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Copyright of International Journal of Agriculture & Wildlife Science is the property of International Journal of Agriculture & Wildlife Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Genetic diversity, heritability, and genetic advance are crucial considerations in the field of plant breeding. This research aimed to evaluate these factors for traits related to yield in faba bean (Vicia faba L.), specifically focusing on the F3 and F4 generations resulting from the cross between ‘Sakha 3’ and ‘Nubaria 3’. In the initial season (2021/ 2022), 200 families from each F3 population were cultivated with specific spacing, and selection criteria included seed yield per plant (SYP) and the number of pods per plant (NPP). Top-performing plants were identified for the second cycle of pedigree selection. In the following season (2022/2023), the F4 families were arranged in a randomised complete block design. Traits like the number of branches per plant (NBP), NPP, SYP, and seed index (SI) showed substantial phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, indicating their noteworthy variation. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation analyses showed positive associations between SYP and the NBP and NPP. Additionally, path coefficient analysis indicated that these traits had high positive direct effects on SYP. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic variability, heritability, and selection parameters for yield-related traits in faba bean, offering a foundation for future breeding programs aimed at improving yield and productivity.

Abstract Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) has received attention from the food and animal feed industries as a sustainable, inexpensive, and versatile plant‐based protein source. However, long‐term consumption of broad bean, especially unprocessed ones, can lead to hepatic lipid accumulation. To investigate how broad bean affected hepatic lipid metabolism and its underlying mechanisms, we conducted a multi‐omics analysis of crisp grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus C. et V) model with hepatic steatosis after feeding with single broad bean for 120 days. The glycolysis inhibition, increased de novo lipogenesis, abnormalities in lipid metabolism, and activation of oxidative stress were the key processes involved in broad bean‐induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Disturbances in intestinal flora caused by damage to the intestinal barrier and increased lipopolysaccharide caused by broad bean promoted hepatic lipid accumulation. Reduction of antinutritional factors and balanced diet offer potential strategies to mitigate the liver damage caused by broad bean consumption. Overall, our findings provided a theoretical basis for the wide application of broad bean as animal feeds.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of sowing dates and their relation to the population density of Aphis craccivora (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its associated predators with the effect of weather factors. The Field experiments were conducted at Qaha city, Qalyubiya Governorate, during the winter seasons 2021-2022 & 2022-2023 on the Spanish broad bean, (Vicia faba L.) cultivar. Three sowing dates on the 15th of November (Recommended); the 1st of December and the 15th of December during winter cultivation were evaluated. Results showed that the sowing date of 15th December in the first and second winter seasons was the preferable date for sowing. Where the lowest general mean numbers of A . craccivora were 21.25 ± 1.80& 24.01 ± 1.29 individuals/two successive seasons, with higher productivity recorded 980.15 ± 43.46 & 1000.00 ± 38.93 Kg./two seasons, respectively. while, the highest general mean numbers of A. craccivora for sowing dates on the 15th of November and 1st of December were 46.09 ± 2.52 & 48.85 ± 2.75 and 41.34 ± 2.43 & 43.57 ± 1.87 individual/two seasons, respectively. Also, the lower productivity on the 15th of November and 1st of December were 538.8 ± 33.46 & 590.60 ± 24.62 and 680.00 ± 43.41&646.71 ± 26.50 Kg. for two seasons. Statistical analysis showed that there were highly significant differences between the sowing date on the 15th of December and each of the sowing dates on the 15th of November and the 1st of December. Also, there were no significant differences between the sowing dates on the 15th of November and the 1st of December. Furthermore, showed result the effect Plant ages, Natural enemies, Temperature, R.H.% and wind speed had different effects (significant or insignificant) on the population A. craccivora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the microorganism preparation, effective microorganisms (EM-1), the chemical inducer chitosan, and plant extracts to control broad bean root rot pathogens under laboratory conditions. Many species of fungi were isolated and diagnosed from the roots of broad bean plants infected with root rot. The most common pathogenic fungi were Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina, isolated from all regions. The results showed that microorganism preparation EM1 inhibited the growth of R. solani (Rs4) and M. phaseolina (Mp6) on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium at 10 and 15% concentration with 100% inhibition compared to the control treatments. Chitosan also inhibited the growth of R. solani and M. phaseolina in the PDA medium; however, treatments with Sinapis alba (Mustard), Plantago spp. (Plantago), and Sinapis arvensis (Charlock) plant extracts were variable under similar conditions. S. alba inhibited the growth of these fungi at 10 and 15%, and 100% inhibition was recorded. The Plantago extract was specifically effective against R. solani. The results of this study are the first in Iraq to demonstrate the effectiveness of the chemical inducer chitosan in inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic fungi that cause the root rot disease of broad beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The seasonal distributions of predatory bugs, specifically species of Orius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and the population dynamics of some sucking pests including aphids, leafhoppers, and thrips in crops plants (i.e. winter and summer vegetables, fruit trees and field crops) in Balcalı, Adana Province, Turkey, were investigated during 2019–2020. A total of four Orius species were identified, which are: Orius laevigatus (Fieber), Orius niger (Wolff), Orius albidipennis (Reuter) and Orius vicinus (Ribaut). The most common species was O. laevigatus, constituting 78.36% of the total adult individual insects. Both O. laevigatus and O. niger were relatively more abundant on broad beans, beans and potatoes compared to fruit trees and open field crops, such as cotton, sesame and soybean. Very few Orius individuals were recorded on fruit trees. Those that were recorded were found mostly on apple trees. Orius and thrips individuals were collected mainly from the flowers of the plants, and their population patterns depended on the flowering phenology patterns of the plants. Significant correlations were detected between the population patterns of Orius individuals and thrips populations in winter and summer vegetables, fruit trees and field crops. This may indicate that thrips are the primary prey of Orius individuals throughout the year in agricultural ecosystems with rich plant diversity.

Objective: Body hair removal plays an important role in beauty standards, particularly for women. Finding a method that is easy to use, cheap, and can be done without supervision can significantly affect long-term hair reduction and reduce the side effects of hair removal. The present study investigated the impact of a containing 20% broad bean (Vicia faba) extract cream on axillary hair removal.Materials and Methods: Twenty-five female volunteers were randomly divided into A (right axillary intervention - left axillary placebo) and B (right axillary placebo - left axillary intervention). Depending on the group, each person used a cream containing 20% broad bean extract )"The extract made from the seeds and pods of broad beans.") on one side and a placebo on the other twice a day for three months. Volunteers shaved their axillary hairs three days before each visit and took pictures of both sides on the day of the visit with a trichoscope (to check the diameter and thickness of the hairs).Results: We found a decrease in thickness on the intervention group (the axilla where a cream containing broad bean extract was applied); however, this difference was not significant between the intervention side and the placebo. In terms of the number of hairs, the difference between the two groups was significant only in the second month despite the decrease on the intervention side. Evaluation based on the personal judgment of the volunteers showed that there was a substantial difference in terms of the number of hairs (p=0.012) and thinning of hair (p=0.02).Conclusion: Our findings showed that 20% broad bean extract cream could potentially reduce axillary hair growth.

The seasonal distributions of predatory bugs, specifically species of Orius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and the population dynamics of some sucking pests including aphids, leafhoppers, and thrips in crops plants (i.e. winter and summer vegetables, fruit trees and field crops) in Balcalı, Adana Province, Turkey, were investigated during 2019–2020. A total of four Orius species were identified, which are: Orius laevigatus (Fieber), Orius niger (Wolff), Orius albidipennis (Reuter) and Orius vicinus (Ribaut). The most common species was O. laevigatus, constituting 78.36% of the total adult individual insects. Both O. laevigatus and O. niger were relatively more abundant on broad beans, beans and potatoes compared to fruit trees and open field crops, such as cotton, sesame and soybean. Very few Orius individuals were recorded on fruit trees. Those that were recorded were found mostly on apple trees. Orius and thrips individuals were collected mainly from the flowers of the plants, and their population patterns depended on the flowering phenology patterns of the plants. Significant correlations were detected between the population patterns of Orius individuals and thrips populations in winter and summer vegetables, fruit trees and field crops. This may indicate that thrips are the primary prey of Orius individuals throughout the year in agricultural ecosystems with rich plant diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Body hair removal plays an important role in beauty standards, particularly for women. Finding a method that is easy to use, cheap, and can be done without supervision can significantly affect long-term hair reduction and reduce the side effects of hair removal. The present study investigated the impact of a containing 20% broad bean (Vicia faba) extract cream on axillary hair removal. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five female volunteers were randomly divided into A (right axillary intervention - left axillary placebo) and B (right axillary placebo - left axillary intervention). Depending on the group, each person used a cream containing 20% broad bean extract) "The extract made from the seeds and pods of broad beans.") on one side and a placebo on the other twice a day for three months. Volunteers shaved their axillary hairs three days before each visit and took pictures of both sides on the day of the visit with a trichoscope (to check the diameter and thickness of the hairs). Results: We found a decrease in thickness on the intervention group (the axilla where a cream containing broad bean extract was applied); however, this difference was not significant between the intervention side and the placebo. In terms of the number of hairs, the difference between the two groups was significant only in the second month despite the decrease on the intervention side. Evaluation based on the personal judgment of the volunteers showed that there was a substantial difference in terms of the number of hairs (p=0.012) and thinning of hair (p=0.02). Conclusion: Our findings showed that 20% broad bean extract cream could potentially reduce axillary hair growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim of study: The seasonal distributions of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), as well as their primary predators, predatory bugs, Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), in the polyculture agricultural area were investigated in order to gain a thorough understanding of the prey-predator relationships on various crop plants. Area of study: Adana Province, located in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Region of Türkiye. Materials and methods: Thrips and predatory insects were collected from various plants using the tapping method during 2019-2020. Their diversity, seasonal densities, and distributions were investigated. Main results: A total of 11 predator species were identified, with Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and Orius niger (Wolff) being the most prevalent species. The greatest diversity of predatory insect species was found among plant species from the Fabaceae family. With the exception of field crops, T. tabaci was found to be the most frequent thrips species in the examined cultivated plants when compared to F. occidentalis on common crop plants. Among winter vegetables, a significant number of predators, primarily O. laevigatus, were only collected from broad bean plants. The abundance patterns of thrips and predatory insects were closely associated with the flowering phenology of plants. Research highlights: Strong relationships were observed between Orius spp. and T. tabaci adults. This study suggests that broad beans, a winter crop, could be included in crop rotations during the autumn-to-early spring period to support the populations of predatory insects in various ways.

Abstract: 【Objective】Clarify the effects of planting densities on the agronomic traits and yield of broad beans, to explore the optimal planting density of broad beans in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia.【Methods】In 2022 and 2023, using Mengcan No. 1 and Mengcan No. 2 broad beans as experiment materials and randomized block design, five planting densities, D1 (90 000 plants/hm²), D2 (120 000 plants/hm²), D3 (150 000 plants /hm²), D4 (180 000 plants/hm²), and D5 (210 000 plants/hm²) were set up to analyze the effects of different planting densities on the main agronomic traits, yield traits, yield and economic benefits of broad beans.【Results】The plant height of broad beans had increasing trend with the increase of planting densities, while the total number of branches and effective branch number per plant had decreasing trend. With the increase of planting densities, the main yield traits, yield and economic benefits of broad beans had the trends of first increase and then decrease. The performance of different planting densities were：D4>D3>D5>D2>D1. Under D4 treatment, the yield of Mengcan No. 1 and Mengcan No. 2 were highest at 2 089.74, 2 210.66 kg/hm² in 2022 and 2 152.15, 2 249.66 kg/hm² in 2023, the net income were highest as well at 13 439.76, 14 478.16 yuan/hm² in 2022 and 13 947.97, 14 739.54 yuan/hm² in 2023.【Conclusion】The optimal planting density for broad beans in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia was 180 000 plants/hm². Under this density, the agronomic traits of broad bean performed well, the yield and economic benefits were the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Two types of diets with broad bean added (additive amounts of 40% and 50%, respectively), and the other two diets further added with the crisping functional package, were tested for the crisping effect on Nile tilapia. They all reached the crisping effect but had no adverse effect on the growth performance, and the supplement of the crisping functional package can further improve the crisping effect (especially the G5 diet). In addition, the crisping functional package also helped to improve the intestinal tissue and microbiota structure. Four crisping diets were designed to conduct a feeding experiment to investigate the use of broad bean in the formulated feed of Nile tilapia and optimize its use. The growth performance, muscle characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of Nile tilapia with an initial body weight of 617.32 ± 1.64 g were evaluated after being fed with different diets for 90 days. The results showed no adverse effect on the growth performance of Nile tilapia fed with broad bean diets. Contrastingly, some improvements were found in WGR and SGR, but a lower FCR was obtained. The supplementation of broad beans weakened the antioxidant capacity of fish but did not influence liver health and the immune system. Increasing the amount of broad bean addition can increase muscle quality values, and an embrittling functional package being added to the diet can also improve muscle hardness, adhesiveness, and chewiness of Nile tilapia muscle. In addition, the crisping functional package can be applied to tilapia crisping formulated feed, which helps to improve the integrity of the intestinal tissue structure and optimize the intestinal microbiota of Nile tilapia. The final achievement of this study is to provide a theoretical reference for optimizing the breeding technology of crispy Nile tilapia and developing a specialized crisping diet for the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the level of genetic diversity in a collection of broad bean accessions for the needs of the combinative breeding, a field experiment was carried out during the period 2016-2018, at the Institute of forage crops (Pleven). The studied 17 accessions had different origin: Portugal, Spain, Bulgaria. It was used a randomized block method. Plants were grown under conditions of organic farming, without using fertilizers and pesticides. The results showed considerable differences between the accessions regarding the main quantitative traits. The impact of environmental conditions was well expressed and exceeded the impact of the factor of genotype. The level of genetic variance was lower for the traits of seed weight (6.84%), pods number (9.49%) and 1st pod height (9.77%). The coefficient of genetic variance was higher than the coefficient of phenotypic variance for pod length. In terms of the traits of pod length (84.32%, 1.33), 100 seeds mass (69.08%, 7.87) and 1st pod height (52.76%, 1.26) was found high heritability, coupled with medium to high genetic advance, which is a prerequisite for increasing the productive potential of the broad bean in these traits. Positive correlations were established between seed productivity and all quantitative traits, especially 100 seeds mass (r = 0.574), pod length (r = 0.568) and plant height (r = 0.411). From the breeding point of view, accessions BGE 041470 and Fb 2486, which were distinguished by high values of pods number, seeds number and 100 seeds mass, were of interest. Also, attention deserves to be paid to FbH 14, which formed a large number of pods and seeds per plant, as well as FbH 16, which was characterized by a good balance between the traits of seeds number, seed weight, and 100 seeds mass. These accessions are definitely of interest for hybridization programs and can be recommended as parent components in selection for increased productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration of selenium (Se) in agricultural products primarily depends on the concentration of Se in soil and the ability of plants to accumulate Se. Selenium deficiency not only leads to decreased body resistance, but also increases the risk of cancer. The form and concentration of bioavailable Se is important for diet. The present study was carried out via field experiment with wheat and broad beans in soil of different Se concentrations (0, 1.12, and 11.2 kg·ha−1), which was determined based on the national standard and the team's previous experience. Results indicated that the concentration of Se in the edible organs of wheat was higher than in broad bean, while the enriched Se concentration in the root of broad bean was more than twice and three times higher than that of wheat at medium and high levels of Se, respectively. Selenomethionine, which accounted for over half of the total Se speciations, was the dominant species in the edible parts of the two crops, followed by Selenocystine and methylselenocysteine. Through the analysis of the rhizosphere soil, it was found that Fe-Mn oxide-bound Se exceeded 80% of the total Se. Additionally, there was a significant linear correlation between the Se content in the edible parts of the two crops and the Se content in the soil. Findings suggested that wheat was more favorable than broad beans as Se supplement crops in a Se-supplied field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looked at the effects of biological control strategies for root and stem rot disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani using soil organisms as biocontrol agents. The results of the field survey showed the spread of root and stem rot disease on broad bean plants in some areas of Najaf Governorate, where the infection rate ranged from 32- to 89.5%. The Isolation process showed that five fungal isolates of Rhizoctonia solani were associated with the disease, which differed in some phenotypic characteristics in terms of growth speed and color difference. The results of the molecular diagnosis using the ITS marker sequencing for the three most pathogenic isolates showed that they were belonging to Rhizoctonia solani, thus were named Ahmed 1, 3, 4 and registered in the GenBank under accession numbers; ON 394595.1, ON 394597.1, and ON 394599.1, respectively. In the pathogenicity test, R. solani isolates displayed a difference in their virulence on broad bean plants, where R. solani 1 (Al-Mashkhab isolate) was the most virulent among the isolates and was selected for subsequent studies. Isolate T. longibrachiatum (T3) showed high antagonistic efficiency against isolate of the pathogenic fungus R. solani on P.D.A culture media, gave the highest inhibitory percentage 75.06% compared to isolates T1 and T2 of Trichoderma harzianum, which led to inhibition of the pathogen to 68.71% and 68.94%, respectively. In the culture filtrate test of isolates of the living fungi, isolate T3 had the highest inhibition in the growth of pathogenic R. solani, which was 5.20 cm compared to the two live fungi T1 and T2, which led to 6.20 and 5.95 cm, respectively. As for the pots experiment, the results revealed that the isolate of T. longibrachiatum (T3) protected the broad beans plants from root and stem rot pathogen, where the disease was not seen compared to the treatment of the pathogenic fungus R. solani, only in which the infection severity was 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the economic importance of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) (Fabaceae) cultivation in four municipalities of the northeastern region of the State of Puebla and to determine the knowledge level of growers regarding the symptoms, control methods, and damage caused by the chocolate spot. Design/Methodology/Approach: Semi-structured interviews were applied focusing on production systems, phytosanitary management, and acceptance of biopesticides. The resulting information was subjected to a database descriptive analysis using the Microsoft® Excel package. Results: The data output shows the importance and extension of the sowing, along with the phytosanitary problems faced by regional broad bean growers and finally the acceptance of biopesticide as a method to control the chocolate spot. Study Limitations/Implications: There is not enough information and documents regarding the importance of the regional cultivation of broad bean as a source of sustenance. Findings/Conclusions: The economic importance of broad bean cultivation was determined, along with the damages caused by the chocolate spot infection and the production systems used by the regional grower families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of irrigation water quality is proposed using the irrigation water quality index (IWQI) according to Maia and Rodrigues (2012) and Ayers and Westcot (1985), principal component analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering of cations, anions and concentration of Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+, water classification due to EC effect on broad bean yield in pot experiment were carried out and WQI was determined in Sulaimani Governorate Kurdistan region, Iraq. The pot experiment depended on 16 well waters, the experiment was done at Bakrajo technical institute field. Water samples were collected in November, 2021 then tested for physicochemical properties and some heavy metals concentration. In general, the studied water samples had similar classes approximately while they are differing in class numbers. The studied water was classified in to (4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, and 3) classes according to Maia and Rodrigues (2012) and Ayers and Westcot (1985) PCA, cluster analysis of physiochemical water properties, PCA, cluster analysis for EC, PCA for yield and, cluster analysis for pot experiments yields, respectively. The broad bean yield decreased with increase in water EC, it means low irrigation water conductivity resulted high yield in both pot experiments and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Viruses negatively impact soybean production by causing diseases that affect yield and seed quality. Newly emerging or re-emerging viruses can also threaten soybean production because current control measures may not be effective against them. Furthermore, detection and characterization of new plant viruses requires major efforts when no sequence or antibody-based resources are available. Methods In this study, soybean fields were scouted for virus-like disease symptoms during the 2016–2019 growing seasons. Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic soybean parts, cDNA libraries were prepared, and RNA sequencing was performed using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). A custom bioinformatic workflow was used to identify and assemble known and unknown virus genomes. Results Several viruses were identified in single or mixed infections. Full- or nearly full-length genomes were generated for tobacco streak virus (TSV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), soybean dwarf virus (SbDV), bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV), clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV), and a novel virus named soybean ilarvirus 1 (SIlV1). Two distinct ClYVV isolates were recovered, and their biological properties were investigated in Nicotiana benthamiana, broad bean, and soybean. In addition to infections by individual viruses, we also found that mixed viral infections in various combinations were quite common. Conclusions Taken together, the results of this study showed that HTS-based technology is a valuable diagnostic tool for the identification of several viruses in field-grown soybean and can provide rapid information about expected viruses as well as viruses that were previously not detected in soybean.

Four crisping diets were designed to conduct a feeding experiment to investigate the use of broad bean in the formulated feed of Nile tilapia and optimize its use. The growth performance, muscle characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of Nile tilapia with an initial body weight of 617.32 ± 1.64 g were evaluated after being fed with different diets for 90 days. The results showed no adverse effect on the growth performance of Nile tilapia fed with broad bean diets. Contrastingly, some improvements were found in WGR and SGR, but a lower FCR was obtained. The supplementation of broad beans weakened the antioxidant capacity of fish but did not influence liver health and the immune system. Increasing the amount of broad bean addition can increase muscle quality values, and an embrittling functional package being added to the diet can also improve muscle hardness, adhesiveness, and chewiness of Nile tilapia muscle. In addition, the crisping functional package can be applied to tilapia crisping formulated feed, which helps to improve the integrity of the intestinal tissue structure and optimize the intestinal microbiota of Nile tilapia. The final achievement of this study is to provide a theoretical reference for optimizing the breeding technology of crispy Nile tilapia and developing a specialized crisping diet for the species.

The black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli, is a critical pest feeding on various host plants. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of kaolin on A. fabae and one of its natural enemies, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze). The investigation was carried out in Barkat broad bean cultivar during 2017-2019 in field and greenhouse conditions in Karaj, Iran. The experiment was conducted as a factorial randomized complete block design with four replications. Kaolin (Sepidan® WP %95) was tested at 3, 6, and 9%, and the sampling was carried out one day before application and three, six, nine, twelve, and fifteen days after application. As soon as the insects settled, kaolin foliar application began. The laboratory tests on black bean aphid showed the highest efficiency of kaolin 9% at 12 days after application, while the least was three days after application with kaolin 3%. Field trials indicated the highest efficiency of kaolin 9%, 9 days after application. Kaolin 9% caused the highest detrimental impact on H. variegata 15 days after foliar application.

Crop production and growth are severely affected by salt stress. Nevertheless, the bio-fertilizer vermicompost (VC) can be participated as a potent inhibitor of salinity on plant growth and crop production by regulating photosynthetic efficiency. We investigated the effect of VC on photosynthetic performance of salt-stressed broad bean (Vicia faba L. Aspani cultivar). Seeds were grown in soil mixture; clay and sand in ratio 1:2 by volume with five different volumetric ratios of VC; 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% irrigated with either water and/or 200 mM NaCl. Leaf area, Na and K contents, chlorophylls, photosystem II efficiency, Rubisco content, soluble sugars, chloroplasts' organization and proteomics were analyzed. The imposed stress decrease leaf area, chlorophyll contents, maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), Rubisco content, increase soluble sugars and damage chloroplasts organization. Salinity upregulated glucose-1-phosphate adenylyl transferase, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit and chloroplastic peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase. The increased leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II, Rubisco content, improving the degeneration of thylakoid lamellae and lessening plastoglobuli number in thylakoid membranes are the major benefits attained with vermicompost treatments under salt stress. Analysis of proteomic revealed that VC upregulated chloroplastic ferredoxin–NADP reductase, plastocyanin, polyphenol oxidase, peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase, alpha-glucan phosphorylase H isozyme and maturase expression under salt stress. The results suggest that VC controls protein expression at the level of transcriptional and translational which may conserve photosynthetic components and prevent salt-induced harmful effects in broad bean plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In regions exposed to drought stress, the use of bacteria applications to promote yield and quality has increased. This study was carried out to determine the effects of rhizobacteria and algae treatments on some biochemical and physiological properties of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) grown under water stress conditions. According to the completely randomized experimental design, the study was carried out in 4 replications in factorial order. In the experiment, the Filiz-99 broad bean variety was used as a plant material. In the study, 4 different biological applications (control, blue-green algae, and 2 different bacteria) and 3 different irrigation levels – 100% (NI), 50% (RI1), and 25% (RI2) – have been applied. In the study, properties such as root and stem length, stem and root fresh weight, stem, and root dry weight, nitrogen balance index, antioxidant, flavonoid, and phenolic properties were examined. Root length changed between 21.37–25.62 cm in bacteria and algae applications, and the highest value was obtained from the B1 application with 25.62 g. At increasing water stress levels, the nitrogen balance index varied in the range of 128.01–77.50%. In bacteria and algae applications, the highest value was obtained from the B1 application. While the phenolic content ranged between 127.53 and 134.31 mg GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalents) g–1 with increasing water stress, the highest value among biological applications was B1 application with 138.06 mg GAE g–1. As a result of the interaction of factors, the highest phenolic values were obtained from B1 × RI2 (149.85 mg GAE g–1), B2 × RI2 (137.05 mg GAE g–1), B0 × NI (127.43 mg GAE g–1), and B0 × RI2 (123.69 mg GAE g–1) applications, while the lowest values were obtained from B2 × NI (123.22 mg GAE g–1), Alg × RI2 (126.65 mg GAE g–1), Alg × NI (127.75 mg GAE g–1), and B1 × NI (131.73 mg GAE g–1) applications. In the study, it was determined that bacterial applications were more effective than algae applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigating the negative impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is an urgent need due to their toxicity and persistence in the environment. This study investigated the use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ASU-B6 to detoxify pyrene (PY). The bacterium P. aeruginosa ASU-B6 is capable of degrading PY by 92% as a sole carbon source after 15 days of incubation with phthalate being the major metabolic product. In this regard, the impact of pyrene (PY), P. aeruginosa ASU-B6 (ASU-B6), the bacterial strain combined with pyrene (ASU-B6/PY) and the metabolites produced after pyrene degradation (PY-metabolites) on the germination and physiological attributes of Hordeum vulgare and Vicia faba seedlings were studied. A single application of PY or ASU-B6 showed a toxic effect on the germination of both tested seeds. Interestingly, broad bean seedlings exhibited less sensitivity to PY stress in terms of growth and metabolism compared to barley. Notably, ASU-B6 inhibited fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots of barley and, to a lesser extent, reduced the germination of broad beans compared to the control. However, the combined PY-metabolites and ASU-B6/PY showed a mutual ameliorative effect on seedlings growth, alleviating the phytotoxic impact of each component. Pyrene reduced the virulence of ASU-B6 by inhibiting the production of pyocyanin pigment, while bacteria ameliorated pyrene toxicity through its degradation. Heatmap and principal component analyses highlighted that increasing the contents of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and lipid peroxidation positively correlated to the toxicity of PY or ASU-B6. However, improving the antioxidant system which buffers the oxidative stress induced by different combinations of PY and ASU-B6 enhanced the growth of germinated seedlings corresponding to PY or ASU-B6. This study reflected the role of ASU-B6 in ameliorating PY-phytotoxicity. In addition, the application of ASU-B6 strain is recommended as a prospective candidate for remediation of PAHs-contaminated environment with a positive impact on the plant growth and metabolic products. [Display omitted] • Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of degrading pyrene by 92%, producing phthalate. • Single application of bacteria or pyrene showed a toxic effect on the germination of both tested seeds. • Combined bacteria and pyrene application boosted seedlings growth by mitigating their individual toxic effects. • The combined mixture stimulated the antioxidant system which reduced the oxidative damage on plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In regions exposed to drought stress, the use of bacteria applications to promote yield and quality has increased. This study was carried out to determine the effects of rhizobacteria and algae treatments on some biochemical and physiological properties of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) grown under water stress conditions. According to the completely randomized experimental design, the study was carried out in 4 replications in factorial order. In the experiment, the Filiz-99 broad bean variety was used as a plant material. In the study, 4 different biological applications (control, blue-green algae, and 2 different bacteria) and 3 different irrigation levels – 100% (NI), 50% (RI1), and 25% (RI2) – have been applied. In the study, properties such as root and stem length, stem and root fresh weight, stem, and root dry weight, nitrogen balance index, antioxidant, flavonoid, and phenolic properties were examined. Root length changed between 21.37–25.62 cm in bacteria and algae applications, and the highest value was obtained from the B1 application with 25.62 g. At increasing water stress levels, the nitrogen balance index varied in the range of 128.01–77.50%. In bacteria and algae applications, the highest value was obtained from the B1 application. While the phenolic content ranged between 127.53 and 134.31 mg GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalents) g–1 with increasing water stress, the highest value among biological applications was B1 application with 138.06 mg GAE g–1. As a result of the interaction of factors, the highest phenolic values were obtained from B1 × RI2 (149.85 mg GAE g–1), B2 × RI2 (137.05 mg GAE g–1), B0 × NI (127.43 mg GAE g–1), and B0 × RI2 (123.69 mg GAE g–1) applications, while the lowest values were obtained from B2 × NI (123.22 mg GAE g–1), Alg × RI2 (126.65 mg GAE g–1), Alg × NI (127.75 mg GAE g–1), and B1 × NI (131.73 mg GAE g–1) applications. In the study, it was determined that bacterial applications were more effective than algae applications.

Background: Viruses negatively impact soybean production by causing diseases that affect yield and seed quality. Newly emerging or re-emerging viruses can also threaten soybean production because current control measures may not be effective against them. Furthermore, detection and characterization of new plant viruses requires major efforts when no sequence or antibody-based resources are available. Methods: In this study, soybean fields were scouted for virus-like disease symptoms during the 2016–2019 growing seasons. Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic soybean parts, cDNA libraries were prepared, and RNA sequencing was performed using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). A custom bioinformatic workflow was used to identify and assemble known and unknown virus genomes. Results: Several viruses were identified in single or mixed infections. Full- or nearly full-length genomes were generated for tobacco streak virus (TSV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), soybean dwarf virus (SbDV), bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV), clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV), and a novel virus named soybean ilarvirus 1 (SIlV1). Two distinct ClYVV isolates were recovered, and their biological properties were investigated in Nicotiana benthamiana, broad bean, and soybean. In addition to infections by individual viruses, we also found that mixed viral infections in various combinations were quite common. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of this study showed that HTS-based technology is a valuable diagnostic tool for the identification of several viruses in field-grown soybean and can provide rapid information about expected viruses as well as viruses that were previously not detected in soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The western flower thrip (WFT) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is a serious agricultural pest with a wide host range which has developed resistance to several groups of insecticides. In this study, the effect of insecticide resistance on WFT host adaptability was explored by examining changes in detoxification enzyme activities and thrip development, and reproduction on preferred and less preferred host plants, eggplant Solanum melongena L. and broad bean Vicia faba L. respectively. Thrips were screened with spinetoram on kidney bean for six generations. Activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), mixed function oxidases (MFOs), and cytochrome P450 enzyme (P450) in a resistant strain (RS) reared on broad bean were significantly higher than those in a sensitive strain (SS), and only carboxylesterase (CarE) increased in the RS when reared on eggplant, compared with the SS. Activities of the four detoxification enzymes in the RS reared on broad bean were significantly higher than in those reared-on eggplant. On broad bean, RS adult longevity was lower and developmental duration of offspring was shorter than those of the SS, but fecundity increased. On eggplant, RS fecundity was lower and developmental duration of offspring was shorter than those of the SS. In addition, fecundity was higher and developmental duration was longer in the RS reared on broad bean than in those reared-on eggplant. The results indicated that spinetoram resistance could change WFT host preference and that those changes might be associated with detoxification enzyme activities. Thus, it was hypothesized that adaptability of the RS to the less preferred host broad bean increased, whereas adaptability to the preferred host eggplant decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While tissue amino acid compositions reflect that of the dietary protein source, and the liver orchestrates amino acid metabolism. In this study, we investigated the muscle amino acid profiles in ordinary and crisp grass carp. The 22 amino acids were measured, and seventeen showed significant concentration differences. To understand the molecular mechanisms behind changes, we analyzed the liver transcriptome, and the 2519 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, with 1156 up-regulated and 1363 down-regulated genes. DEGs were enriched in ribosome-related biological processes. KEGG pathway analysis showed enrichment in tryptophan metabolism, lysine degradation, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, galactose metabolism, and glutathione metabolism with up-regulated genes, arginine and proline metabolism, arginine biosynthesis and alanine, aspartate, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, N-Glycan biosynthesis and glutamate metabolism with down-regulated genes. A protein-protein interaction network with 260 nodes and 249 edges was constructed, and 3 modules were extracted. The top 10 hub genes with close connections to other nodes were ITM1, STT3B, SEL1L, UGGT1, MLEC, IL1B, ALG5, KRTCAP2, NFKB2, and IRAK3. In summary, this study identified candidate genes and focused on amino acid and glycan metabolism pathways, providing a reference for further investigation into liver amino acid metabolism in grass carp fed with broad beans., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Endophytic properties of entomopathogenic fungi currently receive considerable attention from the scientific community. In the present work, it was shown that the fungus Beauveria bassiana (strain BBK-1) is able to successfully colonize broad bean and sweet pepper plants under laboratory conditions. The green peach aphid actively bred on both plant species. The density of aphids developing on plants colonized by B. bassiana was significantly lower as compared to the control, both on peppers and beans. The growth-stimulating effect of endophytic colonization by B. bassiana was less pronounced on beans, while on sweet pepper plants, a significant increase in plant height and an earlier onset of the budding were found. The observed effects indicate that B. bassiana has a potential to be used as a polyfunctional biocontrol agent in agricultural practice.

The concentration of selenium (Se) in agricultural products primarily depends on the concentration of Se in soil and the ability of plants to accumulate Se. Selenium deficiency not only leads to decreased body resistance, but also increases the risk of cancer. The form and concentration of bioavailable Se is important for diet. The present study was carried out via field experiment with wheat and broad beans in soil of different Se concentrations (0, 1.12, and 11.2 kg·ha−1), which was determined based on the national standard and the team’s previous experience. Results indicated that the concentration of Se in the edible organs of wheat was higher than in broad bean, while the enriched Se concentration in the root of broad bean was more than twice and three times higher than that of wheat at medium and high levels of Se, respectively. Selenomethionine, which accounted for over half of the total Se speciations, was the dominant species in the edible parts of the two crops, followed by Selenocystine and methylselenocysteine. Through the analysis of the rhizosphere soil, it was found that Fe-Mn oxide-bound Se exceeded 80% of the total Se. Additionally, there was a significant linear correlation between the Se content in the edible parts of the two crops and the Se content in the soil. Findings suggested that wheat was more favorable than broad beans as Se supplement crops in a Se-supplied field.

Broad beans, which are among the legumes, have nutritional importance with their high protein content. There are limited number of studies on broad bean cultivation in our region. In this study, the effects of phosphorus doses (0-6-9-12-15 kg/da) on yield, yield components and protein ratio of some broad bean cultivars (Tugay-Kıtık 2003-Salkım) were investigated. The study was carried out in the experimental area of Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops in 2019/20 and 2020/21. In the study, it was found that the effects of phosphorus doses on yield components such as the number of pods and the number of pods per plant were significant. In addition, the effect of phosphorus application on grain yield and yield components was found to be significant. The highest average grain yield values were determined as 297.1 kg/da (15 kg/da P) in the first year and 316.1 kg/da (12 kg/da P) in the second year. Phosphorus doses are also effective on grain protein ratio, the average highest values were measured as 24.7% in the first year and 25.3% in the second year from the 12 kg/da phosphorus dose. Close data were obtained from the varieties in grain yield. Salkım gave a higher grain yield than the others in the second year. It was determined that the Tugay stood out in both years in terms of grain protein ratio. As a result, 12 kg/da phosphorus application was the prominent dose in terms of grain yield and protein ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of the study proved that phytoremediation can be a promising technique to treat cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil. Four bacteria types were isolated from the soil; two are autotrophic and others are heterotrophic. Autotrophic bacteria were dominant in soils with 42 mg Cd Kg-1. The total count and diversity of both bacteria types decreased with the increase of Cd in media and reached their minimum limit of tolerance at 60 mg Cd L-1 in terms of the heterotrophic bacteria, while the minimum limit of tolerance in the case of autotrophic bacteria was at 110 mg Cd L-1. The four isolates can form biofilms that ranged in thickness between 2.8-4.3 mm. The tolerant isolates belong to Rhizobium leguminosarum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Actinobacteria, and Corynebacterium. Shoot and dry weight significantly varied according to the changes in Cd concentrations and isolate types. The level in either shoot or root exceeded critical levels, however, its concentration was higher in the root compared with the shoot. The effect of Cd on broad bean plants began at 80 and 100 mg Cd L-1. The broad bean plant was resistant to growing in the contaminated area by Cd even at 120 mg Cd Kg-1 DW. The presence of heterotrophic bacteria was noticeably useful for autotrophic bacteria, as well as, for enhancing Cd resistance. The study showed that cooperative phytoremediation could be a safe and active technique to apply in the field soil contaminated with heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an aim to be conducted a comparative assessment of 17 broad bean accessions regarding main traits and parameters, a field trial was carried out at the Institute of Forage Crops (Pleven, Bulgaria) during the period 2016-2018. The randomized block method was used. The results showed that, the factor of genotype had the strongest impact on the phenotypic performance of main quantitative traits (plant height, 1st pod height, number and weight of seeds per plant, 100 seeds mass, pod length and pod width) in the accessions studied. In pod formation, the interaction genotype-environment had the largest influence. Based on values of the coefficient of early-ripeness, the accessions can be divided into the following groups: ultra early-ripening accessions - BGE 029055 (1.00); early-ripening ones - Fb 2481, BGE 041470, BGE 043776, BGE 046721 (1.24), FbH 15 (1.33); mid-ripening ones - BGP (1.34); Fb 1896, Fb 1903, Fb 1929, BGE 032012 (1.43), Fb 2486 (1.62); late-ripening ones - FbH 14, FbH 16 (1.76), Fb 3270 (1.81), FbH 13 (1.95), BGE 002106 (2.00). The variability regarding main quantitative traits was low (2.83-7.26%) and within the following limits: plant height - 64-79 cm, 1st pod height - 22-35 cm, pods number per plant - 8-15, seeds number - 22-41 and 100 seeds mass - 10.29-34.93 g. FbH 14 (7.36 tha-1), Fb 2486 (6.50 tha-1) and BGE 041470 (6.82 tha-1) were distinguished by the highest seed yields. For an additional characteristic of the accessions, the index of individual seed productivity, seed index and index of attraction were used. BGE 041470 had high values in the three indices. The studied accessions represent valuable germplasm and can be used as parental forms in the broad bean breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broad bean true mosaic virus (BBTMV) infects broad beans and peas, reducing yield. As BBTMV is transmitted through broad beans, many countries have implemented regulations to prevent the distribution of infected seeds. Currently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is commonly used to detect BBTMV. While the PCR-based method is preferred for seed virus detection due to its sensitivity and speed. A BBTMV-specific PCR detection method has not yet been reported. A universal detection method currently exists that utilizes reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for the Comovirus genus, to which BBTMV belongs. However, sequence analysis is required for species identification. To address this limitation, we developed and verified RT-PCR detection methods using newly designed BBTMV-specific primers. RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR with these primers were approximately 5 × 105–106 times more sensitive than ELISA and 100–1000 times more sensitive than previously reported RT-PCR methods. Using RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR employing these primers, we could detect BBTMV with same sensitivity when more than 3.0 × 105 copies were present per gram of broad bean seeds. Our newly developed detection methods can test for BBTMV with high sensitivity and speed. • Newly designed BBTMV-specific primer set has high sensitivity and specificity. • Our RT-PCR-based methods can effectively detect BBTMV in bulk broad bean seed samples. • This primer set can be used in both conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Refrigeration is the property of Journal of Refrigeration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We studied the allelopathic stress of C. ambrosioides volatile oil using the epidermal strip bioassay, microscopy and histochemical techniques on stomatal movement in leaves from broad beans (Vicia faba L.), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.). We also studied the changes in vacuoles, microfilaments and signalling molecules ROS, NO and Ca2+ in guard cells. The stomatal aperture of 3-test legume species decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in volatile oil concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, the applied volatile oil increased the numbers of vacuoles but decreased their volume in guard cells of all 3-test crops. Aggregation of microfilament skeletons, increased the in ROS, NO and Ca2+ concentrations. These effects could be alleviated, when related inhibitors (Cytochalasin B, AS, LaCl3 and L-NAME) were used with volatile oil. It is speculated that the dynamic changes in guard cell microfilaments caused by volatile oil of C. ambrosioides could lead to increased ROS and NO levels by activating the related enzymes, which increased the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ levels in guard cells. Thereby the ion channels in plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane were affected. The bigger vacuoles in guard cells were divided into smaller ones, turgor pressure was decreased and stomata were closed. The stomatal movement of broad bean was most sensitive to volatile oil of C. ambrosioides, which showed strong allelopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A field experiment was conducted for the agricultural season (2018-2019) in Abu Gharq area to study the effect of different levels of boron spraying (boric acid 17.4% B) and different types of potassium fertilizer on some growth and yield traits of the local cultivar of Broad Bean plants in a factorial experiment by the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates, as the first factor included spraying 4 concentrations of boron, which are (0, 50, 100, 200 mg.L-1) and the second factor included 3 types of adding potassium fertilizers, which are (potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate) at a concentration of 50 potassium kg-1 and their interaction. The results indicated a significantly excelled of spraying with boron at a concentration of 200 mg.L-1 and gave the highest significant averages in the traits of plant height, number of branches of the plant, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, the weight of 100 seeds and total yield while adding treatment was given. Potassium in the form of potassium nitrate is the highest significant mean for the above traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-stimulants involve different substances and microorganisms, organic matter enhances plant growth and resistance the environmental stress and increases seed yield and quality. So, a field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2020-2021 in Waist, Iraq to study the dates, bio health (Bio booster) in emergence stage and elongation stage with (0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) from a mineral fertilizer recommendation on Broad bean growth and yield. An experiment was designed according to a split-plot system using a randomized complete block design by three replications. The results showed that significant differences were achieved at biological fertilizer in the emergence and elongation stage with the highest averages of vegetative growth indicators (plant length, plant leaf area, number of branches, wet weight of the plant, dry weight of the plant and chlorophyll index) which amounted to (107.11 cm, 2996 cm2 plant-1, 9.15 branch plant-1, 952.1 g, 127.48 g, 56.88 SPAD), respectively. The treatment of biological fertilizer + with 75% of the mineral fertilizer achieved the highest values of in plant height, plant leaf area, number of branches, wet weight and dry weight. Plant, chlorophyll index which reached (118.04 cm, 3669 cm2 plant-1, 10.63 branch plant-1, 940.0 g, 126.8 g, 61.39 SPAD) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]