SUMO microscopic simulator. Our experimental results show that Roadrunner+ has 15.16% higher throughput than other AIM systems and 102.53% higher throughput than traditional traffic signals. Roadrunner+ also reduces 75.62% traveling delay compared to other AIM systems. Moreover, the results show that CAVs in Roadrunner+ save up to 7.64% in fuel consumption, and all the collisions caused by spillback are prevented in Roadrunner+.

Background Resection of pure intraorbital tumors is challenging owing to the nearness of the optic apparatus. The objective of this article was to report our experience with different intraorbital tumors and discuss classic approaches and obstacles. Methods A retrospective case series of patients who underwent surgery for intraorbital tumors at a tertiary neurosurgical center between June 2007 and January 2020 was performed. Results The study included 34 patients (median age 58 years; range, 18–87 years; 55.9% [19/34] female, 44.1% [15/34] male). Preoperative proptosis was observed in 67.6% (23/34); visual impairment, in 52.9% (18/34); diplopia, in 41.2% (14/34); and ptosis, in 38.3% (13/34). Intraconal tumors were found in 58.8% (20/34). The most common lesions were cavernous hemangiomas in 26.5% (9/34) and metastases in 14.7% (5/34). Gross total resection rate was 73.5% (25/34). Planned biopsy was performed in 14.7% (5/34). Median follow-up time was 15.5 months (interquartile range: 0–113 months). Surgical approaches included supraorbital approach (23.5% [8/34]), pterional approach (52.9% [18/34]), lateral orbitotomy (14.7% [5/34]), transnasal approach (5.9% [2/34]), and combined transnasal approach/lateral orbitotomy (2.9% [1/34]). Excluding planned biopsies, gross total resection was achieved in 80.0% (12/15) with pterional approach, 100% (7/7) with supraorbital approach, 80.0% (4/5) with lateral orbitotomy, and 100% (1/1) with transnasal approach/lateral orbitotomy. Complication rate requiring surgical intervention was 11.8% (4/34). Conclusions Considering the low operative morbidity and satisfactory functional outcome, gross total resection of intraorbital lesions is feasible. We support use of classic transcranial and transorbital approaches. More invasive and complicated approaches were not needed in our series.

DISCLOSURES: Funding for this summary was contributed by Arnold Ventures, The Donaghue Foundation, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan to the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), an independent organization that evaluates the evidence on the value of health care interventions. ICER's annual policy summit is supported by dues from AbbVie, America's Health Insurance Plans, Anthem, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Blue Shield of CA, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Cambia Health Services, CVS, Editas, Evolve Pharmacy, Express Scripts, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Harvard Pilgrim, Health Care Service Corporation, HealthFirst, Health Partners, Humana, Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), Kaiser Permanente, LEO Pharma, Mallinckrodt, Merck, Novartis, National Pharmaceutical Council, Pfizer, Premera, Prime Therapeutics, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Life Financial, uniQure, and United Healthcare. Whittington, Rind, and Pearson are employed by ICER. Through their affiliated institutions, Synnott and Lin received funding from ICER for the work described in this summary. In addition, Synnott reports support from Biogen for the Tufts Medical Center Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry, which is maintained by the Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health.

A clinical case of transvenous transorbital endovascular embolization of dural carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) is presented. CCF is a complex pathology of cerebral vessels, with the formation of abnormal arterial blood flow into the cavernous sinus. An increase in pressure in the venous sinus to a level that exceeds venous pressure and reaches blood pressure leads to the stagnation in the structures from which venous blood flows normally. The first symptom of the disease is a pulsating noise in the temporal region observed in most patients with CCF. Ophthalmic symptoms are represented by signs of impaired venous outflow from the eye and orbit regardless of the source of blood supply to the CCF. In the clinical course of disease, the following ophthalmic symptoms prevail: exophthalmos, injection of the eye, eyelid edema, chemosis, oculomotor disorders, increased intraocular pressure. The prognosis of the spontaneous course of the disease with CCF is unfavo­rable. Recovery occurs in 5–10 % of cases, mortality makes up to 15 % of intracranial bleedings, 50–60 % of patients are disabled due to vision loss and mental disorders. The main method of treatment is the endovascular embolization of CCF using various methods: balloon catheters, coils, clotting liquid compositions. The transvenous access is performed through the internal jugular vein and the inferior petrosal sinus. Catheterization is not possible with inferior petrosal sinus thrombosis. The method of choice may be direct surgical puncture of the superior ophthalmic vein. The presented clinical case demonstrates embolization of the fistula by implantation of coils using transvenous transorbital access through the superior ophthalmic vein, when the traditional endovascular transvenous access cannot be administered — through the internal jugular vein and inferior petrosal sinus. Three month follow-up demonstrated normal blood flow in the cavernous sinus. The clinical case shows the importance of early diagnosis for the timely embolization of the fistula from the bloodstream in order to maintain vision function. Transvenous access through the superior ophthalmic vein for the first time was used in Ukraine., Представлен клинический случай эндоваскулярного выключения дурального каротидно-кавернозного соустья (ККС) трансвенозным трансорбитальным доступом. ККС — сложная патология сосудов головного мозга, при которой происходит формирование аномального шунтирования артериальной крови в кавернозный синус. Повышение давления в венозном синусе до уровня, который превышает венозное давление и достигает артериального давления, приводит к застойным явлениям в структурах, от которых оттекает венозная кровь в кавернозный синус в норме. Первый симптом заболевания — пульсирующий шум в височной области, наблюдается у большинства больных с ККС. Независимо от источника кровоснабжения ККС офтальмологическая симптоматика представлена признаками нарушения венозного оттока от глаза и орбиты. В клинической картине заболевания преобладает офтальмологическая симптоматика: экзофтальм, застойная инъекция глазного яблока, отек век, хемоз, глазодвигательные нарушения, офтальмогипертензия. Прогноз спонтанного течения заболевания при ККС неблагоприятен. Выздоровление происходит в 5–10 % случаев, летальность до 15 % от внутричерепного кровотечения, 50–60 % больных инвалидизированы вследствие потери зрения и психических нарушений. Основным методом лечения больных с ККС является эндоваскулярное выключение соустья из кровотока при помощи разных методов: баллон-катетеров, спиралей, использования жидких тромбирующих веществ. Венозный подход проводят через внутреннюю яремную вену и нижний каменистый синус (НКС). В случае тромбированного НКС катетеризация не всегда возможна. В связи с этим выполнение прямой хирургической пункции верхней глазной вены может быть методом выбора. Представленный клинический случай демонстрирует разобщение соустья путем имплантации спиралей трансвенозным трансорбитальным доступом через верхнюю глазную вену при невозможности проведения традиционного эндоваскулярного трансвенозного подхода через внутреннюю яремную вену и НКС. При проведении контрольной церебральной ангиографии, через 3 месяца, признаков патологического кровотока в области кавернозного синуса не выявлено. Клинический случай свидетельствует о важности ранней диагностики для своевременного выключения соустья из кровотока с целью сохранения функции зрения. Применение трансвенозного доступа через верхнюю глазную вену выполнено впервые в Украине., Наведено клінічний випадок ендоваскулярного виключення дурального каротидно-кавернозного співустя (ККС) трансвенозним трансорбітальним доступом. ККС — складна патологія судин головного мозку, при якій відбувається формування аномального шунтування артеріальної крові в кавернозний синус. Підвищення тиску в венозному синусі до рівня, що перевищує венозний тиск та досягає артеріального тиску, призводить до застійних явищ у структурах, від яких відтікає венозна кров у кавернозний синус у нормі. Перший симптом захворювання — пульсуючий шум у скроневій ділянці, спостерігається у більшості хворих із ККС. Незалежно від джерела кровопостачання ККС офтальмологічна симптоматика представлена ознаками порушення венозного відтоку від ока й орбіти. У клінічному перебігу захворювання переважає офтальмологічна симптоматика: екзофтальм, застійна ін’єкція очного яблука, набряк повік, хемоз, окорухові порушення, офтальмогіпертензія. Прогноз спонтанного перебігу захворювання при ККС несприятливий. Одужання відбувається в 5–10 % випадків, летальність до 15 % від внутрішньочерепної кровотечі, 50–60 % хворих інвалідизовані внаслідок втрати зору і психічних порушень. Основним методом лікування хворих із ККС є ендоваскулярне виключення співустя за допомогою різних методів: балон-катетерів, спіралей, використання рідких тромбуючих речовин. Венозний підхід проводять через внутрішню яремну вену та нижній кам’янистий синус (НКС). У випадку тромбованого НКС катетеризація через нього не завжди можлива. У зв’язку з цим виконання прямої хірургічної пункції верхньої очної вени може бути методом вибору. Наведений клінічний випадок демонструє роз’єднання співустя шляхом імплантації спіралей трансвенозним трансорбітальним доступом через верхню очну вену при неможливості виконання традиційного ендоваскулярного трансвенозного підходу через внутрішню яремну вену та НКС. При проведенні контрольної церебральної ангіографії, через 3 місяці, ознак патологічного кровотоку в ділянці кавернозного синуса не виявлено. Клінічний випадок свідчить про важливість ранньої діагностики для своєчасного виключення співустя з кровотоку з метою збереження функції зору. Застосування трансвенозного доступу через верхню очну вену виконано вперше в Україні.

DISCLOSURES: Funding for this summary was contributed by Arnold Ventures, California Health Care Foundation, The Donaghue Foundation, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan to the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), an independent organization that evaluates the evidence on the value of health care interventions. ICER's annual policy summit is supported by dues from AbbVie, Aetna, America's Health Insurance Plans, Anthem, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Blue Shield of CA, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Cambia Health Services, CVS, Editas, Evolve Pharmacy, Express Scripts, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Harvard Pilgrim, Health Care Service Corporation, HealthFirst, Health Partners, Humana, Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), Kaiser Permanente, LEO Pharma, Mallinckrodt, Merck, Novartis, National Pharmaceutical Council, Pfizer, Premera, Prime Therapeutics, Regeneron, Sanofi, Spark Therapeutics, uniQure, and United Healthcare. Beinfeld, Fluetsch, and Pearson are employed by ICER. Ollendorf received funding from ICER for work on this summary and reports consulting and other personal fees from EMD Serono, Amgen, Analysis Group, Aspen Institute/University of Southern California, GalbraithWight, Cytokinetics, Executive Insight, Sunovion, University of Colorado, World Health Organization, and Eli Lilly, unrelated to this work. Lee and McQueen received funding from ICER for work on this summary.

BACKGROUND: Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens for hepatitis C virus (HCV) have varying potentials for drug-drug interactions (DDIs). OBJECTIVES: To (1) identify prevalence of potential DDI with glecaprevir-pibrentasvir (GLE-PIB) and sofosbuvir-velpatasvir (SOF-VEL) and (2) describe health care provider actions in response to pharmacist recommendations based on potential interactions with GLE-PIB or SOF-VEL, using 2 complementary data sources. METHODS: Possible interacting drugs were identified among adult patients in a United States electronic medical record database covering 21 health care organizations and 26 million patients in 2018. DDIs were categorized as potential weak interaction (Level 1), potential interaction (Level 2), or contraindicated (Level 3). Real-world recommendations and resultant actions regarding DDIs with GLE-PIB and SOF-VEL were obtained from a specialty pharmacy database. Categorical variable comparisons were done via chi-square analysis with subsequent z-tests of column proportions. RESULTS: DDI prevalence was higher for patients prescribed GLE-PIB (317/769 [41%]) compared with those prescribed SOF-VEL (170/633 [27%]), and the prevalence of a Level 3 (contraindicated) interaction was higher with GLE-PIB than SOF-VEL (61/769 [8%] vs 2/633 [< 1%]). Across all DDI levels, analgesics (139/317 [44%]), proton-pump inhibitors (129/317 [41%]), and lipid-lowering agents (59/317 [19%]) were the top drug classes for the GLE-PIB group with potential for DDI. For SOF-VEL prescribed patients, the top drug classes were proton-pump inhibitors (83/170 [49%]), histamine-2 blockers (42/170[25%]), and lipid-lowering agents (42/170 [25%]). In real-world care management, the overall prevalence of pharmacist recommendations regarding DDIs was significantly lower for SOF-VEL (28/419 [7%]) relative to GLE-PIB (151/1,216 [12%]). Recommended guidance from pharmacists was not followed for 39% (69/179) of patients, 36% (54/151) for GLE-PIB, and 54% (15/28) for SOF-VEL. CONCLUSIONS: The potential for DDIs with pangenotypic HCV DAAs is frequent and may be more frequent with GLE-PIB than SOF-VEL. Physician responses to pharmacist alerts regarding potential interaction can be highly variable, even in cases of contraindication. DISCLOSURES: Funding for this study was provided by Gilead Sciences, Inc. Trio Health Analytics received funding from Gilead Sciences, Inc., to conduct research for this study. Tsai consults for and has received grants and honoraria from Gilead, AbbVie, Merck, and Bristol Myers Squibb; he has also received lecture fees from Gilead and AbbVie. Curry consults for Trio Health Analytics and Gilead and has also consulted for and received grants from Mallinckrodt. Flamm consults for and has received lecture fees from Gilead and AbbVie; he has also received grants from Gilead and AbbVie. Milligan and Wick are employed by Trio Health Analytics and have received research support from Gilead, Merck, and AbbVie. Younossi has received grants from Gilead, Intercept, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, and Novo Nordisk. Afdhal is a paid consultant/advisory board member for Gilead, Echosens, Ligand, Shionogi, and Trio Health; owns stock in Spring-Bank and Allurion and has stock options in SpringBank; receives royalty income from UpToDate; and is on the board of directors for the nonprofit Liver Institute for Education and Research. Data from this study were presented at the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD) Liver Meeting 2019; November 8-12, 2019; Boston, MA, and the European Association for Study of the Liver (EASL) International Liver Congress 2020; August 27-29, 2020; virtual.

Aims and objectives To explore experienced ward-based Registered Nurses' views on the potential use of standing orders, prior to the escalation protocol, for patient deterioration. Background Ward based nurses are required to follow set steps of the escalation protocol. The introduction of standing order policies would allow nurses to intervene earlier when deterioration was first detected. Design Hermeneutic Phenomenology. Methods Ten experienced ward-based RNs were recruited. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, with the data subjected to thematic analysis. Diekelmann's framework was used to analyse the texts, seeking the highest level of hermeneutic analysis namely, a constitutive pattern. COREQ guidelines were utilised. Results Four main themes emerged: (1) Ambiguity in perception: the escalation protocol; (2) Observations within acceptable parameters, but the patient is deteriorating; (3) Paradoxes of escalation: well laid out protocol, but hard to escalate; (4) We could intervene with standing orders, but are we permitted? The constitutive pattern namely, Dualism in Perception related to the dissonance conveyed by participants regarding the escalation protocol. Conclusions Notwithstanding the benefits of the escalation protocol for junior staff, the RNs offered critique of the established escalation practices and the restrictive role of the protocol. Another aspect of the protocol, that is 'worried criterion' was viewed positively. The participants expressed a desire to apply nurse-driven standing orders, to enable them to intervene earlier for patient deterioration. Relevance to clinical practice Organisations should consider new policies introducing standing orders for implementation by experienced RNs. The engagement of experienced ward-based nurses in forming 'patient at-risk teams' could assist organisations to deal with cases of clinical deterioration prior to activation of the escalation of care protocol.

Background: Occipital strokes often cause permanent homonymous hemianopia leading to significant disability. In previous studies, non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NIBS) has improved vision after optic nerve damage and in combination with training after stroke. Objective: We explored different NIBS modalities for rehabilitation of hemianopia after chronic stroke. Methods: In a randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled, three-armed trial, altogether 56 patients with homonymous hemianopia were recruited. The three experiments were: i) repetitive transorbital alternating current stimulation (rtACS, n = 8) vs. rtACS with prior cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the intact visual cortex (tDCS/rtACS, n = 8) vs. sham (n = 8); ii) rtACS (n = 9) vs. sham (n = 9); and iii) tDCS of the visual cortex (n = 7) vs. sham (n = 7). Visual functions were evaluated before and after the intervention, and after eight weeks follow-up. The primary outcome was change in visual field assessed by high-resolution and standard perimetries. The individual modalities were compared within each experimental arm. Results: Primary outcomes in Experiments 1 and 2 were negative. Only significant between-group change was observed in Experiment 3, where tDCS increased visual field of the contralesional eye compared to sham. tDCS/rtACS improved dynamic vision, reading, and visual field of the contralesional eye, but was not superior to other groups. rtACS alone increased foveal sensitivity, but was otherwise ineffective. All trial-related procedures were tolerated well. Conclusions: This exploratory trial showed safety but no main effect of NIBS on vision restoration after stroke. However, tDCS and combined tDCS/rtACS induced improvements in visually guided performance that need to be confirmed in larger-sample trials. NCT01418820 (clinicaltrials.gov)

Transorbital orbitofrontal penetrating injury by a nonmissile object is uncommon. The presentation of this injury varies. This injury can be easily missed during the initial clinical presentation, because the foreign body is sometimes not visible on local examination, the wound on the orbital skin is small, and very subtle signs are present. The patient can present with delayed complications of the primary injury. Our patient was a 33-year-old male who presented with an orbitofrontal injury with a meat hook. He had minor symptoms at the time of presentation, which were overlooked. Three weeks later, he developed signs and symptoms of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Brain imaging revealed a peripheral rim of contrast-enhancing mass lesion in the right frontal lobe, extending into the right orbit with perilesional edema suggestive of posttraumatic brain abscess. Via right frontal craniotomy, pus was drained out and abscess wall was excised. The patient made good clinical recovery. A higher index of suspicion and sound knowledge of occult penetrating injury patterns is required in the cases of orbital injuries. Appropriate radiological imaging can lead to an earlier and accurate diagnosis, and can prevent its delayed sequela like brain abscess.

IUCrJ 8(4), 665 - 677 (2021). doi:10.1107/S2052252521005297, The crystallization of recombinant proteins in living cells is an exciting new approach in structural biology. Recent success has highlighted the need for fast and efficient diffraction data collection, optimally directly exposing intact crystal-containing cells to the X-ray beam, thus protecting the in cellulo crystals from environmental challenges. Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) at free-electron lasers (XFELs) allows the collection of detectable diffraction even from tiny protein crystals, but requires very fast sample exchange to utilize each XFEL pulse. Here, an efficient approach is presented for high-resolution structure elucidation using serial femtosecond in cellulo diffraction of micometre-sized crystals of the protein HEX-1 from the fungus Neurospora crassa on a fixed target. Employing the fast and highly accurate Roadrunner II translation-stage system allowed efficient raster scanning of the pores of micro-patterned, single-crystalline silicon chips loaded with living, crystal-containing insect cells. Compared with liquid-jet and LCP injection systems, the increased hit rates of up to 30% and reduced background scattering enabled elucidation of the HEX-1 structure. Using diffraction data from only a single chip collected within 12 min at the Linac Coherent Light Source, a 1.8 Å resolution structure was obtained with significantly reduced sample consumption compared with previous SFX experiments using liquid-jet injection. This HEX-1 structure is almost superimposable with that previously determined using synchrotron radiation from single HEX-1 crystals grown by sitting-drop vapour diffusion, validating the approach. This study demonstrates that fixed-target SFX using micro-patterned silicon chips is ideally suited for efficient in cellulo diffraction data collection using living, crystal-containing cells, and offers huge potential for the straightforward structure elucidation of proteins that form intracellular crystals at both XFELs and synchrotron sources., Published by Chester

DISCLOSURES: Funding for this summary was contributed by Arnold Ventures, California Health Care Foundation, The Donaghue Foundation, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan to the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), an independent organization that evaluates the evidence on the value of health care interventions. ICER's annual policy summit is supported by dues from AbbVie, Aetna, America's Health Insurance Plans, Anthem, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Blue Shield of CA, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Cambia Health Services, CVS, Editas, Evolve Pharmacy, Express Scripts, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Harvard Pilgrim, Health Care Service Corporation, HealthFirst, Health Partners, Humana, Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), Kaiser Permanente, LEO Pharma, Mallinckrodt, Merck, Novartis, National Pharmaceutical Council, Pfizer, Premera, Prime Therapeutics, Regeneron, Sanofi, Spark Therapeutics, uniQure, and United Healthcare. Agboola, McKenna, and Pearson are employed by ICER. Lin and Kazi received funding from ICER for work on this report.

Background\ud \ud Although non-invasive central and peripheral stimulations are accruing support as promising treatments in different neurological conditions, their effects on dysarthria have not been systematically investigated.\ud \ud \ud \ud Objective\ud \ud The purpose of this review was to examine the evidence base of non-invasive stimulation for treating dysarthria, identify which stimulation parameters have the most potential for treatment and determine safety risks.\ud \ud \ud \ud Methods\ud \ud A systematic review with meta-analysis, when possible, involving publications indexed in MEDLINE, PsychINFO, EMBASE CINHAL the Linguistics and Language Behavioral Abstracts, Web of Science, Cochrane Register of Control Trials and 2 trial registries was completed. Articles were searched in December 2018 and updated in June 2021 using keywords related to brain and electrical stimulation, dysarthria and research design. We included trials with randomised, cross-over or quasi-experimental designs; involving a control group; and investigating treatment of neurogenic dysarthria with non-invasive stimulation. Methodological quality was determined with the Cochrane's Risk of Bias-2 tool.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud In total, 6186 studies were identified; 10 studies (6 randomised controlled trials and 4 cross-over studies) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All 10 trials (268 adults with Parkinson's disease, stroke and neurodegenerative cerebellar ataxia) focused on brain stimulation (6 repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; 3 transcranial direct current stimulation; and 1 repetitive transorbital alternating current stimulation). Adjunct speech-language therapy was delivered in 2 trials. Most trials reported one or more positive effects of stimulation on dysarthria-related features; however, given the overall high risk of bias and heterogeneity in participant, trial and outcome measurement characteristics, no conclusions can be drawn. Post-treatment size effects for 2 stroke trials demonstrated no statistically significant differences between active and sham stimulation across 3 dysarthria outcomes.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud Evidence for use of non-invasive brain stimulation in treating dysarthria remains inconclusive. Research trials that provide reliable and replicable findings are required.

The endoscopic transorbital approach (eTOA) is a new mini-invasive procedure used to explore different areas of the skull base. Authors propose an extradural anterior clinoidectomy (AC) through this corridor, defining the anatomical landmarks of the anterior clinoid process (ACP) projection onto the posterior orbit wall and the technical feasibility of this approach. We describe the exposure of the opticocarotid region and the surgical freedom and the angles of attack obtained with this novel approach. Five cadaver heads underwent an eTOA at the Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy of the University of Barcelona. A step-by-step description of the extradural endoscopic transorbital clinoidectomy was provided. A volumetric analysis of the morphometrics characteristics of the sphenoid wings was evaluated before and after dissection using CT scans. Pterional approach was performed to ascertain ACP removal. In all the specimens, it was possible to resect the ACP endo-orbitally aiming an optimal optic canal (OC) unroofing. The surface of the triangle corresponding to the ACP projection onto the posterior orbit wall was 0.42 ± 0.20 cm2. The drilled area to perform the extradural clinoidectomy via eTOA was 3.11 ± 2.27 cm2, and the volume of bone removal corresponding to the greater sphenoid wing (GSW) and lesser sphenoid wing (LSW) was 2.55 ± 1.41 and 0.26 ± 0.18 cm3 respectively. The area of surgical freedom provided by the eTOA was (3.11 ± 2.27cm2), and the angles of attack were 21.39 ± 9.13° in the horizontal axel and 30.63 ± 18.51° in the vertical. The described extradural anterior clinoidectomy by eTOA uses specific landmarks to localize the ACP on the posterior orbit wall. Resection of the ACP is a technically feasible approach, achieving the main goals of any clinoidectomy.

Lila Carden,1 Bolanle Oladapo2 1College of Technology, Technology Project Management Program, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204-4023, USA; 2Technology Project Management Program, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204-4023, USACorrespondence: Lila CardenCollege of Technology, Technology Project Management Program, University of Houston, College of Technology Building, 4730 Calhoun Road, Room 300, Houston, Texas, 77204-4023, USATel +1 713-743-4171Fax +1 713-743-4032Email lcarden@uh.eduIntroduction: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) audits and validates devices before mass production to ensure high standards, safety, and quality of medical devices being marketed. Despite those measures in place, consumers’ trusts in medical devices are still dwindling based on safety and privacy risks that eventually influence the health of patients.Methods: The method employed in this study is conceptual and includes a selection of a company that develops medical devices to use as an example organization to apply the hybrid risk management framework, defined herein in the results and discussion section.Results: The results include a hybrid risk management approach including activities and tools and techniques by risk management phases.Discussion: The discussion includes how to apply the hybrid risk management framework using Abbott Laboratories as an example.Conclusion: To mitigate the chances that risks (adverse events) occur during the manufacturing and use of medical devices, this study has focused on providing a hybrid risk management approach for organizations noting the use of ISO 14971 activities as well as the PMBOK activities.Keywords: risks, medical devices, risk management, ethics

DISCLOSURES: Funding for this summary was contributed by Arnold Ventures, California Health Care Foundation, The Donaghue Foundation, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan to the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), an independent organization that evaluates the evidence on the value of health care interventions. ICER's annual policy summit is supported by dues from AbbVie, Aetna, America's Health Insurance Plans, Anthem, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Blue Shield of CA, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Cambia Health Services, CVS, Editas, Evolve Pharmacy, Express Scripts, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Harvard Pilgrim, Health Care Service Corporation, HealthFirst, Health Partners, Humana, Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), Kaiser Permanente, LEO Pharma, Mallinckrodt, Merck, Novartis, National Pharmaceutical Council, Pfizer, Premera, Prime Therapeutics, Regeneron, Sanofi, Spark Therapeutics, uniQure, and United Healthcare. Beinfeld, McKenna, Rind, and Pearson are employed by ICER. Touchette received funding from ICER for work on this report and has also received fees from Monument Analytics and AstraZeneca, unrelated to this work. The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) and Touchette hold a patent for the model described in this report. The model is included in ICER's Interactive Modeler, for which a fee is paid to UIC and Touchette. Atlas also received funding from ICER for work on this report.

Consumers are increasingly interested in innovative products enriched with nutrients that counteract the development of civilisation-associated diseases. Thus, the development of new functional nutrient-enriched food products that meet consumer needs is therefore necessary. The aims of this study were to develop a novel shortbread cookie product by addition of red grape skin extract and oat β-glucan and to evaluate the influence of these modifications on physico‐chemical properties and consumer’s acceptance. The red grape skin extract used in this product is a source of polyphenols which are beneficial for human health and extend product shelf life. β-glucan is a soluble fraction of dietary fibre that helps to lower reduce blood cholesterol and glycemic levels. The influence of grape skin extract, β-glucan and a combination of both on the β-glucan content, colour and texture parameters, thermal properties, total antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, volatile compounds profile and sensory properties of shortbread cookies was analysed. Product with modified formulations had higher total antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and were was more thermally stable than control samples. The obtained innovative functional products were characterized by an increased content of oat β-glucan, which is desirable from a nutritional point of view. The DSC measurements showed higher oxidative stability of cookies enriched with β-glucan and red grape skin extract. The additives caused significant changes in the colour and profile of volatile compounds of the finished final product but did not affect the sensory acceptance among consumers. The use of these additives represents a development in food technology that may be valuable in the food industry to increase the nutritional value and extend the shelf shelf-life of bakery products.

Poor management of either type 1 diabetes or haemophilia A can lead to complications such as organ dysfunction and haemarthropathy. Here, we describe the case of an 8-year-old boy diagnosed with severe haemophilia A shortly after birth. At 2 years old, he was also diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. After six years, the haemophilia treatment was changed from a plasma-derived factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate (octanate®, Octapharma, Lachen, Switzerland) to Nuwiq® (simocotocog alfa, Octapharma, Lachen, Switzerland), a recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) product from a human cell line, which allowed for a personalised treatment schedule that supported good adherence. The dosing regimen could be reduced to two weekly rFVIII infusions. The patient has experienced no spontaneous bleeds since switching to rFVIII and shows no signs of joint damage after over seven years of FVIII prophylaxis. rFVIII was well tolerated, with no treatment-related adverse events observed. This case illustrates the importance of treatment personalisation for young patients and their families managing concomitant diseases.

Ruolo degli approcci chirurgici multidisciplinari trans-orbitari nella gestione della patologia del basicranio.Sotto il termine “chirurgia trans-orbitaria” viene attualmente indicato un gruppo di procedure chirurgiche volte a raggiungere la base cranica, sfruttando la finestra orbitaria. Questo tipo di chirurgia si è dimostrata sicura ed efficace per la gestione di patologie selezionate della fossa cranica anteriore, della media e della fossa infratemporale. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di effettuare una revisione della letteratura, con lo scopo di veicolare l’attenzione del lettore su quelle che sono le principali caratteristiche di questo tipo di chirurgia, concentrandosi in particolare sul necessario background anatomico e sul setting operatorio richiesto; riassumeremo le attuali indicazioni e controindicazioni ed evidenzieremo le possibili complicanze associate a tale chirurgia e le eventuali alternative da intraprendere. Pur reputando che questa chirurgia sia molto promettente nella gestione di alcune patologie del basicranio, vogliamo tuttavia sottolineare come non esista mai un approccio chirurgico migliore di un altro in termini assoluti, e che la scelta finale debba essere sempre il frutto di considerazioni che valutano molteplici elementi. In ultimo, si vuole sottolineare che, come in altre procedure sul basicranio, i migliori risultati si ottengono con una gestione multidisciplinare.The transorbital approaches are a group of surgical procedures performed passing through the orbital spaces and aimed to reach deeper areas. This kind of surgery has been proved to be safe and effective in the management of selected lesions of the anterior, middle and infratemporal fossa. The aim of the present study is to perform a review of the literature, in order to draw the reader’s attention on the main features of this kind of surgery, focusing on the anatomical background and the surgical setting; we will also summary the current indications and contraindications to this approach and find out the related complications and the possible alternatives. Even if we consider the transorbital approach as a promising route to the skull base, we underline that there is no better approach over another and the choice must always consider several elements. Furthermore, as for every skull base procedure, a multidisciplinary management is strongly advisable.

OBJECTIVE Spheno-orbital meningiomas (SOMs) are complicated tumors that involve multiple structures at initial presentation, such as the orbit, temporalis muscle, sphenoidal bone, cavernous sinus, and temporal or infratemporal fossa. The infiltrative growth and complexity of this type of meningioma make total resection impossible. In this study, the authors evaluated the surgical outcome of the endoscopic transorbital approach (eTOA) for SOM. In addition, they identified optimal indications for the use of eTOA and analyzed the feasibility of this approach as a minimally invasive surgery for SOMs of varying types and locations at presentation. METHODS Between September 2016 and December 2019, the authors performed eTOA in 41 patients with SOM with or without orbital involvement at 3 independent tertiary institutions. The authors evaluated the surgical outcomes of eTOA for SOM and investigated several factors that affect the outcome, such as tumor volume, tumor location, and the presence of lateral orbitotomy. Gross-total resection (GTR) was defined as complete resection of the tumor or intended subtotal resection except the cavernous sinus. This study was undertaken as a multicenter project (006) of the Korean Society of Endoscopic Neurosurgery (KOSEN-006). RESULTS There were 41 patients (5 men and 36 women) with a median age of 52.0 years (range 24–73 years). Twenty-one patients had tumors that involved the orbital structure, while 14 patients had tumors that presented at the sphenoidal bone along with other structures, such as the cavernous sinus, temporal fossa, and infratemporal fossa. Fifteen patients had the globulous type of tumor and 26 patients had the en plaque type. Overall, GTR was achieved in 21 of 41 patients (51.2%), and complications included CSF leaks in 2 patients and wound complications in 2 patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the en plaque type of tumor, absence of lateral orbital rim osteotomy, involvement of the temporal floor or infratemporal fossa, and involvement of the orbit and medial one-third of the greater sphenoidal wing were closely associated with lower GTR rates (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that the en plaque type of tumor and the absence of lateral orbital rim osteotomy were significant predictors for lower GTR rate. CONCLUSIONS The en plaque type of SOM remains a challenge despite advances in technique such as minimally invasive surgery. Overall, clinical outcome of eTOA for SOM was comparable to the transcranial surgery. To achieve GTR, eTOA is recommended, with additional lateral orbital rim osteotomy for globulous-type tumors, without involving the floor of the temporal and infratemporal fossa.

Transorbital electrical stimulation (tES) has been studied as a new noninvasive method for treating intractable eye diseases by delivering weak electrical current to the eye through a pair of electrodes attached to the skin around the eye. Studies have reported that the therapeutic effect of tES is determined by the effective stimulation of retinal cells that are densely distributed in the posterior part of the retina. However, in conventional tES with a pair of electrodes, a greater portion of the electric field is delivered to the anterior part of the retina. In this study, to address this issue, a new electrode montage with multiple electrodes was proposed for the effective delivery of electric fields to the posterior retina. Electric field analysis based on the finite element method was performed with a realistic human head model, and optimal injection currents were determined using constrained convex optimization. The resultant electric field distributions showed that the proposed multi-channel tES enables a more effective stimulation of the posterior retina than the conventional tES with a pair of electrodes.

DISCLOSURES: Funding for this summary was contributed by Arnold Ventures, California Health Care Foundation, The Donaghue Foundation, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan to the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), an independent organization that evaluates the evidence on the value of health care interventions. ICER's annual policy summit is supported by dues from AbbVie, Aetna, America's Health Insurance Plans, Anthem, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Blue Shield of CA, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Cambia Health Services, CVS, Editas, Evolve Pharmacy, Express Scripts, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Harvard Pilgrim, Health Care Service Corporation, HealthFirst, Health Partners, Humana, Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), Kaiser Permanente, LEO Pharma, Mallinckrodt, Merck, Novartis, National Pharmaceutical Council, Pfizer, Premera, Prime Therapeutics, Regeneron, Sanofi, Spark Therapeutics, uniQure, and United Healthcare. Agboola, Rind, Herron-Smith, and Pearson are employed by ICER. Walton and Quach, through the University of Illinois at Chicago, received funding from ICER for development of the economic model described in this report.

Purpose: Transesophageal echocardiography is an aerosol-generating procedure, and exercise stress testing is a potentially aerosol-generating activity. Concern has been raised about heightened risk of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among health care personnel participating in these procedures. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of past coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in echocardiography and stress laboratory staff. Methods: All staff who worked in the echocardiography and stress laboratories of one high-traffic urban hospital from March 15, 2020, to June 15, 2020, were asked to voluntarily participate. Those willing to participate were consented, and past COVID-19 infection was confirmed by a SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test (ARCHITECT, Abbott Laboratories) from June 15, 2020, to July 3, 2020. Clinical data were collected from the electronic medical record, and self-reported symptoms were documented with a participant survey. Results: A total of 43 staff members (86.0% of 50 total laboratory staff) participated. A majority of participants were less than 40 years old (69.8%), were White (86.0%), and were women (79.1%); mean body mass index was 24.9 ± 4.7 kg/m2. Of the 43 staff members tested for past COVID-19 infection, 3 (7.0%) had a positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody result. There were no unique features in the 3 SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive subjects; of these, 2 had known prior COVID-19 infection and 1 was asymptomatic. Conclusions: This study provides clinical data on the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody in echocardiography and stress laboratory staff who regularly participate in a variety of procedures that are or may be aerosol-generating.

In recent years, blockchains systems have seen massive adoption in retail and enterprise environments. Cryptocurrencies become more widely adopted, and many online businesses have decided to add the most popular ones, like Bitcoin or Ethereum, next to Visa or Mastercard payments. Due to the decentralized nature of blockchain-based systems, there is no possible way to revert confirmed transactions. It may result in losses caused by human error or poor design of the user interface. We created a cryptocurrency wallet with a full on-chain solution for aliasing accounts and tokens to improve user experience and avoid unnecessary errors. The aliasing system consists of a number of smart contracts deployed on top of the blockchain network that give the ability to register aliases to accounts and tokens and use them instead of opaque addresses. Our solution shows how performant modern blockchains are and presents a way of building fully decentralized applications that can compete with centralized ones in terms of performance.

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal connections between the cavernous sinus (CS) and carotid arteries. In direct CCFs, a transarterial route is often the preferred vascular access; in case of indirect CCFs, the complex anatomy of the feeder vessels and their extra-intracranial anastomosis makes the transarterial embolization challenging and often ineffective. The aim of this study was to review our experience with the transorbital approach to treat patients affected by CCF who have already experienced an endovascular failure procedure, in order to assess this salvage technique feasibility, by analyzing possible risks and complications. We performed a retrospective study of all patients affected by CCFs who underwent transorbital embolization between February 2017 and February 2019 at our institution. All patients (3 cases) tolerated both the retrograde embolization and the direct surgical approach with clinical improvement; the closure of the fistula was complete and verified intraoperatively by angiography. Esthetic result was acceptable in all cases with reduction of the proptosis and the intraocular pressure, and increased visual acuity. There were no complications or clinical recurrence. Transorbital approach for the endovascular treatment of CCFs is a feasible and safe salvage procedure, which can find indication after other endovascular access failures.

BACKGROUND: Oral semaglutide is the first oral formulation of a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist to be approved in the United States for glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While oral semaglutide is not indicated for reduction of cardiovascular event risk, its label does include evidence of no increase in cardiovascular risk in people who received oral semaglutide. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incremental value of oral semaglutide added to existing antihyperglycemic treatment for people with T2DM with additional risk for cardiovascular disease. METHODS: We estimated the lifetime cost-effectiveness of oral semaglutide added to current antihyperglycemic treatment for T2DM using a microsimulation model based primarily on the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Outcomes Model 2 (OM2) equations. Oral semaglutide added to current antihyperglycemic treatment was separately compared with (a) ongoing background antihyperglycemic treatment, (b) sitagliptin, (c) empagliflozin, and (d) liraglutide. Comparators sitagliptin, empagliflozin, and liraglutide were added to ongoing antihyperglycemic treatment. We applied hazard ratios derived from a network meta-analysis for cardiovascular and renal outcomes to the UKPDS OM2 estimated baseline rates. Health state utilities and costs were derived from the published literature. We estimated total costs, life-years (LYs), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), clinical events, and cost per major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) avoided, over a lifetime time horizon using discount rates of 3% for costs and outcomes. RESULTS: The lifetime total cost for people treated with oral semaglutide was $311,300, with costs for the other comparators ranging from $262,800 (background treatment alone) to $287,800 (liraglutide). Oral semaglutide resulted in the fewest MACE, including the fewest cardiovascular deaths. Among the 5 modeled treatment strategies, oral semaglutide had the highest LYs gained (8.43 vs. 7.76 [background treatment alone] to 8.29 [empagliflozin and liraglutide]) and the highest QALYs gained (4.11 vs. 3.70 [background treatment alone] to 4.03 [empagliflozin]). Oral semaglutide would likely be considered cost-effective compared with liraglutide (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio [ICER] = $40,100), and moderately cost-effective versus background treatment alone ([ICER] = $117,500/QALY) and sitagliptin (ICER = $145,200/QALY). The ICER for oral semaglutide compared with empagliflozin was approximately $458,400 per QALY. CONCLUSIONS: As modeled, oral semaglutide as an add-on therapy to background antihyperglycemic treatment produced incremental benefits in MACE avoided, along with greater QALYs compared with background antihyperglycemic treatment alone. Oral semaglutide use resulted in better outcomes than background treatment alone or sitagliptin, and similar outcomes to liraglutide or empagliflozin with overlapping 95% confidence ranges for QALYs. Oral semaglutide was estimated to be cost-effective compared with liraglutide and to have incremental cost-effectiveness ratios between $100,000 and $150,000 per QALY versus sitagliptin and background therapy alone, but it did not meet these thresholds compared with empagliflozin. DISCLOSURES: Funding for this study was provided by the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, an independent organization that evaluates the evidence on the value of health care interventions. ICER reports grants from Laura and John Arnold Foundation, California Health Care Foundation, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan. ICER's annual policy summit is supported by dues from AbbVie, Aetna, America's Health Insurance Plans, Anthem, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Blue Shield of CA, Cambia Health Services, CVS, Editas, Evolve Pharmacy, Express Scripts, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Harvard Pilgrim, Health Care Service Corporation, Health Partners, Humana, Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), Kaiser Permanente, LEO Pharma, Mallinckrodt, Merck, Novartis, National Pharmaceutical Council, Premera, Prime Therapeutics, Regeneron, Sanofi, Spark Therapeutics, uniQure, and United Healthcare. Rind, Fazioli, Chapman, and Pearson are employed by ICER. Guzauskas and Hansen have nothing to disclose. Study results were presented at the New England Comparative Effectiveness Public Advisory Council (New England CEPAC), November 14, 2019, at Brown University, Providence, RI.

BackgroundMild internal jugular vein (IJV) compression, aimed at increasing intracranial fluid volume to prevent motion of the brain relative to the skull, has reduced brain injury markers in athletes suffering repeated traumatic brain injuries. However, an increase in intracranial volume with IJV compression has not been well demonstrated. This study used transorbital ultrasound to identify changes in optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) as a direct marker of accompanying changes in intracranial volume.MethodsNineteen young, healthy adult volunteers (13 males and 6 females) underwent IJV compression of 20 cm H2O low in the neck, while in upright posture. IJV cross-sectional area at the level of the cricoid cartilage, and the change in right ONSD 3 mm behind the papillary segment of the optic nerve, were measured by ultrasound. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test with Bonferroni correction.ResultsMean (SD) cross-sectional area for the right IJV before and after IJV compression was 0.10 (0.05) cm2 and 0.57 (0.37) cm2, respectively (p=0.001). ONSD before and after IJV compression was 4.6 (0.5) mm and 4.9 (0.5) mm, respectively (p=0.001).ConclusionsThese data verify increased cerebral volume following IJV compression, supporting the potential for reduced brain ‘slosh’ as a mechanism connecting IJV compression to possibly reducing traumatic brain injury following head trauma.

OBJECTIVE Determine the feasibility of accessing the internal maxillary artery (IMA) through a transorbital endoscopic assisted approach through the inferior orbital fissure (IOF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Six adult cadaveric specimens were injected intravascularly with colored latex and dissected on 12 sides. A transorbital endoscopic approach was used to expose the IOF and reach the IMA. RESULTS The average length and width of the anterolateral segment of the IOF were 7.3 and 4 mm, respectively, on the right side and 6.7 and 3.8 mm, respectively, on the left side. Surgical exposure and modification of the IOF allowed the exposure and control of the IMA in all 12 sides. CONCLUSIONS The IOF is a feasible portal to the IMA. The benefits of this approach include vascular control of the distal segment of the maxillary artery. It may provide access in clinical scenarios where endonasal access is not possible (e.g., extensive tumors) or serve as an alternative or complementary surgical route (e.g., control during a total or radical maxillectomy).

The transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery (TONES), endoscopic transnasal skull base procedures, and the concept of multiportal minimal access neurosurgery are novel, rapidly evolving approaches in the management of complex skull base lesions. A 27-year-old male presented with a history of road traffic accident with nasal bleed, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, and left eye deformity. There was left upper eyelid ecchymosis, orbital dystopia, left pupil was dilated, and fixed with no extraocular movements. The computed tomography scan showed basifrontal contusion and complex comminuted anterior cranial fossa (ACF) fracture involving left cribriform plate and left orbital roof with fracture fragment impinging on the superior rectus muscle with suspicious orbital CSF leak. There was no improvement with conservative management. Hence, a novel combined TONES, transnasal endoscopic multiportal surgery was undertaken for the removal of fracture fragments and multi-layered closure of the complex ACF defect. The patient had a complete resolution of orbital dystopia and visual loss with no evidence of CSF leak postoperatively.

We assessed the commutativity of Roche and Abbott thyroid assays in the diagnosis and management of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). The Roche and Abbott thyroid assays are used by approximately 75% of clinical laboratories in the UK.Consecutive samples received from primary care on patients with SCH who had a raised thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)10 mIU/L and a normal free thyroxine (fT4) from two laboratories using either Roche or Abbott thyroid assays were identified over 10 working days. Following identification, samples were analysed at the other site within 24 hours. Diagnostic and management discordance were studied using the relevant manufacturer-provided reference ranges.We identified 93 patients with SCH (53 using the Roche assay). Roche TSH and fT4 results were respectively 40% ± 15% and 16% ± 7% higher (P .001) compared to Abbott results. Of the 93 patients, 41 (44%) were concordant for SCH on both methods. Of the 53 patients with SCH on the Roche assays, 40 (75.5%) had normal thyroid function and 13 (24.5%) had SCH when analysed using the Abbott assays. Of the 40 patients with SCH on the Abbott assays, 28 (70%) had SCH and 12 (30%) had results indicative for levothyroxine replacement when analysed on the Roche assays. Of these 12 patients, four had TSH 10 mIU/L, five had low fT4 and three had both.The diagnosis and management of SCH is strikingly different when using TSH and fT4 assays provided by Abbott Laboratories and Roche Diagnostics. Clinicians and laboratorians should be aware that between-assay differences and variations in reference ranges will directly impact the diagnosis and management of subclinical hypothyroidism.

Intraorbital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are extremely rare, and their actual prevalence is unknown. There is no consensus regarding the best treatment options, and the treatment is usually challenging, involving endovascular and other surgical procedures. Herein, we report the case of a patient diagnosed with an intraorbital AVM, presenting with thrombosis and hemorrhage, with rapidly progressive proptosis, chemosis, ophthalmoparesis, and vision loss. Treatment was performed with a transorbital puncture targeting a venous aneurysm of the superior ophthalmic vein, and closure of the AVM was possible with the use of coils and Onyx. We obtained anatomical occlusion of the lesion, and the patient showed progressive improvement of chemosis, vision acuity, and ophthalmoparesis. At six-month’ follow-up, only mild proptosis was noted, and a control digital subtraction angiography confirmed complete closure of the AVM, with no residual lesion. To date, this is the first case of an intraorbital AVM treated with transorbital direct puncture.

Transcranial and transnasal approaches are the most common techniques for treatment of diseases and injuries of the eye socket and the base of the skull. However, development of endoscopic technology, microsurgical devices and minimally invasive techniques promotes increased interest in transorbital endoscopic approaches which allow to perform manipulations in the eye socket and structures of the base of the skull, namely, the anterior and middle cranial fossa. There are 4 types of such approaches: pre-caruncular, superior transpalpebral, lateral retro-canthal and inferior preseptal. Currently, precise indications for transorbital approaches are not formulated, and there are no algorithms for approach selection. The article describes the results of using these approaches in treatment of diseases and injuries of the orbit and the base of the skull. In injuries and tumors of the orbit and the base of the skull, cerebrospinal liquid leakage, infectious diseases, endocrine ophthalmopathy, transorbital endoscopic techniques provide good functional and cosmetic results. Among the advantages of these approaches are larger orbitotomy area and preservation of nasal structures, absence of large neurovascular bundles in the way of the approach, small incision, minimal brain retraction, good visibility and illumination of the structures. Transorbital endoscopic approaches to the base of the skull aren’t associated with significant neurological or vascular complications, hemorrhage, hematomas, infections. Diplopy, ptosis, enophthalmia are also quite rare. In literature, there are no descriptions of cases of loss of vision or postoperative cerebrospinal liquid leakage.

Objective:Game bird consumption is an important part of the diet of Indigenous populations in Canada and, as part of country food consumption, is associated with improved nutritional status. The objective of this project was to document the consumption of game birds for Dene First Nations in the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada.Design:Participants were invited to complete a FFQ using an iPad to document the types of country foods consumed, as well as consumption frequency and preparation methods, including thirteen types of game birds.Setting:The project was implemented in nine communities in the Dehcho and Sahtú regions of the NWT, Canada.Participants:A total of 237 children and adult participants from Dene First Nations in the Mackenzie Valley region of the NWT took part in the current study.Results:FFQ findings indicated that game birds were frequently consumed in both Dehcho and Sahtú communities. Canada goose and mallard were found to be consumed by the largest number of participants. Five different species (including Canada goose and mallard) were found to be consumed by at least 25 % of participants over the last year. When consuming game birds, most participants reported consuming the meat as well as most, if not all, other parts of the bird.Conclusions:Differences were observed since the last country food assessment in the 1990s in the same regions. These findings increase knowledge of the current Dene diet patterns and support the understanding of diet transition.

Keys and consoles are used in various authentic connections, particularly human- machine interactions in the present state of art of Human Machine Interfaces (HMI). Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), Charge/MasterCard machines, and pass-code-based support frameworks are a few cases wherein an individual has to touch the keys to provide a secret code are instructions to the machines. However, in situations such as the new COVID 19 pandemic, it is not desirable for customers to touch the same keys as it may cause easy spreading of chronic infections. There is therefore a need to provide a way to input data by users without physically touching any keys. This need is met in our design by offering a device and method to accomplish key or keyboard operation input operation based on the detection of a user finger with low power the laser light.

OBJECTIVE The aim: To research the ef f ectiveness of cryopreserved blood plasma replacement therapy in patients with primary mannose binding lectin (MBL) def i ciency, suf f ering from chronic active herpes virus infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: Patients of the study group (SG) n= 36 additionally received cryopreserved blood plasma therapy Octaplas (Octapharma, Switzerland). Patients of the control group (CG) n=36 received only chemotherapy with Valganciclovir 450 mg 2/day per os for 1-3 months. The diagnosis of active herpes virus infection was established by PCR of blood leukocytes. Statistical analysis of the obtained information was processed by the calculation of the chi-square (χ2) Pearson criterion, the odds ratio and the associated 95% conf i dence interval (95% CI). RESULTS Results: The adding cryopreserved blood plasma substitute to standard therapy with valganciclovir for the treatment of chronic active herpes virus infection in patients with total serum MBL def i ciency below 50 ng/ml, allowed to get more negative PCR results. The ef f ectiveness of combination therapy was 50% higher in carrier of HHV-6 (χ2=8,533 and р=0,004; Yeats correction 6,533 and signif i cance 0,011; OR=11,667 and 95% CI=1,939-70,180) and 43% in carrier of HHV-7 (χ2=8,846 and р=0,003; Yeats correction 7,165 and signif i cance 0,008; OR=6,375 and 95% CI=1,711-23,758), compared with monotherapy. The close association between def i cit MBL compensation and the results of antiviral treatment is also reported. The ef f ect of such treatment in patients with chronic EBV infection was less (27%). CONCLUSION Conclusions: We assumed, that virostatic ef f ect of valganciclovir is increased by MBL-mediated clearance of blood serum from viral particles.

Neste artigo será apresentada uma análise discursiva da entrevista coletada em 2016 sobre o tema “A reorganização e as ocupações das escolas públicas do Estado em 2015”. Cabe informar que no presente texto procuramos resgatar a memória de uma mãe de um estudante que participou juntamente com o filho do movimento estudantil denominado ocupações. Destaca-se que tal registro representa parte da memória da participante. O trabalho analítico que objetiva apresentar alguns sentidos dessa memória está sustentado na abordagem metodológica presente no título Gestos de Leitura: da história do discurso, organizado por Eni Puccinelli Orlandi (2010), o qual, por sua vez, está embasado nos princípios de Análise do Discurso de linha francesa que tem como um dos expoentes Pêcheux (2006).

Objective This study aimed to summarize the experience with the management of transorbital brain injury (TOBI) at our institution that may help inform surgical decision-making. Methods Four adults with TOBIs were admitted to our hospital and received surgical treatment. The patients’ clinical manifestations, physical findings, imaging data, surgical treatment, and postoperative outcome were prospectively collected and subject to retrospective analysis. Results All patients were male. In 2 patients, the entry point of the cranium was the superior orbital fissure, whereas in the other 2, the entry point was the orbital roof. Thorough physical examination and comprehensive diagnostic imaging were performed preoperatively in all patients for careful assessment of the foreign body and its surrounding important structures. In collaboration with our multidisciplinary trauma team, individualized surgeries were successfully designed and performed in the 4 patients to remove the foreign bodies along the path of their trajectories. Three patients had uneventful postoperative courses, whereas 1 patient died because of severe cerebral ischemia and refractory brain swelling after decompressive craniectomy. Conclusions A comprehensive understanding of the regional anatomy of the trajectory is the cornerstone for surgical management of TOBIs. Adequate preoperative imaging examinations are essential for the evaluation of surgical risks and for making a tailored management strategy. Early surgical exploration through multidisciplinary collaboration is highly recommended for achieving a favorable outcome.

This study was aimed at evaluating the orbital decompressive effect of endoscopic transorbital approach (TOA) in the management of sphenoorbital meningioma involving the orbit. Patients treated with TOA for this tumor from December 2016 to December 2019 were included, and the data were reviewed. Pre- and postoperative clinical and imaging findings were compared with a volumetric study. Eighteen patients (two men and 16 women) were included. Lateral wall hyperostosis (13 patients), extraconal tumor infiltration (18 patients), intraconal tumor infiltration (seven patients), and superior and lateral rectus encasement (nine patients) were found. Intraconal tumor infiltration in the posterior orbit affected compressive optic neuropathy (CON) more often than other tumor manifestations. The orbital soft tissue volume decreased to 91.18% ± 8.19% compared to that in the contralateral side preoperatively. The postoperative volume increased to 113.73% ± 12.92% compared to the preoperative volume. The average values of LogMAR visual acuity and visual field index score of ten patients with CON improved from 0.80 to 0.42 and 48.9 to 65.9%, respectively. All 17 patients with proptosis showed improvement after surgery. There were no significant complications associated with the surgery. Additional treatment, including gamma knife surgery, was applied to 12 cases for the remaining tumor. This minimally invasive surgical debulking procedure was successful in treating sphenoorbital meningioma without significant adverse events. Lateral orbital wall decompression and limited intraorbital tumor resection were effective for compressive orbitopathy from the tumor.

Рассмотрены вопросы получения и автоматизации обработки данных электромагнитного сканирования дорожной одежды с последующей визуализацией. В качестве инженерного оборудования для георадарного обследования использован георадар «ОКО». В результате сбора и анализа данных электромагнитного сканирования выявлены деструктивные участки дорожного покрытия. На основании изучения методов обработки, интерпретации визуализации данных георадарного сканирования принято решение о необходимости разработки специализированных средств автоматизации анализа таких данных при сканировании дорожных конструкций. Произведен анализ методов и средств, используемых для обработки данных радарограмм, рассмотрены структура файла хранения данных электромагнитного сканирования и доступные в программе «GeoScan32» средства обработки и конвертации данных. Предложена последовательность действий для реализации процедуры поиска трасс, характеризующихся недопустимым уровнем отклонения характеристик сигнала от средних значений The article discusses the issues of obtaining and automatic data processing from electromagnetic scanning of road pavements with subsequent visualization. Georadar "OKO" was used as engineering equipment for georadar survey. As a result of collecting and analyzing the electromagnetic scanning data, destructive sections of the road surface were identified. Based on the study of processing methods, interpretation and visualization of GPR scanning data, we decided that it is necessary to develop specialized tools for automating the analysis of such data when scanning road structures. The analysis of the methods and means used for processing the radarogram data was carried out, the structure of the file for storing the data of electromagnetic scanning and the means of processing and converting data available in the GeoScan32 program were considered. A sequence of actions was proposed to implement the procedure for searching for traces characterized by an unacceptable level of deviation of signal characteristics from the average values