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This paper investigates the flow performance and mechanical properties of underground gelled filling materials made from potash mine tailings, using lime as a gel. It demonstrates the feasibility of using lime as a gel, potash mine tailings as aggregate, and replacing water with potash mine tailings to create filling materials that meet design requirements for flow and compressive strength. The role of lime in the hardening process is explored through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and infrared analysis. Results show that hydration products vary with lime dosage. With 9% lime (L9), the products are primarily ghiaraite (CaCl2·4H2O) and carnallite (KMgCl3·6H2O); with 5% lime (L5), tachyhydrite (CaMg2Cl6·12H2O) predominates, along with minor amounts of antarcticite (CaCl2·6H2O) and korshunovskite (Mg2Cl(OH)3·4H2O); and with 2.6% lime (L2.6), the products include tachyhydrite, ghiaraite, bischofite (MgCl2·6H2O), and korshunovskite. These hydration products form a dense, interwoven structure, enhancing the strength of the filling material. This study offers a theoretical foundation for using lime gel as a filling material in potash mining, with significant implications for sustainable mining practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the flow performance and mechanical properties of underground gelled filling materials made from potash mine tailings, using lime as a gel. It demonstrates the feasibility of using lime as a gel, potash mine tailings as aggregate, and replacing water with potash mine tailings to create filling materials that meet design requirements for flow and compressive strength. The role of lime in the hardening process is explored through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and infrared analysis. Results show that hydration products vary with lime dosage. With 9% lime (L9), the products are primarily ghiaraite (CaCl2·4H2O) and carnallite (KMgCl3·6H2O); with 5% lime (L5), tachyhydrite (CaMg2Cl6·12H2O) predominates, along with minor amounts of antarcticite (CaCl2·6H2O) and korshunovskite (Mg2Cl(OH)3·4H2O); and with 2.6% lime (L2.6), the products include tachyhydrite, ghiaraite, bischofite (MgCl2·6H2O), and korshunovskite. These hydration products form a dense, interwoven structure, enhancing the strength of the filling material. This study offers a theoretical foundation for using lime gel as a filling material in potash mining, with significant implications for sustainable mining practices.

Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) preparation from phosphogypsum waste (PGW) was evaluated in numerous works; however, the use of this compound is not applied yet in the brine water salinity reduction. In this work, the purity of Ca(OH)2 prepared from PGW and soda aqueous solution was tested for different NaOH/PG molar ratios (MR) close to the stochiometric value (1.5 < MR < 3). The obtained Ca(OH)2 at the optimal conditions was used for both the CO2 capture and brine water (BW) salinity reduction, resulting in high-quality calcium carbonate synthesizing. The XRD results show that a MR higher than the stochiometric value (MR > 2) is most efficient to obtain high-quality portlandite (P2.5 and P3). An estimation of the carbon capture efficiency of the prepared portlandite was made. Based on the results of this work, using 4 g of P2.5 allows to capture 2.4 L of CO2 and treat 0.4 L of BW. Overall, our work confirms the technical viability of the proposed route to synergize CO2 capture, BW and PGW recycling. From an economic and ecological standpoint, our investigated routes were eco-friendly and cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Tirta Sanita Bogor brine water contains high concentrations of sodium (Na). It also contains calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The purpose of this research is to make the food grade salt with relatively low Ca and Mg content. The process was carried out in two methods, the first method was chemical precipitation which was divided into two stages, the removal of the Mg element using a limestone compound (CaCO3) which has been calcined at 900 ̊C for 6 hours, and the removal of Ca element using Li2CO3 compound. The second method was traditional evaporation which was conducted using prism greenhouse technology. The brine filtrate was reacted with Na2CO3 and the results were analyzed using the ICP-OES. The results showed that the NaCl content was 80% by the chemical precipitation and traditional evaporation methods. Keywords: Brine water, Precipitation, Evaporation, Food grade salt

In this study, the removal of monovalent and divalent cations, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, in a diluted solution from Chott-El Jerid Lake, Tunisia, was investigated with the electrodialysis technique. The process was tested using two cation-exchange membranes: sulfonated polyether sulfone cross-linked with 10% hexamethylenediamine (HEXCl) and sulfonated polyether sulfone grafted with octylamine (S-PESOS). The commercially available membrane Nafion® was used for comparison. The results showed that Nafion® and S-PESOS membranes had similar removal behaviors, and the investigated cations were ranked in the following descending order in terms of their demineralization rates: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+. Divalent cations were more effectively removed by HEXCl than by monovalent cations. The plots based on the Weber–Morris model showed a strong linearity. This reveals that intra-particle diffusion was not the removal rate-determining step, and the removal process was controlled by two or more concurrent mechanisms. The Boyd plots did not pass through their origin, and the sole controlling step was determined by film-diffusion resistance, especially after a long period of electrodialysis. Additionally, a semi-empirical model was established to simulate the temporal variation of the treatment process, and the physical significance and values of model parameters were compared for the three membranes. The findings of this study indicate that HEXCl and S-PESOS membranes can be efficiently utilized for water softening, especially when effluents are highly loaded with calcium and magnesium ions.

Processes in the food industry that use large amounts of water have been an important cause of waterborne disease outbreaks, as they expose individuals to risks for waterborne disease transmission. Developing technologies to ensure the hygiene and safety of food-processing steps is an urgent concern from an economic perspective. Furthermore, economic benefits can be derived if the processed water can be reused under microbiologically safe conditions. Among the major manufacturing processes in the kimchi industry, the brining process for salted kimchi cabbages requires a considerable amount of brine (approximately 2,000–2,500 l/1,000 kg of raw cabbage). The aim of this study was to establish virucidal conditions with ultraviolet-C light-emitting diodes (UVC LEDs) that can ensure the microbiological safety of brine water samples with various turbidities for reuse after disinfection. For quantitative analysis, first of all, magnetic bead separation (MBS) technique was used to capture and recover the human norovirus (HuNoV) virus particles; propidium monoazide (PMA) combined with RT-qPCR (PMA-RT-qPCR) was subsequently used to selectively detect infectious norovirus. Overall, as the turbidity of the brine water samples increased, the reduction in the HuNoV genogroup II genotype 4 (HuNoV GII.4) levels by UVC LED disinfection decreased. The derived inactivation rate constant (kinac) and inactivation curves (calculated using the log-linear model) were studied as a function of turbidity based on the exponential one-phase inactivation kinetics of HuNoV. Using an impeller system set at 100 rotations/min (rpm) with an eight-nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) sample (the lowest turbidity studied), the kinact based on the levels of viral genomic RNA concentrations was approximately 2.15-fold higher than that observed without rotation (0 rpm). Moreover, the kinact increased 1.69-fold with a 56-NTU sample (the highest turbidity studied) when the impeller system was set at 100 rpm. UVC LED treatment decreased the HuNoV GII.4 population more effectively in conjunction with the impeller system (100 rpm) than without the impeller system. Our novel findings and model provide fundamental and scientific data that may help reuse brine water and ensure its microbiological safety through disinfection. Our study highlights the benefits of UVC LED treatment in successfully eliminating waterborne viruses in a prompt, resistance-reducing, and energy-efficient approach at the laboratory scale, which lays the foundation for future plant-scale studies of UVC LED-disinfection systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to investigate the parameters affecting the electromagnetic (EM) stimulation of an oil well. To this end, a simulator and Box-Behnken design were implemented to determine the sensitivity of EM stimulation with respect to rock and fluid properties. Seven factors of the frequency, brine water salinity, water saturation, oil dielectric constant, rock dielectric constant, porosity, and initial temperature were analyzed through 62 simulation runs. The dielectric constants of brine water were obtained using the Stogryn model as a function of brine salinity, frequency, and initial temperature. Based on the distance far from the wellbore, the wellbore region was divided into four sections: 5-6, 6-10, 10-20, and 20-100 cm. The most affecting parameter in the domain of 5-20 cm is brine salinity. The frequency and water saturation were obtained as the next affecting parameters, respectively. The most affecting parameter in the section of 20-100 cm is the frequency. In the section of 20-10 cm, the second and third affecting parameters were found to be brine water salinity and water saturation, respectively. The highest power loss density in the 5-6 cm section was obtained as 4300 Watt/m³ while the highest density was almost 1 Watt/m³ in the section of 20-100 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processes in the food industry that use large amounts of water have been an important cause of waterborne disease outbreaks, as they expose individuals to risks for waterborne disease transmission. Developing technologies to ensure the hygiene and safety of food-processing steps is an urgent concern from an economic perspective. Furthermore, economic benefits can be derived if the processed water can be reused under microbiologically safe conditions. Among the major manufacturing processes in the kimchi industry, the brining process for salted kimchi cabbages requires a considerable amount of brine (approximately 2,000–2,500 l/1,000 kg of raw cabbage). The aim of this study was to establish virucidal conditions with ultraviolet-C light-emitting diodes (UVC LEDs) that can ensure the microbiological safety of brine water samples with various turbidities for reuse after disinfection. For quantitative analysis, first of all, magnetic bead separation (MBS) technique was used to capture and recover the human norovirus (HuNoV) virus particles; propidium monoazide (PMA) combined with RT-qPCR (PMA-RT-qPCR) was subsequently used to selectively detect infectious norovirus. Overall, as the turbidity of the brine water samples increased, the reduction in the HuNoV genogroup II genotype 4 (HuNoV GII.4) levels by UVC LED disinfection decreased. The derived inactivation rate constant (kinac) and inactivation curves (calculated using the log-linear model) were studied as a function of turbidity based on the exponential one-phase inactivation kinetics of HuNoV. Using an impeller system set at 100 rotations/min (rpm) with an eight-nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) sample (the lowest turbidity studied), the kinact based on the levels of viral genomic RNA concentrations was approximately 2.15-fold higher than that observed without rotation (0 rpm). Moreover, the kinact increased 1.69-fold with a 56-NTU sample (the highest turbidity studied) when the impeller system was set at 100 rpm. UVC LED treatment decreased the HuNoV GII.4 population more effectively in conjunction with the impeller system (100 rpm) than without the impeller system. Our novel findings and model provide fundamental and scientific data that may help reuse brine water and ensure its microbiological safety through disinfection. Our study highlights the benefits of UVC LED treatment in successfully eliminating waterborne viruses in a prompt, resistance-reducing, and energy-efficient approach at the laboratory scale, which lays the foundation for future plant-scale studies of UVC LED-disinfection systems.

Freshwater resources are limited and many regions worldwide are suffering from water shortage due to the rapid increase in population, industrialization and urbanization. Concrete production has shown to consume a substantial amount of water for mixing and curing, and this large consumption has sparked concerted efforts to find sustainable and environmental friendly alternatives for replacing freshwater in order to lower the pressure on water resources. The use of hypersaline by-product brine water discharged from desalination plant has been tested in cement mortar production in order to lower the pressure on water resources and reduce the environmental impact resulted from discharging this effluent to surrounding streams. Discharge brine water to surrounding stream can deteriorate physicochemical and ecological properties of receiving streams as well as accelerate degassing process of dissolved greenhouse gases by lowering solubility coefficient. Compression and Bending strength of cement mortar specimens have been tested after adding different percentages of brine water and with/without Alkali-Resistance Glass Fiber (ARGF). Samples have been cured for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in 50.5mm×50.5mm×50.5mm cubes and tested using compression testing machine. Adding 3% ARGF to cement mortar mixes has increased 28 curing days bending strength (3 times) and has decreased compression strength 30%. It has been observed that using brine water with ARGF in cement mortar mixes will lower compression strength on the average of 22%±2 and will increase bending strength values 2.7 times. The results show that using ARGF and brine water in cement mortar production seems promising in improving environmental conditions and enhancing the mechanical property in many applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a thermodynamic modeling and performance analysis of a hybrid desalination system consisting of a conventional solar still (CSS) and an adsorption desalination system (ADS). To evaluate the performance of the system, a small scale model of a hybrid CSS-ADS system is designed, fabricated and tested under the meteorological condition of Kollam, Kerala, India. Water productivity of the hybrid CSS-ADS, followed by, assessing the coefficient of performance of the system is also carried out. The maximum water productivity of the system is estimated as 750 ml. The proposed hybrid system is able to produce the cooling effect along with desalination during its operation. The coefficient of performance (COP) is obtained as 0.58. The performance of the system is also assessed based on the second law of thermodynamics to study exergy loss and exergy efficiency of each and every component of the system. It is observed that the main sources of exergy destruction in the hybrid system occurs in the solar still basin and adsorbent bed of ADS. The total exergy loss and exergy efficiency of the hybrid system is found to be 0.224 W and 29.6%, respectively. Variation of brine water temperature, heat transfer coefficients, water productivity of CSS and ADS are also presented in this study. The study aims at a formidable solution to the low performance of conventional solar still. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining the H2 production with brine remediation is regarded as a sustainable approach to achieving clean H2 energy. However, designing stable Cl− oxidation reaction (COR) electrocatalyst is the key to realize this route. Herein, a type of oxygen-modified Co nanoparticles anchored graphitic carbon nanofibers catalyst (Co/GCFs) was synthesized through a two-step strategy of adsorption and pyrolysis. The Co/GCFs-2.4 exhibits high selectivity and stability for COR at neutral electrolyte. It is worth noting that unlike the water oxidation, the chemical valence of cobalt has not changed during the COR. Further results demonstrated that the oxygen-modified Co nanoparticles provide active sites for selective COR, meanwhile, the graphitic carbon gives rise to strong catalytic stability. Thanks to the superior COR and H2 production activity of Co/GCFs-2.4, a two-electrode brine electrocatalysis system employing Co/GCFs-2.4 as both cathode and anode for H2 production exhibited robust stability, efficient and high Faraday efficiency (98%-100%). We propose that this work provides a novel strategy for designing efficient and stable catalysts with electrocatalytic COR and HER activities at neutral brine water for practically coupling with H2 production by water electrolysis and brine water remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pembuatan Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like compound (HTlc) dengan metode kopresipitasi telah dilakukan. Hydrotalcite-like yang terbentuk dikarakterisasi dengan X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Surface Area Analyzer (SAA) dan digunakan sebagai adsorben Cr(VI). Hasil karakterisasi XRD menunjukkan adanya nilai d 7,54 Å pada sudut 2 theta 11,73º yang merupakan ciri hydrotalcite dengan interlayer karbonat. Hasil ini diperkuat dengan adanya gugus hidroksi pada daerah bilangan gelombang IR sekitar 3441 cm-1 serta gugus karbonat pada 1361 cm-1. Proses adsorpsi Cr(VI) dengan menggunakan Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like menunjukkan kondisi optimum pada pH 3 dan waktu kontak 20 menit. Kinetika adsoprsi Cr(VI) oleh Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like cenderung mengikuti persamaan kinetika pseudo second order dan isoterm adsorpsinya mengikuti model isoterm Langmuir. Kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum Cr(VI) menggunakan Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like lebih besar dibandingkan menggunakan hydrotalcite komersial. Pita spektra FTIR setelah adsorpsi Cr(VI) menunjukkan ion kromium terserap ke dalam Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like compound. Synthesis of Ca-Mg-Al Hydrotalcite-like compound from Brine Water for Cr(VI) removal. The synthesis of Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like compound (Htlc) with a coprecipitation method had been done. Hydrotalcite-like product was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra red (FTIR), surface area analyzer (SAA) and was used as an adsorbent of Cr(VI). The XRD characterization result indicates a value of d 7.54 Å at 2 theta 11.73º, which is a characteristic of hydrotalcite with carbonate interlayer. These results are confirmed by the presence of a hydroxy group at wavenumber of IR around 3441 cm-1 and carbonate groups in the 1361 cm-1. The adsorption of Cr(VI) using the Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like showed the optimum conditions at pH 3 and 20 minutes contact time. The adsorption kinetic of Cr(VI) by Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like tends to follow the pseudo second order equation and the adsorption isotherm tends to follow the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) using the Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like is greater than that of using commercial hydrotalcite. Morever, the FTIR spectra analyzed after Cr(VI) adsorption indicates that chromium ion was adsorbed into of Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like compound.

The depth and scale of potash mines is currently increasing. Backfill materials with higher homogeneity and greater fluidity property are required to prevent blocking and ensure that filling materials are transported safely to the underground mines. The production of low-cost backfill materials that meet both strength and transportability requirements is therefore extremely important. A potash filling material with steel slag as a cementing agent was prepared to solve the problems caused by potash tailings and brine water in potash mines, such as environmental pollution, resources waste, and potential safety issues. This was also done with the aim of improving the flow and strength properties of potash filling materials by using steel slag as binder because its hydration reaction is slow and durable. The results indicated that the fluidity and late strength met requirements. It was also initially proved that the steel slag fineness and curing temperature had a significant influence on the performance of the filling material. The fluidity of the filler was greater than 200 mm in 8 h and the compressive strength reached 2 MPa in 28 days, which satisfied the performance requirements for the filler. This article mainly focuses on the analysis of the curing mechanism from a microscopic point of view. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) show that the products of the hydration reactions are primarily C-S-H gels, hydrocalumite (or Friedel's salt), and brucite. They are interspersed with each other so that the density and strength improve. The results show that isomorphous substitution occurs in the microscopic structure of the layered hydrocalumite and hydrotalcite. The Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, and Si4+ can replace each other and enable OH-, Cl-, and H2O molecules to be easily absorbed into the interlayer. In this way, impurity ions can be stabilized and stability of the filling material can be improved. The results of this study provide preliminary evidence that steel slag powder can be used as a binder in potash backfill material.

The study of calcination at 450 ºC on Ca-Mg-Al-hydrotalcite synthesized from brine water has been investigated. Characterization by XRD shows that Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite compound has found hydrotalcite phase and another phase such as Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 and CaCO3. These results are confirmed by the presence of hydroxyl groups (-O-H), M-O and M-OH groups (M is Mg, Ca and Al) at wavenumber region around 3463,34 cm-1; 447,50 cm-1; 536,62 cm-1and 786,99 cm-1. The calcination on Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite at 450 ºC affected change in the structure become a metal oxide such as MgO, CaO, Al2O3, MgAl2O4, and CaCO3. These results are confirmed from decreasing on the absorption peak of M-OH group at wavenumbers around 536,62 cm-1and 786,99 cm-1 and widening of the absorption region at 447,5 - 857,4 cm-1. Consequently, the calcination treatment successfully increased the surface area of Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite compounds from 97.4 m2/g to 156.826 m2/g. Morphology of Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite underwent changes the shape from a big to be a small form. Thermal analysis results showed changes in the structure of Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite into oxides begin at a temperature of 210 ºC and become oxide completely after the temperature reaches 420 ºC.

Interest in both environmental impact and potential beneficial uses of produced water (PW) has increased with growth in unconventional oil and gas production, especially in semi-arid regions, e.g. the Permian Basin, the most productive tight-oil region in the USA. Characterization of PW compositional variability is needed to evaluate environmental impact, treatment, and reuse potential. Geochemical variability of PW from Guadalupian (Middle Permian) to Ordovician formations was statistically and geostatistically evaluated in the western half of the Permian Basin (Delaware Basin, Central Basin Platform, and Northwest Shelf) using the US Geological Survey's Produced Waters Geochemical Database and the New Mexico Water and Infrastructure Data System. Mean total dissolved solids (TDS) of PW increased with depth in the Delaware Basin and Central Basin Platform to the Delaware and Wolfcamp formations (Guadalupian age). Mean TDS decreased with further increases in depth. In contrast, the mean salinity of PW was significantly higher within the shallow, younger formations (largest mean TDS in the Artesia Formation); TDS decreased with depth below Guadalupian age formations in the Northwest Shelf. Kriged contour maps of TDS and major ions illustrated spatial variability across the three geo-structural regions as a function of depth. The occurrence of meteoric waters in upper and deeper formations across the three regions was significant, and was attributed to Laramide Orogeny and Basin and Range extension uplifting and tilting effects and recent water flooding. These results quantify PW composition variability, and suggest that upon treatment, PW would support some uses such as onsite reuse and mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Flow and later strength properties of CPBs are both great in the system. • Steel slag was proved to exhibit latent hydraulic behavior. • The main hydration products in the system are C-S-H gels and Friedel's salt. • Impure ions can be fixed by layered structure of Friedel's salt. The increasing depth and widening scale of potash mines are suggestive of the use of mortars with greater homogeneity and fluidity properties for mine backfills. Results of the experimental investigations discussed herein indicated that the flow property and the later strength of mortars can both be satisfied through the utilization of steel slag (SS) as a binder in potash mines. Paste samples were evaluated in terms of the hydration mechanism for the mixture of brine water (liquid waste from potash mines) and SS, and were found to achieve a compressive strength of 10 and 15 MPa after 28 and 60 curing days, respectively. An analysis carried out for the microstructure of the pastes revealed C–S–H gels and Friedel's salt being the main hydration products in the system, in which active interpenetration between the substances contributes to the enhancement of the paste's strength. Impure ions in the system can be fixed to improve the stability of the filler through the formation of Friedel's salt. Overall, the findings of the present study confirmed that SS exhibits a latent hydraulic behavior and can be used as a binder in mortars for long-distance transportation in potash mines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abijata-Shalla Soda Ash Share Company in the central Main Ethiopian Rift is producing soda ash (Na2CO3) by evaporating brine water from Abijata Lake. A study was undertaken to assess the challenges associated with the mining practices and quality of soda ash. Presently, 5000t of soda ash is produced annually with a grade of about 90% against the expected 20,000t with 97% grade. During fieldwork, a geological map is prepared and collected soil, trona, soda ash and water samples for chemical analysis. Water samples were collected from the lake and from different evaporation ponds. Soil samples were collected around the ponds and soda ash samples from the processing plant. All the samples were analyzed for major cations and anions in addition to pH and other parameters. The field and laboratory data suggest that the mining method, pond design, and the timing of transfer of brine water from one pond to another are the major challenges that are affecting the quality of soda ash. New pond design is suggested with minor modification to the existing design which is expected to increase the grade close to 97% Na2CO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purposes of the present study were: to investigate the physico-chemical parameters of several mineral springs from Buzău County and to classify the investigated waters in mineral water classes, according to national legislation. The analyzed parameters were: pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and turbidity. The water samples were collected during October 2014. Generally, the water samples proved to be slightly acidic to neutral, with high levels of TDS (37 7 – 1,271 mg/l). Some of the analyzed dissolved ions (carbonates, bromine and phosphate) were not detected in the analyzed waters. The major dissolved ions distribution is dominated by the presence of sodium (3.8 – 589.2 mg/l), calcium (36.5 – 126.3 mg/l), sulphates (60.3 – 412.2 mg/l) and bicarbonates (213.2 – 915 mg/l). Magnesium ranged between 9.9 – 40.6 mg/l, potassium between 8.7 – 45.2 mg/l, fluoride between 1.0 and 2.9 mg/l., nitrates between 6.4 and 108.9 mg/l and chlorine was between 9.1 and 211.8 mg/l. Some of the investigated water can be commercialized as sodic water, chlorine water, sulphate water and bicarbonate water.

This research aims to study the preparation of struvite with the desalination waste (brine water) as magnesium source. In the present work, it has studied the precipitation of struvite and controlling struvite crystallization. The precipitation of struvite was investigated in desalination waste containing Mg:N:P molar ratio 1:1:1; 1:1:2 and 1:2:1 at room temperature on pH 9.10 and 11, respectively. Characterization of struvite crystal was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA)/Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and BET surface area analysis. The XRD analysis showed that struvite crystallization was formed. FTIR spectra of struvite revealed the presence of water of hydration, P O bond, N H bond, and metal-oxygen bond. SEM images suggested that struvite had the irregular shape in different morphologies. From TGA/DTA analysis, the struvite crystal is unstable thermally and the loss of water of hydration starts above room temperature. BET data showed that the struvite pore was mesopores which are textural pores occurred with aggregates of plate-like particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts to synthesis of Mg/Al HTlc using magnesium from several raw material resources are widely investigated. One of raw material would purpose as source of magnesium to synthesis of Mg/Al HTlc is brine water which is well known as the desalination process wastewater. Mg/Al HTlc are widely investigated for their potential applications in research and industrial processes as adsorbents, anionic exchange, catalysts and /or catalyst precursors for the preparation of inorganic materials and pharmaceutical industry excipients. As adsorbents, Mg/Al HTlc are receiving greater interests in the environmental community due to their high adsorption capacity. However, there is no literature available on the synthesis of Mg/Al HTlc from brine water except from artificial seawater. The objective of this research is to synthesis of Mg/Al HTlc from brine water and its ability tested for eosin yellow (EY) removal. Characterization of the Mg/Al HTlc synthesized was confirmed through X-ray Diffraction and FT-IR Spectroscopy. The effect of various experimental parameters was investigated using a batch adsorption technique. In this manner, the adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and pH effects upon EY adsorption on Mg/Al HTlc were examined. The result showed that EY data fit well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The isothermal data could be well described by the Freundlich equation. The adsorption capacity was 2.41 × 10-1 mol g-1, and adsorption energy of EY was 24.89 kJ mol-1.

The objective of this research is to synthesis of Mg/Al hydrotalcite-like (Mg/Al HTlc) from brine water and itsapplication as a methyl orange (MO) removal. The research initiated with the synthesis of Mg/Al HTlc from brinewater, which is well known as the desalination process wastewater. Characterization of the Mg/Al HTlc synthesizedwas confirmed through X-ray Diffraction and FT-IR Spectroscopy. The determination of optimum acidity, adsorptionrate, and energy and capacity adsorption were studied. The result showed that pH 4 was the optimum acidity for theadsorption of MO on Mg/Al HTlc. MO was adsorbed at pseudo-second order adsorption rate of 1.03 × 105 g mol-1 min-1on the Mg/Al HTlc. The adsorption data fitted well into the linearly transformed Freundlich equation

A series of nanostructured catalysts based on cobalt-modified molybdenum carbides, intended as alternative replacement for platinum has been developed for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from brine. The catalysts were synthesized by simple impregnation of the metal salts on carbon support and followed by pyrolysis in CH 4 atmosphere. The obtained catalysts show impressive HER activities in both brine and alkaline media. At current density of −7.0 mA cm −2 , the overpotential for Co modified Mo/C catalysts was greater than that obtained with a commercial Pt/C catalyst by 63–89 mV and 15–148 mV for brine and alkaline solution, respectively. Our findings for HER in both media are consistent with electrochemical desorption of hydrogen gas following the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism as the rate-determining step. The HER activities of the catalysts were correlated to their high mesopore surface areas with active pores, nanocrystallites, and low charge transfer resistances as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the potential application of xanthan gum as a polymer-flooding agent for oil recovery applications in a specific Devonian oil field. Rheological measurements using oscillatory and steady shear were carried out to examine the change in shear viscosity when the polymer was applied under reservoir conditions. The xanthan rheological properties were described by the Herschel–Bulkley and Ostwald models to characterize its non-Newtonian behavior. As expected, the results showed that higher xanthan concentrations raised the polymer viscosity and increased the degree of shear thinning. Addition of alkalis caused the viscosity of the xanthan solutions to decrease, but they maintained their shear-thinning properties. Polymer solutions in typical oil field brine increased in viscosity by ca. 400% for 720 hours storage time. On the other hand, as expected, the solutions lost their viscosity gradually with increasing temperature. However, at reservoir temperature (68°C), the polymer solutions kept more than 60% of their initial viscosity. In oscillatory deformation tests it was observed that all the measured viscoelastic properties were influenced by temperature and confirmed that xanthan solution behaved as a weak-gel. An order-disorder transition exists within the xanthan-brine solutions which responds to changes in solution concentration, temperature and alkalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of this paper is the thermal impact desalination in the fouling and corrosion phenomena as an auxiliary and rejection waters on the environment in the western littoral of Ghazaouet site—Tlemcen (Algeria). The methodology we used consists of taking samples from different qualities of water used in the distillation process in multiple effects (MED): auxiliary water, brine water, and undrinkable water production. They have been characterized by physical–chemical analysis such as pH, temperature, conductivity, salinity, dissolved solids (TSD), turbidity, calcic hydrotimetric title, alkalimetric title, and organoleptic parameters. We also carried out a study on the influence of the distillation parameters on calco-carbonic balance and furring solid’s precipitations of forming carbonates, hydroxides, and sulfates. The results showed that the rejected brine water in the sea contains a considerable quantity of dissolved chemical bodies in suspension where salinity reached 49 g/l, containing also effluents acid coming from the correcting operations of the auxiliary water. The saturation index of this water determined by different methods that showed the furring and corrosive character of the seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion activity of the environment is caused by the presence in it of salt ions that are directly involved in the corrosion process causing deposition of inorganic salts on the surface of the equipment. Removal of such active salt ions from the working environment or modifying them from the active to the inactive state significantly reduces the rate of corrosion of the equipment and the amount of salt deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seawater inrush is deadly to undersea mine and it is very important to accurately assess the connectivity between seawater and the mine pit. With Xinli gold mine area as a case study, following the analysis of geological setting, a detailed hydrogeological survey and sampling were conducted and conservative ions test of mine water samples was carried out in the laboratory. Furthermore, the physical significances of ion concentration and ion ratios, such as Cl, γSO/γCl and γNa/γCl, were checked. The test data analysis, enhanced by the physical significance check and hierarchy clustering analysis, was used to assess the overlying seawater inrush into the mine pit. It was determined that the undersea rock masses in the Xinli mine area bear high-mineralization brine water. The ore-controlling fault gouge and a thin layer of clay in Quaternary block the seepage of overlying seawater into the undersea mine pit to a great extent. The mine water from surrounding rock of the northeast gopher drift is closer to seawater in hydrogeochemical features, which indicates that the connectivity between the northeast of footwall of the ore-controlling fault and seawater is relatively good and should be closely monitored in future production. The mine water from the southwest gopher drift and crosscuts is similar to the brine (salty) water in chemical features, drains the net reserves of brine (salty) water in bedrock fissures and will impose few impacts on production in the near future. This approach is feasible and cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seawater desalination is currently considered a vital and dependable water resource to meet all requirements of fresh water. Kuwait has been a leading country in fresh water production from the sea using the multistage flash (MSF) unit. All MSF plants in Kuwait are operated on the principle of chemical additives dosing for scale inhibition, and at a top brine temperature below 120°C. This is because calcium sulfate scaling phenomenon usually occurs when the temperature is higher than 120°C. This type of scaling is a hard scale that cannot be removed easily by chemical or mechanical cleaning. Until recent years, no antiscalants could overcome this type of scaling at high temperatures. The new generation of antiscalants is able to stand high operation temperature without hydrolysis or without losing their reactivity and can solve sulfate scaling problem. This paper consists of laboratory tests to evaluate the performance of new inhibitors that can overcome sulfate scaling. In particular, experiments were conducted to study the antiscalants effectiveness under different operating conditions with different brine concentration, especially in high-temperature operation mode. The result of the experiment showed that the performance of these chemical additives varied with the operating temperature, flow rate, and the brine concentration. The tested chemicals showed reduction in the percentage precipitation at high temperature up to 160°C. A techno-economic feasibility study was also conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The State of Kuwait is located at the northwestern corner of the Arabian Gulf and covers an area of about ≈18,000 km2. The aquifer under investigation is the Eocene Dammam limestone aquifer. This paper discusses the hydrochemistry of the aquifer through the period 1972 — 2002 in order to identify the chemical and genetic types of groundwater, and to reveal the prevailing geochemical processes in the aquifer. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the brackish-brine groundwater is encountered to provide an overview of the regional scale hydrochemistry and to assess the possible factors controlling the aquifer quality. Accordingly, WATEQ4F program is used to compute the saturation indices of the minerals with respect to a state water composition. The Z-MAP and the STRATWORKS programs are used to construct the structural contour map and the subsurface geophysical logs of the Dammam Formation, respectively. The hydrochemical and geological investigations revealed that the Dammam limestone aquifer is occupied by a brackish-brine groundwater, with TDS values ranging from 2500 to 150,000 mg/I, which gradually increases towards the N — NE in the flow direction. The main recognized groundwater chemical types are: Na2SO4, CaSO4 and NaC1. Three groundwater genetic types Na-S04, Mg-Cl, and Ca-Cl are dominant and indicate a continental-marine stagnant environment. Also, the study showed that the groundwater is oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, and under-saturated with respect to gypsum. The calculated mean values of PCO2 range between 8.79 x 10-4 and 1.38 x 10-2 atm., which are above that of PCO2 of the earth's atmosphere. These high values of PCO2 suggest that the Dammam limestone aquifer represents a closed system with respect to CO2. The ion-exchange, reverse ion- exchange and dedolomitization are the main geochemical processes prevailing in the aquifer. Furthermore, the carbonate weathering is most likely to operate in the aquifer. Controls on the distribution of water qualities reflect the ancient marine depositional environment, water-rock interaction, aquifer flushing including ion exchange effect, and the structural feature related to the Persian Gulf synclinorium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In situ measurements of grease ice from fjords on Svalbard reveal new basic properties of the surface ice cover. New ice formation often takes place as growing frazil crystals in a surface layer of grease ice. A method for sampling grease ice is described. The grease ice layer is found to be as thick as 70 cm in places, but many of the measurements are around 10 cm. Salinity of the bulk grease ice is around 25 psu, while the drained grease has salinity around 20 psu. The grease ice congeals into a solid ice cover depending on surface cooling. Ice concentration is calculated based on the measured salinity and is around 25% for the grease, and above 60% for the new solid ice. Grease ice, or frazil ice crystals, forms in response to atmospheric and oceanographic forcing, and the salt released by the ice growth influences local hydrography. For the Storfjorden polynya, existing parameterizations for grease ice thickness in relation to wind speed are discussed. The changing wind conditions during the fieldwork partly explain the deviation from an idealized situation, but tidally driven turbulence and the effects of snow drift are suggested as important processes to include in future theoretical descriptions of grease ice processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A general strategy for preparing porous titanium-based LIS nanofibers. • A superior lithium ion adsorption capacity of 59.1 mg/g on P-HTO-NF. • A highly selective recovery of lithium ions from brine water. • High stability and excellent repeated adsorption performance. Lithium ion sieves (LIS) have gained great interest in lithium recovery. However, the synthesis of high stability, selectivity, and adsorption capacity of LIS is still a great challenge. Here, a general strategy combining electrospinning and calcination techniques is developed to fabricate a series of porous titanium-based LIS nanofibers. The porous structure created by calcination increases the exposure of the adsorption sites, which significantly accelerates the deintercalation and intercalation of Li+ from and into the vacancies in the framework. All of samples have good Li+ adsorption capacity and high selectivity for Li+. As a proof of concept, porous H 4 Ti 5 O 12 nanofibers (P-HTO-NF) transformed from the electrospun porous Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 nanofibers (P-LTO-NF) are systematically investigated in lithium recovery. P-HTO-NF possesses a superior adsorption capacity (59.1 mg/g), which is nearly close to the theoretical value (63.77 mg/g). The Freundlich isotherm model can well describe the adsorption isotherm data. The adsorption equilibrium can reach within 30 min (C 0 = 300 mg/L, pH = 11, S/L = 60 mg/60 mL). The equilibrium distribution coefficient (K d , mL/g) for Li + (232) is extremely higher than that for competing ions (1.41 for Na+, 1.17 for K+, 0.88 for Mg2+, 0.58 for Ca2+) (C 0 = 40 mg/L for Li+, pH = 8), indicative of a highly selective recovery of lithium from brine water. The LIS show excellent stability with a low Ti dissolution and the adsorption capacity for Li+ remains 86.5% after 6 cycles. Our work provides a universal strategy for the synthesis of porous LIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]