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Towards the end of 1750 Charles of Bourbon, king of Naples and Sicily, commissioned architect Luigi Vanvitelli to design a new royal palace in Caserta. In May 1751, a few months later, queen Maria Amalia of Saxony asked Vanvitelli to design a new modern city next to the king's house. In fact, the queen wanted the royal palace to rise in a comfortable urban environment, consisting of high quality buildings, uniform in architectural features and dimensions. Vanvitelli designed the New Caserta overcoming Baroque urbanism with a rational pattern of enclosed courtyards arranged in symmetrical plot. To eliminate monotony in the urban enviroment, streets and squares had to have various shapes and sizes. Tree-lined boulevards had to cut the city in cross and diagonal, directed towards the major cities of the Kingdom. The departure for Spain of Charles of Bourbon and Maria Amalia of Saxony, on 7 October 1759, caused the failure of the project. The city designed by Vanvitelli would never be built. On the contrary, during the nineteenth century the real city would have developed in a completely different way from what the architect predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizers of public commemorations held in early eighteenth-century New Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession characterized Philip V as a defender of the faith and queen consort Maria Luisa Gabriela de Saboya and crown prince Luis I as agents of providence. An examination of a corpus of sermons given between 1707 and 1710 reveals that orators assured novohispanos that the birth of Luis I of Spain would inaugurate a messianic age, marked by fecundity and prosperity. The queen, moreover, put the rebirth of the empire in motion before her death. As various orators suggested, her role in bringing about a sort of «Bourbon millennium» had been foretold in the Book of Revelation. In cities throughout New Spain, orators characterized the queen as the fecund vehicle of God’s providence, or the Woman of the Apocalypse, a figure associated with the Immaculate Conception. As the mother of Spain’s messiah, the queen assured the prosperous future of the empire.

Whiskey production originated in Scotland in the 15th century and was based on malted barley. As Scotch-Irish settlers came into the Ohio river valley, they began fermenting and distilling the primary grain of North America, maize. These earlier settlers started a heritage; they created American Whiskey. The bourbon industry in Kentucky had tremendous growth in the last 20 years, and currently, distilleries have a broad increase in product innovation, new raw materials, improved sustainability, efficient processes, and product diversification. Our study presents a new lab-scale method for new-make bourbon whiskey production. It was developed to mimic distilleries' processes; therefore, results can be extrapolated and adopted by commercial distilleries. The method focused on reproducibility with consistency from batch to batch when handled by an operator or small crew in a university lab. The method consisted of a first cooking step to make a "mash", a fermentation phase of 96 h, a first distillation accomplished with a copper pot still to obtain the "low wines" and a second distillation carried out with an air still to collect the "hearts". The method produced a final distillate of 500–700 mL for further sensory analysis and tasting. This lab-scale method showed consistency between samples in the different parameters quantified and will be also used to train students in fermentation and distillation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie VII, Historia del Arte is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coffee is the most consumed beverage in the world after water. Multiple benefits are attributed to it in human health due to the presence of antioxidant compounds, whose content depends, among other factors, on the processing conditions of the coffee bean. The objective of this study was to determine the kinetics of polyphenols and antioxidants during the roasting of three varieties of arabica coffee. For this, we worked with varieties of coffee, Catimor, Caturra, and Bourbon, from the province of La Convencion, Cuzco, Peru. The samples were roasted in an automatic induction roaster, and 12 samples were taken during roasting (at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 min of roasting) in triplicate. For green coffee beans, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, moisture and apparent density were determined. The change in polyphenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis- (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) free radical capture technique during roasting. Polyphenol and antioxidant contents increased until minute 5 of roasting and then decreased until minute 20, and in some cases, there were slight increases in the last minute. The model that best described the changes in these bioactive compounds was the cubic model (R2 0.634 and 0.921), and the best fits were found for the Bourbon variety, whose green grain had more homogeneous characteristics. The changes in the relative abundances of nine phenolic compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In conclusion, roasting modifies phenolic compounds and antioxidants differently in the coffee varieties studied. The content of some phenols increases, and in other cases, it decreases as the roasting time increases. The roasting process negatively affects the bioactive compounds and increases the fracturability of Arabica coffee beans, elements that should be taken into account at the moment of developing roasting models in the industry.

Copyright of Revista Hidalguía is the property of Revista Hidalguia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The dilution of whiskey with water can lead to the formation of unwanted haze which is exacerbated at lower temperatures. This phenomenon is well known in the whiskey industry, and it is normal practice to use cold filtration to produce a clear product as well as improve product stability. However, to date, there has been no quantitative characterisation or understanding of the size and concentration of the colloidal particles as a function of whiskey dilution, temperature, and maturation. This report utilises light scattering techniques to characterise the formation of colloids in bourbon whiskeys of different aging periods. Higher water dilution decreased the size of the colloidal particulates and increased their stability. Aged samples (> 36 months) were found to be more stable, having a higher concentration of colloids at lower dilutions. This work demonstrates that dynamic light scattering can be useful for quality control in the spirits industry. © 2022 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT Numerous factors are related to the individual sensory perception of consumers, which makes it impossible to adapt a model that explains their behavior. In this context and given the scarcity of statistical indexes that evaluate preferences for specialty coffees, new statistical methods should be studied. To this end, our study aimed to create an index that measures the acceptance of specialty coffees. The index was built considering the fit of regression models as a function of principal component scores. Validation was done by significance tests, whose probabilities were obtained by bootstrapping, considering the main measures used in diagnosing outliers as weights, with application to real data from different consumer groups. The coffee varieties Acaia and Bourbon were discriminated in relation to altitude. In conclusion, the index was adequate for the analysis and characterization of specialty coffees grown at different altitudes.

Whiskey production originated in Scotland in the 15th century and was based on malted barley. As Scotch-Irish settlers came into the Ohio river valley, they began fermenting and distilling the primary grain of North America, maize. These earlier settlers started a heritage; they created American Whiskey. The bourbon industry in Kentucky had tremendous growth in the last 20 years, and currently, distilleries have a broad increase in product innovation, new raw materials, improved sustainability, efficient processes, and product diversification. Our study presents a new lab-scale method for new-make bourbon whiskey production. It was developed to mimic distilleries’ processes; therefore, results can be extrapolated and adopted by commercial distilleries. The method focused on reproducibility with consistency from batch to batch when handled by an operator or small crew in a university lab. The method consisted of a first cooking step to make a “mash”, a fermentation phase of 96 h, a first distillation accomplished with a copper pot still to obtain the “low wines” and a second distillation carried out with an air still to collect the “hearts”. The method produced a final distillate of 500–700 mL for further sensory analysis and tasting. This lab-scale method showed consistency between samples in the different parameters quantified and will be also used to train students in fermentation and distillation studies.

• We characterize illicit secondary markets for bourbon whiskey. • Using scraped data in a repeat sales regression approach, we find bourbon prices are increasing 9.1% or more per year. • Investing in bourbon can improve the risk-return ratio of standard portfolios. The market for bourbon whiskey is booming. Demand is so great that bourbon aficionados regularly line up overnight for the chance to purchase a single bottle and high-end bourbons are allocated to consumers via lotteries. The prevalence of such non-price allocation mechanisms, however, leads to reselling in secondary markets. To characterize bourbon secondary markets, we first provide a rich description of how they function. We then use 2011 to 2019 whiskey auction data in a repeat sales regression framework to develop a novel price index for rare and vintage bourbons. Our repeat sales approach suggests that bourbon prices are increasing by about 9.1% per year over our sample period. We complement those estimates by developing a second price index using unique data from an illicit peer-to-peer secondary market that operated on a major social network between 2014 and 2017. Our estimates suggest that price increases are similar, at least during common sample periods, in our auction-house and peer-to-peer settings. We also examine how bourbon's hedonic characteristics are related to secondary market prices and develop hedonic estimates of annual returns that range between 13.1% and 18.8%. While our sample period is relatively short, when examining bourbon's potential as an alternative investment we find that the addition of bourbon can improve the risk-return ratio of typical stock/bond portfolios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee production estimation is an essential task for coffee farmers in terms of money investment and planning time. In Colombia, the traditional methodology to estimate the total amount of cherry coffee beans is through direct measurements in the field; leave out the cherry beans collected of coffee production (destructive sampling). The cherry coffee dropped in this process cannot be harvest by the producer. In this sense, we found several shortcomings in this methodology as counting errors in the sampling process, insufficient coffee bean samples, significant expenses of costs and time, and coffee beans losses. To handle these issues, we propose a classic Computer Vision (CV) approach to detect cherry beans in coffee trees. This approach substitutes the destructive counting method as a first step to estimate coffee production. To evaluate the CV proposed, seven coffee farmers counted the number of cherry beans on 600 images of coffee trees (castillo, bourbon, and caturra varieties) by human visual perception (ground truth). From evaluations of coffee farmers, we computed statistical measures like precision, recall and, F1-score. The CV system achieved the best results for bourbon coffee trees with 0.594 of precision; 0.669 of total relevant cherry beans correctly classified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthropod-borne viruses have continued to emerge in recent years, posing a significant health threat to millions of people worldwide. Ticks and mosquitoes transmit wide range of viruses to humans and animals worldwide. During the past few decades, it has been noticed that the number of reports on ecoepidemiology of arthropod-borne diseases in humans and animals has increased. Discovery of new viruses Heartland, Bourbon, Oropouche, variegated squirrel bornavirus and Keystone, has raised many questions in the scientific community as it is not clear where from these viruses come, either they are already existing viruses, or a novel species evolved from viral pathogens. The maintenance of an arbovirus in nature, involves a triad of interactions between the virus, the vertebrate host, and the arthropod vector. Study on pathological complications regarding to these infections are still investigable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article, 'Italy's Unification and its Discontents: Verga's Cos'è il Re, focuses on the mental confusion of the protagonist, Cosimo, which becomes symptomatic of the southern rural masses' disenfranchisement from the unification process. Verga's political disillusion with the new state, for which he fought, comes to the fore, underlining how the Savoy kingdom's constitution was no guarantee of a real improvement for the rural masses. Verga's story contrasts the Savoy king, whose power is limited by the constitution, with the Bourbon Monarch's Corpus Mysticum, as described by Ernest Kantorowicz, whose power is absolute, like that of Jesus Christ. The story denounces, then, the paradox that the Bourbon monarch, in his paternalistic governance, was better for the impoverished rural masses than the constitutional Savoy king. Moreover, Italy's unification under the Savoy sovereign further developed a national discourse that systematically racialized Southerners because of their subaltern position within the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • GC and LC coupled with MS were combined for bourbon signature detection. • Unaged, younger, and older bourbons were used to build and validate PLS-DA models. • Eight molecular markers classified age group of bourbons at accuracy of 83%. • Phenolic compounds are the most influential group for age and color classification. • Molecular makers are extracted from barrel or generated during the aging process. To discover molecular fingerprints that vary by bourbon's age or color, 121 commercial bourbon samples were analyzed using both gas chromatography and liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. In total, 81 non-volatile compounds and 102 volatile compounds were identified. A subset of samples containing age information was divided into training (n = 70) and testing (n = 12) groups to build and validate the Partial Least Square – Discriminant Analysis models for age-based classification. After internal and external validation, our models showed that 8 molecular markers unitedly provided up to 100% accuracy of prediction in distinguishing unaged (0 years), younger (0–4 years), and older (>4 years) bourbons. Additional efforts were also made to detect molecular signatures that contributed to the color differences in bourbon. Overall, our study provided a powerful strategy for the confident identification of high-quality products and robust evaluation of their commercial values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review of Frank Lorenz Müller & Heidi Mehrkens, eds., Sons and Heirs: Succession and Political Culture in Nineteenth-Century Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).

Copyright of Cultura Latinoamericana is the property of Universidad Catolica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Examining counter-revolution through its greater achievements, that is, the four winning restorations, and also their disastrous fall, that is, the defeated restoration, may contribute to enrich traditional perspectives on the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies’ resistance and the crisis. European conflicts, civil wars, state constructions and modern national identity shaping are phenomena which intertwine the complicated history of the Neapolitan Kingdom. It is from the perspective of the dynastic (1799 and 1815) and absolutist restorations (1821), that we may insert in a general interpretative scheme the controversy between internal conflict and international crisis, their relationship with the shaping of ideas and nationalist affiliation and, finally, their comparison with the counter-revolution in the Bourbon world. The paradigm represented by this conflict allows for a contrast with the wider French and Spanish-American Bourbon world. We may thus consider both the success of Neapolitan legitimism and its collapse in 1860, as well as the reasons for its recent recovery in the Italian collective awareness. | La elección de examinar la contrarrevolución a través de sus mayores éxitos, las cuatro restauraciones victoriosas, y su derrota, la restauración fallida, puede enriquecer las perspectivas tradicionales sobre la resistencia y la crisis del Reino de las dos Sicilias. Los conflictos europeos, las guerras civiles, las construcciones estatales y la creación de identidades nacionales modernas son fenómenos que se entrecruzan con la complicada historia del reino napolitano. A través de la perspectiva de las restauraciones, bien dinásticas (1799 y 1815), o bien absolutistas (1821 y 1849), podemos insertar en un esquema interpretativo general la dialéctica entre conflicto interno y crisis internacionales, la interrelación con la formación de las ideas y adscripciones nacionalistas y la comparación con la contrarrevolución en el mundo borbónico. El paradigma del conflicto nos permite también el contraste con el más amplio mundo borbónico, francés y, sobre todo, iberoamericano. De este modo podemos reflexionar tanto sobre el éxito del legitimismo napolitano como sobre los términos de su derrota en 1860 y sobre las razones de su reciente fortuna en el imaginario colectivo italiano.

Copyright of Anuario del Instituto de Historia Argentina is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the age of Enlightenment, together with the growth of book's collections and with the need of a better definition of bibliographical criteria underneath, a specific type of private writings is going to proliferate. Books are involved as matter of statement, registration and cataloguing while organizing libraries, whether public or private. It's most clear in the case of one of the most important families at the Bourbon court: the Sanvitale from Parma. They arranged an outstanding library, now dispersed. By analyzing some documents from their private archive, it comes up a writing variety wich stresses the relevance of the book as object for their possessors and all those involved in the «comprar libri» of Parmesan counts.

Las relaciones hispano-otomanos vivieron en el último cuarto del s.XVIII elpaso del odio del infiel, a la amistad de las capitulaciones de Paz y Comerciode 1782. ¿Cómo se produjo este cambio? El objetivo de éste artículo, esahondar en las relaciones entre los extremos del Mare Nostrum, desde unaactitud crítica hacia el paradigma de la decadencia del mar Mediterráneo,revalorizando las analogías en los procesos de ambos imperio, y el cambioconceptual del dominio. Desde ésta perspectiva, trataremos de descubrir elproceso político, económico, social y cultural que permitió llegar al desarrollo delas negociaciones de paz de Juan de Bouligny entre 1779 y 1782.The Spanish-Ottoman relationships changed in the last quarter of Eighteenthcentury, from hate to the friendship of 1782 capitulations. How this political turnwas possible? The object of this article is the understanding of the relationshipbetween both sides of Mediterranean Sea from a different perspective ofdecline Mediterranean paradigm. From this point, we would try to comprehendthe political, economical and socio-cultural transformation process which allowJuan de Bouligny to develop Spanish peace negotiations with Istanbul between1779 and 1782.

Copyright of Prohistoria is the property of Prohistoria Ediciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In addition to individual or clusters of cases of human infections with arboviruses, the past 15 years has seen the emergence of newly recognized arboviruses and the re-emergence of others. Mentioned in this brief summary are Bourbon, Cache Valley, chikungunya, Heartland, Itaqui, Mayaro, Oropouche, Powassan, and Zika viruses, the latter being a remarkable occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In colonial society, playful activities were developed with which the moral order and social hierarchy was transgressed. They even went to far as to make fun of gender roles, with men dressing and acting as women, and vice-versa. In the permissive space of patron saint-day festivities, blacks and whites sat at the same table, as equals, to play games and gamble. There was no lack of insinuating and erotic dances which aroused the libido, many of which the Church condemned. Masks and costumes hid peoples’ true identities, making this a prime occasion to carry out practical jokes on friends and rivals. There were also competitions on horseback in which cheating and dirty tactics were not unknown. This article demonstrates that, in the colonial period, the playful spirit was not absent, as is often imagined.

Elemental fingerprints could provide an analytical approach to product differentiation and authentication, and have been used in the past for various distilled spirits, including brandy, gin, bourbon and tequila. However, a comparison of elemental differences between different whisk(e)y types, such as Bourbon and Scotch, is still missing. In this study we compare the elemental fingerprints of 68 commercial whiskies for differentiation by type (Bourbon, Tennessee, Scotch, Irish, Japanese) and region. Concentrations from sub-μg/L to mid-mg/L of 53 different elements were determined with inductively-coupled plasma—mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and microwave plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES), and used in subsequent statistical analyses. Significant differences in several elements were found for type, and allowed a classification according to whisk(e)y type. Elemental differences were also found for different production areas within Scotland, thus, providing further evidence that Scotch whiskies could be differentiated by elemental analysis. Major sources of elemental differences seem to be processing equipment (Cu, Fe, Ni, Cd, Sn, Mo, V) and raw materials, such as water (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr).

This paper describes a set of records from the State Archive of Palermo, that detail the experiences of Antonio Filippello, who, in 1818, unintentionally discovered some ancient coins during building renovations on his property in the small town of Castiglione (near Catania) and was unfairly arrested by local authorities. The records help to precisely reconstruct the historical event and to clarify significant aspects of Sicilian archaeology during the early Bourbon period, with regard to the enforcement of laws on archaeological heritage protection, the ambiguous role of the local and state authorities, and their potential abuse of power when dealing with serendipitous discoverers of antiquities. Filippello’s experiences can be compared with other contemporary events, to better understand their similarities and differences, and significance.

La mort des souverains et des membres de leur famille était communiquée au royaume d’Aragon et les villes principales du royaume organisaient les funérailles dans les églises, devant un catafalque aux armes royales. En 1714, ce furent les villes de Huesca, Alcañiz, Híjar, puis Tarazona qui organisèrent des funérailles royales. À Saragosse, fut érigée, en la cathédrale, une chapelle ardente devant laquelle devait se presser tout le corps social selon une étiquette rigide, rythmée par les différents offices religieux.Dans le contexte de la fin de la Guerre de Succession − qui sanctionna les modifications sévères apportées au régime constitutionnel de la couronne d’Aragon −, les funérailles organisées au lendemain de la mort de Marie Louise Gabrielle de Savoie furent le climax d’une propagande orchestrant la gloire de la dynastie des Bourbons et l’adéquation parfaire de celle-ci au cadre légal de ce qu’il convient de nommer la nouvelle culture politique.Lors de ces funérailles, l’accent fut mis sur le portrait d’une bonne reine, humble, vertueuse, pieuse et féconde conformément à sa charge de reine ; sur le portrait, en définitive, d’une femme forte, selon le topos biblique servant de référence lors des funérailles des reines.

Coffee is the most consumed beverage in the world after water. Multiple benefits are attributed to it in human health due to the presence of antioxidant compounds, whose content depends, among other factors, on the processing conditions of the coffee bean. The objective of this study was to determine the kinetics of polyphenols and antioxidants during the roasting of three varieties of arabica coffee. For this, we worked with varieties of coffee, Catimor, Caturra, and Bourbon, from the province of La Convencion, Cuzco, Peru. The samples were roasted in an automatic induction roaster, and 12 samples were taken during roasting (at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 min of roasting) in triplicate. For green coffee beans, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, moisture and apparent density were determined. The change in polyphenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis- (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS + ) free radical capture technique during roasting. Polyphenol and antioxidant contents increased until minute 5 of roasting and then decreased until minute 20, and in some cases, there were slight increases in the last minute. The model that best described the changes in these bioactive compounds was the cubic model ( R 0.634 and 0.921), and the best fits were found for the Bourbon variety, whose green grain had more homogeneous characteristics. The changes in the relative abundances of nine phenolic compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In conclusion, roasting modifies phenolic compounds and antioxidants differently in the coffee varieties studied. The content of some phenols increases, and in other cases, it decreases as the roasting time increases. The roasting process negatively affects the bioactive compounds and increases the fracturability of Arabica coffee beans, elements that should be taken into account at the moment of developing roasting models in the industry.2 0.634 and 0.921), and the best fits were found for the Bourbon variety, whose green grain had more homogeneous characteristics. The changes in the relative abundances of nine phenolic compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In conclusion, roasting modifies phenolic compounds and antioxidants differently in the coffee varieties studied. The content of some phenols increases, and in other cases, it decreases as the roasting time increases. The roasting process negatively affects the bioactive compounds and increases the fracturability of Arabica coffee beans, elements that should be taken into account at the moment of developing roasting models in the industry., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Mestanza, Mori-Culqui and Chavez.)

Copyright of Mediterranea - Ricerche Storiche is the property of Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)