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This article examines Cold War-era representations of WWII, observing the visible influence that sixties’ espionage media had on retrospective images of WWII. Representations of bunkers in the postwar were influenced by advent of atomic warfare, with images of Normandy’s brutalist pillboxes replaced by fantasies of Nordhausen’s subterranean rocket factories. While wartime propaganda had platformed film reels of vast public armies fuelling the Allied fight against fascism, cinema of the 1960s replaced total war with the image of the singular spy, operating covertly behind enemy lines in Nazi uniforms, and allegedly unmarred by ideology. Examining the visual rhetoric at play in these scenarios, this paper argues that it is not fascism which these films claim must be stopped. Rather, it is the Cold War-era fear of global insecurity, caused by the misuse or mishandling of advanced weaponry by nations which are not America or Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bunkers are an integral part of the infrastructure of enterprises in various industries processing bulk materials. Corrosion processes and the formation of dust deposits on the internal surfaces of bunkers are irreversible and often lead to disruptions in the technological process and equipment performance parameters, and in some cases, to accidents. The stability and continuity of technological processes for processing bulk materials largely depend on the cleanliness of the internal surfaces of bunkers. Even the best technical characteristics of technological equipment only indicate the technical capabili-ties of the operation of technological lines. Their reliable and effective operation can be ensured by proper maintenance of the condition of internal surfaces and cleaning from corrosion and deposits. Increased dustiness, poor visibility, and confined spaces significantly complicate the conditions for performing work by service personnel inside bunkers. The enclosed space inside bunkers is a very dangerous place not intended for the work of service personnel. In order to avoid endangering ser-vice personnel and prevent people from entering the bunker, methods are proposed to easily, quickly, and, most importantly, safely clean the surfaces inside the bunkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently revised its strategy for shipping decarbonization, deepening the ambition to reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The accomplishment of this strategy requires the large-scale deployment of alternative maritime fuels, whose diversity and technical characteristics impose transition challenges. While several studies address the production of these fuels, a notable gap lies in the analysis of the required adaptations in vessels and ports for their usage. This study aims to fill this gap with a comprehensive review of material compatibility, storage in ports/vessels, and bunkering technology. First, we analyze key aspects of port/vessel adaptation: physical and chemical properties; energy conversion for propulsion; fuel feeding and storage; and bunkering procedures. Then, we perform a maturity assessment, placing each studied fuel on the technological readiness scale, revealing the most promising options regarding infrastructure adaptability. Finally, we develop a case study from Brazil, whose economy is grounded on maritime exports. The findings indicate that multi-product ports may have the potential to serve as multi-fuel hubs, while the remaining ports are inclined to specific fuels. In terms of vessel categories, we find that oil tankers, chemical ships, and gas carriers are most ready for conversion in the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This article presents the composition and algorithm of the automated control system for the parameters of a pneumatic arch-breaking system installed on bunkers with bulk materials. The relevance and practical significance of the issue considered in the article is determined by the fact that when unloading bulk material from the hopper, various violations of the technological process may occur, manifested in the formation of material freezes inside the container, a decrease in the amount of unloaded material, segregation, up to a complete stop of unloading due to the formation of arches. Materials and/or methods. Methods of mathematical modeling, system analysis, comparison, systems theory, as well as architecture and mathematical model of a recurrent neural network with feedback are used. Results. The composition of input and output parameters of the control system is substantiated. Methods for solving problems of classifying parameter sets are considered and an artificial recurrent neural network with feedback and with a sigmoidal activation function of neurons of the hidden layer and a linear activation function of the output layer is selected. Conclusion. The article analyzes the requirements for the system of automated control of the parameters of the pneumatic arch-breaking system. Based on the analysis of possible states of the system, the composition of the system elements and the sets of input, intermediate and output parameters of the system, as well as the objective function of the system operation, are substantiated. It is shown that the system can be built on the basis of an artificial neural network. The algorithm of the automated control system for the parameters of the pneumatic arch-breaking system has been developed.

This paper examines underground bunkers in Seoul and explores different ways of reusing spaces that have a problematic heritage. In particular, I look at three bunkers in Seoul – the Yeouido, Kyeongheegung, and Daebangdong bunkers – in comparison to subway stations and other underground spaces designated as potential shelters by the state. I divide the bunkers into two types: those that have been in disuse or used for non-military purposes in peacetime, a distinction that corresponds to two different ways of envisaging disused bunkers. I argue that, unlike in the US and Germany, where wartime bunkers offered a psychological defense, in South Korea, bunkers failed to instill a sense of security, and so they contributed to the absence of discourse in South Korea about a possible life underground or a “bunker society.” After analyzing the three bunkers and comparing them to more mundane underground spaces, the paper concludes that bunkers can be incorporated into everyday uses through small-scale design interventions that encourage resident participation, and this incorporation will not necessarily entail a loss of memory or a trivialization of traumatic historical events.

Located mere feet from the busy Yeouido Bus Transfer Center, the Seoul Museum of Art (SeMA) Bunker is a former military bunker from 1970s authoritarian South Korea that now showcases changing art exhibits. Debuting in November 2019, Paju (by artist Kim Seung Rea) features a series of paintings and statues capturing life in the town of Paju in the Geyeonggi Province near the border of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) that separates North and South Korea. As a critique of militarization, Paju not only offers a glimpse into the life that blossoms amidst the guard towers, bulwarks, and barbed wire, it challenges the power dynamic implicit in the space of the bunker. Cold War ideologies overlap in SeMA Bunker, for while the bunker was purportedly designed to keep the former president, Park Chung‐hee, safe during potential North Korean attack, the town of Paju was to act as human and infrastructural sacrifice to keep the rest of the country secure. Therefore, to bring Paju into the bunker via the exhibit is to inverse that power relationship and thus work to demilitarize the space, the town, and ultimately the patrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using ANSYS software for finite-element analysis, a digital twin is developed to study the performance of the fuel-supply mechanism in a solid-fuel boiler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently revised its strategy for shipping decarbonization, deepening the ambition to reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The accomplishment of this strategy requires the large-scale deployment of alternative maritime fuels, whose diversity and technical characteristics impose transition challenges. While several studies address the production of these fuels, a notable gap lies in the analysis of the required adaptations in vessels and ports for their usage. This study aims to fill this gap with a comprehensive review of material compatibility, storage in ports/vessels, and bunkering technology. First, we analyze key aspects of port/vessel adaptation: physical and chemical properties; energy conversion for propulsion; fuel feeding and storage; and bunkering procedures. Then, we perform a maturity assessment, placing each studied fuel on the technological readiness scale, revealing the most promising options regarding infrastructure adaptability. Finally, we develop a case study from Brazil, whose economy is grounded on maritime exports. The findings indicate that multi-product ports may have the potential to serve as multi-fuel hubs, while the remaining ports are inclined to specific fuels. In terms of vessel categories, we find that oil tankers, chemical ships, and gas carriers are most ready for conversion in the short term.

Based on a research on the habitability of underground space, this article initiates a discussion on the concept of the “uninhabitable habitat”. If underground space is fundamentally uninhabitable and cannot be programmed as an habitat even in so-called temporary forms, our analysis questions the thresholds of acceptability. By describing three inhabited underground spaces – the shelters of the Civil Protection in Geneva in 1999 and from 2004 to 2018, the underground of the Gare du Nord in Brussels from 2016 to 2019 and the heating tunnels in Bucharest from 1990 to 2015 – the article sheds light on the living conditions of these spaces with regard to the status of their occupants, the genealogy of their occupations, their management modalities and the resulting ambiances. The uninhabitable character of the underground space is constituted around its own ambiances and symbolism: it calls upon themes such as atrophy, illness, prison, (in)visibility, dissuasion, violence or death. In this sense, the unbreathable character of underground space is not only qualified in its materiality, but also in the injunctions that guide it and in the place it provides or deprives. Finally, the concept of uninhabitable habitat aims at exploring the extraordinarily common of our built environment and to establish levers for action in the situations of undesirability that it implies.

Background: Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) caused by Borrelia persica is an endemic disease in Israel and highly prevalent in military personnel. Prevention among the Israel Defense Force soldiers is based on increased awareness mainly in hyperendemic areas and selective postexposure prophylaxis with doxycycline. In this study, we report the presence of a suspected outbreak of TBRF in four soldiers who spent 30 h inside a deserted bunker. Materials and Methods: Clinical data on TBRF suspected cases were retrieved from clinical records, soft ticks were collected using carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) traps and their DNA was extracted and analysed by PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Environmental conditions such as relative humidity, air temperature, wind speed, and type of soil, as well as presence or absence of animal traces inside the bunkers were documented. Results: TBRF-like clinical symptoms in the patients included: tick bite scars, fever (37.5-39.2°C), rash, tachycardia, hypotension, myalgia, cough, headache, cervical lymphadenopathy and nausea. Microscopic search for B. persica in blood smears was performed in three patients and was negative. Out of the 255 Ornithodoros tholozani ticks collected from the bunker, 198 were analyzed and 2 (1%) were infected with B. persica . To determine if tick infestation in military bunkers is a common phenomenon, we surveyed nine additional military bunkers located in four different geographical areas for the presence of soft ticks. Only one additional bunker was infested with two O. tholozani ticks, both negative for B. persica . Presence of earth that probably helped sustain a relatively big tick population was observed on the floor in the highly infested bunker. Environmental treatment with lambda-cyhalothrin at 9.7% was performed and showed efficacy with no ticks recovered in the infested bunker 124 days after intervention. Conclusion: This study shows that military bunkers may harbor soft ticks infected with B. persica and entrance into bunkers should be considered as a risk for acquiring this infection like entrance into natural caves and archeological ruins.

The paper focuses on Beton Ltd., a theatre collective comprised of three actors, Primož Bezjak, Branko Jordan and Katarina Stegnar, established in 2010. Beton Ltd. emerged on the Slovenian performing arts scene with a collective approach to theatre-making and is thus a special case as far as non-hierarchical and collective production models in Slovenia are concerned. In the last ten years, Beton Ltd. has created seven performances: So Far Away: Introduction to Ego-logy (2010); I Say What I am Told to Say (2012); Everything We’ve Lost, While We’ve Gone on Living (2013); Revolting Man (2014); Ich kann nicht anders (2016); Große Erwartungen/Great Expectations (2018) and Mahlzeit (2019). Through introspective self-analysis, the paper elaborates on the necessary preconditions for the formation of a collective, as well as the conditions necessary for effective collaboration in performance making, combining a short historical overview of the case in question, including specific collaborative strategies developed by Beton Ltd. during the past decade.

The global bunker fuel market is projected to reach $ 130,1 billion in 2027, growing at a CAGR of 3.1% from 2020 to 2027. Asia-Pacific dominates the bunker fuel market, and Singapore has been the world's pre-eminent bunker hub, with 22% of the global bunker market. It is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 3.5% from 2021 to 2030. With this growth of the bunker demand, Indonesia, which strategically lies on the world maritime trade route, should be able to take this opportunity. There are nearly 150.000 ocean-going vessels that pass through the Indonesia seas each year, and around 11.000 vessels do loading-unloading cargo in Indonesia's ports or anchorages. The business size of the ocean-going bunker in Indonesia is $1.2 Billion/year or equal to 2.2 million Metric Tons. However, only 4% (0,08 Million Metric Tons) were bunkering in Indonesian port. Mostly they were bunkering in Singapore, Port Klang, Zhoushan, and Hongkong. Estimated Indonesia’s opportunity loss from bunker transactions is $1.1 Billion/ per year, while the opportunity loss from port charges and other services is estimated at more than $1 Billion per year. This final project will use a qualitative research methodology consisting of desk research and field research through in-depth interviews of the key informants. To understand the level of competition and Indonesia's relative position in the Asia Pacific bunker market, this research uses an external analysis framework. Moreover, the internal analysis is applied to understand the current competitive advantage and list items to improve. This research recommends the Value Innovation strategy, which started with the cost-leadership focus strategy in attracting the oceangoing bunker consumer and is supported by increasing perceived customer benefits. This research suggests focusing on ocean-going ships that load and unload cargo at Indonesian ports as the target market. This research also proposes the business strategy using 7P’s marketing mix approach. It consists of raising product specifications to a global standard, eliminating VAT components, reducing shipment costs, remapping supply points, increasing awareness of the global market, developing global skilled human resources, improving the bunkering speed and quantity accuracy, and improving the reliability of infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent events in conflict zones have emphasized that the successful detection and characterisation of buried clandestine complexes, bunkers and tunnels is vitally important for forensic investigators globally, to reduce or solve criminal activities, address national security threats and avoid potential terrorist attacks. However, this can often prove very difficult, particularly in urban areas, with potentially both below-ground non target items and above-ground infrastructures present, that can interfere with detecting target(s). Here we provide selected successful case studies where forensic geoscience techniques were used to detect and characterise buried clandestine complexes, bunkers and tunnels using different geophysical techniques. Generally, desktop studies assessing pre-existing information, including local geology, soils, historical/modern remote sensing, maps and photographs inform appropriate geophysical survey technique(s) selection. Subsequent near-surface geophysical techniques are then employed to produce accurate plans of sub-surface targets, with numerical modelling and correction for the interfering effects of above ground infrastructure, enabling the calibration of geophysical datasets to provide confidence in their respective interpretations. All forensic investigations are, of course, unique to every site, and thus require an individual approach to their respective ground conditions. Investigations should be both phased and iterative, with techniques tailored to local conditions: the selection of geophysical method(s) is crucial to improve successful detection rates of such important buried targets. [Display omitted] • Forensic search for underground complexes, bunkers and tunnels is difficult. • Forensic geophysics can be used to detect and characterise as part of phased investigations. • Geophysical technique(s) depend on target(s), depths below ground and background environment. • Case studies cover underground bunkers, tunnels and firing ranges detection. • Numerical modelling can also predict anomalies and calibrate geophysical datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Beton Ltd. je gledališki kolektiv treh igralcev, Primoža Bezjaka, Katarine Stegnar in Branka Jordana, ki od leta 2010 kontinuirano deluje pod produkcijskim okriljem Zavoda Bunker, nekaj predstav pa je ustvaril tudi v (so)produkciji Anton Podbevšek Teatra. Na področju uprizoritvenih umetnosti v slovenskem prostoru je Beton Ltd. oral ledino v kolektivnem pristopu pri ustvarjanju predstav in je kot tak specifičen primer, ko govorimo o nehierarhičnih in kolektivnih produkcijskih modelih v Sloveniji. V desetih letih obstoja je Beton Ltd. ustvaril sedem predstav: Tam daleč stran: uvod v ego-logijo (2010); Rečem, kar mi rečejo, naj rečem (2012); Vse, kar smo izgubili (2013), Upor ni človek (2014), Ich kann nicht anders (2016), Große Erwartungen (2018), Mahlzeit (2019). Prispevek se s pomočjo introspektivne samoanalize poskuša približati odgovorom na vprašanja, kateri osnovni pogoji so bili potrebni za vzpostavitev kolektiva (zgodovinski pogled) in kateri so potrebni za učinkovito delovanje (vsebinska analiza postopkov, metodologije in procesa dela). Preizprašuje razmerje med dejansko in navidezno kolektivnostjo, poskuša označiti prednosti in slabosti ustvarjanja v kolektivu, predvsem pa poskuša ozavestiti, ali v posameznem primeru obstajajo premise splošnega, kar bi lahko veljalo kot primer dobre prakse, ali pa gre le za izjemo.

At the end of the Spanish Civil War, a fortification system was built along the northern shore of the Strait of Gibraltar. Its components include a network of bunkers to defend the coast, which is of enormous historical interest as another link in the evolutionary chain of fortification. However, in spite of institutional protection, the heritage value of these bunkers is still a subject of debate and today they remain ignored and abandoned to their fate. To raise awareness and contribute to the knowledge about these elements, we have devised a strategy based on the use of different graphic resources and documents discovered in military archives: georeferencing of the location and identification plans of the bunkers to draw up an inventory using geographic information systems; and an architectural analysis of the original floor plans and crosssections, as well as the creation of various 3D surveys.

Blockhouses represent a type of small-span aboveground bunkers, originally built in England but later also in other parts of the world. These specific forms of military heritage, which were largely built during the WWII in Balkan, are forgotten witnesses of the past. As the old military concepts and doctrines have been abandoned, the strategic interest for the blockhouses has been lost, while the questions about their future arose. While the developed countries are actively engaged in the search for sustainable solutions that consider finding the non-military uses for these military structures, it is still quite a rarity in Serbia. Many blockhouses are located in the areas of outstanding natural values or within the urban zones; so consequently, they do have a potential to be integrated into contemporary urban dynamics. The paper examines reasons and possibilities for the reuse of blockhouse bunkers, taking into account the principles of sustainability and the indicators for adaptability, analysing their spatial, functional transformation through the development of a model for sustainable conversion. In order to check the debated postulates, a design proposal of a blockhouse converted into a single-family house is presented and discussed from the aspect of layout flexibility and development of a modular extension, as a plausible and sustainable scenario.

Copyright of Constelaciones (2340-177X) is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to limit dust transfer during the operations of material transportation at the factories of the construction industry, factories of the mineral and raw materials complex employ special dust suppression bunkers. These devices are structures located above a railway hopper (either a truck body or a conveyor). Through the input portal of the device, the transported material is transferred. Dusting can also be carried out under the bunkers from the side of the hopper, into which the material is poured. The design of dust suppression bins should be accompanied by a simulation of dust propagation processes. The simulation should be carried out in order to minimize the dust emissions and to select the optimum locations for the dust suppression sprayers.

After the armistice, the threat of an Allied landing on the Italian coasts of Romagna, north of the Gothic Line, spread among the German Army. This danger led to a real arms race, as it would have offered free access to the heart of the Third Reich. What ensued was therefore the organization of a strong line of defence consisting of bunkers, defensive emplacements and structures like dragon’s teeth. The landing, however, never took place and it turned out to be part of a deception strategy. At the end of the war the bunkers were largely destroyed, silted or covered by sand; since then, only some of them have been reused as storages or warehouses. As rejected ruins they were never perceived as cultural heritage, but nowadays they offer the opportunity to reflect on their destiny.

At the end of the Spanish Civil War, a fortification system was built along the northern shore of the Strait of Gibraltar. Its components include a network of bunkers to defend the coast, which is of enormous historical interest as another link in the evolutionary chain of fortification. However, in spite of institutional protection, the heritage value of these bunkers is still a subject of debate and today they remain ignored and abandoned to their fate. To raise awareness and contribute to the knowledge about these elements, we have devised a strategy based on the use of different graphic resources and documents discovered in military archives: georeferencing of the location and identification plans of the bunkers to draw up an inventory using geographic information systems; and an architectural analysis of the original floor plans and cross-sections, as well as the creation of various 3D surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispensing with semiological terms inappropriately applied to comics, this article uses the concept of the 'cube-panel' to show that the comics panel is indissociable from drawing itself. There is no 'code', only drawing. The cube-panel is exemplified in Inside Mœbius. Rather than sampling from a wider, out-of-frame space, it represents a retreat from that space, a prison or refuge, both suggestive of an inner life. The title promises just such a revelation, but it is in the nature of a Mœbius strip, and of a graphic representation of the author's self, for that inside to be inseparable from an outside. Two examples of the inside-outside pairing recur throughout: the desert, representing a creative void, and the bunker, in which the artist externalises himself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockhouses are defensive structures that are built to protect the region thereof particularly against the bombardments of tanks and planes during a raid. The blockhouses were actually a result of the war strategy and technology that had been ongoing for centuries. The basic components of these durable strongholds were iron and concrete. Following the Industrial Revolution, the remarkable development in technology and the extensive use of warplanes and tanks prior to World War II had noticeably increased the significance of blockhouses. These structures were first used in the world in 1904 by Russians during the Russian-Japanese War. The blockhouses are known as pillboxes, bunkers, etc. in Europe and Korugans in Turkey. In Europe, especially in France, blockhouses began to be constructed as part of the defense strategy before World War II, which mentioned defense strategy of Europe was implemented, particularly, by Turkey. With the instructions of the then Chief of General Staff, Fevzi Çakmak, blockhouses were erected on those points of strategic importance in the Region of Marmara as well as on certain coastal spots of the Western Anatolia. The place where the blockhouses, known as Çakmak Line, were most intensively built was in the same region with the Çatalca Line, which was formed during the last period of the Ottoman State in order to protect Istanbul. The "Çakmak Line" covers the area on the east of Büyükçekmece Lake and Terkos (Durusu) Lake and the area between the mentioned two places. About ten different types of blockhouses have been determined along the Çakmak Line by the sizes and intended uses thereof. Upon the termination of the peril of World War II in Turkey, the blockhouses were left to their fate. To summarize, this article deals with the mentioned blockhouses that have been left to their fate and suggests what could be done to conserve this historical heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abandoned bunker is burdened with dereliction, haunted by catastrophe averted. Yet a repurposed former place-for-war can facilitate a peaceful working afterlife. Here, the nature of this afterlife is considered through curated discussion between those who have worked within and/or who have created across repurposed bunker spaces: Becky Alexis-Martin (an emergency planner turned academic), Michael Mulvihill (an artist), and Kathrine Sandys (a theatre practitioner). An exploratory conversation-based approach is undertaken to reflect the labyrinthine nature of bunkers, with twists and turns as discussants strive to create a collective sense of understanding. Examining atmosphere, light and routines in recreating, reinterpreting and reusing former bunkers, the authors problematize any singular view of enduring place-for-war valence for the bunker's afterlife. Instead, they propose a bunker continuum to reflect quotidian and dramatic entanglements. Any notion of a segmentation is disrupted, as they realize that war and peace are enmeshed and replicated across time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a 'pathology' of the Cold War bunker via an analysis of the decay, entropy and post-human fecundity to be found within the closed system of these now abandoned man-made protective cavities. Opening with a contextual overview of current research in bunker studies, and providing an orientation to the variety of bunkers to be found across the US, UK and Europe, the article then presents fieldwork in recently opened bunker caves on the Norwegian island of Tjøme, foregrounding the complex's after-life as an incubator for the extremophilic organisms and crystalline formations growing within it. These inhabitants adapt the bunker, producing a post-human 'bunker culture' of sorts, manifested in alien forms of survival and inter-organism conflict, that strangely echo Cold War science's research into entropy and cybernetics, and that war's co-option of matter and culture to apocalyptic, existential ends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has explored the use of the subterranean dimension during the Jewish Holocaust in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. The study has found that facing extermination by the Germans, in many ghettos Jewish fighting groups and ghetto inhabitants built and made extensive use of underground hideouts, bunkers, tunnels and sewer systems. This subterranean dimension enabled Jewish resisters to build up a modest military force, run operations against the Germans and rescue members from the ghettos. The volume and effective use of the subterranean dimension by Jewish fighting groups were shaped by the geographical conditions in the ghettos, the commanders' military skills and strategy of resistance, and by the relationship with the ghettos' administration and inhabitants, and with local non-Jewish resistance groups. With the partial exception of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, Jewish fighting groups in many ghettos made fatal operational and tactical errors that undermined the use of the subterranean dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution deals with the theme of the conflict on his positive side of reworking through a case of relational art. This is the process developed by Laura Morelli and related to the bombardment of the Dalmine steelworks on the 16th of July 1944. Between 2006 and 2007 the artist faced the elaboration of what happened across an historical research and an artistic/relational project that involved groups of people who had suffered the loss of their loved ones and she worked on a collective restitution, later proposed to the public. The process of artistic transposition came to a huge impactful installation welcomed by the Dalmine steelworks. In 2016 the installation was rebuilt in the chapel S. Francesco of Università Cattolica in Milan capturing a new performance dimension compared to the multiple implications of the current conflict and in its elaboration.

Con este trabajo, realizamos una visión general del desarrollo de la Guerra Civil Española en una zona de retaguardia, como lo es el Levante Peninsular, a partir de los resultados obtenidos desde la Arqueología. En las tierras del Levante contamos con un amplio repertorio de restos y estructuras de nueva aparición directamente relacionados con el conflicto. El análisis de estos elementos, individualmente y en conjunto, y su dispersión espacial, nos permiten evaluar el grado de impacto que este tipo de guerra tuvo en una región de retaguardia como la que nos ocupa. Constatando con ello un alto grado de militarización del territorio y la sociedad.

Purpose. To show the considerations followed for MR-linac in shielding design for the first MR-linac in Mexico following the national clinical necessities. Method. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) 151 recommendations were followed for the shielding design for primary and secondary barriers and the door design. The calculations were made considering the clinical demands in the country, that is, intensity modulated (IMRT) and 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DC-RT) in 80%-20% proportion. Results. The values obtained in the level survey fully comply with the limits established by the national regulatory authority and with those recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for public and occupational exposures. Conclusion. It is remarkable that the workload may increase or that the doses per patient may increase considering occupancy factors, which would allow the introduction of hypofractionated techniques with the same number of patients considered in this work without the need to make modifications in the bunker design., (© 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

Conservatism in the shielding of linear accelerator bunkers is engrained in the methodology of international protocols and guidelines. However, the degree to which this cautious and prudent approach is necessary should be judged against the International Committee of Radiation Protection's principles of exposure justification and optimisation. Radiation survey data from 75 concrete barriers was aggregated and compared to exposure predictions from three popular protocols in order to assess any conservatism in factors used to calculate scatter, leakage and beam penetration. These findings, in addition to a list of common conservative practices, were then used to tally the possible fiscal impact of an over-conservative approach to linear accelerator bunker shielding. While primary beam penetration was accurately predicted, stated conservatisms in scatter and leakage was found to be largely misplaced. An estimated total factor of conservatism calculated from a tally was found to be in agreement with literature values of radiotherapist occupational exposure. This factor amounted to a cost increase of 43% for a single bunker if all conservative assumptions were made. There are aspects of linear accelerator shielding design that have been shown to be overly conservative, beyond what is justifiable by the International Committee of Radiation Protection. Some adjustment to international protocol methodology may be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to limit dust transfer during the operations of material transportation at the factories of the construction industry, factories of the mineral and raw materials complex employ special dust suppression bunkers. These devices are structures located above a railway hopper (either a truck body or a conveyor). Through the input portal of the device, the transported material is transferred. Dusting can also be carried out under the bunkers from the side of the hopper, into which the material is poured. The design of dust suppression bins should be accompanied by a simulation of dust propagation processes. The simulation should be carried out in order to minimize the dust emissions and to select the optimum locations for the dust suppression sprayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Spallation Source bunker is a common shielding area that surrounds the target monolith, protecting the instrument areas from the high dose of ionizing radiation that accompanies the spallation reaction. A comprehensive neutronic work was performed, which took into account dose rates outside the bunker wall and roof, skyshine and activation. A wall with a thickness of 3.5 m and a stepped roof with a thickness of 1–1.5 m, both made of heavy concrete with a density of 3.8 g/cm3, were recognized as the best solution that satisfies the radioprotection requirements for the operation of the facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing is recognized as a major threat to the health of the world's oceans. In addition, the discourse around IUU is recognizing and recommending that IUU be viewed through the lens of transnational crime. Reducing IUU fishing therefore requires a detailed understanding of how fishing fleets function and interact transnationally. However, this is difficult to determine because IUU fishing is by nature a clandestine activity, and often occurs in contexts that, by intention, make monitoring very difficult. Disentangling fleet activities therefore necessitates identifying and understanding how key players or actors function to support or guide IUU activities. In this regard, recent efforts have focused on identifying transshipment activities by finding and following refrigerated cargo (reefer) vessels. We suggest that bunker, or fuel vessels, may provide one solution to understanding and unraveling these IUU networks for two main reasons: they are fewer in number, are known to provide additional support to fishing vessels beyond refueling. In this respect, bunker vessels are also used to resupply provisions, and crew, thereby facilitating human trafficking and slavery, which is demonstrably rife in certain components of the commercial fishing realm (e.g., long distance or high seas fleets). Here, we illustrate how social network analysis (SNA) could be used as a methodological lens to expose previously clandestine IUU fishing fleet dynamics. Specifically, we highlight the connectedness of a tanker vessel, and several fishing and reefer vessels, in an area in the Southern Indian Ocean that has high levels of fishing and general shipping.