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Research mapping is essential to describe the topic and appropriate references before conducting research, including Islamic letters of credit. This research aims to review the literature on Islamic letters of credit. This research is a literature review using bibliometric methods with the Dimensions database. The keyword used in the article search is Islamic letter of credit. The data found and processed was 56 articles published from 2010-2023. The data was processed using Microsoft Excel and Bibilioshiny R programs. This research shows that most of the most productive writers come from Malaysia and Turkey. A topic that can be developed for further research is Islamic economic contracts linked to Islamic letters of credit. This research can be used as a reference for future research, as well as information regarding research gaps and an overview of research conditions regarding Islamic letters of credit, which will be developed to be broader and more varied.

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The research aimed to identify the Social Development Bank, its functions, objectives, and historical development, and to identify its services, products, and financing programs, as well as study the geographical distribution and the relative importance of loans and their value around the regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and to highlight differences between the regions of the Kingdom in terms of these variables by adopting a statistical approach called “Cluster Analysis". The study found the effectiveness of the cluster analysis by proving the effect of variables on the variation of the regions of the Kingdom, where the regions were divided into a group of different clusters. Based on what has been done, the study recommends increasing the financial resources that enable the bank to increase its various financings for these regions through financing policies that consider the population density, educational characteristics, and incomes of the citizens of these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This training program aims to socialize the financing and digital marketing models for the creative industries sector, while increasing the use of the internet for the creative industries sector. The training methodology used is andragogy or training for adults with lecture, discussion, simulation and workshop methods. In general, the training has been carried out well, with some suggestions for improvement on aspects of the implementation of teamwork, discipline of implementation time, and the need for further programs of this training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remittances are a critical source of foreign exchange for developing countries. As the volume of remittance transfers to many countries surpasses that of foreign private capital and official development assistance (ODA), there is a consensus that remittances have been a key stimulant of economic growth in many developing nations. With data from 1970q1 to 2017q4, this paper analyzes the impact of remittances on Nigeria's economic growth. Remittances from Nigerians are estimated to reach $24.3 billion in 2018, ranking second only to oil exports as a source of foreign exchange. To determine the responsiveness of output growth to remittances (REM), the empirical model draws on Giuliano and Ruiz-Arranz (2009) and other studies which use gross fixed capital formation as a proxy for investment in physical and human capital, external sources of capital represented by foreign aid, FDI, and openness of the economy as measured by the ratio of the sum of imports and exports to GDP. For this study, the model is modified to include a vector of other control variables that affect real GDP [used as proxy for economic growth]. These variables include domestic investment (INV); openness (OPN), measured as the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP; FDI; and exchange rate (EXCH). Unit root tests were conducted on all the variables of interest and showed that the variables were nonstationary in their levels but stationary after their first difference at the 5% level of significance. Next, the appropriate lag length was determined, and an error correction model was estimated to account for the dynamics of the model. The variables included were four lags each of [DELTA][GDP.sub.t], [DELTA][REM.sub.t], [DELTA][FDI.sub.t], [DELTA][INV.sub.t], [DELTA][EXCH.sub.t], and [DELTA][OPN.sub.t]. The study finds that worker remittances have a positive impact on economic growth in Nigeria, with a 1% increase in REM increasing RGDP by 0.0238%. Remittances in the short and long run are statistically significant and cointegrated with economic growth, but with low elasticities of 0.02 and 0.03, respectively. To fully harness the benefits of remittance inflows, the Nigerian government should reduce the costs of receiving funds sent by Nigerian emigrants overseas and also provide an environment conducive to investment. JEL Classification: F24, F43, O10 Keywords: remittances; development; economic growth; time series analysis, INTRODUCTION For many decades, the migration debate has concentrated on the effect of migration on destination countries. However, attention is now increasingly swinging to the situation in the countries of [...]

Purpose: The present study attempts to explore the trend of women entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. It also finds the opportunities and challenges the women entrepreneurs generally face for setting their businesses in the country. Study Design: Considering the nature of the study, a few qualitative approaches were used to gather necessary data from the sample population. The qualitative approaches include: Focus Group Discussion (FGD), face-to-face interview, round-table discussion and content analysis. The key questions focused on the challenges of the women entrepreneurs in operating their businesses, types of businesses by the women and opportunities of the development of entrepreneurs from Bangladeshi women. Findings: The study findings reveal some major bottlenecks in women entrepreneurship development including possessing low business skill, lack of knowledge on sources of bank loan, low communication skill, inadequate supports from the family members, lack of feasibility study on the businesses, poor technological knowledge, leadership networking skill, etc. On the contrary, some pragmatic opportunities prevail in Bangladesh currently to develop the women entrepreneurs. The enabling factors include emphasis on women education, gradually changing of mindset and stereotypical social perception, favorable government rules and regulations, enhancing education on entrepreneurship, and rapid growth of social media. Practical Implications: The practical implication of the study assumes that it will facilitate Government of Bangladesh (GOB) to formulate favorable policy and support to develop women entrepreneurs. Similarly, the individual entrepreneur, private organizations, and NGOs can plan and arrange their own programs on the issue while the development partners can initiate pragmatic supports for the development of the sector. Keywords: Women Entrepreneur, Sustainable Female Entrepreneurship Development, Entrepreneurship Education, Bangladesh., INTRODUCTION The word 'entrepreneur' comes from the French word 'Entreprendre' which means to undertake 'some opportunities' to pursue the opportunities and to fulfill the certain needs and wants through innovation [...]

This review assesses the general view of conventional and organic farming. Many studies have revealed that the continuous use of synthetic farm inputs has a negative effect on the soil, producers, products and the ecosystem. The lack of knowledge, capital and information has affected farmers' actions and decisions regarding synthetic and organic farm inputs. In developed countries, farmers have been selective in applying only limited amounts of synthetic fertilizer and pesticides to reduce the concentrations of heavy metal and harmful chemicals in the farming environment. Literature shows that soil samples taken after cultivation had higher concentrations of Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic, when compared to the concentrations of these heavy metals in soil before cultivation. There is a clear evidence that undesirable levels of heavy metals develops in soils subjected to different farm inputs. This indicates that farm input can have adverse effects on soil ecosystem. The pesticides use in Africa generally increased by about 6% from 2002 to 2014. Therefore, there is a need to create awareness on the use of synthetic farm inputs. In developing countries, farmers are exposed to banned and harmful farm inputs, which could affect human health and the ecosystem. Intensified knowledge, access to correct information and alternative organic farm inputs are required to transform the existing conventional farming to organic farming practices. Developing countries should extend their knowledge and information of the farming system to decrease the impact of synthetic farming inputs on the environment, the soil ecosystem and public health. Governmental organizations (GOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should develop a willingness to take the proper measures to facilitate and implement proper mechanisms; to intensify alternative natural farm inputs to obtain relevant knowledge and capital to sustain organic farming practices and to contribute to the security of the food supply, human health and the environment. Key words: Organic agriculture, conventional agriculture, environment, harmful farm inputs, heavy metals, INTRODUCTION Organic farming is a reliable means of ensuring sustainable ecosystem management and food security [1, 2, 3, 4]. An agricultural production activities that take in to account the environmental, [...]

The current government of Israel tends to perceive human-rights organizations, international legal bodies, and demands for minority rights as political forces that unfairly target the Jewish state in the hopes [...]

This study explores the influence of gender on franchise business ownership. Franchising is a common form of small business ownership. Previous research suggests one of the greatest problems for franchise organizations is attaining franchisees that are a good match for their system. Research on entrepreneurs not constrained to franchisees has found that they can be dissatisfied with operating and owning their own business; and furthermore, that gender can affect success. Previous studies have shown that compared to men, fewer women pursue a career in entrepreneurship, perform not as well on almost every business performance measure and have more difficulty obtaining business financing for their business venture. Previous research has also suggested undercapitalization is frequently the biggest obstacle that an entrepreneur can face when it comes to growth. This study wanted to learn if women franchise business owners are significantly more dissatisfied with owning and operating a franchise compared to franchises owned by men. Findings reported here indicate that of the several franchise categories studied, less women pursue a franchise compared to men. Additional findings reported that in contrast to research findings on non-franchisee entrepreneurs, gender was not correlated to satisfaction., INTRODUCTIONThis follow-on study examines the influence of gender on satisfaction associated with successful franchise business ownership. Franchising takes place when an organization, called a franchisor, sells the rights to market [...]

Using recent survey data, this paper examines access to financing by immigrant business owners. We hypothesize that immigrant and Canadian-born owners finance their businesses in significantly different ways and that immigrant-owned small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have more difficulty accessing financial capital. The results suggest that, after adjusting for firm and owner characteristics, financing sources for growth financing tend to be similar for the two groups. Although immigrant owners—notably those in Canada for more than 20 years—were less likely than Canadian-born owners to seek financing from any source, their applications were as likely to be approved. Both immigrant and Canadian-born owners reported that, among seven potential obstacles to firm growth presented in the survey, "access to financing" was the least important. The study finds only weak evidence to support the hypothesis that access to financial capital is a more serious issue among immigrant-owned SMEs than among SMEs with Canadian-born owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The growth of entitlements has weighed on domestic saving, and foreign borrowing is now a very large source of funding for domestic investment. If foreign capital flows slow, and [...]

Commercial banks are an important funding source for international business financing. Credits granted by commercial banks, according to the usual division based on the maturity, include short-term credits that are issued for a period of one year, medium-term credits for a period of one to five years, and long-term credits for more than five years. These credits can be granted with or without an adequate collateral security. When it comes to large investment operations, it is possible to arrange so-called syndicated loans where banks jointly participate in the financing, each responsible for its share of the risk. Today, commercial banks show a greater willingness to participate in financing of individual activities and projects, by participating in the capital which is not on a credit basis, but through participation in ownership, risk and profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A distinct feature of developed economies is represented by the important role that entrepreneurship has, considered to be a central pillar of economic growth. The motivated entrepreneurs, prepared for change and risks, are setting up new jobcreating firms. Technological progress is generating new businesses and also helps the development of existing ones, being an active instrument in adapting to changes of the market, acquiring new knowledge and generating productivity. Bearing in mind the restrictions that small businesses face when it comes to resources and their vulnerability to environmental change, a deep understanding of the factors and mechanisms that explain the development of small businesses is a key issue for business owners and the economy. That is why there has been an increasing interest in identifying the main sources of start-up financing in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in China's economy has typically been focused on its phenomenal growth. However, more recently there has been growing interest in emerging constraints on and vulnerabilities regarding that growth. A key focus has been concern with issues of shadow banking. This article discusses one aspect of China's finance system, which has some crossover with shadow banking: informal lending to private enterprises (PE). This lending is characteristically unstable and exhibits a number of features that constrain private enterprises. Intrinsic to those constraints are issues of usury, bribery and rent-seeking (as an expression of power), all of which bear on the institutional context of ethics. This article discusses the case of Wenzhou, the most prominent city for private enterprises in China. The Wenzhou case is explored using a narrative form drawing on multiple sources including academic papers, regulation, newspapers, and social media. This is an increasingly recognized approach within mixed methods research and this article supplies important qualitative insight into the how and why questions regarding the Wenzhou case. The Wenzhou case is typical in terms of the coexistence and interaction of formal and informal lending in China. Finally, we highlight the limits of the recent reform process and current approach to resolving the problem of financing for PEs in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]