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Copyright of International Relations & International Law Journal / Seriâ Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ & Meždunarodnoe Pravo is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Praktyka Teoretyczna is the property of University of Wroclaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Praktyka Teoretyczna is the property of University of Wroclaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The authors proceed from the postulate that philosophical thinking is the highest form of human activity, integrating all other types of human activity as its elements. Hence, any occupation of a person can be understood in the authenticity of its content only in the horizon of philosophical thought. This is what the philosophical education of specialists should be focused on, regardless of the direction of their activities. The article analyzes the decisive role of philosophical thought in the formation of self-consciousness of bourgeois society. The authors argue that its success was predetermined by the development of new forms of communication that contributed to the discovery of a new dimension of human existence, involving new types of its development. The displacement of philosophy to the periphery of spiritual production indicates the extinction of creative initiative among the bourgeoisie. In conclusion, the authors turn to the experience of Soviet education as an attempt to further develop the civilizational narrative of European civilization, considering the reasons for its successes and failures. According to the authors, on the one hand, the presence of philosophy as a mandatory element of the higher education system in the USSR testified to the creative potential of the new civilizational initiative; on the other hand, this philosophy has not reached a sufficient degree of maturity to correspond to the level of Soviet society development.

By analyzing the female behavior of Machado de Assis' characters, the teaching of Literature at secondary level can gain elements to provoke the criticality of the student-reader. This text focuses on the profile of the submissive woman, demure and repressed by the customs and habits of nineteenth century Brazilian society, based on machismo and the preservation of morality. The theme was chosen because of the need to work on a reflective literature that promotes criticality and seeks to develop the habit of reading in high school. We present excerpts from the short story: "Uns Braços" to illustrate the repressed desire of a society lady, unhappy in her marriage, for a young man, who admires her in silence. Thus, it raises a reflection on the bourgeois woman of the time, which reverberates in women today. The intended objectives were achieved, since the possibility of reflective analysis of Machado's tales becomes notorious, with their characters and events that bring reflections to human life, whether in the context of the time, or in the critical reflection of today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thomas Hobbes plays a major role in Commodity Production and Associated Labour in Marx’s Critique of Political Economy, a seminal study of the development of political economy written by Dag Strpić. According to Strpić, Hobbes established a new methodological and categorial framework for the understanding of the political community in modernity. Departing in that respect from the vast majority of interpretations of Hobbes’ philosophia civilis, Strpić reads Hobbes not only as the founder of modern political theory, but of classical political economy as well. In the article the political-economic aspect of Hobbes’ science of politics is examined through a critical analysis of the dialogue Strpić engages in with the influential interpretation of C. B. Macpherson. Although Strpić adopts important elements of said interpretation, he at the same time deviates from Macpherson’s understanding of Leviathan. On such a backdrop the author proposes to determine the scope and limitations of political-economic reading of Hobbes, characteristic of both Strpić and Macpherson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article is to identify the historical features of the inter-ethnic marriages among the Tatars. The number of such marriages has increased significantly during the Soviet era. The problem of mixed marriages during the imperial period has never been researched in historical prospective before. The study of this aspect of the social history of Tatars can help to identify the distribution channels of European culture and integration of Muslims into Russian society. Through the analysis of clerical correspondence, periodical press, Tatar journalism and literature of 19th – 20th centuries, the author concludes that this social problem increased during that period of time. Mixed marriages with representatives of other religions have spread among the Muslim Tatars in the period of bourgeois reforms of the 19th century. They were caused by the processes of transition from the traditional to modernized lifestyle and changes in the value system. In the early 20th century this question was considered as one of the social problems and was actively discussed on the pages of the Tatar press, it became a topic of focuse in works of literature. Mixed marriages were a result of the family crisis in the Muslim community.

This article examines the private religious practices of Muslim Tatars and changes in religious and other orientations among youth and their attitudes towards religious rituals. At the turn of the twentieth century, а new bourgeois morality appeared that emphasized the interests of the individual and ran contrary to religious conceptions of the world and social justice. The author studied Tatar literary texts, periodicals, archival documents. She demonstrates the search for spiritual ideals in Tatar Muslim society at the turn of the twentieth century.