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Copyright of Turkish Journal of Primary Education (TUJPED) is the property of Turkish Journal of Primary Education (TUJPED) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bullying is a pervasive public behaviour that raises significant global concerns, inflicting harm on bullies, victims, and bully‐victims. This qualitative case study investigates bully‐victim role formation through the lens of symbolic interactionism. Data were collected via interviews and observations with a Chinese adolescent boy identified as a bully‐victim, by his family, teachers, and peers. Findings revealed the case subject experienced relational and physical victimization, while perpetrating financial, verbal, and physical bullying. Family violence, school exclusion, and an aggressive community culture shaped the subject's aggressive responses over time. Unique aspects of the Chinese cultural context, including parent–child dynamics within migrant families and teacher–student relationships, influenced role development. This novel application of symbolic interactionism sheds light on the complex interplay between multisystem interactions, emotions, and confrontational actions underlying the case subject's bully‐victim status. The study underscores the value of qualitative explorations, giving voice to bully‐victims' perspectives. Findings can inform culturally specific bullying prevention and highlight how contextual interactions shape adolescents' roles. This rare glimpse into bully‐victim experiences in China advances theoretical perspectives and has important implications for research and practice addressing the worldwide problem of bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to compare the prevalence of bullying victimization and perpetration between a sample of gifted students and a sample of nongifted students, and their relationship in both groups with depression, stress, anxiety, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A cross-sectional design was performed with two comparison groups: 449 Spanish adolescents identified as gifted (M age = 11.72, S D = 1.89) and 950 nongifted Spanish students (M age = 12.72, SD =0.79). Results reveal that 41.1%, 1.1%, and 9.5% of the gifted sample were pure-victims, pure-bullies, and bully-victims, respectively, compared to 21.8%, 2.4%, and 5.8% of the nongifted students. It is observed that gifted students are more likely to be victims (OR = 3.20[2.40, 4.28]). Gifted pure-victims have significantly higher stress scores than nongifted pure-victims (p <. 001). In general, pure-victims and bully-victims of gifted and nongifted students both have higher stress, anxiety, and depression scores and lower HRQoL scores than other profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Criminológico is the property of Instituto Andaluz Interuniversitario de Criminologia (Seccion Malaga) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Teachers' responses to incidents of bullying among students can be important for bullying dynamics. Theoretical models of teachers' intervention competence and the theory of planned behavior suggest that teachers' bullying intervention self-efficacy may be associated with teachers' responses to bullying and students' bullying behavior and bullying victimization experiences. Several studies report an association between teachers' self-efficacy and their intervention behavior in incidents of bullying. However, the possible association with student bullying perpetration has rarely been examined so far. The current study explores the association between class teachers' self-efficacy and students' bullying victimization, perpetration, and combined bully-victim behavior in a sample of 2,071 students and their 93 class teachers in Germany. The results suggest an association between class teachers' self-efficacy and students' perpetration behavior. The higher teachers' bullying intervention self-efficacy, the fewer students seem to bully other students. In contrast, teachers' self-efficacy was not associated with students' victimization experiences and students' bully-victim behavior. Possible underlying mechanisms, as well as limitations of the present results, are discussed. Further research is needed to substantiate the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a personal oriented approach to identify distinct combinations of children's experiences of bullying and victimisation in the Irish primary school context. The study investigated the social and emotional characteristics that predicted those profiles at individual and classroom levels. The sample of 2,062 participants was drawn from the Irish national cohort study Children's School Lives. We analysed teacher reports of individual children's strengths and difficulties and neglect, and child reports of experiences of bullying, victimisation, and care from classmates. Latent profile analysis revealed five main profiles of bullying and victimisation in Irish primary schools. Approximately 40% of the children were distributed in the atypical profiles (i.e., bullies, meanies, victims, and bully-victims) with the other 60% of children reporting very low levels of bullying and victimisation. Multilevel modelling predicted the profile membership from a set of social and emotional predictors from individual and classroom levels. At the individual level, being a bully was predicted by higher child neglect, hyperactivity, conduct problems, and peer problems; being a meanie was predicted by hyperactivity, peer problems, and less caring classmates; being a victim was predicted by child neglect, conduct problems, and less caring classmates; and being a bully-victim was predicted by conduct problems and less caring classmates. At the classroom level, being a victim was predicted by being in a classroom comprised of younger children, and in classrooms where children were less caring on average. Theoretical and psycho-educational implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe aim is to examine associations between bullying involvement in adolescence and mental health problems in adulthood.MethodsInformation on bullying-involvement (being bullied, bully-victim, aggressive toward others) and non-involved was collected from 2464 adolescents in Mid-Norway at mean age 13.7 and again at mean age 14.9. Information about mental health problems and psychosocial functioning was collected about 12 years later at mean age 27.2 (n = 1266).ResultsAll groups involved in bullying in young adolescence had adverse mental health outcomes in adulthood compared to non-involved. Those being bullied were affected especially regarding increased total sum of depressive symptoms and high levels of total, internalizing and critical symptoms, increased risk of having received help for mental health problems, and reduced functioning because of a psychiatric problem in adulthood. While those being aggressive toward others showed high levels of total and internalizing symptoms. Both those being bullied and bully-victims showed an increased risk of high levels of critical symptoms. Lastly, all groups involved in bullying on adolescence had increased risk of psychiatric hospitalization because of mental health problems.ConclusionInvolvement in bullying in adolescence is associated with later mental health problems, possibly hindering development into independent adulthood.

The current investigation hypothesized and tested latent bully/victim traits for physical, verbal, or relational bullying/victimization, both cyber and traditional behaviors. Data were collected from 1,356 German students who attended Grades 5 to 10: 48.4% males, 49.3% females from eight different schools in Northern Germany. Based on two samples for cross-validation (N training set = 525, N validation set = 525), study findings provided strong evidence of adequate model fit, both for traditional and cyber behaviors. Consistent with the current state of knowledge, bullying and victimization latent traits highly associated, more so for cyber behaviors than traditional ones. Thus, both the theoretical plausibility as well as statistical evidence support the application of latent modeling to these behaviors. Further research is needed to replicate the applied measurement models proposed in this work and to reveal moderators or measurement invariance across diverse populations. Nevertheless, the current evidence substantiates the importance of the application of a latent modeling approach to overcome known psychometric challenges of reliability and validity in bullying research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Research dedicated to identification of precursors to cases of aggravated bullying in schools has led to enhanced knowledge of risk factors for both victimization and perpetration. However, characteristics among those who are more likely to intervene in such situations are less understood. The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between demographic characteristics, school climate and psychosocial factors, and willingness to intervene in a bullying situation among middle and high school students in Georgia.Methods: We computed analyses using cross-sectional data from the Georgia Student Health Survey II (GSHS 2006) administered to public school students in grades 6, 8, 10, and 12 (n=175,311). We used logistic regression analyses to determine the demographic, school climate and psychosocial factors associated with a willingness to intervene in a bullying situation.Results: Students who were white and who were girls were most likely to report willingness to intervene in bullying situations. Several school-climate factors, such as feeling safe at school, liking school, feeling successful at school and perceiving clear rules at school, were associated with willingness to intervene, while youth who reported binge drinking were less willing to intervene.Conclusion: These findings, while preliminary, indicate that girls, students who are white, and students who experience a relatively positive school climate and adaptive psychosocial factors are more likely to report that they would intervene in bullying situations. These findings may guide how bullying is addressed in schools and underscore the importance of safe school climates. [West J Emerg Med. 2013;14(4):324–328.]

Sibling bullying, the lesser known counterpart of bullying is an unexplored entity, but the little research that exists has shown that it is almost as common as bullying by peers. Personality factors, interpersonal relationships, home environments and parental styles influence the development of bullying behaviors. The normalisation of certain actions by parents may lead to many bullying behaviours going unnoticed. In these cases, the feeling of security usually attached to the familial context is also lost in the victims. It has also been noted to spill over into other environments such as peer bullying and other modes, like cyber bullying. In addition to this arises the bully-victim situation, where the victim becomes the perpetrator, leading to a self propagating vicious cycle. The long term consequences include a higher risk for depression, anxiety, emotional dysregulation and even antisocial behaviour. In fact, multiple neurobiological correlates have also been established, such as alteration in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, raised C-reactive protein levels and abnormal immune functions. To prevent these long term adverse effects, interventions should be initiated early, starting with parental guidance and sensitisation, peer support groups and anti bullying programs in schools.

Aims: To investigate associations between self-injury and involvement in cyberbullying as a bully, victim or bully-victim among mentally distressed adolescents. Methods: Data from the public health survey of children and adolescents in Scania, Sweden 2016 were used. A questionnaire was answered anonymously in school by 9143 students in 9th grade compulsory school (response rate 77%) and 7949 students in 2nd grade of upper secondary school (response rate 73%). Students with past year (broadly defined) mental distress at least 2 weeks in a row (33% of boys and 63% of girls) were asked if they had performed self-injury (i.e. cut, superficially cut or otherwise injured themselves) past year, and those with data on self-injury and cyberbullying were included in the present study (n=6841). Associations between self-injury and cyberbullying were investigated by multiadjusted logistic regression analysis. Results: Among mentally distressed students, self-injury was reported by 11.7% of boys and 25.9% of girls. Age-adjusted analysis showed increasingly higher odds of self-injury among cyberbullies, cybervictims and cyberbully-victims, using non-involved as reference group (OR boys: 1.8, 2.3, 3.0; girls: 2.1, 3.2, 4.8). Associations weakened after adjustment for several potential confounders but remained significant for all cyberbullying groups except male cyberbullies, among whom significance was lost after adjustment for smoking, alcohol and narcotics. Conclusions: Peer victimization in cyber space is associated with self-injury, especially among victims and bully-victims. Decreasing peer victimization is a priority, and school and health professionals need to be aware of the associations between cyberbullying and self-injury among mentally distressed adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study categorized school aged children by their bullying-related experiences and examined how such experiences impact their health outcomes and risk behaviors. Participants included 8955 children aged 11-to-16-year-old (50.3% males) from the Health Behavior of School-Aged Children (HBSC) 2009-2010 dataset, a nationally representative U.S. sample. Experiences of bullying and being bullied, health outcomes of minor symptoms, risk behaviors, and number of bullying types were measured. The associations were examined using logistic regression analysis with Bully Only, Victim Only, and Bully/Victim groups across gender. The Bully/Victim group had the worst health and behavioral outcomes among the groups. A clear gradient indicated that participants who experienced more types of bullying had higher possibilities of leading to risk behaviors and poor health, and the phenomenon persists through these studied symptoms. Girls tended to have more internalizing problems while boys tended to have more externalizing problems. The timely identification of minor psychosomatic symptoms may be used in the early detection on whether children are encountering bullying. Preventive interventions for reduce the harm are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School bullying is a complex social phenomenon that negatively impacts the psychosocial well-being of students, as well as the overall culture and climate of schools. Designing appropriate interventions to combat bullying in South African schools requires nuanced information about this phenomenon. This paper examines the extent and nature of bullying in schools located in different and unequal socio-economic contexts. It then examines the risk factors associated with being a victim of bullying. Self-reported data from a nationally representative sample of 12,514 Grade Nine South African students, who participated in the 2015 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, was used. Data were subjected to analysis using independent samples t-tests and hierarchical generalised linear modelling. The results revealed different patterns of bullying victimisation and perpetration by the socio-economic status (SES) of the school, with students attending schools with a low SES reporting higher levels of bullying. Factors resulting in higher odds of being a victim were students' gender and psychosocial characteristics. Perpetration as a risk factor for victimisation (bully-victims) was found across bullying types. The results suggest that students play different participant roles as bully and victim, and that the two behaviours reinforce one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School bullying has strong empirical links to a broad range of adverse psychosocial outcomes including depression, eating disorders, early abuse of alcohol and drugs, self-injury, poor academic performance, and low self-esteem. Bullying has been implicated in infamous school shootings and numerous youth suicides. This work extends prior studies examining four categories of bullying participation, employing standardized scales measuring psychopathy and empathy, to better understand bullying participation roles and social cognition. The study includes a gender-based examination. Findings indicate males and females engage and experience bullying differently. The present retrospective self-report descriptive study consists of a large university sample (n = 2113), an underutilized population in the bullying literature, reflecting on their bullying experiences in high school. Findings contribute to current knowledge about the interrelationship between bullying participation, empathy and psychopathy. Results show significant differences across participation categories and by gender. Specific results emphasize deficits in primary psychopathy among both male and female victims. Victims of bullying may lack a healthy/self-preservation baseline of primary psychopathy. Intervention and prevention efforts geared towards bullies remain important, but a more holistic approach inclusive of victims, facilitating normal/healthy narcissism, self-esteem building, and greater capacity to deal with their social environment is likely to be most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bully-victims suffer from the negative results of both bullying and victimization experiences. The purpose of this study was to explore the developmental process of bully-victims from the perspectives of both bully-victims and school teachers. For this study, 10 secondary school bully-victims and 21 teachers were invited to participate in individual interviews. Qualitative data were analyzed via the grounded theory. The results indicated that three phases can be identified: the single role, in which most bully-victims are initially victims and few are initially bullies; the dual role, in which bully-victims either continually attack more vulnerable targets or retaliate against their original bullies because of their continued victimization and incitement from family members and/or peers; and reversal and termination of the dual role, in which bully-victims terminate their bullying and/or victimization situation after certain factors emerge, such as empathic arousal, positive interventions from peers and/or adults, and factors relevant to the original bullies. The results of this study suggested that teachers and parents should closely monitor the developmental process of bully-victims to provide them with suitable interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a commonly accepted threshold of 2 to 3 times per month as a marker of bullying-involvement from noninvolvement, approximately 30% of U.S. students report being a bully, victim, or both. Although variation in the frequency of involvement exists, infrequent engagement (less than 2 to 3 times a month) is generally considered noninvolved. However, the question remains: Do these differences have implications for behavioral health patterns, including substance use, depression and school connectedness? The present study used a district-wide random cluster sample of 66 middle and high schools in a mid-size city. The study population consisted of 3,221 middle school (53.4%) and high school (45.6%) students, with 48.7% females, 44.6 males, and 6.7% youth identifying with another gender category. These youth were racially diverse, with the modal category being Black (36.0%). Based on student survey response, we report, (a) the frequency and intensity of bullying behaviors, (b) common patterns of involvement, and (c) demographic and individual-level risk factors associated with these patterns. Analyses resulted in nine bully types, with substantial differences in bullying-involvement intensity based on gender, race, school connectedness, and mental health. Perhaps most striking, the majority of youth (70.9%) were involved in some level of bullying perpetration, victimization, or both, when accounting for the accumulation of low frequency involvement (e.g., once, twice, or a few times) across multiple bullying behaviors. Implications for adolescent development and prevention are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Traditional school bullying is complex and overlapping, hence research suggests there is a varied definition of the term (Canty et al., 2016). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential effects of the term bullying on adolescent experiences of bullying. Additionally, the study examined bully, victim, bully-victim, and bystander identity as a moderating factor of experience of the term.Design/methodology/approach Research appears to seldom offer adolescents the opportunity to discuss bullying using qualitative methods within naturalistic environments. Therefore, the current study adopted a phenomenological framework for adolescents to share their experiences. Data comprised recordings of semi-structured interviews and focus groups with adolescents (n=20) in high-school settings.Findings The current study supported the notion that adolescents perceive a varied use of the term bullying in schools. The sample experience a varied understanding of bullying in which they explain: increases exposure to bullying; impacts social perception of bullying; reduces trust in anti-bullying intervention; reduces coping self-efficacy amongst victims of bullying; and impacts negatively on friendships.Originality/value Findings suggest a knowledge deficit in transferring information about school bullying from experts to non-experts. The sample indicated that a varied use of the term bullying has negative impact on their social and emotional functioning particularly; in managing distress and maintaining relationships. Additionally, inconsistent understanding of the term was said to increase the frequency of bullying, perception of bullying, and trust in intervention amongst the sample. Limitations of the research, recommendations for practice and intervention are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Research dedicated to identification of precursors to cases of aggravated bullying in schools has led to enhanced knowledge of risk factors for both victimization and perpetration. However, characteristics among those who are more likely to intervene in such situations are less understood. The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between demographic characteristics, school climate and psychosocial factors, and willingness to intervene in a bullying situation among middle and high school students in Georgia.Methods: We computed analyses using cross-sectional data from the Georgia Student Health Survey II (GSHS 2006) administered to public school students in grades 6, 8, 10, and 12 (n=175,311). We used logistic regression analyses to determine the demographic, school climate and psychosocial factors associated with a willingness to intervene in a bullying situation.Results: Students who were white and who were girls were most likely to report willingness to intervene in bullying situations. Several school-climate factors, such as feeling safe at school, liking school, feeling successful at school and perceiving clear rules at school, were associated with willingness to intervene, while youth who reported binge drinking were less willing to intervene.Conclusion: These findings, while preliminary, indicate that girls, students who are white, and students who experience a relatively positive school climate and adaptive psychosocial factors are more likely to report that they would intervene in bullying situations. These findings may guide how bullying is addressed in schools and underscore the importance of safe school climates. [West J Emerg Med. 2013;14(4):324–328.]

Adolescents' body image dissatisfaction has an adverse effect on peer relationships. It may lead to changes in behaviour (aggressive or passive) and consequently to bullying behaviour. Our aim was to assess the association between body image dissatisfaction and involvement in bullying and whether this differs by gender. We used data from the Slovak part of the 2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. The final sample comprised 8050 adolescents aged 11 to 15 years old (mean age 13.57), less than half of whom were boys. The association between self-reported body image and involvement in bullying was determined using multinomial logistic regression. We found a significant association between body dissatisfaction and involvement in bullying. Adolescents dissatisfied with their bodies because due to feeling overweight were more likely to become passive or reactive victims. Self-reported thinness was found to be significantly associated with bully-victims only in boys. Conclusion: Adolescent body dissatisfaction is strongly associated with bullying behaviour. Our findings point out the importance of incorporating at schools different types of intervention programmes supporting positive self-perceptions of adolescents and reducing bullying behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Despite being relatively new, cyberbullying is now well recognized as a serious public health problem affecting children and adolescents. Scientific exploration has lagged media attention, but a synthesis of studies across several disciplines permits an understanding of its epidemiology, phenomenology, mental health dimensions, and management tools. Methods To assess current knowledge of cyberbullying, we searched the MEDLINE, PubMed and PsycINFO databases for articles on “cyberbullying” and related designations. The Google search engine was used to capture otherwise unpublished legislative, governmental, and community response data and to help identify relevant books and book chapters. Results A significant proportion of children and adolescents (20%–40%) have been victims of cyberbullying, with females and sexual minorities seemingly at higher risk. Perpetrators are more likely to be male. By nature of the electronic platform, there seems to be an easier path to the bully-victim phenomenon (victims who become bullies or vice versa) than that in traditional bullying. A nonlinear relationship with age is suggested, but demographic data overall are preliminary. Accompanying psychopathology, including an increasingly well-established link to suicidality, is common. Several prevention and management approaches have been proposed to help prevent cyberbullying or mitigate its effects. Discussion Cyberbullying's seeming ubiquity, its disproportionate toll on vulnerable populations (e.g., children and sexual minorities), the link with suicidality, and the expected continued rise in Internet penetrance and connectivity make confronting it an urgent matter. A multipronged approach is most likely to succeed and would include: educational media campaigns; school-based programs; parental oversight and involvement; legislative action; and screening and evidence-based interventions by health care providers, especially pediatricians and mental health professionals. Conclusions More research is needed into cyberbullying, but available data suggest a serious problem whose consequences are real and should not be dismissed as a “virtual” by-product of an increasingly digitalized childhood and adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the prevalence of bullying among high school students in Mexico, through the 2009 National Survey on Exclusion, Intolerance and Violence in High Schools. The study identifies different instances of bullying, as well as the actors involved: bullies, victims, bully-victims and bystanders. This research also uses Bronfenbrenner's ecological model in order to analyze individual, relational and contextual factors associated to the involvement of high school-level students in bullying. The results show there is a strong relationship between the involvement of students in violent experiences in other contexts (neighborhood and family) and their involvement as bullies, victims or bully-victims in the school context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to examine prospectively associations between bullying involvement at 14–15 years of age and self-reported general health and psychosocial adjustment in young adulthood, at 26–27 years of age. A large representative sample ( N = 2,464) was recruited and assessed in two counties in Mid-Norway in 1998 ( T 1 ) and 1999/2000 ( T 2 ) when the respondents had a mean age of 13.7 and 14.9, respectively, leading to classification as being bullied, bully-victim, being aggressive toward others or non-involved. Information about general health and psychosocial adjustment was gathered at a follow-up in 2012 ( T 4 ) ( N = 1,266) with a respondent mean age of 27.2. Logistic regression and ANOVA analyses showed that groups involved in bullying of any type in adolescence had increased risk for lower education as young adults compared to those non-involved. The group aggressive toward others also had a higher risk of being unemployed and receiving any kind of social help. Compared with the non-involved, those being bullied and bully-victims had increased risk of poor general health and high levels of pain. Bully-victims and those aggressive toward others during adolescence subsequently had increased risk of tobacco use and lower job functioning than non-involved. Further, those being bullied and aggressive toward others had increased risk of illegal drug use. Relations to live-in spouse/partner were poorer among those being bullied. Involvement in bullying, either as victim or perpetrator, has significant social costs even 12 years after the bullying experience. Accordingly, it will be important to provide early intervention for those involved in bullying in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying victimization disproportionately affects sexual minority youth. However, little research exists that explores bullying role involvement for this population. This is an important gap as bully-victims (i.e., perpetration and victimization involvement) consistently report the highest rates of mental and behavioral health problems compared with bully-only, victim-only, and no involvement roles. This study seeks to identify the frequency of bullying perpetration and victimization by type (i.e., verbal, relational, electronic, and physical), the percentages of sexual minority youth who assume bully-only, victim-only, bullyvictim, and no involvement roles, and the social ecological correlates of bullying role involvement. This study utilizes structured interviews with 125 sexual minority youth (15-19 years old) to examine four types of bullying perpetration and victimization. Social ecological correlates of bullying role involvement are identified utilizing multinomial logit regression. The most common role type is victimonly (46.4%), followed by no involvement (36.8%), bully-victim (12%), and bullyonly (4.8%). Gender-role conformity, sexuality disclosure, psychological distress, social support, school disciplinary problems, and positive school climate are significant predictors of bullying role involvement. Future research is needed to confirm these rates of bullying role involvement and to examine their developmental processes (e.g., emergence, desistance, fluidity of entering and exiting role types) for sexual minority youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the causal pathways and factors associated with being involved in bullying behaviour as a bully-victim using longitudinal data from students aged 11–14 years over the transition time from primary to secondary school. Examination of bully-victim pathways suggest a critical time to intervene is prior to transition from the end of primary school to the beginning of secondary school to prevent and reduce the harm from bullying. Negative outcome expectancies from bullying perpetration were a significant predictor of being a bully-victim at the end of the first year of secondary school. The findings show an association between peer support, connectedness to school, pro-victim attitudes, outcome expectancies and level of bullying involvement. Implications for intervention programs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to examine the frequency of cyber bullying among youth by distinguishing among the three categories of involvement in cyber bullying: victims, bullies, and bully–victims, to compare these to a fourth category of students who are not involved in the three categories of cyber bullying and to explore the factors that contribute to involvement in cyber bullying. Method: This study utilized a large and diverse sample of 2186 middle and high school students, who completed self report questionnaires during class time. We performed a Multinomial Logistic Regression to examine the relationship between the cyber bullying categories and our independent variables (gender, age, technology use, parental involvement and safety). Results: Over 30% of the students in this study identified as involved in cyber bullying, as victims or perpetrators, and one in four of the students (25.7%) reported having been involved in cyber bullying as both bully and victim during the previous three months. Students who were involved in cyber bullying were more likely than others to report perpetration of violence toward peers, to use computers for more hours a day, and to give their password to friends. Other risk factors, such as gender, age and safety, were found to be specific only for one category of cyber bullying. Conclusion: The findings revealed that students are highly involved in cyber bullying. Several unique characteristics emerged regarding the frequency and risk factors of students'' involvement in cyber bullying. In traditional bullying the category of bully–victims represents the smallest and most vulnerable group of children, whereas in the current study the bully–victims category emerged as common. In addition, females were more likely than males to be bully–victims, in contrast to research on traditional bullying, in which more males than females are typically involved as bully–victims. In addition, several risk factors were common among the three groups of children, including the amount of hours per day students use the computer, and giving passwords to a friend. These results point to the need for further examination and to focus on the risk factors for students'' cyber bullying involvement in each of the three categories. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study explored the current psychological characteristics and criminal behavior history of individuals who retrospectively reported being bullies, bully-victims, victims, or controls (i.e. neither victims nor bullies) during their last 2 years of high school. College students ( n = 960) completed measures of criminal thinking, aggression, psychopathy, and criminal behavior online. We predicted bullies and bully-victims would demonstrate the highest scores for criminal thinking, proactive aggression, psychopathy, and have the most criminal infractions. Bullies and bully-victims had significantly higher scores on criminal thinking, aggression, psychopathy, and criminal behaviors than victims or controls. Additionally, men were significantly higher in criminal thinking, aggression, psychopathy, and had more criminal acts than women. There were no gender by bully group interactions. Logistic regression analyses differentiated bully-victims from bullies. Bully-victims tended to be male, higher in criminal thinking, and higher in reactive aggression. In addition, bully-victims were distinct from victims, showing higher criminal thinking and higher proactive aggression. Aggr. Behav. 37:145-160, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology is the property of Editorial of the University of Almeria (Spain) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the rapidly growing literature on bullying, it is increasingly recognised that peer relationship problems as manifested in being bullied are associated with low self-esteem. However, the literature on self-esteem in relation to children who bully others is controversial. The objective of this paper is to elucidate further our understanding of the relationship between self-concept and bullying behaviour. Data from a nationwide study of bullying behaviour carried out in Ireland during 1993-1994 have been reviewed. The relevant results from 8,249 school children aged 8 to 18 years are presented. The paper examines the global and dimensional nature of self-esteem and how it relates to children and adolescents who either have been victimised or bullied others. A distinction is made between “pure victims,” “pure bullies,” and children and adolescents who were both bullied and who bullied others. In other words, pure victims were those who had not bullied others, and pure bullies had not themselves been bullied. Those who were both bullied and bullied others were subdivided further into victims who bully occasionally, sometimes, and frequently and bullies who are victimised, occasionally, sometimes, and frequently. The results show that children of both primary and post-primary age who were involved in bullying as victims, bullies, or both had significantly lower global self-esteem than did children who had neither bullied nor been bullied. However, the pure bullies, in contrast to the pure victims, placed the same value on their physical attractiveness and attributes and on their popularity as did their peers who had not bullied others or been bullied. The bully-victims of all ages had the lowest self-esteem of the subgroups in the study. Also, the more frequently children were victimised or bullied others, the lower was their global self-esteem. The typology and frequency of bullying and the age of the children when they were involved in bullying influenced the status of the specific domains of self-esteem. There were, e.g., significant differences in anxiety between the pure bullies of post-primary age and their peers who had not bullied others or been bullied. The post-primary children who bullied most frequently were the least anxious. The results indicate that high self-esteem protects children and adolescents from involvement in bullying. Thus, in view of the strong relationship between self-esteem and bullying that has been found in the present paper, it is recommended that top priority be given by parents and teachers to preventing and reducing feelings of poor self-worth among children and adolescents. Aggr. Behav. 27:269–283, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the need on a national scale for formal preservice and inservice training programmes for teachers on bullying and victimisation. It also discusses the areas of teacher training that are believed to be most critical in effecting a change in the level of bullying and victimisation in schools. The need for training of teachers was crystallised in Ireland recently by the tragic death of a young student who had been bullied for 5 years at school. Particular attention is paid in this paper to the need for teachers to understand the importance of self-esteem in bullying behaviour. Results are presented that indicate that children and adolescents who bully share with victims lower levels of self-esteem than peers who have never bullied or been bullied. Aggr. Behav. 26:99–111, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Low-, high-, online-, and offline-risk latent groups were derived. • Perpetration and victimization occurred for all latent risk groups. • All other groups reported more antisocial peer conformity than the low-risk group. • Bullying prevention programs should address the social context of peer relationships. Today's digital native adolescents are at risk of experiencing bullying not only in traditional offline contexts but also in online social contexts. Yet, little is known about the joint occurrence of offline perpetration and victimization, as well as online perpetration and victimization in early adolescence, despite its potential for providing important implications for areas of intervention. The current study examined 375 adolescents (girls = 52.5%, age range = 10–11 years old) in Korea and identified four unique groups such as high-, online-, offline-, and low-risk groups, using 42 items measuring offline and online perpetration and victimization, through latent profile analysis. Logistic regression showed that antisocial peer conformity predicted membership in the high- (AOR = 2.46, p <.05), offline- (AOR = 3.10, p <.01), and online-risk (AOR = 2.94, p <.001) groups, compared to the low-risk group. As for peer conformity, all groups involving bullying experiences showed more antisocial peer conformity than the low-risk group (F 3,371 = 12.973, p <.001). Although all risk groups identified in this study—high-risk, online-risk, offline-risk—experienced both perpetration and victimization, there is a clear paucity of programs concerning the joint occurrence of bullying perpetration and victimization in Korea. Future interventions that consider the joint occurrence of bullying perpetration and victimization in offline and online contexts may be effective for preventing and reducing maladaptive peer interactions among adolescents in today's digital era. Moreover, as antisocial peer conformity was demonstrated in all bully experiences regardless of their domain, bullying prevention programs should also address the social context of youth in terms of peer relationships rather than its current focus on individual factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify subgroups based on student's verbal, social, and physical bullying and victimization behaviors using latent class analysis (LCA). The dataset used in this research consists of 3581 8th graders as participants from the 2014 5th annual survey of Seoul Education Longitudinal Study (SELS) in Korea. Broadly speaking, our analysis identified six subgroups: 31.9% of uninvolved, 7.1% of victims, 10.1% of bullies, 37.8% of bully-victims who showed high levels of verbal bullying victimization and perpetration (BV-V), 9.0% of bully-victims who showed high levels of verbal and social bullying victimization and perpetration (BV-VS), and, 4.1% of bully-victims who showed high levels of verbal, social, and physical bullying victimization and perpetration (BV-VSP). Our results indicate that the bully-victim group may not be homogeneous, but rather can be further identified and divided into three characteristic subgroups. Using the identified subgroups, more effective intervention could be made by clarifying the targeted group of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]