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A novel 3D metal/semiconductor nanostructured surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐active substrate is constructed through Ag nanoparticles decoration of flower‐like ZnO nanorods (fZnOs) on a buckled substrate. A thermal treatment is applied to induce substrate buckling and is followed by ZnO hydrothermal synthesis and Ag reduction, resulting in the production of a buckled Ag/fZnOs SERS‐active device. In addition to providing a high areal density of hotspots, surface buckling enhanced the hydrophilicity of the Ag/fZnO composite surface, which aided the adsorption of probe molecules. Buckling also facilitated the formation of eddies in the depressions on the surface, promoting the capture and accumulation of chemicals. Compared with flat Ag/fZnOs, the buckle‐enhanced SERS effects can increase their enhancement factor by over 103 times. The buckled Ag/fZnOs SERS‐active device is recyclable, stable, and inexpensive and is found to be highly sensitive for the detection of Rhodamine 6G and commercial pesticides, achieving a low detection limit of 10−9 m and a high enhancement factor of 2.43 × 108. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grid‐stiffened composite cylinders are widely used in a variety of applications and are subjected to static, dynamic, and impact loads. In terms of buckling strength, these structures outperform simple layered and sandwich composites of the same weight, and the presence of unidirectional fiber ribs contributes to their delamination resistance. The purpose of this research is to look into the buckling behavior of grid‐stiffened composite cylinders under low‐velocity and high‐energy axial impacts. The tests were carried out at room temperature using a 35 kg impactor with an impactor fall height of about 2.75 m. This study builds on previous research and considers the samples' thin skin, indicating that skin buckling is the primary buckling mode in such scenarios. According to static loading research, three types of buckling can occur in grid‐stiffened composite cylinders: local shell buckling, local rib buckling, and general buckling, and each of these can be controlled by adjusting the geometric properties. But, based on the loading speed in the weight‐drop test, controlling the specific type of buckling that occurs during impact loading is difficult. Examining residual structural effects can help determine the type of buckling and damage sustained during impact events. According to the results, the forces that cause buckling in grid‐stiffened composite structures under impact loads are 1.5–2 times greater than static loading conditions. Notably, once the forces are removed, these structures can return to their original positions, however with less stiffness. As a result, they absorb a significant amount of impact energy. Highlights: Composite cylinders with spiral ribs have higher static compression resistance.Dynamic loading increases local buckling forces in grid‐stiffened structures.Despite being damaged, grid‐stiffened cylinders bounce back quickly after impact.Skin buckling is a common mode of failure for grid‐stiffened composite.The global buckling force is greater than the local buckling force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Статья посвящена типологическому и хронологическому анализу предметов, обнаруженных в 1999 г. в пещере в северной части седловины горы Развалки (район Кавказских Минеральных Вод). Всего обнаружено около 20 предметов, в числе которых: фрагменты железного меча, включая ромбическое перекрестие; фрагменты железного кинжала; серебряная Г-образная скоба от устья ножен меча; железный топор с узким, слегка выгнутым лезвием и невыделенным обухом (втулка выступает ниже края лезвия); несколько пряжек, в т.ч. серебряные с треугольным щитком, с округлым щитком и со щитком в форме трилистника, украшенным накладкой из тонкого золотого листа с кабошонами из граната (альмандина?); серебряное блюдо на поддоне, украшенное чеканным растительным орнаментом; бронзовая полусферическая чаша; медный клёпанный котел; фрагменты железной очажной цепи из восьмёрковидных звеньев с крюками; фрагменты крюка для вытаскивания мяса и черпака. Большинство предметов дают широкие даты комплекса в пределах IV—VI вв. Ряд предметов имеет достаточно узкие датировки: топор (IV — первая половина V в.), детали поясной гарнитуры (пряжки с треугольным и округлым щитками — вторая половина IV — вторая половина V в., пряжка с выступающим язычком, с альмандинами на щитке в форме трилистника — первая половина — середина V в.). Они являются маркёрами принадлежности комплекса к первой половине —середине V в. Престижный характер большинства изделий —полный набор вооружения (меч, кинжал, топор и наконечник копья с уплощенным пером, обилие предметов из драгоценных металлов (скоба от ножен, пряжки, блюдо), в т.ч. декорированных кабошонами, уникальность чаши, а также разнообразие изделий, связанных, скорее всего, с культом домашнего очага (котёл, очажная цепь и др.) позволяют относить данный комплекс к захоронению представителя княжеского рода.

The article continues the series of publications devoted to the problems of changing cultures in the Kama region at the turn of the early Iron Age and the early Middle Ages. Important in dating these processes are the types of imported brooches. The paper considers the finds of brooches of the Almgren-204 group — with a button at the end of the catch. In total, 10 specimens of such fasteners were found in the Kama region, only in two points – opposite the mouth of the Ik River (Nyrgynda) and in the middle reaches of the Ik River (Sasykul’). In Sarmatian monuments, these types are represented almost exclusively at the mouth of the Don River, and are extremely rare in other areas. A slightly higher concentration is observed in the upper Don region. Another significant problem is the circumstances of the arrival of certain categories of finds in the Kama region. Taking into account the peculiarities of the distribution of fibulae of the Almgren-204 group, their arrival from the «Sarmatians» is hardly possible. Recently, a number of works have appeared that make it possible to trace the chain of «Western» contacts in the I-II (possibly at the beginning of the III) centuries between the Kama region, Sura region (Andreevka-Piseraly monuments), the middle Oka region (monuments of the Upa-2 type), and beyond to north, west and south. The concept was called «the war of the 1st century», although the chronology of events itself is much wider. The considered fibulae with a button at the end of the catch may be one of the markers of these processes.

Abstract We describe a case report of pediatric pars planitis complicated with massive exudative retinal detachment (ERD). A 7-year-old presented with visual acuity (VA) in the right eye (RE) of 6/9 and in the left eye (LE) 6/15. Fundoscopy revealed BE inferior retinoschisis, vitritis and snowballs. He was treated with systemic immunosuppressants. RE retinoschisis resolved within 2 months. Three years later presented with LE VA 6/60 and total ERD. Systemic and intravitreal steroids were administered. Due to refractoriness, he underwent 360° scleral buckle and drainage of subretinal fluid. No retinal breaks or traction were detected. Five months postoperatively LE VA was 6/7.5. Long-term stable outcome was maintained. We report a challenging total ERD as a complication of pars planitis. Although extensive and non-responsive to medical therapy, complete resolution and improvement in vision was achieved with surgical intervention and systemic immunosuppression. We speculate that uncontrolled chronic vasculitic process culminated in diffuse ERD.

Torus fracture of the distal radius is one of the most common pediatric fractures. Though inherently stable, the literature lacks data about the complications or refracture rates after these fractures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of torus fractures of the distal radius in Turkey and to compare rigid and non-rigid immobilization modalities. 598 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Medical data such as age, gender, mechanism of the injury, duration and type of treatment were collected as well as the complications during this period. "The Faces Pain Scale – Revised" (FPSR) was used for the assessment of pain before and after the treatment. The mean age was 7.1± 3.6 and the median follow-up was 12 (9-15) months. 181 patients were treated with plaster of paris, 149 with soft casts, 80 with hard casts and 188 with splints. The mean duration of the immobilization was 22.6±5.39 days. FPSR scores before and after the treatment were 2.837(95%CI, 2.686-2.989) and 0.255 (95%CI, 0.186-0.324), respectively (p=0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the immobilization modalities in terms of FPSR decline before and after the treatment (p=0.403). The overall complication rate was 7.4% among all patients (95% CI, 5.3%-9.5%). Complication rates for each stabilization modality were 13.3% for the plaster of paris, 6.7% for the soft cast, 10% for hard cast and 1.1% for the splint group. The complication rate in the patients treated with splints was statistically significantly lower in the splint group (p=0.001; p=0.033; p=0.002, respectively). The pain was the most common complication (47.8% of all complications). There were 2 refractures during the follow-up period. In conclusion, torus fractures are stable and do not require rigid immobilization. The refracture rate is below 1% and any increase in this rate should be further questioned in order to rule out a misdiagnosis of "green-stick" fracture. [Med-Science 2022; 11(4.000): 1690-6]

The buckle before the lens coating is still typically disassembled manually. The difference between the buckle and the background is small, while that between the buckles is large. This mechanical disassembly can also damage the lens. Therefore, it is important to estimate pose with high accuracy. This paper proposes a buckle pose estimation method based on a generative adversarial network. An edge extraction model is designed based on a segmentation network as the generator. Spatial attention is added to the discriminator to help it better distinguish between generated and real graphs. The generator thus generates delicate external contours and center edge lines with help from the discriminator. The external rectangle and the least square methods are used to determine the center position and deflection angle of the buckle, respectively. The center point and angle accuracies of the test datasets are 99.5% and 99.3%, respectively. The pixel error of the center point distance and the absolute error of the angle to the horizontal line are within 7.36 pixels and 1.98°, respectively. This method achieves the highest center point and angle accuracies compared to Hed, RCF, DexiNed, and PidiNet. It can meet practical requirements and boost the production efficiency of lens coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a case report of pediatric pars planitis complicated with massive exudative retinal detachment (ERD). A 7-year-old presented with visual acuity (VA) in the right eye (RE) of 6/9 and in the left eye (LE) 6/15. Fundoscopy revealed BE inferior retinoschisis, vitritis and snowballs. He was treated with systemic immunosuppressants. RE retinoschisis resolved within 2 months. Three years later presented with LE VA 6/60 and total ERD. Systemic and intravitreal steroids were administered. Due to refractoriness, he underwent 360° scleral buckle and drainage of subretinal fluid. No retinal breaks or traction were detected. Five months postoperatively LE VA was 6/7.5. Long-term stable outcome was maintained. We report a challenging total ERD as a complication of pars planitis. Although extensive and non-responsive to medical therapy, complete resolution and improvement in vision was achieved with surgical intervention and systemic immunosuppression. We speculate that uncontrolled chronic vasculitic process culminated in diffuse ERD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite stiffened panels have been applied to the fuselage and wing structures of large aircraft. The shear buckling characteristics of the stiffened panel structures were investigated using test and finite element methods. The buckling load and failure load of stiffened panel structure are obtained by shear test. The results show that when the structure reaches the buckling state, it will not lose its bearing capacity immediately, and the buckling load accounts for 81.8% of the failure load. Comparing the shear buckling loads with and without fixture, it can be seen that fixture have a great influence on the buckling stability of stiffened panels, and ignoring fixture may lead to serious errors in simulation. At the same time, the difference of boundary conditions may change the buckling stability of the structure, and the strength of the fixture may affect the force transmission path of the structure. Appropriate boundary conditions can greatly improve the stability of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torus fracture of the distal radius is one of the most common pediatric fractures. Though inherently stable, the literature lacks data about the complications or refracture rates after these fractures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of torus fractures of the distal radius in Turkey and to compare rigid and non-rigid immobilization modalities. 598 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Medical data such as age, gender, mechanism of the injury, duration and type of treatment were collected as well as the complications during this period. "The Faces Pain Scale -- Revised" (FPSR) was used for the assessment of pain before and after the treatment. The mean age was 7.1± 3.6 and the median follow-up was 12 (9-15) months. 181 patients were treated with plaster of paris, 149 with soft casts, 80 with hard casts and 188 with splints. The mean duration of the immobilization was 22.6±5.39 days. FPSR scores before and after the treatment were 2.837(95%CI, 2.686-2.989) and 0.255 (95%CI, 0.186-0.324), respectively (p=0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the immobilization modalities in terms of FPSR decline before and after the treatment (p=0.403). The overall complication rate was 7.4% among all patients (95% CI, 5.3%-9.5%). Complication rates for each stabilization modality were 13.3% for the plaster of paris, 6.7% for the soft cast, 10% for hard cast and 1.1% for the splint group. The complication rate in the patients treated with splints was statistically significantly lower in the splint group (p=0.001; p=0.033; p=0.002, respectively). The pain was the most common complication (47.8% of all complications). There were 2 refractures during the follow-up period. In conclusion, torus fractures are stable and do not require rigid immobilization. The refracture rate is below 1% and any increase in this rate should be further questioned in order to rule out a misdiagnosis of "green-stick" fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There are a range of paediatric distal forearm fractures that could potentially be managed with minimal interventions, including either a removable splint or bandage. • There is high-quality evidence to support minimal interventions for children or adolescents with buckle (torus) fractures of the distal forearm. • Although there is growing evidence to support minimal interventions for incomplete, complete, and physeal fractures, well-designed, large, multicentre trials are lacking. • This scoping review highlights the need for further research to delineate exactly which paediatric distal forearm fractures can be managed with minimal interventions, which could benefit the patient and health care system. Distal forearm fractures are common in children and adolescents with a spectrum of severity. There are fracture patterns that are suitable for minimal interventions, such as a splint or bandage. The objective of this review was to identify which types of paediatric distal forearm fractures can be safely and effectively managed with a removable splint or bandage. A scoping review was performed. Databases searched were PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library and CINAHL; two trial registries were also searched. All primary study designs with children <18 years of age with a distal forearm fracture that was managed in either a splint or bandage were included. Quality of evidence was determined using the GRADE tool. Twenty-two eligible articles were included from 20 unique studies: 12 randomised controlled trials, seven cohort studies and a case report. Twelve studies focused solely on buckle/torus fractures, with remaining studies including other fracture types, such as incomplete ('greenstick'), complete ('transverse'), or physeal (Salter-Harris). Twelve studies reported that participants with either bandage or splint had appropriate reduction in pain and recovery of function at completion of follow-up for all fracture types. All 20 studies reported minimal adverse events related to fracture management. One study reported worsening angulation with bandage immobilisation for complete fractures in two participants, which required manipulation under anaesthesia. There is high quality evidence to support the safety and effectiveness of a splint or bandage for treatment of distal radius buckle and non-displaced incomplete fractures. Several studies supported the use of minimal interventions for various distal radius cortical breach fracture types, with good outcomes, but were limited by heterogeneity (methodology, interventions, outcome measures, reference standard) and potential bias. Included studies confirmed the inherent stability of buckle fractures. The current literature gap to support minimal interventions for a range of other paediatric distal forearm fracture types was highlighted. High-quality evidence with well-designed, large, multicentre randomised control trials in defined age groups is required to identify which paediatric distal forearm fractures can be safely and effectively managed with either a removable splint or bandage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local corrosion of steel plate girder bridges at supports is a major issue affecting the safety. To clarify its effect on the buckling characteristics and bearing capacity, the static tests were carried out. The bearing capacities and local deformation were compared. The local buckling characteristics were refined by stress testing. To further investigate the effect mechanism of corrosion, the global finite element models (FEMs) of bridge were established. Separate corrosion of each component was considered. By comparing the strength and ultimate loads, the key member on bearing capacity reduction was specified. The influence of corrosion scope including the parameters of length, height, and depth on the bearing capacity was clarified. The results show the effect mechanisms of different-member corrosion on bearing capacity reduction were completely diverse. The web corrosion was the main cause of the bearing capacity reduction, which was the first to buckle. The relative position between corrosion scope and the support should also be considered during the evaluation of bearing capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Torus fractures, also known as buckle fractures, of the distal radius are a very common reason for presentation to emergency departments. Traditional approaches to their management involved immobilisation in a circumferential cast but the evidence now supports the use of removable splints with or without radiological and clinical follow-up. Unfortunately current practice conflicts with the evidence base and there is no guideline which highlights all the evidence as one clear, concise management protocol. Methods: An online review of Pubmed, EMBASE, Biomed, and the Cochrane library using keyword searches combining "radius", "torus", "buckle" and "fracture" was performed. All prospective, retrospective or randomised trials involving the management of distal radius torus fractures in patients aged 0–18 years were included. Our outcomes focused on 5 aspects of patient care: immobilisation method and duration, clinical follow-up, radiological follow-up and the use of diagnostic ultrasound. Results: The initial search identified 143 papers which following application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria 21 articles were deemed eligible. A Cochrane review and 8 systematic reviews were also identified and manually searched for missed articles and this yielded a further 3 articles. Conclusions: Current research indicates that torus fractures should be managed with a removable splint supplied in A&E and worn for 3 weeks. There is no need for fracture clinic follow-up or repeat radiological imaging once patients are given adequate information at the time of diagnosis. This would represent both an economical and resource saving for patients, parents and the health service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a thin film bonded to a compliant substrate is subject to in‐plane compressive loading, wrinkles on the thin film may form as a consequence of deformation instability. The specimen geometry may also favor global buckling. In this study, a recently developed computational approach is employed to directly simulate 3D wrinkling and buckling from pre‐instability to post‐instability in a straightforward manner, covering a wide biaxial loading spectrum. The finite element models contain an embedded imperfection with perturbed material properties at the film‐substrate interface. This approach is capable of activating the first and subsequent bifurcation modes, along with the deformation patterns in between. It is demonstrated that, in addition to the temporal evolution of wrinkle patterns, surface wrinkling and global buckling can form simultaneously as the substrate becomes thinner. Wrinkles and buckle can either co‐develop, or the buckling‐induced curvature may help facilitate wrinkle formation depending on the specimen thickness and loading biaxiality. Different wrinkle patterns, such as parallel waveform and checkerboard, can even coexist on the same buckled structure. The state of biaxiality can influence the deformation instability significantly, and each bifurcation point can be traced back to certain abrupt changes in the overall load–displacement response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft robotic grippers and hands offer adaptability, lightweight construction, and enhanced safety in human-robot interactions. In this study, we introduce vacuum-actuated soft robotic finger joints to overcome their limitations in stiffness, response, and load-carrying capability. Our design-optimized through parametric design and three-dimensional (3D) printing-achieves high stiffness using vacuum pressure and a buckling mechanism for large bending angles (>90°) and rapid response times (0.24 s). We develop a theoretical model and nonlinear finite-element simulations to validate the experimental results and provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanics and visualization of the deformation and stress field. We showcase versatile applications of the buckling joints: a three-finger gripper with a large lifting ratio (∼96), a five-finger robotic hand capable of replicating human gestures and adeptly grasping objects of various characteristics in static and dynamic scenarios, and a planar-crawling robot carrying loads 30 times its weight at 0.89 body length per second (BL/s). In addition, a jellyfish-inspired robot crawls in circular pipes at 0.47 BL/s. By enhancing soft robotic grippers' functionality and performance, our study expands their applications and paves the way for innovation through 3D-printed multifunctional buckling joints.

The paper continues a series of publications discussing the foundations of dating the beginning of the Piany Bor culture in the Kama region in following two aspects: first, the grounds for the statements about the beginning of the culture in the 3rd century BC, and secondly, to what extent the finds in question correspond to the contemporary chronology. One of the categories is represented by bronze arrowheads. According to the results of unraveling the chains of references, almost all of them come down to the work by M.G. Moshkova in 1962 and K.F. Smirnov in 1961. In the 1980s, there were cardinal changes in the general chronology of the Sarmatian cultures - while maintaining the main features of the rite and inventory of the cultures themselves, the dating of the transition of the Early Sarmatian to the Middle Sarmatian culture has changed from the 2nd century BC to the turn of the epochs. The complexes enabling the dating of the attributes have “rejuvenated”. Bronze arrowheads are still most characteristic of the Early Sarmatian culture, but the culture itself, according to new information, existed before the beginning of the 1st century AD. But, surprisingly, this did not affect the chronology of the local cultures. A review of the cases used by M.G. Moshkova, supplemented by new information, demonstrated that bronze arrowheads have been repeatedly found in the Middle and Late Sarmatian complexes. In certain cases, these are “amulets” made of very archaic types of arrows, and in others, these are items actually used in everyday life. Considering that the placement of arrows in burials of these periods is generally uncommon, it cannot be argued that the existence of arrows is strictly limited to the 3rd century BC. And the dating references of 60 years ago are unacceptable.

The buckle before the lens coating is still typically disassembled manually. The difference between the buckle and the background is small, while that between the buckles is large. This mechanical disassembly can also damage the lens. Therefore, it is important to estimate pose with high accuracy. This paper proposes a buckle pose estimation method based on a generative adversarial network. An edge extraction model is designed based on a segmentation network as the generator. Spatial attention is added to the discriminator to help it better distinguish between generated and real graphs. The generator thus generates delicate external contours and center edge lines with help from the discriminator. The external rectangle and the least square methods are used to determine the center position and deflection angle of the buckle, respectively. The center point and angle accuracies of the test datasets are 99.5% and 99.3%, respectively. The pixel error of the center point distance and the absolute error of the angle to the horizontal line are within 7.36 pixels and 1.98°, respectively. This method achieves the highest center point and angle accuracies compared to Hed, RCF, DexiNed, and PidiNet. It can meet practical requirements and boost the production efficiency of lens coatings.

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Introduction. The article is devoted to the typological and chronological analysis of the details of three prestigious belt sets stored in the funds of the G.N. Prozritelev and G.K. Prave Stavropol State History, Culture and Natural Landscape Reserve Museum. Methods and materials. The comparative typological method is used as a working one. It is based on the classification by material, processing method, shape, ornament, as well as on the selection and study of the types of buckles and waist plaques. The comparative analysis of the decor of belt parts from the Stavropol Museum and the like found in the Don region, Prikamye and on the territory of Hungary allows us to characterize the technology for producing a belt headset in the region in the 8th – 9th centuries. Analysis. The composition of the belt headset of the first belt found in a rich burial in Sadovoye, Arzgirsky District, Stavropol Krai, includes an iron buckle with an oval-triangular frame and a rectangular shield with a zavovanny edge, a belt tip, a clip, and a buckle. Every item is inlaid with thin gold plates. On the flap buckle and clip they are laid out in the form of a spiral. On every detail of the girdle, the gold foil is decorated with floral ornaments: five-beam rosettes, heraldic lilies (they even adorn the buckle frame), shoots with buds and leaves. Belt no. 2 found in 1969 in the rich burial 2 of Eshkakon burial ground no. 3, most likely, consisted of a belt and harness belts. The girdle set includes 10 heart-shaped patches (plaques), 4 elongated pads with rectangular slots, 9 round-triangular plaques with suspended movable rings (three rings are missing) and an oval-triangular buckle (rectangular shield is lost). Every listed item is made of white metal (silver). A floral ornament consisting of shamrocks (lotuses) is applied on the front side of all the buckles. Belt no. 3, which is also found in one of the Eshkakon burial grounds, consists of a buckle with a triangular frame and a pentagonal shield and 10 plaques of rounded triangular shape with suspended movable rings. Every item is made of bronze. Results. The rich funerary inventory of the burials in which the belts were found and their comparison with complexes that include a similar belt headset from other regions, indicate that all three belts from the Stavropol State Museum-Reserve are attributes of the military aristocracy of the second half of the 8th – 9th centuries. Chronologically, belt no. 1 is the earliest. Belt no. 2 should be considered close in time. The latest is belt no. 3.

Inspired by animals with a slippery epidermis, durable slippery antibiofouling coatings with liquid-like wetting buckled surfaces are successfully constructed in this study by combining dynamic-interfacial-release-induced buckling with self-assembled silicon-containing diblock copolymer (diBCP). The core diBCP material is polystyrene- block -poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PS- b -PDMS). Because silicon-containing polymers with intrinsic characters of low surface energy, they easily flow over and cover a surface after it has undergone controlled thermal treatment, generating a slippery wetting layer on which can eliminate polar interactions with biomolecules. Additionally, microbuckled patterns result in curved surfaces, which offer fewer points at which organisms can attach to the surface. Different from traditional slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces, the proposed liquid-like PDMS wetting layer, chemically bonded with PS, is stable and slippery but does not flow away. PS- b -PDMS diBCPs with various PDMS volume fractions are studied to compare the influence of PDMS segment length on antibiofouling performance. The surface characteristics of the diBCPs─ease of processing, transparency, and antibiofouling, anti-icing, and self-cleaning abilities─are examined under various conditions. Being able to fabricate ecofriendly silicon-based lubricant layers without needing to use fluorinated compounds and costly material precursors is an advantage in industrial practice.

A metallurgical and technological characterization of a seventh century bronze buckle coming from the Lombard necropolis of Monte San Zeno in Montichiari (Brescia, northern Italy) was performed to understand the manufacturing techniques. At first, a careful inspection was carried out to highlight the existence of any type of details, which would indicate an intentional design activity or typical casting defects. To avoid destructive measures on the ancient artifact, the buckle was successively characterized only via scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This investigation was supported by an accurate study on the chemical composition of the matrix. The results suggest that the buckle was produced by sand casting, although the use of this technique in Europe dates back to the fifteenth century. Finally, based on the results obtained, a faithful archaeometallurgical reproduction of the buckle is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steel plate reinforcement is a common method to repair the bearing capacity of the corroded end of the steel girder. The current repair design primarily focuses on improving the local performance under the condition of a pair of stiffeners at the end, with less consideration given to the condition of multiple stiffeners at the end and the evaluation of the overall performance. To clarify the recovery effect of the reinforced steel plate parameters on the bearing capacity of the steel girder, a static loading test was carried out, taking into account the number of stiffeners, the corrosion range, and the reinforced steel plate parameters. The finite element model of the whole bridge was established, and the validity of the specimen size and model were verified. The ultimate load strengthening coefficient and safety coefficient after reinforcement were compared. The influence of steel plate reinforcement parameters on the reinforcement effect was clarified. The results demonstrate that the buckling mode of the corroded end of the steel girder is related to the corrosion range, and the bearing capacity of the steel girder after reinforcement can be restored to original health status. Notably, increasing the coverage range of the reinforced steel plate has a more significant impact on enhancing the reinforcement effect compared to increasing the thickness of the reinforced steel plate. According to the number of end stiffeners and reinforcement conditions, the reasonable value range of the reinforced steel plate parameters is given. • The impact mechanism of the corrosion extent at the corroded end of the steel girder with multi-transverse web stiffeners on the failure mode is elucidated. • The influence of steel plate reinforcement parameters on the reinforcement effect of the corroded end of the steel girder with multi-transverse web stiffeners is clarified. • The reasonable range of steel plate reinforcement parameters for the corroded end of the steel girder is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compressively stressed poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) film with a sputtered gold film can buckle owing to the difference between the Young's modulus of the PDMS film and that of the gold film. The instability of stress is observed at the interface between materials with different Young's modulus. The experiment conducted in this study revealed the important factors that affect the evolution of strips at certain angles at which tensile stress is applied to the elastomer with a ripple pattern. Strips cannot withstand shear stress applied in two different directions simultaneously, resulting in the formation of grids at other angles. Therefore, a dislocation-like movement was observed, proving that Y type dislocations-like exist as well as the displacement of the earth's crust. The fractured surfaces on top of the gold film helped form a pyramid-like pattern. The movement of the dislocation-like and herringbone patterns was recorded using an optical microscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By studying the features and contexts of the discovery of annular brooches from Vojvodina the author puts forward a proposal of their typology, in an effort to comprehend their layered functionality, both utilitarian and symbolic - particularly apotropaic. Special emphasis is placed on the interpretation of individual inscriptions. By placing the presented brooches in a broader geographic context and comparing them with analogous finds from neighbouring states, the author reaches interesting conclusions about the time and manner of their use, their potential producers, the directions of their expansion, and the distributors and bearers, highlighting the differences between discrete groups of finds.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan is the very first thinker in British India who coined the concept of civilization in Urdu. Although he was inspired by H.T. Buckle and took basic theme of civilization from his renowned work "History of Civilization in England" but he also disagreed to Buckle. According to Sir Syed, it is wrong to think that State and Religion have the full authority to set the outlines of individual life. He knew that such thoughts would have streamlined the goals of colonialism. Undoubtedly, Sir Syed was a great advocate of British Government but he always kept in mind the interests of his nation. His concept of civilization is simply drawing a line between savagery and humanity. According to Sir Syed, civilization starts with realizing that other human beings also have emotions and sentiments. It is true that Sir Syed and Iqbal's emphasis on different political, religious and social aspects changed naturally with time but they shared the ideological commonality regarding civilization. In 'Javed Nama', Iqbal has clearly defined the veracity of civilization as respect towards human being (Ehtram e Adam). In this paper Sir Syed and Iqbal's thoughts regarding civilization are discussed from the perspective of contemporary situation of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows that an important detail of Sambia female outfit, the estias, a mixed form of Sambia belt originated from German and provincial-Roman patterns, dates back to the middle or the third quarter of the I century AD. The emergence of a number of tools of intercultural origin (Sambia belts are among them) presupposes the co-existance of different ethnic groups in Sambia in the Julio-Flavian time.

The presence of a small buckle placed inside a metal box containing eye drops among the furniture of the eye specialist kit of La Favorite (Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon) has led us to consider this insignificant object as a medical instrument in itself. This discovery is not isolated but these elements have often been interpreted as leather cases residues. The assumption that they would be tourniquets has sometimes been suggested, but rarely relayed. The existence of tourniquets is however well attested in the Greco-Roman medicine. The examination of ancient medical treatises shows that it is not necessary to understand the bloodstream to witness empirically the effects of the indirect compression method. The study of textual sources and the archaeological context of the Lyon furniture invite us to reconsider this working hypothesis.

Background & Objectives: Various methods of immobilization have been recommended for the treatment of torus fracture of distal radius in children. The purpose of this study is to determine if soft bandage is as effective and safe as below elbow circumferential casts in the treatment of torus fracture of the distal radius in the children.Materials & Methods: Children from 4 to 14 years of age, who presented to emergency and outpatient department of orthopaedics and trauma at National Academy of Medical Sciences with an isolated torus fracture of distal radius, were randomized and treated with either soft bandage or below-elbow plaster cast by the same investigators. Patients with associated neurovascular injuries, bilateral torus fractures, concomitant physeal injuries and associated musculoskeletal injuries were excluded. The patients were followed up at weekly interval for 4 weeks and analyzed with VAS, ROM and outcome questionnaire and data were analyzed by using SPSS 18.Results: Among the 114 patients analyzed, 57 patients were kept in soft bandage group and 57 in below-elbow cast group. The mean age in soft bandage group was 8.29 year and the mean age in below-elbow cast group was 8.55 years. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to patient demographics, initial fracture characteristics and mechanism of injury.Conclusion: Treatment of distal radius torus fracture with soft bandage is a cost-effective and safe in the children below 14 years of age. These minor fractures are stable and not subject to the risks of late displacement which can be very effectively treated symptomatically to provide pain relief by using soft bandage only and educating the parents about the nature of this paediatrics fracture.Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, Vol.11(4) 2015: 3-8

The paper describes the fabrication method and the use of a small collection of bone buckles discovered along with the luxurious grave goods from the uncommon burials of the Don-Volga Abashevo culture Second Lipetsk barrow (excavation of 2011). All buckles of Lipetsk kurgan made from fragments compact tubular bones of large ungulates. Tubular bone was split on long longitudinal plates, from which cut out rectangular or square plates smaller size. Then, angles or blanks cut or grind off by means an abrasive to achieve a circular or oval shape. On the external and internal surfaces of buckles fixed multidirectional traces of thin and very fine abrasive. After abrasive processing workpieces, large and small holes are drilled. As a rule, the central holes drilled into the buckle first. Buckles after drilling was worked up fine abrasive. Traces of wear visible on all the buckles from burials 2 of Lipetsk kurgan. Using of buckles occurred with varying intensity. The ratio the wear and tear, both surfaces of buckles allows you to reconstruct the position of items in operation and consider them as belt buckles. Graphic reconstruction of fixing bone buckles to the straps is given in the article as well.

More than dozen bone figured buckles of Babyno type were found in the Priazovye and in territory of Ukraine. Semi-oval bead without hole is located under the belly on short trims. Some researchers consider it as a hook, by which fastened belt. A series of pendants that had an annular frame, which is attached by a thin trims to the bead with transverse hole, refers to this time. Apparently figured buckles, on the one hand, have been genetically linked to the cheek-pieces (system connections with belt ribbon), and on the other - with pendants of Liventsovka type, whose elements are bead fixed to the lath, at the end of which there was a ring of pendants. In Lakedemonovo burial in one of the burials, on the bone of the pelvis, bone bead in the form of a keg was found, which, apparently, is a kind of clasp. These findings relate to the propagation time Babyno sites in Priazovye.

The solvent‐provoked formation and evolution of thin film buckling‐delamination on a compliant substrate have been studied. The film surface is observed by an optical microscope showing a remarkable dynamic buckling‐delamination development and a subsequent stable branched‐straight state. It is revealed that the initiation, propagation, and the resulting patterns of film buckles are strongly dependent on the solvent type, film stress, interfacial adhesion, and film thickness. The buckling could be controlled further by a reasonable chemical solvent configuration and used to provide useful information for the pattern creation on polymer systems in diverse fields, such as micro/nanofabrication and optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging flexible electronics industries, such as solar cells and RFID tags manufactures, adopt the roll-to-roll (R2R) technology to improve their production efficiency. However, the flexible webs used in these fields wrinkle easily due to their tiny thickness and complex structure. Moreover, the webs are easily buckled if the rollers are misaligned. Therefore, it is desired to introduce an efficient method which can help to determine the critical buckling conditions of the webs when there is misalignment of rolls during their production. The current research presents a model based on the Kirchhoff plates buckling theory to determine the critical buckling misalignment and tension for webs transported through misaligned rollers. Webs are modeled as tensioned Timoshenko beams to obtain their stress distributions. The critical buckling conditions are calculated using the Galerkin method in the current research. Results indicate that the calculated critical conditions are close to the practical ones considering the parabolic variation of shear stress and the linear variation of bending stress. The results also indicate that the critical misalignment increases with the increase of the span ratio and tension, and critical misalignment decreases with the increase of the elastic modulus and web width. Moreover, the critical tension increases as the thickness and elastic modulus increases. The presented model provides a useful method to design and maintain R2R equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]