Search

Nitrogen limitation is one of the main causes of incomplete or protracted fermentations during brewing. In this study, the effects of sorghum type, exogenous protease enzymes and malting on the production of FAN were investigated. Further, the effects of different nitrogen sources on yeast fermentation performance, as well as the resulting changes at the phenotypic and genotypic level were studied. With unmalted grain in the absence of exogenous proteases, white non-tannin sorghum produced substantially higher levels of FAN than white type II tannin sorghum. Similarly, in the presence of exogenous neutral proteinase enzyme, unmalted white non-tannin sorghum yielded more wort FAN than white type II tannin sorghum. Incubating unmalted W sorghum grain with neutral proteinase and amino-peptidase enzymes in combination, improved FAN production with white non-tannin sorghum. The two sorghum types produced similar FAN levels when malted, apparently as a result of the reduction in assayable tannins during malting. Malting did not influence the wort free amino acid profile. Group B amino acids which are utilized more slowly after group A amino acids have been utilized, constituted the highest percentage (42-47%). Ammonia supplementation, in the form of diammonium phosphate, improved fermentation performance in terms of improved maltose and maltotriose uptake and more rapid reduction in specific gravity. Glycine supplementation negatively affected yeast fermentation performance when compared to the control. Lysine supplementation increased ethanol yield (up to 7.4% v/v) when compared to the control (7.1% v/v). However, it negatively affected yeast counts at the end of fermentation. Sorghum malt supplementation improved ethanol levels compared to the 100% raw sorghum control. Serial repitching negatively influenced maltose and maltotriose uptake. Without nitrogen supplementation and with lysine supplementation, yeast cells from serially repitched sorghum worts were distorted a

How can architecture positively impact on the development of integrated economic, social and ecological systems in an urban precinct? This dissertation is about the role that architecture can play as a systemic tool in the form of a brewery to facilitate regeneration in the urban context of Marabastad. Through the theories of regenerative design, systems theory and the non-modern thesis, an architecture of participation between various existing networks on site is established, that empowers resident traders while creating new opportunities for production, retail and social interaction. These activities are rooted in their context and participate in natural cycles and systems.