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Apples have been constantly damaged in collecting, transporting, and processing, leading research focus on apples' mechanical‐structural damage behavior. To research apples' mechanical‐structural damage behavior during collision, a dropping collision damage testing device was self‐established, with PLC control, data acquisition‐processing, in situ high‐speed observation. The effect of impact material, drop height, impact orientation on apple deformation and bruise area was investigated with self‐established device, considering three typical kinds of apples. The results indicated that apple dropping collision can be divided into two stages: dropping down contact deformation stage and recovering contact deformation stage. Three kinds of apples demonstrate the largest deformation and bruise area when the impact material is steel and acrylic plate. The deformation is similar when apples collide with soil and foam, apples have no bruise area when the impact material is foam. The correlation between apple deformation, bruising area, and drop height was established, reflecting the relationship between drop height and apples' mechanical‐structural damage behavior. Yellow Marshal apple deformation is the largest compared to other two kinds of apples under the same collision condition. Red Fuji apple bruise area is the largest compared to other two kinds of apples. The largest bruise area of Yellow Marshal apple and Guoguang apple are in apple transverse, and Red Fuji apple is in apple top. The study can provide basic theoretical and practical guidance for apples postharvest work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTEfforts have been made to streamline the abstract as follows. If further changes are made we are concerned that the integrity of the content may be compromised. We hope you will understand. This study aimed to investigate the impact damage experienced by Pucheng crisp pears during various stages, including harvest, transportation, and processing. Drop impact tests were conducted on pears, considering drop height and collision contact material as factors influencing damage. The bruise area was used as an indicator for damage evaluation. Additionally, the pressure-sensitive film technique was employed to measure the contact stress distribution characteristics of Pucheng crisp pears after the drop impact. The relationship between contact stress distribution and damage area was examined, and the stress area range close to the damage area was determined. The results revealed that the damage area of pears increased linearly with the increasing drop height. Among the four contact materials, foam board exhibited the best cushioning properties, with a maximum safe drop height of 20 cm. The pressure distribution tended to follow a normal distribution, with a pressure range of 0.2-0.3 MPa covering the largest area, corresponding to the majority of the bruise area on the pears. Furthermore, the pressure area and average pressure were found to be related to the severity of bruising. When pears were dropped onto steel, rubber plate and corrugated board, for the former two the stress area exceeding 0.2 MPa closely approximated the damage area, with an average relative error of 7.2%. For the latter, the closest range was above 0.3 MPa, with an average relative error of 3.6%. However, when dropped onto foam board, the average relative error was 75%. This research provides valuable insights for designing packaging tools to minimize damage and serves as a theoretical basis for predicting and assessing pear bruise area using finite element analysis.

Achieving fast and accurate prediction of the fruit mechanical damage area is important to improve the accuracy and efficiency of apple quality grading. In this paper, the spectral data of all samples in the wavelength range from 376 to 1011 nm were collected, the sample set was divided by the physicochemical coeval distance method, and the spectral preprocessing methods were evaluated by establishing a full-wavelength artificial neural network model. The wavelength selection of spectral data was performed by competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, L1 parameter method, and the Pearson correlation coefficient method, and the partial least squares, artificial neural network, and support vector machine (Gaussian kernel) prediction models were established to predict the fruit bruise area size. The surface fitting was performed using the actual apple bruise area, and the regression surface equation of the damage time and damage height of the fruit was established. The results showed that (1) the preprocessing method of first-order difference + SG smoothing can make the prediction model more accurate; (2) the CARS-ANN prediction model has better prediction performance and higher operation efficiency, with the prediction set root mean square error of prediction and R-value of 0.1150 and 0.8675, respectively; (3) the sparrow search algorithm was used to optimize the model, which improved the accuracy of the prediction model. The root mean square error of prediction reached 0.0743 and The R-value reached 0.9739. (4) The relationship between spectral information, bruise area, damage time, and damage degree was obtained by combining the establishment of the fitted surface of the apple bruise area with the prediction model. This study is of application and extension value for the rapid nondestructive prediction of fruit bruise area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts have been made to streamline the abstract as follows. If further changes are made we are concerned that the integrity of the content may be compromised. We hope you will understand. This study aimed to investigate the impact damage experienced by Pucheng crisp pears during various stages, including harvest, transportation, and processing. Drop impact tests were conducted on pears, considering drop height and collision contact material as factors influencing damage. The bruise area was used as an indicator for damage evaluation. Additionally, the pressure-sensitive film technique was employed to measure the contact stress distribution characteristics of Pucheng crisp pears after the drop impact. The relationship between contact stress distribution and damage area was examined, and the stress area range close to the damage area was determined. The results revealed that the damage area of pears increased linearly with the increasing drop height. Among the four contact materials, foam board exhibited the best cushioning properties, with a maximum safe drop height of 20 cm. The pressure distribution tended to follow a normal distribution, with a pressure range of 0.2-0.3 MPa covering the largest area, corresponding to the majority of the bruise area on the pears. Furthermore, the pressure area and average pressure were found to be related to the severity of bruising. When pears were dropped onto steel, rubber plate and corrugated board, for the former two the stress area exceeding 0.2 MPa closely approximated the damage area, with an average relative error of 7.2%. For the latter, the closest range was above 0.3 MPa, with an average relative error of 3.6%. However, when dropped onto foam board, the average relative error was 75%. This research provides valuable insights for designing packaging tools to minimize damage and serves as a theoretical basis for predicting and assessing pear bruise area using finite element analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving fast and accurate prediction of the fruit mechanical damage area is important to improve the accuracy and efficiency of apple quality grading. In this paper, the spectral data of all samples in the wavelength range from 376 to 1011 nm were collected, the sample set was divided by the physicochemical coeval distance method, and the spectral preprocessing methods were evaluated by establishing a full-wavelength artificial neural network model. The wavelength selection of spectral data was performed by competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, L1 parameter method, and the Pearson correlation coefficient method, and the partial least squares, artificial neural network, and support vector machine (Gaussian kernel) prediction models were established to predict the fruit bruise area size. The surface fitting was performed using the actual apple bruise area, and the regression surface equation of the damage time and damage height of the fruit was established. The results showed that (1) the preprocessing method of first-order difference + SG smoothing can make the prediction model more accurate; (2) the CARS-ANN prediction model has better prediction performance and higher operation efficiency, with the prediction set root mean square error of prediction and R-value of 0.1150 and 0.8675, respectively; (3) the sparrow search algorithm was used to optimize the model, which improved the accuracy of the prediction model. The root mean square error of prediction reached 0.0743 and The R-value reached 0.9739. (4) The relationship between spectral information, bruise area, damage time, and damage degree was obtained by combining the establishment of the fitted surface of the apple bruise area with the prediction model. This study is of application and extension value for the rapid nondestructive prediction of fruit bruise area.

Background: Surgical bleeding may lead to the need for blood transfusion and minimizing blood loss has been a basic principle followed by surgeons for generations. Antifibrinolytic agents are widely used to reduce perioperative haemorrhage. The present study sought to assess the efficacy of directly infiltrated tranexamic acid in ameliorating bruising in participants undergoing cosmetic plastic surgery (liposuction). Materials and Methods: The study employed a blinded, prospective, randomized, case control design. Thirty-three patients were studied. Tranexamic acid free infiltration tumescent solution (saline, bupivacaine lignocaine and adrenalin) was infiltrated to one flank of patients undergoing liposuction of flanks. The other flank was infiltrated with the same tumescent solution (saline, bupivacaine lignocaine and adrenalin) mixed with tranexamic acid (0.1%). Bruises were photographed one and seven days after surgery and measured for size. The surface area of the bruises was calculated using ImageJ software. We compared the bruised surface are between the tranexamic acid infiltrated flank and non-tranexamic acid infiltrated flank in the same patient. The model employed involved measuring the bruises on each flank of the same patient, with surgery by a single surgeon using the same infiltration and surgical techniques for both sides. The only variable was the difference in tranexamic acid concentration between study and control flanks. Results: We found that use of tranexamic acid consistently resulted in a smaller bruise area on days one and seven after liposuction of flanks. Results were statistically significant. Conclusions: This is the first study examining addition of tranexamic acid to a tumescent infiltration solution—to produce a predictable local concentration of tranexamic acid—in order to maximize surgical site effect and minimize systemic effect. The authors recommend incorporation of tranexamic acid as a routine component along with adrenaline and local anaesthetics in tumescent field infiltration solution 10–15 min before commencement of the cosmetic surgery. Level of Evidence II: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the effect of both the change in velocity (Vc) and the peak acceleration (P/tcc) on the bruise area (BA) of apple fruit by shock tests. The results demonstrated that the BA of apple fruit caused by shock changes depends on a combination of Vc and PAcc. We also drew damage boundary curves (DBCs) corresponding to the BAs that were determined from the combination of Vc and PAcc. Moreover, by using a multiple regression analysis, we inferred that an increase in the BA of apple fruit due to shock is caused by an increase in the PAcc, rather than the Vc; the relative contributions of the independent variables in the regression for Vc and PAcc were 0.48 and 0.71, respectively. This finding will contribute to the consideration of measures to counteract the occurrence of bruising of apple fruit during transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to better design and modification of peach post harvesting systems such as sorting, conveying and packaging, selected engineering properties and bruise susceptibility of two Iranian peach varieties (Elberta and Spring time) were determined. Physical and mechanical properties such as dimensions, mass, volume, projected area, surface area, sphericity, static friction and rolling resistance coefficients on various surfaces, firmness and compressibility were measured. Also, effect of cultivar, drop height (50, 100 and 150 mm) and contact surface material (fruit, steel and rubber) on the bruise area and volume were investigated. Analysis of variance results indicated that cultivar had a significant effect (p<0.05) on certain engineering parameters such as dimensions, volume, mass, surface area, rolling resistance coefficient and firmness. The effect of cultivar on the bruise volume and area was not significant. The contact surface material and drop height had significant effect on the bruise area (p<0.01) and volume (p<0.05). Mean comparison of data revealed that the bruise area on all three contact materials was significantly different from each other, but on the rubber surface, it showed no significant differences in bruise volume. Also, bruise area was significantly different for 50 and 150 mm drop heights, while bruise volume had significant difference at all three drop heights. In general, results indicated that some engineering parameters are depended on cultivar and have more rules in designing of sorting and conveying systems. Also, in sorting or packaging lines safe drop height must be considered and it is closely related to the contact surface material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• RSM was used to optimize simulated vibration transportation in guava fruit. • Acceleration was a significant factor in vibration bruising. • Color, size and textural features of guava image were used to evaluate bruise. • Fractal dimension difference was selected to assess vibrational bruise damage. Vibration damage on guava peel is an important criterion for fruit grading classification and consumer perception. Response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design (CCD) with three independent variables as frequency (7, 13.5 and 20 Hz), vibration duration (15, 30 and 45 min), and acceleration (2.942, 5.884 and 8.826 m s−2) were employed for vibration testing of 'Glom Sali' guava. Twenty simulated vibration treatments were conducted at 20 °C for 48 h to assess and analyze browning index (BI), total color difference (TCD), digital image analysis of bruise area (BA) and normalized fractal dimension difference (ΔFD/FD 0) for vibration bruising damage on guava peel. Results showed that acceleration was an important factor in vibration bruising, particularly combined at 8.826 m s−2. For a fixed target value of ΔFD/FD 0 at 1.088 and BA at 10 % of the total area, the optimized treatment condition was frequency level 13.5 Hz, vibration duration 30 min and acceleration level 6.570 m s−2. The correlation coefficient (r) between TCD and either BA (0.7724) or ΔFD/FD 0 (0.7484) showed a higher relationship than BI (0.4605), while ΔFD/FD 0 value had greater reliability and repeatability than BA to predict vibration bruising in guava. Results demonstrated that fractal dimension difference assessed by image analysis was a potential methodology to determine the severity of vibration bruising in guava fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]