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The dismantling of a Roman-era wall structure, identified in Calvatone-Bedriacum during the UniMi excavations, made it possible to observe its composition and building characteristics in detail. The study highlights how this structure was built according to techniques that can be classified in the typology developed by A. Bacchetta, but with some specific precautions and particularities., Lo smontaggio di una struttura muraria di epoca romana, individuata a Calvatone-Bedriacum durante gli scavi UniMi, ha dato la possibilità di osservarne in modo dettagliato la composizione e le caratteristiche edilizie. Lo studio pone in evidenza come tale struttura sia stata edificata secondo delle tecniche inquadrabili nella tipologia elaborata da A. Bacchetta, ma con alcune specifiche accortezze e particolarità.

The purpose of this paper is the detailed study of one of the excavations that has marked the evolution of Fontbouïsse of MITRA III located in Garons (Gard, France) whilst focussing on the development and the disappearance of enclosures in the south of France. The site located near to a site known as Puech Ferrier, an unpublished enclosure of MITRA III excavated in 2011, was first excavated in 2012 within the framework of preventive archaeology. This exploration of a 5000 m ² surface revealed the southern part and the entrance of an installation delimited by at least two ditches which succeed one another, dating to a period between the 27th and 24th centuries BC that includes the development of the culture of Fontbouïsse, the Campaniforme (Bell Beaker) and the emergence of the early Bronze (BA2). A network of three concentric ditches, the innermost enclosure being the oldest, makes up the first enclosure, where an interruption in the ditches allows access to the site. A later much larger wider and deeper ditch cuts across the first enclosure. The paper focusses on the study of this ditch and its fill, which is the only enclosed site dating to the Late Neolithic in the south of France. Observed over nearly 90 m, this ditch delimits the southern part of the site. It contains fragments of mudbrick over a silty ashy layer the anthracological spectrum of which contains mainly by oak. Based on the results of stratigraphic and soil micromorphology, a phased filling of the ditch can be proposed. Micro-and macroscopic characterization of the earthen elements found in the ditch have specified the nature of the cob and wattle and daub and the demolished structure they came from. The findings reveal that the ditch remained open for a relatively short period of time, after which a cob structure, perhaps a wall, was installed, the base of which is preserved in a portion of the ditch. The ditch was then filled in by the destruction of another earthen and wood structure. This architecture could have been used to strengthen the monumental aspect of the enclosure, the hypothesis being that it copied a layout observed on other Fontbuxien settlements. A violent fire subsequently destroyed this ditch-wall enclosure and a possible adjoining building. Following on from this event, the ditch was re-dug before being filled in after the site is abandoned. The exact dating of the ditch and the destruction of the earthen wall remain imprecise. Some elements found in the lower ditch fill date to the first phase of the Fontbouïsse culture. They stylistically refer productions from the plain of Hérault and Gard. However, the destruction of the earthen architecture is dated by radiocarbon analysis and pottery found in the upper layers and the discovery of a sherd with international style decoration gives a later dating range of between 2450 and 2250 cal. BC. This enclosure and its destruction constitute a milestone in Fontbouïsse and Late Neolithic chronology. Its foundation and destruction occur within a short space of time. The events that occurred during the history of MITRA date the initial foundation and development of the concentric enclosures and the site''s total overhaul, which happened shortly before its abandon. The entrance identified at Mitra III, the new ditch with its earthen architecture that cut across the first enclosure around 2500 cal. BC questions our knowledge of the development and disappearance of enclosures at a pivotal period (Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age) in southern France., Localisées non loin du site de Puech Ferrier et de l’enclos inédit de Mitra II fouillé en 2011, les enceintes de Mitra III situé à Garons (Gard) ont fait l’objet d’une première campagne de fouille préventive en 2012. L’exploration sur une superficie de 5 000 m² a révélé la partie méridionale et une porte d’un établissement délimité par au moins deux systèmes de fossés d’enclos qui se succèdent au cours d’une période qui connait le développement du Fontbouïsse, l’impact Campaniforme et l’émergence du plein Bronze ancien (BA2), soit entre le 27e et 24e s. av. J.-C. L’article traite spécifiquement de l’étude d’un imposant fossé plus large, plus profond et de plan plus anguleux que ceux du premier système d’enceinte dont il vient condamner l’accès. Il a été observé sur près de 90 mètres linéaires et délimite le sud de l’établissement. Il présente un puissant niveau de comblement constitué d’éléments d’architectures en terre crue en connexion partielle, surmontant une couche limono-cendreuse dont le spectre anthracologique est très largement dominé par le chêne. Sur la base des résultats de l’analyse stratigraphique, micromorphologique et une caractérisation micro et macroscopique des éléments de terre crue, il est possible de caractériser la dynamique de comblement et la nature de l’architecture en lien avec ce système de délimitation., Sendra Benoit, Onfray Marylise, Di pascale Ambre, Orgeval Maxime, Bruxelles L. Étude d’un fossé et d’architectures en terre fondés au milieu du 3e millénaire av. J.-C. sur le plateau des Costières (Garons, Gard, France) . In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 116, n°3, 2019. pp. 479-513.

International audience; The analysis of the hydraulic network of Bibracte –one of the most important oppida at the end of the Gallic independence and one of the best studied– allows to draw up a first panorama of the types of installations intended to capture or evacuate water in the course of the 1st c. BC and to measure the transformations in water management after the Roman conquest. This urban site, with 132 hydraulic installations discovered between the 19th c. and 2017, has no equivalent for the same period. His study reveals in particular the existence of large capacity collective storage structures, the attention paid to the evacuation of rainwater and the recurrence of local techniques alongside typical Roman equipment.; L’analyse du réseau hydraulique de Bibracte – l’un des oppida les plus importants à la fin de l’indépendance gauloise et l’un des mieux étudiés – permet de dresser un premier panorama des types d’aménagements destinés à capter ou à évacuer l’eau dans le courant du Ier s. av. J.-C. et de mesurer les transformations en matière de gestion de l’eau après la Conquête romaine. Ce site urbain, avec ses 132 installations hydrauliques découvertes entre le XIXe s. et 2017, n’a pas d’équivalent pour la même période. Son étude révèle notamment l’existence de structures de stockage collectives de grande capacité, l’attention portée à l’évacuation des eaux pluviales et la récurrence des techniques locales côtoyant des équipements typiquement romains.

International audience; The purpose of this paper is the detailed study of one of the excavations that has marked the evolution of Fontbouïsse of MITRA III located in Garons (Gard, France) whilst focussing on the development and the disappearance of enclosures in the south of France.The site located near to a site known as Puech Ferrier, an unpublished enclosure of MITRA III excavated in 2011, was first excavated in 2012 within the framework of preventive archaeology. This exploration of a 5000 m² surface revealed the southern part and the entrance of an installation delimited by at least two ditches which succeed one another, datingto a period between the 27th and 24th centuries BC that includes the development of the culture of Fontbouïsse, the Campaniforme (Bell Beaker) and the emergence of the early Bronze (BA2). A network of three concentric ditches, the innermost enclosure being the oldest, makes up the first enclosure, where an interruption in the ditches allows access to the site. A later much larger wider and deeper ditch cuts across the first enclosure.The paper focusses on the study of this ditch and its fill, which is the only enclosed site dating to the Late Neolithic in the south of France. Observed over nearly 90 m, this ditch delimits the southern part of the site. It contains fragments of mudbrick over a silty ashy layer the anthracological spectrum of which contains mainly by oak. Based on the results of stratigraphic and soil micromorphology, a phased filling of the ditch can be proposed. Micro and macroscopic characterization of the earthen elements found in the ditch have specified the nature of the cob and wattle and daub and the demolished structure they came from.The findings reveal that the ditch remained open for a relatively short period of time, after which a cob structure, perhaps a wall, was installed, the base of which is preserved in a portion of the ditch. The ditch was then filled in by the destruction of another earthen and wood structure.This architecture could have been used to strengthen the monumental aspect of the enclosure, the hypothesis being that it copied a layout observed on other Fontbuxien settlements. A violent fire subsequently destroyed this ditch-wall enclosure and a possible adjoining building. Following on from this event, the ditch was re-dug before being filled in after the site is abandoned.The exact dating of the ditch and the destruction of the earthen wall remain imprecise.Some elements found in the lower ditch fill date to the first phase of the Fontbouïsse culture. They stylistically refer productions from the plain of Hérault and Gard. However, the destruction of the earthen architecture is dated by radiocarbon analysis and pottery found in the upper layers and the discovery of a sherd with international style decoration gives a later dating range of between 2450 and 2250 cal. BC. This enclosure and its destruction constitute a milestone in Fontbouïsse and Late Neolithic chronology. Its foundation and destruction occur within a short space of time. The events that occurred during the history of MITRA date theinitial foundation and development of the concentric enclosures and the site's total overhaul, which happened shortly before its abandon. The entrance identified at Mitra III, the new ditch with its earthen architecture that cut across the first enclosure around 2500 cal. BC questions our knowledge of the development and disappearance of enclosures at a pivotal period (Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age) in southern France.; Localisées non loin du site de Puech Ferrier et de l'enclos inédit de Mitra II fouillé en 2011, les enceintes de Mitra III situé à Garons (Gard) ont fait l'objet d'une première campagne de fouille préventive en 2012. L'exploration sur une superficie de 5 000 m² a révélé la partie méridionale et une porte d'un établissement délimité par au moins deux systèmes de fossés d'enclos qui se succèdent au cours d'une période qui connait le développement du Fontbouïsse, l'impact Campaniforme et l'émergence du plein Bronze ancien (BA2), soit entre le 27e et 24e s. av. J.-C. L'article traite spécifiquement de l'étude d'un imposant fossé plus large, plus profond et de plan plus anguleux que ceux du premier système d'enceinte dont il vient condamner l'accès. Il a été observé sur près de 90 mètres linéaires et délimite le sud de l'établissement. Il présente un puissant niveau de comblement constitué d'éléments d'architectures en terre crue en connexion partielle, surmontant une couche limono-cendreuse dont le spectre anthracologique est très largement dominé par le chêne.Sur la base des résultats de l'analyse stratigraphique, micromorphologique et une caractérisation micro et macroscopique des éléments de terre crue, il est possible de caractériser la dynamique de comblement et la nature de l'architecture en lien avec ce système de délimitation.

The monumental complex of the Castelo dos Mouros at Sintra (Portugal) is an architectural ensemble declared World Heritage Site. It is formed by two walled enclosures, with a large cistern inside the bigger one, and the small church of São Pedro de Canaferrim outside the walled enclosures. Thought to be “work of Moors” by historiography and hidden by a Romantic restoration in the 19th century, the analysis of this site by means of the Archaeology of Architecture puts back the chronology of the castle and the church to the second half of the 12th century, in relation to the Christian conquest of Lisbon. El conjunto monumental Patrimonio de la Humanidad del Castelo dos Mouros de Sintra (Portugal) es un complejo arquitectónico formado por dos recintos amurallados, con una gran cisterna en el interior del mayor, y la pequeña iglesia de São Pedro de Canaferrim extramuros. Considerado “obra de moros” en la historiografía, y enmascarado en el siglo XIX bajo una restauración romántica que le dotó de aires de cuento, su análisis desde la Arqueología de la Arquitectura retrasa la construcción originaria del conjunto hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XII, en relación con la conquista cristiana de Lisboa.

Starting from specific case studies of little transformed buildings, particularly well documented in the archive records, and for which direct observation is possible, more general considerations can be drawn in search of the knowledge that allows us to reconstruct the work site of past centuries. The case study presented is that of the palace erected ex novo in Venice by the doge Leonardo Donà dalle Rose in 1610-12, whose building records allow us to reconstruct in detail the supply system, the types of wood used, the techniques, and the lexicon of early modern Venetian carpentry, including the use of ‘composed beams’. It confirms that, compared to central Italy, in early modern Venice, in almost all cases the single-layered timber structure of the floor remains exposed and uses beams placed very close to each other, thus providing a spatial rhythm to the ceiling and directly supporting a series of timber planks.Venetian buildings, in fact, in order to not overload the foundation ground and to confer some flexibility to the structure, respond to the concept of box-like lightweight structures. In addition to regularity, these slabs, then, also have the advantage of providing a uniform distribution of loads on the masonry, and with their strong joints result in a sufficiently rigid plate that braces the slender walls., Opus Incertum, Vol 3 (2017)

The present paper aims to report early applications of the domical vaults on a square plan supported by four arches and spherical-triangle pendentives, which remain in Levant of Roman Empire. They are made of cut stones, and the technique of which traces back to Hellenistic tradition. New measurements confirm that these domical vaults with pendentives form a hemisphere. They were probably constructed in the second century AD. A shallow dome made of cut stone voussoir was adequate to create a geometrical form, but it was considerably inapplicable to a monument more than 10 m in diameter. This method was a tentative solution before the pendentive dome was innovated in the second half of the sixth century AD.

The article deals with the problem of chronological determination of three sacral edifices located in the middle, as well as in the highest cultural horizon of the region of Matka near Skopje. Due to the lack of historical sources, as well as preserved portions of the original fresco ensembles, the buildings are dated on the ground of their architectural features and according to the archeological finds discovered in their vicinity. In that regard, the church of St. Kyriake on the highest mountain post of Matka is dated in the first half of the fourteenth century, the temple of St. Archangel Michael at the site of Peter’s Rock in the late twelfth, while the church dedicated to St. Saviour, as a restoration of the later, was repeatedly built in the period between the late thirteenth and the second half of the twentieth century.

En este artículo presentamos unas evidencias singulares de edificación con tierra, documentadas en el asentamiento del Bronce argárico de Caramoro I (Elche, Alicante), que muestran el empleo de una técnica constructiva prácticamente desconocida hasta la fecha en la Prehistoria de la península ibérica. En momentos avanzados de la ocupación del asentamiento fue empleado el amasado de barro en forma de bolas para remodelar y acondicionar una parte de las estructuras exteriores del enclave. La identificación de esta técnica constructiva con tierra adquiere especial interés dadas las dificultades presentes a la hora de distinguirla en el registro arqueológico de otras, como el empleo de adobes hechos a mano. De ahí la importancia de tratar de definir y diferenciar las distintas técnicas y contribuir así al correcto uso de la terminología de la arquitectura de tierra en su aplicación a las evidencias arqueológicas, In this article, we present some singular earth building remains documented in the Argaric Bronze Age settlement of Caramoro I (Elche, Alicante). These show the use of a construction technique almost unrecognised to date in the Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. Mud modelled in pieces, or cob balls, were used towards the end of the occupation of the site, to rebuild and coat part of some of the external walls. Identifying this technique is especially important due to the difficulties in distinguishing it in the archaeological record from others, such as hand-made adobe bricks. Therefore, it is crucial that we try to differentiate and define them, and to contribute to the correct use of earth building terminology applied to archaeological construction remains

En este trabajo, se ofrece un estudio tipológico de las fábricas de tapial en la Provincia de Sevilla (España) desde época islámica. A pesar de que la clasificación propuesta se basa en la estructura de la fábrica como principal premisa del análisis, sin embargo, también se consideran cuestiones metrológicas y las relativas a la composición material de la fábrica, centradas estas últimas en estudios de caracterización de los materiales constituyentes (composición, porosidad, resistencia...). This paper presents a typological study on tapia wall in the Province of Seville (Spain) since the Islamic period. Although this classification is based primary on the structure of the tapia wall, metrological issues and material composition of the walls, wich are the results of having studied their material characterizations (composition, porosity, resistance...), are also considered.

The paper analyses the evolutionary process which befell traditional masonry buildings in most towns of the Po Valley. Although each building represents a unique case, with its own history, the origins and transformation of historic buildings can be traced by a process of refinement in the analysis of the built heritage at different scales that allow us to switch between the urban structure and the building fabric itself, and from this to architectural choices. This method of multiscalar reading of the built environment is illustrated for the town of Medicina located in the plain to the east of Bologna, an area that is well-suited to this kind of analysis as the traditional buildings in the town are almost all constructed of brick. The authors argue for the need to ensure that all restoration of historic buildings is undertaken only after a good understanding of the construction techniques used in the building itself, and the history of its previous transformations, have been gained.

The search for alternatives to wood for floorings has led to very interesting experiments on vaulted structures, with diffusion in specific areas. We analyze the Sicilian ones consisting of three layers of tiles with plaster, introduced in the mid-eighteenth century, reinterpreted with the local materials and building culture, with original and ingenious solutions as to seismicity of area. The oldest examples in Palermo date back to the period following the earthquake of 1726, considered a good solution because of their lightness and presumed monolithic structure, able to reduce the pressure on walls. This report is an assessment of this building system, that we found during many restoration works. Totally ignored by official current technical culture, tiled vaults usually are demolished or transformed into decorative ceilings. A comparative examination of several cases has enabled us to properly assess the actual possibility for maintenance, rehabilitation or re-proposal, whilst preserving the structural function.

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In molti campi del sapere, le ‘mappe concettuali’ sono uno strumento consolidato per la rappresentazione e gestione della conoscenza, soprattutto quando diversi contenuti disciplinari interagiscono a fini applicativi. Attraverso proposizioni di senso compiuto, che legano ‘parole-evento’, le mappe aiutano infatti ad usare il sapere in una struttura generale di contenuti . Accanto a questo tipo di modello, anche i sistemi per l’elaborazione, la valutazione e il controllo delle alternative progettuali sono indispensabili non solo per l’applicazione di soluzioni tecniche note, ma anche per la ricerca finalizzata alla loro evoluzione. L’insegnamento della costruzione dovrebbe tener conto di questi strumenti, nella consapevolezza che: - da tempo, alla pratica professionale non si chiede solo di risolvere problemi, applicando teorie note, ma di affrontare con capacità artistica, piuttosto che abilità tecnica, conoscenze e problemi nuovi, non ancora codificati ; - la trasmissione della conoscenza tecnica attuale è affidata a saggi, manuali, riviste, che sono troppo spesso o specialistici o disattenti alla ricchezza delle situazioni che l’hanno determinata, quindi poco utili nel migliorare l’esperienza di un progettista. A partire dalle esperienze didattiche nel laboratorio di costruzione dell’architettura 1, la relazione presenterà lo studio di mappe e modelli per una nuova rappresentazione della conoscenza tecnologica finalizzata a: - pensare la ‘costruzione’ legata ai molti fattori che la determinano (cultura e storia, studio scientifico, abilità a immaginare e saper fare); - capire come molteplici conoscenze, apparentemente astratte ed isolate, condizionano la progettazione concretamente; - legare l'astratto al concreto, evidenziando gli stretti legami delle invenzioni mirabolanti con il tradizionale costruire in architettura.