Search

The tropical maize breeding for low-P tolerance and good performance under low-P stress environments can be achieved through selection based on root morphology traits at seedling stage. Here, we assessed the genotypic variation and genetic diversity of a panel of 151 tropical maize inbred lines for root and shoot seedling traits, investigated the relationship among traits and selected a set of promising inbred lines for low-P tolerance and performance. We evaluated the inbred lines at seedling stage in a greenhouse experiment under two conditions: applied P (AP) and non-applied P (NAP). A mixed model approach was used to estimate variance components and predict the genotypic values of each inbred line. The genetic diversity among inbred lines based on root and shoot traits was assessed, and correlations were estimated between tested traits under AP and NAP. Our panel of inbred lines showed huge genetic variability for all traits and presented large genetic diversity under both P conditions. Variance components due to the inbred line x P condition interaction were also highly significant (P < 0.01) for all traits. Root dry weight (RDW) was positively associated with stalk dimeter (SD), shoot dry weight (SDW) and root length, volume, and area under both P conditions. Also, the SD and SDW were associated with most root traits under AP. Based on low-P tolerance and performance indices, we selected a set of top 20 inbred lines to be used in our maize breeding program. We therefore concluded that there is a significant genetic diversity in the tropical maize inbred lines which have the genetic potential to be use in association mapping studies and also to develop improved low-P tolerant and P-efficient hybrids and maize breeding populations for low-P stress environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Psidium, which includes a variety of tropical and subtropical fruit-bearing species, is notable for its broad genetic diversity, particularly in Psidium cattleianum, a species whose potential remains largely unexplored. This study aims to explore the genetic diversity of Psidium fruits through a global literature review and bibliometric analysis, using the Web of Science© database and VOSviewer software to identify breeding strategies focused on fruit production in P. cattleianum. The dominance of research on P. guajava highlights the urgent need to expand studies to other species within the genus, especially P. cattleianum. Techniques such as germplasm conservation, analysis of reproductive systems, and the selection of desirable traits are crucial for advancing the breeding of P. cattleianum, with particular attention to fruit quality and productivity. Developing more productive and disease-resistant varieties can significantly increase productive efficiency and promote the commercial cultivation of the species, adding significant value and creating new opportunities for sustainable agriculture and crop diversification. Despite recent literature focusing on P. guajava, there is a significant gap in studies on P. cattleianum, especially in Brazil, where methods such as germplasm conservation and the exploration of genetic diversity can be pivotal for fruit breeding. It is essential to expand research and genetic improvement of P. cattleianum to unlock its full potential, promoting its incorporation into breeding programs that enhance the quality and productive characteristics of the fruits, thus increasing their use and market value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic information of bean seed traits can be an immense help to the breeder in selection of suitable genotypes and the appropriate breeding strategies. Therefore, the investigation aims to assess the genetic variability and to elucidate the genetic analysis of seed dietary fibre, carbohydrate, seed calcium and phosphorus contents of Phaseolus vulgaris in the high Guinean Savannah zone conditions. 5 × 5 half-diallel crosses of these traits were conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed high differences between five lines beans (p < 0.05), suggesting the sufficient genetic diversity for these traits. High broad sense heritability values were recorded for seed dietary fibre, carbohydrate and seed calcium content, attesting a strong implication of the genetic factors in the control of these traits; thereby, these traits can be improved through regular selection. The ratio GCA/SCA was greater than unity only for seed phosphorus content. It indicates the prevalence of additive gene effect in the involvement of the genetic control for this trait. The combining ability analysis revealed highly significant differences between parental GCA effects and F1 cross SCA effects. The PB, BI, CT and PR lines beans will prove useful in common bean breeding programmes as donor genotypes, in the development of bean genetic resources for betterment improvement of nutritional traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Strengthening future food security through the application of unsustainable levels of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizers to crop fields may exacerbate environmental damage. Coordination of N‐use efficiency (NUE) and plant growth is, therefore, crucial for sustainable agriculture. Auxin plays pivotal roles in developmental and signaling responses that affect NUE. Hence, a better understanding of these processes provides great potential to improve crop NUE. This review summarizes the effects of auxin on N‐related and root developmental processes that either directly or indirectly affect NUE in the model plant Arabidopsis and major crop species to highlight the potential of fostering sustainable agricultural development in the future through modulating auxin‐related processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: This study examines how breeding dairy cows with high immune response (HIR) sires affects their reproductive performance. We looked at factors like calving time, how long they stay open for insemination, and the ease of calving. We found that cows related to HIR sires tended to have shorter intervals between calving, which is good for farm productivity. However, there were also more cases of twin pregnancies and difficult births among these cows. This suggests that while there are some benefits to breeding with HIR sires, there are also potential challenges. Understanding these effects can help farmers make better decisions about breeding strategies, ultimately contributing to the efficiency and success of dairy farming. Reproductive traits in dairy cattle are crucial for herd productivity and profitability. This study investigates the influence of relatedness to high immune response (HIR) Immunity+ sires on reproductive performance indicators in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. A total of 5094 cows were analyzed, categorized based on their relatedness to HIR Immunity+ sires, and assessed for various reproductive parameters, including age at first insemination, gestation length, days open, calving interval, and calving ease. The results showed that the level of relatedness to HIR Immunity+ sires influenced certain reproductive traits, such as service period, gestation length, and age at first and second calving. Additionally, cows related to HIR Immunity+ sires exhibited a higher frequency of twin pregnancies and more complicated births. While some benefits were observed in certain reproductive traits among cows related to HIR Immunity+ sires, such as reduced age at first insemination and shortened gestation length, the overall impact on reproductive efficiency remains inconclusive. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the effects of using semen from HIR Immunity+ sires on reproductive performance in dairy cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, small population sizes and unequal ancestor contributions have resulted in high inbreeding rates (ΔF) in the Friesian horse. Two decades ago, the studbook implemented a mating quota and started publishing individual kinships and reduced ΔF below 1% per generation. However, since then, the breeding population size has decreased and this raises the question whether current breeding strategies are sufficient to keep ΔF below desired rates. The aim of this study was to (1) reflect on past inbreeding trends and their main determinants, using pedigree analysis and (2) evaluate the effectiveness of the current and additional breeding strategies using stochastic simulations. We estimated the current ΔF (2013–2022) at 0.72% per generation. While the total contribution of the top 10 sires to the number of offspring per year has decreased from 75% in 1980 to 35% in 2022, this was mainly due to an increased number of approved studbook sires, and not due to more equalized contributions among sires. Of the simulated breeding strategies, selecting only breeding stallions with a below average mean kinship (i.e., "mean kinship selection") was most effective to decrease ΔF (from 0.66% to 0.33%). Increasing the number of breeding sires only had an effect when also a mating quota was applied. However, its effect remained limited. For example, a ~1.5 fold increase, combined with a mating quota of 80 offspring per sire per year, reduced ΔF from 0.55% to 0.51%. When increasing the number of breeding mares, a practically unfeasible large increase was needed for a meaningful reduction in ΔF (e.g. twice as many mares were needed to reduce ΔF from 0.66% to 0.56%). Stratified mating quotas, a novel approach in which we assigned each sire a mating quota (of 60, 80, 100 or 120 offspring per year) based on its mean kinship to recently born foals, resulted in a lower ΔF (0.43%) than a general mating quota of 90 offspring per sire per year (0.55%). Overall, while the current ΔF is below 1%, we recommend to implement additional strategies to further reduce ΔF below 0.5% in the Friesian horse population. For this breed and similar populations, we recommend to focus on breeding strategies based on kinship levels to effectively reduce ΔF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo breeding strategies are essential in realizing "Bamboo as a Substitute for Plastic (BASP)". This review article aims to explore the crucial role of breeding strategies in achieving the substitution of plastic products with bamboo as outlined under the BASP Initiative. Firstly, we address the issue of plastic pollution, along with the background of reducing the market share and demand for plastic products. It categorizes the types of bamboo products that can fully or partially replace plastic products in various categories, such as daily necessities, building materials, and industrial products. Then, we investigate which bamboo species can replace which plastic products and propose the need for bamboo improvement. Furthermore, it presents data from positioning observation research stations for bamboo forest ecosystems in China and outlines the essential traits necessary for bamboo substitution, including characteristics like long internode length, extended fiber length, thick culm wall, and optimal cellulose-to-lignin content ratio, among others. Finally, we discuss breeding methods and genetic improvement as key strategies to achieve bamboo substitution and suggest the potential of enhancing bamboo traits to serve as a viable replacement source for plastics. This comprehensive approach aims to enhance bamboo's growth features and physical properties to meet the criteria for substituting bamboo for plastics effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily, individuals across the globe partake in the consumption of significant amounts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), underscoring its pivotal role as one of the foremost grain crops on a global scale. Various biotic and abiotic factors can induce stress in wheat crops, consequently diminishing their growth and quality. The goal of this review study is to give a full picture of how different stresses affect different types of wheat by looking at their physiological, biochemical, and molecular reactions. Biologic forces, such as pests and diseases, affect different types of wheat. We talk about how experts and breeders are trying to make wheat kinds that are better able to handle these stresses. We also stress how important it is to use cutting-edge genetic tools along with better breeding methods to create stress-tolerant wheat lines more quickly. This will ensure food security despite the effects of climate change and the world's growing population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Pigeonpea has potential to foster sustainable agriculture and resilience in evolving climate change; understanding bio-physiological and molecular mechanisms of heat and drought stress tolerance is imperative to developing resilience cultivars. Pigeonpea is an important legume crop that has potential resilience in the face of evolving climate scenarios. However, compared to other legumes, there has been limited research on abiotic stress tolerance in pigeonpea, particularly towards drought stress (DS) and heat stress (HS). To address this gap, this review delves into the genetic, physiological, and molecular mechanisms that govern pigeonpea’s response to DS and HS. It emphasizes the need to understand how this crop combats these stresses and exhibits different types of tolerance and adaptation mechanisms through component traits. The current article provides a comprehensive overview of the complex interplay of factors contributing to the resilience of pigeonpea under adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, the review synthesizes information on major breeding techniques, encompassing both conventional methods and modern molecular omics-assisted tools and techniques. It highlights the potential of genomics and phenomics tools and their pivotal role in enhancing adaptability and resilience in pigeonpea. Despite the progress made in genomics, phenomics and big data analytics, the complexity of drought and heat tolerance in pigeonpea necessitate continuous exploration at multi-omic levels. High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) is crucial for gaining insights into perplexed interactions among genotype, environment, and management practices (GxExM). Thus, integration of advanced technologies in breeding programs is critical for developing pigeonpea varieties that can withstand the challenges posed by climate change. This review is expected to serve as a valuable resource for researchers, providing a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying abiotic stress tolerance in pigeonpea and offering insights into modern breeding strategies that can contribute to the development of resilient varieties suited for changing environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tropical maize breeding for low-P tolerance and good performance under low-P stress environments can be achieved through selection based on root morphology traits at seedling stage. Here, we assessed the genotypic variation and genetic diversity of a panel of 151 tropical maize inbred lines for root and shoot seedling traits, investigated the relationship among traits and selected a set of promising inbred lines for low-P tolerance and performance. We evaluated the inbred lines at seedling stage in a greenhouse experiment under two conditions: applied P (AP) and non-applied P (NAP). A mixed model approach was used to estimate variance components and predict the genotypic values of each inbred line. The genetic diversity among inbred lines based on root and shoot traits was assessed, and correlations were estimated between tested traits under AP and NAP. Our panel of inbred lines showed huge genetic variability for all traits and presented large genetic diversity under both P conditions. Variance components due to the inbred line × P condition interaction were also highly significant (P < 0.01) for all traits. Root dry weight (RDW) was positively associated with stalk dimeter (SD), shoot dry weight (SDW) and root length, volume, and area under both P conditions. Also, the SD and SDW were associated with most root traits under AP. Based on low-P tolerance and performance indices, we selected a set of top 20 inbred lines to be used in our maize breeding program. We therefore concluded that there is a significant genetic diversity in the tropical maize inbred lines which have the genetic potential to be use in association mapping studies and also to develop improved low-P tolerant and P-efficient hybrids and maize breeding populations for low-P stress environments.

Ruminant animals, such as dairy cattle, produce CH4, which contributes to global warming emissions and reduces dietary energy for the cows. While the carbon foot print of milk production varies based on production systems, milk yield and farm management practices, enteric fermentation, and manure management are major contributors togreenhouse gas emissions from dairy cattle. Recent emerging evidence has revealed the existence of genetic variation for CH4 emission traits among dairy cattle, suggests their potential inclusion in breeding goals and genetic selection programs. Advancements in high-throughput sequencing technologies and analytical techniques have enabled the identification of potential metabolic biomarkers, candidate genes, and SNPs linked to methane emissions. Indeed, this review critically examines our current understanding of carbon foot print in milk production, major emission sources, rumen microbial community and enteric fermentation, and the genetic architecture of methane emission traits in dairy cattle. It also emphasizes important implications for breeding strategies aimed at halting methane emissions through selective breeding, microbiome driven breeding, breeding for feed efficiency, and breeding by gene editing.

Genetically improved forest reproductive materials are now widely accessible in many European countries due to decades of continuous breeding efforts. Tree breeding does not only contribute to higher-value end products but allows an increase in the rate of carbon capture and sequestration, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change. The usefulness of breeding programmes depends on (i) the relevance of the set of selected traits and their relative weights (growth, drought tolerance, phenology, etc.); (ii) the explicit management of targeted and “neutral” diversity; (iii) the genetic gain achieved; and (iv) the efficiency of transferring diversity and gain to the plantation. Several biological factors limit both operational breeding and mass reproduction. To fully realise the potential of tree breeding, the introduction of new technologies and concepts is pivotal for overcoming these constraints. We reviewed several European breeding programmes, examining their current status and factors that are likely to influence tree breeding in the coming decades. The synthesis was based on case studies developed for the European Union-funded B4EST project, which focused on eight economically important tree species with breeding histories and intensities ranging from low-input breeding (stone pine, Douglas-fir and ash) to more complex programmes (eucalyptus, maritime pine, Norway spruce, poplar, and Scots pine). Tree breeding for these species is managed in a variety of ways due to differences in species’ biology, breeding objectives, and economic value. Most programmes are managed by governmental institutes with full or partial public support because of the relatively late return on investment. Eucalyptus is the only tree species whose breeding is entirely sponsored and managed by a private company. Several new technologies have emerged for both phenotyping and genotyping. They have the potential to speed up breeding processes and make genetic evaluations more accurate, thereby reducing costs and increasing genetic gains per unit of time. In addition, genotyping has allowed the explicit control of genetic diversity in selected populations with great precision. The continuing advances in tree genomics are expected to revolutionise tree breeding by moving it towards genomic-based selection, a perspective that requires new types of skills that are not always available in the institutions hosting the programmes. We therefore recognise the importance of promoting coordination and collaboration between the many groups involved in breeding. Climate change is expected to bring in new pests and diseases and increase the frequency of extreme weather events such as late frosts and prolonged droughts. Such stresses will cause slow growth and mortality, reducing forest productivity and resilience. Most of these threats are difficult to predict, and the time-consuming nature of conventional breeding does not allow for an adequate and timely reaction. We anticipate that most breeding programmes will need to revise their selection criteria and objectives to place greater emphasis on adaptive performance, tolerance to multiple environmental stresses, stability in different environments, and conservation of genetic diversity. Testing breeding materials in a variety of environments, including potentially contrasting climates, will become increasingly important. Climate change may also force the incorporation of new genetic resources that provide new useful adaptations, which may involve the use of new, previously unexplored gene pools or hybridisation, with the enormous challenge of incorporating useful alleles without adding along an unfavourable genetic background. Decision-support tools to help landowners and foresters select the best-performing forest reproductive material in each specific environment could also help reduce the impact of climate change.

This five-year study (2016–2021) across diverse Moroccan agro-climatic zones investigated genotype by environment (G × E) interactions in wheat, focusing on variations in agronomic traits and quality attributes such as protein and gluten content. Significant environmental effects were observed on key traits, like yield, thousand kernel weight (TKW), and spikes per square meter (Spk/m2), highlighting environmental factors' role in wheat yield variability. In the Tassaout (TST) location, notable genotypic effects emerged for traits like biomass, underscoring genetic factors' importance in specific contexts, while in Sidi El Aidi (SEA) and Marchouch (MCH), genotypic effects on yield and its components were predominantly absent, indicating a more substantial environmental influence. These findings illustrate the complexity of G × E interactions and the need for breeding strategies considering genetic potential and environmental adaptability, especially given the trade-offs between yield enhancement and quality maintenance. Insights from the biplot and heatmap analyses enhanced the understanding of genotypes' dynamic interactions with environmental factors, establishing a basis for strategic genotype selection and management to optimize wheat yield and quality. This research contributes to sustainable wheat breeding in Morocco, aligning with global efforts to adapt wheat breeding strategies to changing climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agriscientia is the property of Revista AgriScientia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The focus is now on harnessing energy from green sources through sustainable technology to minimize environmental pollution. Several crop residues including rice and wheat straw are having enormous potential to be used as lignocellulosic source material for bioenergy production. The lignocellulosic feedstock is primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin cell wall polymers. The hemicellulose and lignin polymers induce crosslinks in the cell wall, by firmly associating with cellulose microfibrils, and thereby, denying considerable access of cellulose to cellulase enzymes. This issue has been addressed by various researchers through downregulating several genes associated in monolignol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, Poplar, Rice and Switchgrass to increase ethanol recovery. Similarly, xylan biosynthetic genes are also targeted to genetically culminate its accumulation in the secondary cell walls. Regulation of cellulose synthases (CesA) proves to be an effective tool in addressing the negative impact of these two factors. Modification in the expression of cellulose synthase aids in reducing cellulose crystallinity as well as polymerisation degree which in turn increases ethanol recovery. The engineered bioenergy crops and various fungal strains with state of art biomass processing techniques presents the most recent integrative biotechnology model for cost effective green fuels generation along with production of key value-added products with minuscule disturbances in the environment. Plant breeding strategies utilizing the existing variability for biomass traits will be key in developing dual purpose varieties. For this purpose, reorientation of conventional breeding techniques for incorporating useful biomass traits will be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This working paper reviews the research and development in genetic improvement and breeding strategies of Bonga, Menz, Afar and Horro sheep in Ethiopia. This review aims to provide structured information regarding the Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds (Bonga, Afar, Menz, and Horro) breeding programs and its progress. Genetic diversity is an essential element for genetic improvement, preserving populations, evaluation and adapting to variable environmental situations. Sustainable breeding techniques and sensible use of indigenous breed have been developed as result of recent research approaches to the conservation of sheep genetic resources. However, there is still growing interest of the government and of farmers in different breeding program to improve indigenous sheep breeds. There is no comprehensive study showing the performance of indigenous sheep breeds (Bonga, Afar, Menz, and Horro) genetic improvement under different breeding program and its progress, both biological and economic, to substantiate the argument on the benefit of different breeding programs for smallholders farmers. Programs for the sheep breeds Menz, Afar, Horro, and Bonga have now been developed at the community level. The idea behind the nucleus breeding program is to develop elite breeding animals by gathering the finest male and female breeding participants from the population in one central location. The first stage in creating a breeding program is defining the breeding goals. Planning breeding programs requires a thorough grasp of the farmers' (beneficiaries') breeding goals and production objectives. Therefore, this review makes it evident that numerous instruments and techniques, including choice experiments, participatory rural assessment procedures, and rating animals from flocks, have been used to define and ascertain the breeding aim of Afar, Horro, Bonga and Menz sheep breeds in Ethiopia.

Reproductive traits in dairy cattle are crucial for herd productivity and profitability. This study investigates the influence of relatedness to high immune response (HIR) Immunity+ sires on reproductive performance indicators in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. A total of 5094 cows were analyzed, categorized based on their relatedness to HIR Immunity+ sires, and assessed for various reproductive parameters, including age at first insemination, gestation length, days open, calving interval, and calving ease. The results showed that the level of relatedness to HIR Immunity+ sires influenced certain reproductive traits, such as service period, gestation length, and age at first and second calving. Additionally, cows related to HIR Immunity+ sires exhibited a higher frequency of twin pregnancies and more complicated births. While some benefits were observed in certain reproductive traits among cows related to HIR Immunity+ sires, such as reduced age at first insemination and shortened gestation length, the overall impact on reproductive efficiency remains inconclusive. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the effects of using semen from HIR Immunity+ sires on reproductive performance in dairy cattle.

Bamboo breeding strategies are essential in realizing “Bamboo as a Substitute for Plastic (BASP)”. This review article aims to explore the crucial role of breeding strategies in achieving the substitution of plastic products with bamboo as outlined under the BASP Initiative. Firstly, we address the issue of plastic pollution, along with the background of reducing the market share and demand for plastic products. It categorizes the types of bamboo products that can fully or partially replace plastic products in various categories, such as daily necessities, building materials, and industrial products. Then, we investigate which bamboo species can replace which plastic products and propose the need for bamboo improvement. Furthermore, it presents data from positioning observation research stations for bamboo forest ecosystems in China and outlines the essential traits necessary for bamboo substitution, including characteristics like long internode length, extended fiber length, thick culm wall, and optimal cellulose-to-lignin content ratio, among others. Finally, we discuss breeding methods and genetic improvement as key strategies to achieve bamboo substitution and suggest the potential of enhancing bamboo traits to serve as a viable replacement source for plastics. This comprehensive approach aims to enhance bamboo’s growth features and physical properties to meet the criteria for substituting bamboo for plastics effectively.

The cultivation of early maturing crop varieties will aid in expanding the range of planting latitudes and enhancing the adaptability of plants to seasonal climates. There are remarkable parallels and discrepancies between the roles and regulatory networks of early maturing regulators in different crops. The breeding process is hindered by the negative correlation between early maturity, multi-resistance, and yield. Breaking this negative association and effectively polymerizing multiple desirable features is a key objective of modern plant breeding. Gene pleiotropy facilitates the highly efficient polymerization of early maturity, multi-resistance, optimal plant architecture, and high yield. Many newly created early maturing varieties exhibit poor stress resistance and low yield, whereas stress-resistant varieties are typically late maturing. For this reason, the polymerization of early maturity and other desired agronomic qualities requires overcoming the negative connection between early maturity, multi-resistance, and yield, which presents a formidable challenge in current breeding techniques. We review the most salient constraints of early maturity breeding in current crop planting practices and the molecular mechanisms of different maturation timeframes in diverse crops from their origin center to production areas. We explore current breeding tactics and the future direction of crop breeding and the issues that must be resolved to accomplish the polymerization of desirable traits in light of the current obstacles and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental heterogeneity of the biotopes that compound the mosaic of the rivers is essential for the development of the initial stages of fish life. In this sense, we evaluated the abundance and composition of ichthyoplankton community from different biotopes of the Ibicuí River and its relation with environmental variables, between October 2019 and January 2020. The ichthyoplankton sampling was performed in the Ibicuí River basin, in four biotopes: main river (Ibicuí River), tributary river (Ibirocá River), mouth and lake. Larvae from twenty-nine species were identified, including some threatened with extinction. Eggs and larvae were found in all biotopes, however eggs were more abundant in the main river and larvae in the lake. This last biotope was characterized by the greater presence of larvae in the post-flexion stage and sedentary species. The tributary river had a greater presence of larvae of migratory species. Eggs and yolk-sac larvae were positively correlated with the water speed and river width, while the most developed larvae were correlated with electrical conductivity and zooplankton. Our study revealed that the abundance and diversity of the ichthyoplankton were heterogeneously distributed among the biotopes, where hydrogeomorphological and limnological characteristics enable the emergence of distinct ichthyoplankton assemblages along the river gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This five-year study (2016–2021) across diverse Moroccan agro-climatic zones investigated genotype by environment (G × E) interactions in wheat, focusing on variations in agronomic traits and quality attributes such as protein and gluten content. Significant environmental effects were observed on key traits, like yield, thousand kernel weight (TKW), and spikes per square meter (Spk/m2), highlighting environmental factors’ role in wheat yield variability. In the Tassaout (TST) location, notable genotypic effects emerged for traits like biomass, underscoring genetic factors’ importance in specific contexts, while in Sidi El Aidi (SEA) and Marchouch (MCH), genotypic effects on yield and its components were predominantly absent, indicating a more substantial environmental influence. These findings illustrate the complexity of G × E interactions and the need for breeding strategies considering genetic potential and environmental adaptability, especially given the trade-offs between yield enhancement and quality maintenance. Insights from the biplot and heatmap analyses enhanced the understanding of genotypes’ dynamic interactions with environmental factors, establishing a basis for strategic genotype selection and management to optimize wheat yield and quality. This research contributes to sustainable wheat breeding in Morocco, aligning with global efforts to adapt wheat breeding strategies to changing climatic conditions.

Simple Summary: In some species of birds, asynchronous hatching occurs when incubation begins before completion of clutch, resulting in age differences between nestlings. According to the brood reduction hypothesis, which explains the reason for asynchronous hatching, selective survival is permitted only for older nestlings when availability of food is unpredictable. Due to the feature of food distribution, passerines are not likely to practice selective feeding of older nestlings. The essential purpose of this study is to determine whether the brood reduction hypothesis can explain asynchronous hatching in passerines. Infrared cameras were installed inside nest boxes to determine whether great tit (Parus major) parents, which show asynchronous hatching, practices selective feeding of older nestlings. The results of this study showed that great tit parents did not practice selective feeding of older nestlings, highlighting that using the brood reduction hypothesis to explain asynchronous hatching of great tits is not reasonable. Further research is needed in order to explain the adaptiveness of asynchronous hatching. The brood reduction hypothesis, which explains asynchronous hatching in birds, as an adaptation that enables selective survival of older nestlings when availability of food is unpredictable. This study was conducted in order to determine whether the brood reduction hypothesis can explain asynchronous hatching in passerines. Infrared cameras were installed inside nest boxes where great tits (Parus major) were attempting to reproduce in order to determine whether the parents practiced selective feeding of older nestlings. According to the results of the study, no significant difference was observed between the hatching order and the average number of feedings per nestling. In addition, when examining the distribution of food according to hatching order over time, every 30 min, beginning at 9 a.m., selective distribution of food to older nestlings was not observed. In conclusion, use of the brood reduction hypothesis, which supports selective provision of beneficial feeding of older and larger nestlings, to explain the asynchronous hatching of passerines is problematic, thus conduct of future studies focusing on other hypotheses in order to explain the asynchronous hatching of this passerine bird will be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic acids and flavonoids are large groups of secondary metabolites ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. They are currently in the spotlight due to the numerous health benefits associated with their consumption, as well as for their vital roles in plant biological processes and in plant-environment interaction. Tomato, eggplant and pepper are in the top ten most consumed vegetables in the world, and their fruit accumulation profiles have been extensively characterized, showing substantial differences. A broad array of genetic and genomic tools has helped to identify QTLs and candidate genes associated with the fruit biosynthesis of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The aim of this review was to synthesize the available information making it easily available for researchers and breeders. The phenylpropanoid pathway is tightly regulated by structural genes, which are conserved across species, along with a complex network of regulatory elements like transcription factors, especially of MYB family, and cellular transporters. Moreover, phenolic compounds accumulate in tissuespecific and developmental-dependent ways, as different paths of the metabolic pathway are activated/deactivated along with fruit development. We retrieved 104 annotated putative orthologues encoding for key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in tomato (37), eggplant (29) and pepper (38) and compiled 267 QTLs (217 for tomato, 16 for eggplant and 34 for pepper) linked to fruit phenolic acids, flavonoids and total phenolics content. Combining molecular tools and genetic variability, through both conventional and genetic engineering strategies, is a feasible approach to improve phenolics content in tomato, eggplant and pepper. Finally, although the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway has been well-studied in the Solanaceae, more research is needed on the identification of the candidate genes behind many QTLs, as well as their interactions with other QTLs and genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cotton's fundamental requirements for long periods of growth and specific seasonal temperatures limit the global arable areas that can be utilized to cultivate cotton. This constraint can be alleviated by breeding for early‐maturing varieties. By delaying the sowing dates without impacting the boll‐opening time, early‐maturing varieties not only mitigate the yield losses brought on by unfavorable weathers in early spring and late autumn but also help reducing the competition between cotton and other crops for arable land, thereby optimizing the cropping system. This review presents studies and breeding efforts for early‐maturing cotton, which efficiently pyramid early maturity, high‐quality, multiresistance traits, and suitable plant architecture by leveraging pleiotropic genes. Attempts are also made to summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying early maturation, which involves many pathways such as epigenetic, circadian clock, and hormone signaling pathways. Moreover, new avenues and effective measures are proposed for fine‐scale breeding of early‐maturing crops to ensure the healthy development of the agricultural industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic acids and flavonoids are large groups of secondary metabolites ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. They are currently in the spotlight due to the numerous health benefits associated with their consumption, as well as for their vital roles in plant biological processes and in plant-environment interaction. Tomato, eggplant and pepper are in the top ten most consumed vegetables in the world, and their fruit accumulation profiles have been extensively characterized, showing substantial differences. A broad array of genetic and genomic tools has helped to identify QTLs and candidate genes associated with the fruit biosynthesis of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The aim of this review was to synthesize the available information making it easily available for researchers and breeders. The phenylpropanoid pathway is tightly regulated by structural genes, which are conserved across species, along with a complex network of regulatory elements like transcription factors, especially of MYB family, and cellular transporters. Moreover, phenolic compounds accumulate in tissue-specific and developmental-dependent ways, as different paths of the metabolic pathway are activated/deactivated along with fruit development. We retrieved 104 annotated putative orthologues encoding for key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in tomato (37), eggplant (29) and pepper (38) and compiled 267 QTLs (217 for tomato, 16 for eggplant and 34 for pepper) linked to fruit phenolic acids, flavonoids and total phenolics content. Combining molecular tools and genetic variability, through both conventional and genetic engineering strategies, is a feasible approach to improve phenolics content in tomato, eggplant and pepper. Finally, although the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway has been well-studied in the Solanaceae, more research is needed on the identification of the candidate genes behind many QTLs, as well as their interactions with other QTLs and genes.

Cattle are one of the most important livestock species in Nigeria because they provide multiple services to farmers and contributes to the national economy. In order to advance the benefits of cattle production, there are several breeding and genetic improvement programmes which have been implemented to enhance productivity of the indigenous cattle and pastoral livelihoods. However, after about 100 years of breeding and genetic improvement programmes, Nigeria still struggles to derive expected benefits from cattle production. Hence, this study was carried out to analyse previous cattle breeding and genetic improvement programmes in Nigeria to identify their successes and pitfalls as well as potential roles of post genomics technologies for advancing cattle production. The study identified optimization of indigenous cattle for meat and milk production as the main objective of the previous breeding and genetic improvement programmes; unfortunately, major pitfalls of the programmes are unrealistic breeding objectives and inadequate relevant stakeholder involvement. Furthermore, during their heydays, some of the programmes were successful, popular, and exemplary; but the shortcomings in planning and execution contributed to their failures. After analysis of 9 regional and national cattle breeding and genetic improvement programmes implemented in Nigeria, for cattle breeding and genetic improvement programmes in Nigeria to be among the league of successful similar programmes around the world, there is a need to consider genomic selection of cattle for genetic improvement. Also, the study suggested the need for collaborative networks among scientists, ranchers, breeders associations, smallholder farmers, institutions, biotechnology companies, government ministries, departments, agencies; and non-governmental organizations operating in the domain of cattle breeding, genetics, reproduction and production for advancement of cattle breeding and genetic improvement programmes in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genotype by environment interaction influences the effectiveness of dairy cattle breeding programs in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the optimization of dairy cattle breeding programs for three different environments within Kenya. Multi-trait selection index theory was applied using deterministic simulation in SelAction software to determine the optimum strategy that would maximize genetic response for dairy cattle under low, medium, and high production systems. Four different breeding strategies were simulated: a single production system breeding program with progeny testing bulls in the high production system environment (HIGH); one joint breeding program with progeny testing bulls in three environments (JOINT); three environment-specific breeding programs each with testing of bulls within each environment (IND); and three environment-specific breeding programs each with testing of bulls within each environment using both phenotypic and genomic information (IND-GS). Breeding strategies were evaluated for the whole industry based on the predicted genetic response weighted by the relative size of each environment. The effect of increasing the size of the nucleus was also evaluated for all four strategies using 500, 1500, 2500, and 3000 cows in the nucleus. Correlated responses in the low and medium production systems when using a HIGH strategy were 18% and 3% lower, respectively, compared to direct responses achieved by progeny testing within each production system. The JOINT strategy with one joint breeding program with bull testing within the three production systems produced the highest response among the strategies using phenotypes only. The IND-GS strategy using phenotypic and genomic information produced extra responses compared to a similar strategy (IND) using phenotypes only, mainly due to a lower generation interval. Going forward, the dairy industry in Kenya would benefit from a breeding strategy involving progeny testing bulls within each production system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]