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Background: Breastfeeding in Syria is a common practice supported by social norms, family traditions, and cultural values. In Hungary, recent statistics show that exclusive breastfeeding is significantly lower than the recommendation of the World Health Organization. Understanding the perspectives of educated young ladies is crucial for discovering the difficulties of breastfeeding practices within Syrian–Hungarian societies. This study explores the sociocultural factors and their impact on breastfeeding behaviours among female students in Syria and Hungary. Methods: A comprehensive, multi-section questionnaire was administered to 317 students from Damascus University and 303 students from Hungarian universities, designed to assess breastfeeding behaviours evaluated through The Breastfeeding Behaviour Questionnaire (BBQ). Results: The results in both societies showed remarkable awareness and understanding among participants regarding breastfeeding. Traditions and culture affect Syrian society more than Hungarian society; the two societies have restricted responses toward breastfeeding in public and different reactions to breastfeeding in front of males or females. Most students disagree with preferring formula feeding to breastfeeding when it is related to the family or the husband's desire only. At the same time, agreement with choosing the bottle when the mother returns to work instead of exclusively breastfeeding is valued differently in the two societies. Conclusions: This study elucidates the essential the sociocultural factors influencing breastfeeding attitudes among Syrian and Hungarian female students, highlighting the need for culturally suitable strategies to improve breastfeeding practices in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to determine whether the Kumagai method could be followed by watching an instructional video and to compare the feeding actions of specialists and the general population. Materials and Methods: Eleven adults from diverse backgrounds were recruited and asked to feed a baby doll using a bottle feeder with a long nipple, and their actions were recorded. Then, they watched a 2.5-min instructional video of the Kumagai method and were asked to bottle-feed again. Video recordings of the participants were used to evaluate whether their actions followed the Kumagai method. Differences in the feeding actions of the specialists and participants were determined from still images in the videos. The McNemar test was used to analyze the differences between the participants' actions before and after. The Kruskal–Wallis test was also used to determine differences between the actions of participants and specialists. Results: Feeding movements significantly improved after watching the video. Participants' actions, which differed significantly from those of the specialists, were evident in "the angle of the nipple at the moment the nipple was brought close to the lips" and "the angle change of the nipple from the lip to the mouth". Conclusions: Watching our short instructional video was effective in improving the technique of the Kumagai method; however, it is insufficient for feeding a real child with cleft lip and palate. Including the rationale of each action in the video and adding direct instruction as a supplement is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Breastfeeding is the optimal source of nutrition for all infants, but there are limited data on feeding outcomes in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) who are admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a level II/III NICU. Study sample consisted infants with a diagnosis of NAS and those diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome. The primary outcome was attainment of independent oral feeds, defined as the number of days to transition from full-tube to full oral feeds. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay and method (breast or bottle) of oral feeds at the start, at attainment of independent oral feeds, and at hospital discharge. Results: Infants with NAS took significantly longer to attain independent oral feeds than controls (P = .021) and received significantly fewer breastfeeds at the start of oral feeds, at independent oral feeds, and at hospital discharge (P = .000). There was no difference in length of hospital stay between groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that infants with NAS can experience difficulties achieving independent oral feeds and are less likely to receive breastfeeds. Additional support is required to enhance oral feeds in infants with NAS in the NICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to determine whether the Kumagai method could be followed by watching an instructional video and to compare the feeding actions of specialists and the general population. Materials and Methods: Eleven adults from diverse backgrounds were recruited and asked to feed a baby doll using a bottle feeder with a long nipple, and their actions were recorded. Then, they watched a 2.5-min instructional video of the Kumagai method and were asked to bottle-feed again. Video recordings of the participants were used to evaluate whether their actions followed the Kumagai method. Differences in the feeding actions of the specialists and participants were determined from still images in the videos. The McNemar test was used to analyze the differences between the participants’ actions before and after. The Kruskal–Wallis test was also used to determine differences between the actions of participants and specialists. Results: Feeding movements significantly improved after watching the video. Participants’ actions, which differed significantly from those of the specialists, were evident in “the angle of the nipple at the moment the nipple was brought close to the lips” and “the angle change of the nipple from the lip to the mouth”. Conclusions: Watching our short instructional video was effective in improving the technique of the Kumagai method; however, it is insufficient for feeding a real child with cleft lip and palate. Including the rationale of each action in the video and adding direct instruction as a supplement is required.

The study aimed to examine the trends and associated factors of bottle-feeding among children aged 0–35 months. Data covering 11,205 mother-child pairs, from six recent Turkey Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHSs) were analyzed by using complex sample crosstabs and logistic regression. Bottle-feeding was on an upward trend from 33.0% to 51.5% from 1993 to 2013 and fell slightly 47.9% in 2018. Increasing trends of bottle-feeding were found in children aged 6–35 months, the East region, lower wealth index, maternal education under 5 years, Kurdish mothers, and the low antenatal care attendance. Multivariate analysis using data from TDHS-2018 showed that young maternal age, low birth weight and being 6–23 months of age were associated with higher rates of bottle-feeding. The prolonged bottle-feeding became widespread, and the bottle-feeding was common even in 35-month-old children. Interventions by the Government and stakeholders to minimize low rates of bottle-feeding should focus on high-risk groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Problematic feeding is common in infancy, particularly in infants with a history of premature birth or medical complexity. A concise, valid, and reliable measure of feeding that can be used across feeding methods is needed for clinical practice and research. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to create an assessment tool to evaluate symptoms of problematic feeding in infants that can be used across all feeding methods (breastfeeding, bottle-feeding, and mixed feeding), then test its psychometric properties and establish reference values. Methods: Item response theory (IRT) was used to identify the most important items on the Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool (NeoEAT) related to symptoms of problematic feeding in infants (N = 1054) to create the Infant Eating Assessment Tool (InfantEAT). Reliability of the InfantEAT was tested using Cronbach's α and interitem correlations. Reference values of the InfantEAT were determined from a sample of healthy, full-term infants (n = 561). Percent agreement in identifying problematic feeding between the NeoEAT and the InfantEAT was calculated. Results: The InfantEAT is comprised of 31 items in 9 subscales. The InfantEAT has evidence of acceptable reliability (α = 0.88). There was 74% agreement between the NeoEAT and the InfantEAT, with the InfantEAT being more sensitive to identifying problematic feeding. References values are presented for infants 0 to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 6, and 6 to 7 months. Implications Practice and Research: The InfantEAT is a reliable and sensitive tool to evaluate symptoms of problematic feeding across feeding methods for infants younger than 7 months in both practice and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Introduction. An analysis was made of posterior crossbites in deciduous dentition and their relation to the type of feeding received by the child, with the objective of determining the influence of the way in which the child is fed in the early stages of life on the development of posterior crossbites. (2) Material and methods. A total of 1401 preschool children between 3 and 6 years of age from Seville (Spain) were included in the study. An intraoral exploration was carried out to assess the presence of crossbites (uni- or bilateral, and functional or not). The study was completed with a parent or legal guardian questionnaire exploring the type of feeding received by the child in the first stages of life, as well as the presence of bad oral habits and their duration. (3) Results. A total of 276 children (19.7%) presented posterior crossbite in occlusion. Uponn centering the midlines, 197 were maintained, indicating that 79 were due to premature contacts (functional crossbites). There were no significant differences in crossbites among the children who had received breastfeeding, though bottle-feeding was seen to favor crossbite. (4) Conclusions. No statistically significant relationship was found between posterior crossbites and breastfeeding, though an association between posterior crossbites and bottle-feeding was observed, with the number of crossbites increasing with the duration of bottle-feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mothers report feeling immense pressure to breastfeed their infants, and not doing so can be associated with stigma, shame, and judgment. Many Latina mothers struggle to meet their breastfeeding goals and substitute formula earlier than planned. During 2022, an infant formula recall caused a shortage and made acquiring formula difficult or impossible in many areas of the United States. This study explores Latina mothers' experiences with infant feeding during the time of the formula shortage. Methods: In-depth interviews (N = 7) were conducted with Latina mothers who formula-fed during the shortage. Interviews were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Mean maternal age was 29.7 years, and mean infant age was 10.3 months. Three mothers were born in the United States, and 4 were immigrants. Results: Thematic analysis generated 3 themes: (1) Fighting to breastfeed; (2) Breastfeeding is not the only way to be a "good" mother; and (3) No formula on the shelves. Participants described their determination to continue breastfeeding despite challenges before realizing that it limited their ability to care for their children. They discussed the emotional toll of the formula shortage and strategies for finding formula. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the need for additional structural support for infant feeding in the United States to prevent future formula shortages and for better lactation care and mental health support for mothers who want to breastfeed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine associations between parent reports of bottle-feeding behaviors and infant non-nutritive suck (NNS) on a pacifier as well as oral feeding skills during bottle-feeding. A prospective study was conducted. Full-term infants with no prior diagnosed feeding disorders were recruited at 3-months. Parents reported their infant's bottle-feeding behaviors using the Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool-Bottle-Feeding (NeoEAT-Bottle-Feeding), consisting of five domains: Infant Regulation, Energy and Physiologic Stability, Gastrointestinal Tract Function, Sensory Responsiveness, and Compelling Symptoms of Problematic Feeding. Infant NNS was measured using a custom pacifier, pressure transducer device, which yields the following NNS variables: duration (sec), frequency (Hz), amplitude (cmH20), cycles per burst, cycle amount, and burst amount. The Oral Feeding Skills (OFS) scale was used to measure the initial volume, transfer volume, proficiency, and rate of milk transfer during bottle feeding. Fifty-two infants (58% male) with reported prior bottle experience completed this study. NeoEAT-Bottle-Feeding Total score was significantly positively associated with NNS burst duration and NNS cycles per burst. The NeoEAT-Bottle-Feeding Energy and Physiologic Stability domain was significantly positively correlated with NNS cycles per burst. NeoEAT-Bottle-Feeding Gastrointestinal Tract Function domain score was significantly positively correlated with NNS duration, amplitude, and cycles per burst. There were no significant associations between NeoEAT-Bottle-Feeding domains and the OFS scale. The findings demonstrate that parent reports of problematic feeding at 3 months of age are associated with aspects of infant NNS physiology and not with oral feeding metrics during bottle-feeding. Parent reports of bottle-feeding behaviors, particularly pertaining to gastrointestinal issues, were associated with aspects of infant NNS. These data together will allow for a more nuanced understanding of infant feeding and will be beneficial in determining if infants have a feeding delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe mothers' awareness and use of paced bottle-feeding (PBF) and to investigate whether the use of PBF was associated with maternal characteristics and infant feeding practices. Cross-sectional, online survey. Participants were mothers of infants < 12 months of age (n = 197). Participants self-reported their awareness and use of PBF, demographic characteristics, and infant feeding practices. Of the 41% of participants who indicated they had or maybe had heard of PBF, 23% used PBF and 35% sometimes used PBF. Use of PBF was not associated with mother or infant characteristics. Participants who used PBF were significantly less likely to encourage their infant to finish the bottle (odds ratio, 0.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.01–0.79). Paced bottle-feeding was associated with lower likelihood of one dimension of pressuring feeding practices, encouraging infant bottle-emptying. More research is needed to determine the effectiveness of PBF in promoting healthy feeding outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mothers having difficulty breastfeeding their infants may use alternative supportive feeding methods. Although a supplemental feeding tube device is commonly used, efficacy for supporting sustained breastfeeding remains unknown. Purpose: To describe supplemental feeding tube device use by breastfeeding mothers as an alternative feeding method through exploration of associations between supplemental feeding tube device use and continued breastfeeding at 4 weeks of infant's age. Method: Forty mothers participated. They were interviewed during the birth hospitalization and at 4 weeks postpartum. Questions addressed use of supplemental feeding tube devices, breastfeeding issues, and continued breastfeeding relationships. We examined the relationship between LATCH scores at 2 to 3 days of life. Results: Breastfeeding mothers who chose to supplement with bottle-feeding instead of use of a supplemental feeding tube device were 30% less likely to continue breastfeeding at a medium/high/exclusive level. Conclusion: Use of the supplemental feeding tube device may help avoid the potentially detrimental effect of bottle-feeding on continued breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global nutrition transition has contributed to child obesity and dental caries in developing countries, including Vietnam. Few studies have described the nutrition and oral health of mothers and children. This a descriptive study of the nutrition and oral health characteristics of a convenience sample of 571 children aged 2 to 5 years and their mothers from 5 urban preschools in Central and South Vietnam. The mothers completed a written survey, and the children received dental exams and weight/height measurements. High rates of bottle-feeding and the consumption of sweets were reported. One in 4 children were overweight/obese. Dental caries increased in prevalence and severity by age-at 5 years, 86.7% of children had tooth decay in an average of 8.5 teeth, and 70.9% experienced mouth pain. Most mothers and children suffered from untreated dental disease. Public health programs should focus on nutrition and oral health promotion, as well as dental treatment from pregnancy and birth onward.

Abstract Background Early childhood caries poses a significant health issue in children under 6 years old. It is determined that Streptococcus mutans is a primary etiological agent, likely to be transferred through maternal contact. Objectives To determine the association of maternal S. mutans counts with S. mutans counts in their children between 6 and 30 months of age, and to determine the maternal and child DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) indices. Material and Methods A community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. A sample of 193 dyads of mother–children (6–30 months of age) was selected via purposive sampling. Saliva samples of the dyads were collected to assess S. mutans count. Caries assessment was performed for both using the DMFT index. A pretested questionnaire was used. The association of bottle‐feeding, oral hygiene measures, and other factors with S. mutans counts in children were also explored. Zero‐inflated negative binomial regression model at a 5% level of significance was applied using STATA version 12.0. Results Out of 193 children, 109 (56.47%) were males and 84 (43.52%) were females. The mean age of mothers and children was 29.4 ± 6.2 years and 19.54 ± 6.8 months, respectively. Maternal S. mutans counts were not statistically associated with child's S. mutans counts (Mean child's S. mutans count ratio: 1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1, 1.01; p = .882). Compared with children who were breastfed, S. mutans counts were higher in children who were bottle‐fed (mean S. mutans count ratio= 4.85 [95% CI: 1.53, 15.41], p = .007). Age of mother and present caries status of mothers was significantly associated with the child's S. mutans count. Conclusion No association between maternal S. mutans and child S. mutans was observed. However, maternal age, children who were breastfed, children who did not use pacifiers, and children with mothers who did not have caries, exhibited low S. mutans counts in their saliva.

Background: The critical time to continue or stop breastfeeding is during the first month after hospital discharge. Mothers receive lactation and physical support by fathers and others bottle-feeding human or formula milk to their infants. Purpose: To describe the effect of feeders (mothers, fathers, and others) and different milk feeding on infants' weekly exclusive breastfeeding rates, from birth to 1 month after discharge. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of a descriptive longitudinal study of mothers' (full-term: n = 77; late preterm: n = 39) breastfeeding experience, frequency of feeding, and infant feeding behaviors. Mothers completed a weekly questionnaire of who (mothers, fathers, and others) fed their infants human or formula milk by direct breastfeeding or bottle-feeding. Results: More than 60% of mothers reported fathers and others bottle-fed their infants. Exclusive breastfeeding rates were significantly higher when only mothers fed their infants at week 1 (P <.001), week 3 (P <.05), and week 4 (P <.05). Exclusive breastfeeding rates were negatively affected across time by bottle-feeding any human or formula milk for all feeders. When fathers bottle-fed their infants at week 1, the relative rates of exclusive breastfeeding at week 4 decreased to 52% (OR = 0.103; 95% CI, 0.26-0.404; P <.0001). Implication for Practice: Individuals providing early bottle-feeding adversely affect breastfeeding outcomes. Providers need to address maternal and paternal knowledge gaps about early breastfeeding practice. Implications for Research: Further research is needed to explore clinical standard of care for management of infant weight loss, early supplementation, and support of exclusive breastfeeding outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Introduction. An analysis was made of posterior crossbites in deciduous dentition and their relation to the type of feeding received by the child, with the objective of determining the influence of the way in which the child is fed in the early stages of life on the development of posterior crossbites. (2) Material and methods. A total of 1401 preschool children between 3 and 6 years of age from Seville (Spain) were included in the study. An intraoral exploration was carried out to assess the presence of crossbites (uni- or bilateral, and functional or not). The study was completed with a parent or legal guardian questionnaire exploring the type of feeding received by the child in the first stages of life, as well as the presence of bad oral habits and their duration. (3) Results. A total of 276 children (19.7%) presented posterior crossbite in occlusion. Uponn centering the midlines, 197 were maintained, indicating that 79 were due to premature contacts (functional crossbites). There were no significant differences in crossbites among the children who had received breastfeeding, though bottle-feeding was seen to favor crossbite. (4) Conclusions. No statistically significant relationship was found between posterior crossbites and breastfeeding, though an association between posterior crossbites and bottle-feeding was observed, with the number of crossbites increasing with the duration of bottle-feeding.

The aim of this study is to test the speed and variability of the flow of nipples currently used in the Czech Republic in NICU. 10 disposable nipples and 10 reusable nipples were selected for comparison. Subsequently, 10 identical products from each teat were tested and included in the basic set of nipples to be tested. The volume of the infant milk suctioned for one minute was measured using a breastmilk pump. The average flow rate through the nipple and the coefficient of variation were used to compare the nipples of individual categories and production brands.

Background: Early childhood caries poses a significant health issue in children under 6 years old. It is determined that Streptococcus mutans is a primary etiological agent, likely to be transferred through maternal contact. Objectives: To determine the association of maternal S. mutans counts with S. mutans counts in their children between 6 and 30 months of age, and to determine the maternal and child DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) indices. Material and Methods: A community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. A sample of 193 dyads of mother–children (6–30 months of age) was selected via purposive sampling. Saliva samples of the dyads were collected to assess S. mutans count. Caries assessment was performed for both using the DMFT index. A pretested questionnaire was used. The association of bottle‐feeding, oral hygiene measures, and other factors with S. mutans counts in children were also explored. Zero‐inflated negative binomial regression model at a 5% level of significance was applied using STATA version 12.0. Results: Out of 193 children, 109 (56.47%) were males and 84 (43.52%) were females. The mean age of mothers and children was 29.4 ± 6.2 years and 19.54 ± 6.8 months, respectively. Maternal S. mutans counts were not statistically associated with child's S. mutans counts (Mean child's S. mutans count ratio: 1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1, 1.01; p =.882). Compared with children who were breastfed, S. mutans counts were higher in children who were bottle‐fed (mean S. mutans count ratio= 4.85 [95% CI: 1.53, 15.41], p =.007). Age of mother and present caries status of mothers was significantly associated with the child's S. mutans count. Conclusion: No association between maternal S. mutans and child S. mutans was observed. However, maternal age, children who were breastfed, children who did not use pacifiers, and children with mothers who did not have caries, exhibited low S. mutans counts in their saliva. WHY THIS PAPER IS IMPORTANT: No association was observed between maternal S. mutans and child S. mutans count.Breastfeeding, pacifier use, increasing maternal age, and absence of maternal caries were linked to lower S. mutans counts in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although pediatric flexible-endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) has developed into a standard in dysphagia diagnostics, there are no valid protocols and procedures for children available to date.Objective: This systematic PROSPERO-registered review aimed to identify implementation protocols for pediatric FEES described in research studies, and to analyze them in detail concerning procedural steps, equipment, and reported outcome.Methods: Included were all studies reporting a pediatric FEES protocol for children aged 0-18 years, if they described at least two criteria defined in advance. The databases MEDLINE and CINHAL were searched systematically from January 2000 to February 2021. Risk of bias for included studies was assessed using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. A narrative synthesis of the FEES protocols was conducted and the results compared in tabular form.Results: In total 22 studies were included, reporting on FEES in 1547 infants, children, and adolescents with a wide range of diagnoses. It was possible to identify protocols related to all age groups in general as well as to particular groups such as breastfed or bottle-fed infants. None of the included studies demonstrated a good methodological quality; all studies had missing data. Uniform implementation for sub-groups could not be determined. The reported outcome of FEES examinations could not be compared.Discussion: None of the included studies showed good methodological quality and a significant amount of data were missing; the review still offers a systematic basis for future research to close the serious gap in the area of pediatric FEES. A proposal is made for a minimum requirement for pediatric FEES protocols in scientific studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early childhood caries (ECC) remains a public health challenge globally, more so in developing countries. The association between sleep-time feeding practices and ECC remains obscure. The study evaluated this association using Feeding At Sleep Time (FeAST) scale. A case-control study was planned among 627 toddlers, were cases included children with ECC while controls were children without ECC. Three patterns of feeding associated with sleep were recorded: beginning of sleep, during the course of sleep, and early morning hours sleep. Dental caries was scored using International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). The study participants included 302 (48%) cases and 325 (52%) controls. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for breastfeeding at the beginning of sleep, during the course of sleep, and early morning hours sleep were 6.7, 6.5, and 3.7, respectively (p = 0.001), on comparing cases versus controls. Similarly, AORs for bottle-feeding at the beginning of sleep, course of sleep, and early morning hours sleep were 5.1, 8.3, and 3.7, respectively (p = 0.001). Addition of sweeteners yielded an AOR = 2.84, while the intake of solids during sleep yielded an AOR of 6.02(p = 0.001). Other feeding modes like sippers, tumblers, etc., had a statistically significant association (p = 0.001). Sleep-time feeding practices increase the risk for ECC in 12- to 36-month-old children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To identify the available evidence on the effects that breastfeeding and/or bottle-feeding may have on the presence of early childhood caries (ECC) and malocclusion in children with deciduous dentition. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was carried out in different databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, and Epistemonikos, up to January 6, 2022. Studies were independently selected by two reviewers according to title, abstract, and full-text analysis. Disagreements were solved by a third reviewer. Results: A total of 1343 studies were found from the initial search, of which 42 studies were included in this study. Results are controversial, 14 studies concluded that prolonged breastfeeding and bottle-feeding at night increase the risk of caries, 7 studies mentioned that breastfeeding could be a protective factor for dental caries development in children under 6 years, 20 studies concluded that children who were breastfed for less than 6 months have a higher risk of developing malocclusions compared with children who were breastfed for a longer time and children who were bottle-fed compared with children who were breastfed had a higher prevalence of malocclusions, mainly anterior open-bite. Four studies found no significant association between breastfeeding and/or bottle-feeding with the development of dental caries and malocclusion. Conclusion: Most included studies concluded that the presence of ECC may be associated with bottle-feeding and prolonged breastfeeding, but reasons still need further development. Regarding malocclusions, most studies concluded that prolonged breastfeeding could be a protective factor for its development, whereas a high frequency and duration of bottle consumption could lead to deformations in the maxillary bone, mainly anterior open-bite. However, results are still controversial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breastfeeding is the ideal infant feeding modality; however, the reality is some parents need or choose to use bottles to feed their infants. Parents who bottle-feed have been identified as not receiving adequate levels of bottle-feeding information and advice from health professionals. This study's aim was to explore nurses' knowledge of the components in the bottle-feeding act. Twenty-one nurses working in early parenting residential units participated in three focus groups. Three themes were identified relating to nurses' bottle-feeding knowledge: experience not evidence-based, it is hard to know what to advise, we will support whatever choice they make. The nurses identified a deficit in their knowledge, education and training related to the components of bottle-feeding. The nurses struggled with their interpretation of infant feeding policies and the provision of bottle-feeding information to parents. Nurses working in child and family health were motivated to inform, educate and enable parents to confidently make decisions concerning infant feeding. The healthcare system and the infant feeding policy drivers appear to have a mixed and at times negative impact on nurses' practice. Further research is required across a larger population of nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus; Burchell, 1823) is an African ungulate that is notoriously difficult to hand‐rear and reintegrate into managed herds. The following case report is of a female wildebeest neonate that was orphaned, bottle‐reared, and successfully reintroduced into a herd at a zoological facility. Since blue wildebeests are a highly precocial and herd‐oriented species that calve synchronously in the wild as a reproductive strategy to maximize survival, early release of assist‐reared neonates into managed herds before weaning may be an effective strategy for increasing the chance of acceptance. Wildebeest calves can also be easily trained for bottle‐feedings in the field to facilitate early release. Due to a lack of literature on the assisted rearing and reintegration of wildebeest calves into managed herds, this case report provides useful techniques for the feeding, training, and releasing of bottle‐reared wildebeests that may also be applicable to other assist‐reared herd species at zoological facilities. Research Highlights: Wildebeests are extremely difficult to hand‐rear and reintroduce into herds in captivity.Early release of wildebeest calves before weaning may increase the chance of successful reintegration into a herd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Rapid weight gain (RWG) during infancy increases the risk of excess weight later in life. Nutrition- and feeding practices associated with RWG need to be further examined. The present study aimed to examine nutrition- and feeding practice-related risk factors for RWG during the first year of life. Methods A population-based longitudinal birth cohort study of 1780 infants, classified as having RWG or non-RWG during 0–3-4, 0–6 and 6–12 months. RWG was defined as a change > 0.67 in weight standard deviation scores. Associations between nutrition- and feeding practice-related factors and RWG were examined with logistic regression models. Results Of the participating infants, 47% had RWG during 0–3-4 months, 46% during 0–6 months and 8% during 6–12 months. In the fully adjusted models, bottle-feeding at birth and at 3–4 months and nighttime meals containing formula milk were positively associated with RWG during 0–3-4 months (p

Pendahuluan: Pemberian ASI dari puting ibu merupakan upaya kesehatan primer untuk menghasilkan sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas. Menyusu ASI dari puting ibu berperan dalam memberikan nutrisi, serta mendukung pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi anak. Kenyataannya, banyak ibu yang tidak memberikan ASI langsung dari puting ibu dan menggantinya dengan penggunaan botol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan Leeway space anak-anak yang menyusu melalui puting dan anak-anak yang diberi susu melalui botol. Metode: Jenis penelitian analitik cross-sectional. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 40 orang anak usia 6-8 tahun yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok. Penelitian dilakukan melalui pencetakan rahang dan pembuatan model gigi, kemudian dilakukan perhitungan Leeway space dengan metode Moyers. Hasil: Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa pada anak yang menyusu ASI langsung dari puting memiliki rerata Leeway space mandibula sebesar 4,230 mm dan maksila 2,770mm. Rerata Leeway space mandibula pada anak yang menyusu dari botol sebesar 3,105mm dan maksila 0,640 mm. Hasil analisis menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan nilai Leeway space yang signifikan antara anak yang menyusu ASI langsung dari puting ibu dan botol. Simpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan Leeway space anak-anak yang menyusu melalui puting dan anak-anak yang menyusu melalui botol, baik pada maksila maupun mandibula. Kata kunci: Leeway space, ASI, pemberian susu botol. ABSTRACT Introduction: Breastfeeding is one of the efforts to develop high-quality human resource to maintain primary health. It provides nutrition and supports the growth and development of the children’s teeth. In practice, however, many women tend to replace breastfeeding with bottle-feeding. This study was aimed to analyse the difference of the Leeway space between breastfeeding and bottle-feeding children. Methods: Type of research was cross-sectional analytic. The total sample of this study was 40 children aged 6-8 years who were divided into two groups. The study was carried out through the model study; then, the Leeway space was calculated using the Moyers method. Results: Breastfed children had a mean Leeway space of 4.230mm for the mandibular and 2.770 mm for the maxillary, while bottle-fed children had a mean Leeway space of 3.105 mm for mandibular and 0.640mm for the maxillary. According to the analysis based on the results obtained, the value of Leeway space between breastfed children and bottle-fed children bears similarities. Conclusion: There is no difference of the Leeway space between breastfed children and bottle-fed children, both in the maxillary and the mandibular. Keywords: Leeway space, breastfeeding, bottle-feeding.

BackgroundBreastfeeding is an optimal infant feeding method that provides adequate nutrients, achieves healthy growth and development, and enhances the health status of both infants and mothers. Breast milk contains a variety of substances that might positively affect cognition and the development of children's psychomotor abilities.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the variations in intelligence quotient (IQ), social intelligence (SI), and body mass index (BMI) among 7- to 9-year-old girls who were exclusively breastfed, exclusively bottle-fed, or mixed-fed during their first 6 months of life.MethodsThis study involved 111 healthy girls, aged 7 to 9 years, who were recruited from nine government and private schools in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices were used to measure the participants' IQs, and the Vineland Social Maturity Assessment was used to measure their SI through individual interviews. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard methods.ResultsThe breastfed group showed a greater number of above-average IQ test scores (35 vs. 23%; P = 0.479) and better SI scores (78 vs. 55%; P = 0.066) compared with the bottle-fed group. The number of girls with normal BMIs was significantly higher in the breastfed group than in the bottle-fed (68 vs. 41%; P = 0.045) or mixed-fed groups.ConclusionExclusively breastfed girls had higher IQ and SI results compared with bottle-fed girls. However, unlike the BMI differences, these results were not statistically significant. This study provides fundamental observational data and can be further modified for use on a larger national-scale level.

Abstract Bottle‐fed infants are at higher risk for rapid weight gain compared with breastfed infants. Few studies have attempted to disentangle effects of feeding mode, milk composition and relevant covariates on feeding interactions and outcomes. The objective of the present study was to compare effects of breastfeeding directly at the breast versus bottle‐feeding expressed breast milk on feeding interactions. Mothers with

There is currently limited evidence supporting the use of telepractice to conduct bottle-feeding assessments. This study aimed to investigate the inter-rater reliability of bottle-feeding assessments conducted via synchronous telepractice (real-time videoconferencing). Secondary aims were to investigate parent and clinician satisfaction. Bottle-feeding skills of 30 children (aged 1 month–2 years) were simultaneously assessed by a telepractice SP (T-SP) at a remote location and an in-person SP (IP-SP) at the family home. A purpose-designed assessment form was used to evaluate: (1) developmental level (screen only), (2) state, color, and respiration, (3) oral motor skills, (4), infant oral reflexes, (5) tongue tie (screen only), (6) non-nutritive suck, (7) bottle-feeding, (8) overall feeding skills and (9) recommendations. Results of the T-SP and IP-SP assessments were compared using agreement statistics. Parents reported perceptions of telepractice pre and post session, and also rated post-session satisfaction. The telepractice SP completed a satisfaction questionnaire post-appointment. The majority of assessment components (45/53, 85%) met the agreement criteria (≥80% exact agreement). Difficulties were noted for the assessment of palate integrity, gagging during non-nutritive suck assessment, and 6 components of the tongue tie screen. Parent and clinician satisfaction was high; SPs reported that they would offer telepractice services to 93% of families again in the future. Overall, the results demonstrated that most components of a bottle-feeding assessment could be reliably completed via synchronous telepractice in family homes. However, further research is required to improve the reliability of some intra-oral assessment components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Environment influences infant feeding decisions of mothers, which have influence on growth, development, health and nutrition of infants and children. Objectives: To assess the maternal knowledge and practices towards breast-feeding among mothers in Sohag. To correlate breast-feeding practices with maternal education, parity, mode of delivery, socioeconomic status and employment. Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study included 500 mothers of infants attending some primary health centers from 1st January to 30th November 2020. Data were collected using a self-administered standardized questionnaire. Results: Information present in this questionnaire were taken from 500 mothers, their information was founded to be taken from what friends (33%), media (10%) and primitives (57%). 52% of mothers knew that breast feeding was used as contraceptives. 63% of mothers agreed that babies breast fed naturally were healthier than those who breast feed artificially. 67%of mothers agreed that breast milk is useful but not satisfy the nutritional needs to sustain optimal growth beyond 6 months not due to decrease quality of breast milk but increased demand. Breast-feeding is related to educational level, parity, and socioeconomic status, in which (58%) and (80) of mothers had moderate educational level and moderate socioeconomic level respectively. Despite 61% of mothers disagree with the concept that they should stop nursing after only one year. Only 20% of them agreed to give bottle-feeding as complementary. Conclusion: It is really an encouraging observation that majority of the mothers had good knowledge and a positive attitude towards breast-feeding. Majority of the mothers fed the baby colostrum. Late initiation of breast-feeding has implications for health education programs and neonatal feeding strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottle‐fed infants are at higher risk for rapid weight gain compared with breastfed infants. Few studies have attempted to disentangle effects of feeding mode, milk composition and relevant covariates on feeding interactions and outcomes. The objective of the present study was to compare effects of breastfeeding directly at the breast versus bottle‐feeding expressed breast milk on feeding interactions. Mothers with <6‐month‐old infants (n = 47) participated in two counterbalanced, feeding observations. Mothers breastfed their infants directly from the breast during one visit (breast condition) and bottle‐fed their infants expressed breast milk during the other (bottle condition). Masked raters later coded videos using the Nursing Child Assessment Parent–Child Interaction Feeding Scale. Infant intake was assessed. Mothers self‐reported sociodemographic characteristics, infant feeding patterns (i.e. percentage of daily feedings from bottles) and level of pressuring feeding style. Mother and infant behaviours were similar during breast and bottle conditions. Percent bottle‐feeding moderated effects of condition on intake (P = 0.032): greater percent bottle‐feeding predicted greater intake during the bottle compared with breast condition. Effects of feeding mode were not moderated by parity or pressuring feeding style, but, regardless of condition, multiparous mothers fed their infants more than primiparous mothers (P = 0.028), and pressuring feeding style was positively associated with infant intake (P = 0.045). Findings from the present study do not support the hypothesis that feeding mode directly impacts dyadic interaction for predominantly breastfeeding mothers and infants, but rather suggest between‐subject differences in feeding experiences and styles predict feeding outcomes for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional clear infant feeding bottles provide visual cues about the amount of milk consumed, which may decrease caregivers' sensitivity to infant cues, increase infant intake, and lead to greater infant weight gain. This study examined feasibility, adherence, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of an intervention in which families received clear vs opaque bottles. A pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants included mothers (N = 76) with young infants (2.9 ± 1.4 months old). Data collection occurred between December 2018 and July 2022 and within San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties, California. All assessments occurred within participants' homes. Participants were randomized to use clear (Clear group, n = 38) or opaque (Opaque group, n = 38) bottles for 12 weeks. We assessed feasibility of recruitment and retention, participant perceptions of study bottles, participant adherence to the intervention, maternal sensitivity to cues, infant intake (mL and mL/kg), and infant weight-for-length z -scores (WLZ). Data were analyzed using linear regression, χ2 analysis, and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Of 842 potential participants, 295 (35%) could not be reached after initial contact, 166 (20%) declined to participate, and 305 (36%) were ineligible. Of those who declined, 16 (10%) declined because they did not want to use study bottles. No differences were observed for loss to follow-up for Clear (8 of 38; 21%) vs Opaque (5 of 38; 13%) groups (P = 0.36) or for reported use of assigned bottles for Clear (89.8% ± 24.5% of daily feedings) vs Opaque (90.1% ± 22.1%) groups (P = 0.96). No group differences were observed for sensitivity to cues (P = 0.52) or intake (mL, P = 0.53 or mL/kg, P = 0.56) at follow-up. Opaque group infants had lower WLZ at follow-up compared with Clear group infants (mean difference, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.08, 0.86; η p 2 = 0.17), adjusting for baseline WLZ. Relative to providing clear bottles, providing families with opaque bottles appeared feasible and acceptable, with good adherence. Although preliminary, study findings suggest the potential of opaque bottles to support healthier weight outcomes for bottle-fed infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to investigate the relationship between intimate partner physical violence (IPPV) and breastfeeding (BF), use of breastmilk substitutes (BMS) and bottle-feeding among children aged 12 to 15 months. This is a cross-sectional study with mothers in primary care facilities of the city of Rio de Janeiro. IPPV was identified by the Brazilian version of the Conflict Tactics Scales 1-Form R and feeding practices were identified by a 24-hour Dietary Recall. Associations were verified by logistic regression with odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals. BF was offered to 58.5% of the children and BMS to 88.5%. Also, 70.5% of the children used a baby bottle. Physical violence was observed in 26.7% of couples. Households where couples physically abuse each other are more likely to not breastfeed (OR=2.14, p-value=0.030), to use breastmilk substitutes (OR=5.15, p-value=0.03) and bottle-feed (OR=2.71; p-value=0.01), when compared to households without physical violence. The results highlight the need to investigate intrafamily relationships in cases where inadequate breastfeeding practices are identified, and to enable health professionals to support families in conflict situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swallowing problems in children can occur for a variety of reasons, and assessment varies based on the age of the child, underlying medical problems, and results of the clinical swallow evaluation. The need for interdisciplinary management with speech language pathologists skilled in the management of children with dysphagia is imperative to identify the components of swallowing that are impaired and provide specific recommendations for safe and adequate nutrition supporting growth, development, and oral feeding if possible. This study focuses on the types of assessment tools available and how and when they are utilized for children of different ages and abilities., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract Tongue motility is an essential physiological component of human feeding from infancy through adulthood. At present, it is a challenge to distinguish among the many pathologies of swallowing due to the absence of quantitative tools. We objectively quantified tongue kinematics from ultrasound imaging during infant and adult feeding. The functional advantage of this method is presented in several subjects with swallowing difficulties. We demonstrated for the first time the differences in tongue kinematics during breast‐ and bottle‐feeding, showing the arrhythmic sucking pattern during bottle‐feeding as compared with breastfeeding in the same infant with torticollis. The method clearly displayed the improvement of tongue motility after frenotomy in infants with either tongue‐tie or restrictive labial frenulum. The analysis also revealed the absence of posterior tongue peristalsis required for safe swallowing in an infant with dysphagia. We also analyzed for the first time the tongue kinematics in an adult during water bolus swallowing demonstrating tongue peristaltic‐like movements in both anterior and posterior segments. First, the anterior segment undulates to close off the oral cavity and the posterior segment held the bolus, and then, the posterior tongue propelled the bolus to the pharynx. The present methodology of quantitative imaging revealed highly conserved patterns of tongue kinematics that can differentiate between swallowing pathologies and evaluate treatment interventions. The method is novel and objective and has the potential to advance knowledge about the normal swallowing and management of feeding disorders.

Early correction of anterior crossbite in the primary dentition can encourage proper growth and development of the maxilla and mandible, reducing the need for future orthodontic therapy. Correction is typically initiated after the age of 3 when a fixed or removable appliance can be fabricated and worn. This case study describes an instance of exceptionally early intervention without the use of an appliance. A bottle-fed 10-month-old boy presented with anterior crossbite, and a contributing factor may have been the position of the bottle's nipple during feeding. Correction of the anterior crossbite was achieved in 5 months by changing the bottle position to a counterbalancing angle. Although this technique warrants further investigation, it has the potential to reduce the need for and length of future procedures.

Background: Infant formula is considered an effective alternative to breast milk. Safe preparation of infant formula is a crucial goal by the World Health Organization for infants receiving some or all of their feeding using infant formula. Objectives: The objective is to find out the errors in the method of bottle-feeding which leads to feeding problems in infants in Al-Hilla city. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenient sample of 384 infants (who attended the general wards in Babylon Maternity and Pediatric Hospital, AL-Noor Hospital and some primary health-care centers). Results: The percentage of mothers who had followed all the recommended steps for feeding and sterilization of infant bottle was (16.90%). Conclusions: Very low percentage of mothers were found to follow all the proper steps of bottle-feeding.

Tongue motility is an essential physiological component of human feeding from infancy through adulthood. At present, it is a challenge to distinguish among the many pathologies of swallowing due to the absence of quantitative tools. We objectively quantified tongue kinematics from ultrasound imaging during infant and adult feeding. The functional advantage of this method is presented in several subjects with swallowing difficulties. We demonstrated for the first time the differences in tongue kinematics during breast‐ and bottle‐feeding, showing the arrhythmic sucking pattern during bottle‐feeding as compared with breastfeeding in the same infant with torticollis. The method clearly displayed the improvement of tongue motility after frenotomy in infants with either tongue‐tie or restrictive labial frenulum. The analysis also revealed the absence of posterior tongue peristalsis required for safe swallowing in an infant with dysphagia. We also analyzed for the first time the tongue kinematics in an adult during water bolus swallowing demonstrating tongue peristaltic‐like movements in both anterior and posterior segments. First, the anterior segment undulates to close off the oral cavity and the posterior segment held the bolus, and then, the posterior tongue propelled the bolus to the pharynx. The present methodology of quantitative imaging revealed highly conserved patterns of tongue kinematics that can differentiate between swallowing pathologies and evaluate treatment interventions. The method is novel and objective and has the potential to advance knowledge about the normal swallowing and management of feeding disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the association of parents' knowledge, children's feeding pattern, and other contributing factors with caries experience of a child. This was a cross-sectional study using a validated questionnaire of 145 children aged two to eight years old attending the Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. The questionnaires were given to the parents during their children's dental visit in paediatric clinic and primary care. Dental caries was traced from the patient's record in the Integrated Dental Records Management System (IDERMS) and clinical examination was done for those who did not have the dental record. Charting was recorded using dentition status and treatment need based on the 1997 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Data were analysed using the independent t-test and one-way ANOVA to examine the association of dental caries with two and three or more categorical variables respectively using SPSS 23.0. The study participants were 74 (51%) boys and 71 (49%) girls. The mean dmft score of the participants was 3.31 (4.36). Caries experience was statistically significant with the reason for first dental visit (p < 0.001), the age of the children discontinues bottle-feeding (p < 0.001), habits of leaving bottle-feeding while sleeping (p = 0.011), children wake up for milk at night (p = 0.050) and knowledge of parents on the effect of leaving bottle while sleeping (p = 0.037). Children feeding patterns and parents' knowledge of the risk factors of dental caries were significantly associated with caries experience among children aged two to eight years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottle‐feeding is an infant feeding modality that has been in existence since ancient times, and currently, a significant number of infants are being fed via a bottle with either breastmilk or formula. Although research on bottle‐feeding has continued, it exists in fragmented, often small studies that focus on singular aspects of feeding an infant using a bottle, with limited information on the bottle‐feeding act. Systems theory was the approach used to define the act of bottle‐feeding and identify the parts within this act. Health databases were searched using MeSH terms. A summary of the studies are included. The findings of this review revealed that healthy term bottle‐feeding infants use similar tongue and jaw movements, can create suction and sequentially use teat compression to obtain milk, with minimal differences in oxygen saturation and SSB patterns, when compared with breastfeeding infants. Bottle and teat characteristics were revealed to affect infant feeding and milk intake. An infant's milk intake during feeding was shown to have a strong association with the interaction between the infant and parent/caregiver. With the issue of who controls the feed, mother or infant, likely to affect an infant's ability to self‐regulate their milk intake. Redefining bottle‐feeding as a holistic system identifies the interrelationship of the various parts which will improve the understanding of the reciprocal nature of infant feeding. To optimize bottle‐feeding outcomes, further research is required on parents' and health professionals' knowledge and understanding of the parts within the act of bottle‐feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of the present study was to assess the persistence of non-nutritive sucking habits and its relationship with breastfeeding, as well as to establish the influence of sociodemographic factors on these habits among children aged 3 to 5 years. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 1107 children from public and private daycare centres in Natal, Brazil: 450 in the case group (312 pacifier suckers and 138 thumb suckers) and 657 in the control group (habitfree). Data regarding sociodemographic conditions and duration of breastfeeding were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Results: Breastfeeding for a duration of > 6 months (adjusted odds ratio = 0.311; 95% confidence interval = 0.226 to 0.428) was an independent protective factor against persistent pacifier sucking. The use of pacifiers was more frequent among 3-year-old children and among those from a higher income family and a higher level of schooling of parents. The relation between duration of breastfeeding and thumb sucking was not statistically significant (P = 0.087). There was an association between the thumb sucking habit with sex (female), low level of schooling of father and the child being born as the last male child in the birth order. No relation was found between breastfeeding and habit frequency (day/night and night) (P = 0.301). An association with habit frequency was found with the age of 3 years, female, the family income group that ranged between US $176 and US $875, and those attending private institutions. Conclusions: Breastfeeding for a duration of > 6 months was a protective factor against the persistence of pacifier sucking, but the subjectivity of the mother-child relationship must be investigated further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the several morbid conditions associated with obesity, as well as its increasing prevalence and its difficult treatment, it is necessary that efficient preventive measures be found. Simple measures, without potential adverse effects and a low cost should be a priority. The inverse association between breast-feeding and obesity suggests a role for breast-feeding in the reduction of obesity prevalence in later life. This protective effect of breastfeeding is supported by many epidemiological studies, but literature data are still controversial. Possible explanations for how breastfeeding protects against later obesity include behavioral and hormonal mechanisms and differences in macronutrient intake.

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate differences in sucking behavior of infants bottle-fed with vented (so-called anticolic) teats (VTs) and nonvented teats (NVTs). Methods Trial design: Prospective, randomized clinical trial. Ninety-six term, healthy infants (aged 1–8 months) were assessed for eligibility. Seventy-three infants remained for intention-to-treat (ITT) and 65 infants (vented group: n = 31; nonvented group: n = 34) for the per-protocol (PP) analysis. During bottle-feeding, sucks/min, pauses/min, amount of formula intake (mL), feeding time (min), heart rate (bpm), respiratory rate (bpm), and oxygen saturation (%) were recorded. In addition, a parental survey was carried out to reveal possible symptoms of infantile colic. Sample-size calculation and confirmatory and exploratory analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test. Results Except for the parameter sucking pauses per minute (NVTs > VTs, p = .03), no differences between groups were found with the ITT and PP analysis. After excluding infants with a disproportionately complementary diet (subgroup analysis, infants aged 1–6 months, n = 54) the primary outcome (sucks per minute) showed significant differences (NVTs > VTs, p = .01). The amount of formula intake, feeding time, and cardiorespiratory parameters were similar in both groups. The parental survey did not show any relation between types of feeding teats and possible symptoms of infantile colic. Conclusions Compared with an NVT group, infants aged 1–6 months need fewer sucks and pauses when fed with VTs. In both groups, equal amounts of feeding medium and feeding time were observed. With NVT feeding, disruption occurs when the bottle vacuum is released by air from the oral cavity. Therefore, higher sucking frequency is needed to rebuild the oral vacuum for bottle milk flow, which implies higher risk of aerophagia. Overall, we suggest that the VTs provided a more coordinated drinking pattern than did the NVTs, which may have a positive effect on gastric distress. Trial registration Trial Registration: DRKS-Trial Registration No. DRKS00004885. Registered April 16, 2013. Universal Trial No. U1111–1141-5857.

Breastfeeding is optimal for infant health, but more than 66% of mothers cease exclusive breastfeeding within three months after giving birth. Evaluating infants' sucking effort provides valuable diagnosis to mothers encountering barriers with breastfeeding. Sucking microstructure is defined as an array of metrics that comprehensively capture infants' ability to create a sealed latch onto mother's nipple and regulate feeding, including number of sucks, sucks per burst, number of bursts, intra suck interval, and maximal sucking pressure. In this paper, we proposed a breastfeeding diagnostic device (BDD) which allows convenient and objective measurement of infants' sucking microstructure in both home and clinical settings. BDD utilizes an air-based pressure transducer to measure infants' sucking behavior. We conducted pilot clinical studies on six dyads of mother and infant to test the feasibility of the BDD system. To facilitate comparison, both breastfeeding and bottle-feeding were conducted on the six dyads using the BDD in home settings, and the outcomes are comparable with prior recordings in research or clinical settings. By offering a convenient and objective measurement of the sucking microstructure, the BDD will provide clinically meaningful guidance and diagnosis to mothers struggling with breastfeeding. BDD will also serve as an objective metric useful in research areas relevant to infant behaviors, assessment of neurodevelopment, and potentially a screening tool for developmental disabilities.

There is currently limited evidence supporting the use of telepractice to conduct bottle-feeding assessments. This study aimed to investigate the inter-rater reliability of bottle-feeding assessments conducted via synchronous telepractice (real-time videoconferencing). Secondary aims were to investigate parent and clinician satisfaction. Bottle-feeding skills of 30 children (aged 1 month–2 years) were simultaneously assessed by a telepractice SP (T-SP) at a remote location and an in-person SP (IP-SP) at the family home. A purpose-designed assessment form was used to evaluate: (1) developmental level (screen only), (2) state, color, and respiration, (3) oral motor skills, (4), infant oral reflexes, (5) tongue tie (screen only), (6) non-nutritive suck, (7) bottle-feeding, (8) overall feeding skills and (9) recommendations. Results of the T-SP and IP-SP assessments were compared using agreement statistics. Parents reported perceptions of telepractice pre and post session, and also rated post-session satisfaction. The telepractice SP completed a satisfaction questionnaire post-appointment. The majority of assessment components (45/53, 85%) met the agreement criteria (≥80% exact agreement). Difficulties were noted for the assessment of palate integrity, gagging during non-nutritive suck assessment, and 6 components of the tongue tie screen. Parent and clinician satisfaction was high; SPs reported that they would offer telepractice services to 93% of families again in the future. Overall, the results demonstrated that most components of a bottle-feeding assessment could be reliably completed via synchronous telepractice in family homes. However, further research is required to improve the reliability of some intra-oral assessment components.

Preterm babies who received 72 hours of breastfeeding practice before introducing a bottle had significantly higher rates of breastfeeding at the time of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge than did babies who were introduced to bottle-feeding with or before breastfeeding during the first 72 hours of oral feeding or babies who were primarily bottle-fed. There were no statistical differences in corrected gestational age (CGA) at birth, first oral feeding, or full oral feeds, in days from first to full oral feeds, or in CGA or days of life at NICU discharge., Competing Interests: Disclosure None of the authors has commercial or financial conflicts of interest or funding sources., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Early correction of anterior crossbite in the primary dentition can encourage proper growth and development of the maxilla and mandible, reducing the need for future orthodontic therapy. Correction is typically initiated after the age of 3 when a fixed or removable appliance can be fabricated and worn. This case study describes an instance of exceptionally early intervention without the use of an appliance. A bottle-fed 10-month-old boy presented with anterior crossbite, and a contributing factor may have been the position of the bottle's nipple during feeding. Correction of the anterior crossbite was achieved in 5 months by changing the bottle position to a counterbalancing angle. Although this technique warrants further investigation, it has the potential to reduce the need for and length of future procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infant formula is considered an effective alternative to breast milk. Safe preparation of infant formula is a crucial goal by the World Health Organization for infants receiving some or all of their feeding using infant formula. Objectives: The objective is to find out the errors in the method of bottle-feeding which leads to feeding problems in infants in Al-Hilla city. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenient sample of 384 infants (who attended the general wards in Babylon Maternity and Pediatric Hospital, AL-Noor Hospital and some primary health-care centers). Results: The percentage of mothers who had followed all the recommended steps for feeding and sterilization of infant bottle was (16.90%). Conclusions: Very low percentage of mothers were found to follow all the proper steps of bottle-feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between postpartum depression and breast-feeding in puerperium mothers to practice healthy breast-feeding. Puerperium mothers at postnatal care center completed an anonymous survey. Postpartum depression severity was observed at (x2 = 19.556, p = 0.000). Postpartum depression was found to negatively affect healthy breast-feeding at a rate of Exp (B) = 0.887, p = 0.014. Puerperium mothers' postpartum depression has shown significant effect on breast-feeding practice, thus, when postpartum depression rate decrease, regular breast-feeding practice rate increased. Despite lacking robust statistical evidence, these results indicate that postpartum depression leads to bottle-feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]