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This paper is about a new bronze coin type of Sagalassos, which is dated to the Hellenistic period (possibly 2nd-1st cent. BC). This coin was recorded during the studies on Greek coin collection in Burdur Museum between 2005-2009 by the author. On the obverse of the coin, a Zebu figure to right and on reverse a rider (Kakasbos/Herakles ?) galloping to right, holding a club in right hand with the legend of CAGA? in exergue is depicted. There is another known bronze series from Sagalassos mint, which seems to be contemporary with this new coin type, which has the same obverse type, but with a different reverse that is again a rider. But this time the rider, looks like a hero, wearing a helmet and chlamys and holding a spear in left hand. The identity of the club bearing Rider God on the reverse of our example is not certain due to the physical condition of the coin. However, it is possible to determine whether the god is Kakasbos or Herakles, by comparison to the archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidence from the northern Lykia, Milyas and Kabalis regions where the cult of Kakasbos/Herakles mainly flourished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the twelfth-thirteenth centuries massive quantities of bronze coin issued by the Song dynasty in China were exported and became the de facto monetary standard throughout maritime East Asia. However, the cessation of minting by the Ming dynasty in the 1430s provoked a monetary crisis. Private coinage proliferated both in China and abroad, creating a profusion of heterogeneous transactional currencies and numerous regional monetary circuits. This paper examines monetary circulation in maritime East Asia--encompassing China, Japan, Ryükyü, Vietnam, and Java--during the fifteenth-seventeenth centuries in order to re-assess the impact of Chinese coin in fostering monetary integration (and disintegration). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The archeological round bronze coins, nominated as Wu Zhou and regarded as the first issued effective money in the Han Dynasty of China, have been systematically investigated to disclose their chemical composition, nature of the patina and corrosion features on the coin surface by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with backscattered electron (BSE) detector and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) techniques. It is revealed morphologically that there are some rough surface cracks, pits, and multicolor patina on the surface of the coins. We prove that the coins are made from bronze material of Cu–Sn–Pb–Sb alloy with contents of 84.8–85.4wt.% Cu, 3.3–6.1wt.% Sn, 4.7–6.4wt.% Pb and 2.6–2.9wt.% Sb, and covered by two corrosion layers, 25–35μm for the upper-layer and 20–25μm for the sub-layer. High chloride content has been detected at the interface between the sub-layer and body of the coins. The lead-rich and tin-rich areas in the coin samples indicate the poor metal compatibility during minting in some locations of the coins. The main compositions of patina are ascertained to be Cu2(OH)3Cl, Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, Cu2(OH)2CO3, and Pb3O4, and the proposed corrosion mechanism is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Between the twelfth and the fourteenth centuries China's monetary system shifted from a multiple currency system including paper notes, bronze coin, and uncoined silver to a unified paper currency system established by the Mongol Yuan dynasty. Consequently, China's long-standing bronze coin standard was replaced by a new money of account denominated in silver. However, silver largely disappeared as a medium of exchange under Yuan rule. Instead, silver units of account were used to denominate paper currency. The monetary policies of the Mongol Yuan state established a silver unit of account that remained the monetary standard throughout China's late imperial era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ancient and historic tin bronzes can be substantially affected by corrosion when submitted to non adequate storage conditions or more aggressive environments such as, for example, the marked increase of air pollution and of acidity of rainwater in urban medium recently affecting outdoor monuments. To protect them, some triazole compounds were tested as corrosion inhibitors of bronze covered with patina layer. As in the case of cultural artefacts, each specimen is unique, an accurate comparison of inhibiting effect of different molecules is therefore hard to realise. To overcome this difficulty, on the basis of a global understanding of the nature of natural bronze patinas, artificial patinas were synthesised on a contemporary bronze (Cu–Sn–Pb) having a similar composition to that of bronze coins dating of the post Roman Empire (5th–6th century AD). Surface characterization and electrochemical experiments were carried out both on contemporary bronze covered with artificial patina and on three ancient bronze coins discovered in Morocco. All triazole derivatives used, benzo-triazole (BTA), amino-triazole (ATA) and bi-triazole (BiTA), exhibited fairly good protective properties on the synthetic bronze. The BTA is efficient in an artificial patina isolated of the substrate bronze and an old bronze specimen covered with patina layer, but this substance is considered as toxic. The BiTA has shown only a slight inhibiting effect on the ancient bronze coin. The ATA is the most effective at 0.1mM concentration, and the initial treatment of bronze at a higher concentration makes inhibiting effect lower. The ATA is therefore considered the most promising candidate to be applied to protect antique bronze artefacts covered with natural patina layer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]