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The extensive disposal of plastic components into the environment requires an economically and ecologically feasible solution for the proper treatment or new uses for plastic waste. This study compares the environmental and mechanical performance of a sandwich panel based on disposed bottle caps core with different eco-friendly skins and adhesive. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment compares the environmental impacts of the manufacture of six-bottle cap panel designs with various skin (aluminum, recycled PET, and flax laminates) and adhesive types (epoxy vs. biopolymer) by calculating their ReCiPe midpoint impact indicators. An eco-mechanical indicator is additionally proposed to measure the efficiency of designs with greater strength/stiffness and less environmental footprint. The bio-based skin on the sandwich panel significantly reduces environmental damage between 32% and 87% compared to metallic skins. Recycled skin promotes the lowest impacts, while considerably reducing mechanical performance. The bio-based adhesive has emissions up to 15% lower than epoxy. The eco-mechanical balance showed up to 630% higher efficiency for bottle cap panel designs based on bio-based polymer, flax-based skins, and/or less adhesive depending on the mechanical response. Promising environmental performance with superior mechanical strength highlights the potential of bottle caps as an eco-friendly honeycomb for secondary construction and transport structures.

A miniature conveyor machine assisted by embedded systems and controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC) has been fabricated with the operating mechanism is based on the detection of two different colors. The objectives of this research are to obtain a miniature machine is controlled by the PLC system, create a ladder diagram-based program structure, and measure the performance of the embedded system. Obtaining the machine is carried out through assembly of the conveyor frame, installation of all devices, and integrated wiring. The programming for the Omron PLC system is based on providing the CX-Programmer 64 bits, establishing algorithms and compiling ladder diagrams, and compiling and uploading processes. The performance measurement includes synchronization conditions between the simulator and the control system, observations of the readings of installed sensors for activating all devices on the output side, and observing the measurement of the filling process time and the installation of bottle caps assisted by the pneumatic system. The results of the performance during the process of filling and installing the lid obtained a success rate of 75%, based on four trials, three successes, and one failure. The general conclusion is that the embedded system that has been built can be used as a simulator for the mechanism of filling liquid into bottles and installing bottle caps, and it is as an implementation of instrumentation and automation processes. &nbsp, Telah dihasilkan sebuah miniatur mesin konveyor berbantuan sistem tertanam terkendali oleh programmable logic controller (PLC) dengan mekanisme operasi mesin berdasarkan kepada deteksi terhadap dua warna berbeda. Tujuan penelitian ini berupa memperoleh sebuah miniatur mesin terkendali oleh sistem PLC, membuat struktur program berbasis ladder diagram, dan mengukur kinerja sistem tertanam. Perolehan mesin dilakukan melalui perakitan kerangka konveyor, pemasangan seluruh perangkat, dan pengawatan terintegrasi. Metode pemrograman terhadap sistem PLC Omron didasarkan kepada penyediaan CX Programmer 64 bit, penetapan algoritma dan penyusunan ladder diagram, dan proses compiling dan uploading. Pengukuran kinerja meliputi kondisi sinkronisasi antara simulator dan sistem kontrol, pengamatan terhadap pembacaan sensor-sensor terpasang untuk pengaktifan seluruh perangkat di sisi keluaran, dan pengamatan terhadap pengukuran waktu proses pengisian dan pemasangan tutup botol berbantuan sistem pneumatic. Hasil kinerja saat proses pengisian dan pemasangan tutup diperoleh tingkat keberhasilan sebesar 75%, berdasarkan empat kali uji coba, tiga kali berhasil dan satu kali gagal. Kesimpulan secara umum, bahwa sistem tertanam yang telah dibangun dapat digunakan sebagai simulator untuk mekanisme pengisian cairan ke dalam botol dan pemasangan tutup botol, dan hal itu sebagai implementasi terhadap instrumentasi dan proses otomasi.

This work investigates a novel concept of sandwich panel composed of discarded polypropylene (PP) bottle caps as circular honeycomb core and skins made with a hybrid glass fibre/silica composite. A full factorial design (DoE) is carried out to identify the effects of the core packing system and the inclusion of silica particles in the composite skins, on the flexural properties of the sandwich panels. Finite element analysis validated by the experimental results is used to investigate and predict the failure mechanisms of these sandwich structures. The DoE reveals that the hexagonal packing of PP bottle caps with the presence of silica in both skins lead to increased mechanical properties, such as core shear stress (0.79 MPa), facing stress (42.56 MPa) and flexural modulus (1589.21 MPa), especially when compared to the orthotropic packing with silica only on the bottom skin which obtained a lower performance of 21.01%, 11.41% and 17.22% for core shear stress, facing stress and flexural modulus, respectively. The findings reveal an alternative upcycling route for discarded polypropylene caps.

A low-velocity impact characterisation of a sustainable sandwich panel based on upcycled bottle caps as circular honeycomb is conducted. The recycled core aims to develop an alternative route of reusing waste bottle caps disposed in landfills. Ecological alternatives to skin (recycled PET foil) and adhesive (bio-polyurethane) are also compared with classic components (aluminium skin and epoxy polymer). A low-cost reinforcement (cement particles) is also proposed to enhance the mechanical strength of the panel. The samples are tested at several levels of impact energy, according to the type of skin, to observe their effect on mechanical behaviour. Metal skins achieve higher impact loads and energy absorption compared to PET foil. The bio-adhesive leads to a similar or enhanced maximum impact load and energy absorption compared to the epoxy adhesive. Specific properties highlight the promising performance of the bio-based adhesive with aluminium skins, reaching increments of up to 378%. The cement increases the maximum load and reduces the duration of the impact event, leading to lower energy absorption. The unreinforced epoxy polymer shows a visible adhesive peeling off from aluminium skin, while particle inclusions lead to reduced overall delamination. Biopolymer exhibits marginal adhesive debonding and stable deformation, revealing a progressive failure. In general, PET samples show core shear failure due to rupture of the skin. Crack propagation in PET samples made with biopolymer adhesive is reduced at lower energy levels. The results evidence the promising application of bottle caps in a more sustainable honeycomb core to build eco-friendly structures.

A PLC-based embedded device on a miniature conveyor machine for operating a rejection system has been designed and constructed. The research objectives, namely (i) design and manufacture of an integrated system, (ii) making program structure based on a ladder diagram, and (iii) measuring the performance of an integrated system. Integrated system assembled from a miniature of the conveyor machines and belt installation, and installing the dc motor, while the rejection system assembly by placing several sensors, installing stepper motor, and wiring to the PLC system. Programming based on ladder diagram carried out by determining algorithms, compiling the ladder diagram, addressing the input/output, and compiling and uploading the program from PC to PLC. The performance of the integrated system was observed when (a) observation during synchronization, (b) observations of sensor readings while the rejection system simulator is operating, and (c) observation and measurement of the processing time of the rejection arm. Overall results have been obtained in the form of a PLC-based embedded device for the rejection system simulator on observations of the condition of the bottle caps for beverage packaging. Based on the overall observation, the PLC-based embedded device has functioned to operate the rejection system can be implemented at a manufacturing scale. &nbsp, Telah dirancang dan dikonstruksi sebuah embedded device berbasis PLC pada miniatur mesin konveyor untuk pengoperasian simulator sistem rejection. Tujuan penelitian ini, yaitu (i) merancang dan membuat sistem terintegrasi, (ii) membuat struktur program berbasis ladder diagram, dan (iii) mengukur kinerja sistem terintegrasi. Sistem terintegrasi dirakit dari miniatur mesin konveyor dengan pemasangan belt dan motor dc, sedangkan sistem rejection dirakit melalui penempatan sejumlah sensor, pemasangan motor stepper, dan perkabelan pada sistem PLC. Pemrograman berbasis ladder diagram, dilakukan melalui penentuan algoritma, penyusunan ladder diagram, pengalamatan jalur masukan/keluaran, dan penyusunan dan pengunggahan program dari komputer personal ke PLC. Kinerja sistem terintegrasi diamati ketika (a) pengamatan selama sinkronisasi, (b) pengamatan pembacaan sensor saat simulator sistem rejection beroperasi, dan (c) pengamatan dan pengukuran waktu proses lengan rejection. Hasil keseluruhan telah diperoleh dalam bentuk embedded device berbasis PLC untuk simulator sistem rejection pada pengamatan terhadap kondisi tutup botol kemasan minuman. Berdasarkan pengamatan secara keseluruhan, perangkat tertanam berbasis PLC yang berfungsi untuk pengoperasian sistem rejection dapat diimplementasikan pada skala manufaktur.

There has recently been a significant increase in interest regarding the prevalence of microplastics in bottled water. Previous studies have shown that the composition of many of the microplastics in bottled water is consistent with the materials of the bottle and bottle cap. The focus of this study is to quantify microplastic particle generation from the cap and bottle interaction during open and close cycles. Nile Red dye was used for the detection of microplastics >4.7 μm in size. Microplastic contamination levels in the water were found to increase as the bottle cap is opened and closed repeatedly. The rate of generation of particles with bottle opening and closing cycles (553 ± 202 microplastics/L/cycle) is adequate to account for the total particle density in the water. This clearly demonstrates that the abrasion between the bottle cap and bottleneck is the dominant mechanism for the generation of microplastic contamination detected in bottled water. A large spread between the maximum and minimum levels of microplastic contamination for bottles from the same lot, regardless of the number of times the cap is opened and closed, suggests that mechanical tolerances in the manufacturing of bottles and caps might play an important role in microplastic generation. HIGHLIGHTS The opening and closing of the cap generates the majority of the microplastics in bottled water.; Improved repeatability of particle detection with Galaxy Count software.; Improved protocol for detecting microplastics in bottled water.

Opaque PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) was recently introduced as a dairy packaging, mainly for milk bottles. Opaque PET, obtained as PET filled with mineral nanoparticles, allows for a reduction of bottles’ thickness, thus a cost reduction for industrials. For this reason, the use of opaque PET is steadily increasing. However, its recyclability is nowadays an issue: although the recycling channels are well established for transparent PET, the presence of opaque PET in the household wastes weakens the existing recycling channels. Besides, many initiatives are launched in Europe to turn wastes into resources, as one key to a more circular economy. One of the biggest challenges is an efficient sorting of the plastic solid wastes since the PET is not miscible with other plastics such as polypropylene (PP) from the bottle caps and polyethylene (PE) from the other milk bottles. In this work, the mechanical properties of uncompatibilized blends of opaque PET (rPET-O) with recycled polypropylene (rPP) have been studied; both are collected from household wastes. The tensile properties and the fatigue life of rPP, monitored by in-situ digital image correlation and in-situ infrared thermography, are increased by the incorporation of rPET-O. rPET-O/rPP blends may be substituted to rPP for similar applications, with no need to sort the caps from the bottles. Thus, as a concept, the incorporation of opaque PET into the PP recycling sector may be a new route to absorb some of the growing amounts of opaque PET., This work was financially supported by EU/FEDER: European Regional Development funds through the Interregional Project REVALPET POCTEFA EFA064/15.

The type of plastic packaging that is popular among the public is bottle packaging, plastic bottle packaging always has a bottle cap. Some people only know that the part of the bottle cap is only on the outer cap, even though the plastic bottle cap consists of two types, namely the outer cap (cap) and the inner cap (plug). The plastic material used to make the plug is Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), a telon oil plug is produced using an injection molding machine, by inserting plastic pellets into the hopper and then heating it by the barrel, plastic pellets that have melted will be injected into the mold ( print). In the process of making the telon oil plug, a defect was found. From the observation, it is known that several types of defects that occur during the LLDPE oil plug production process include black dot, flashing, and unmould / short shot. Defects that occur during the telon oil plug production process are caused by damage, contamination, and mismatches in the engine parameter settings. The purpose of this study is to determine the causes and solutions of defects that occur in LLDPE telon oil plugs with the HAITIAN 1600MA injection molding machine at PT X. Some solutions are made to reduce defects that occur in telon oil LLDPE plugs is to clean the material reservoir, repair or replace the mold, clean the hopper before loading the material, and set up the barrel parameter 180-230oC, inject pressure 60 bar, holding pressure 30 bar, speed 17.8 seconds.

This work describes aluminium skin sandwich panels made of recycled polyethylene (PE) bottle caps as a sustainable honeycomb core. A full factorial design is carried out to identify the effects of the orientation of the caps (single and alternated caps), skin roughness (smooth and rough substrate) and the type of adhesive (epoxy or polyester polymer) on the mechanical properties of the panels. Numerical analysis is performed to better assess the failure mechanisms involved. Sandwich panels made with epoxy adhesive, smooth aluminium skin and single oriented caps obtain greater mechanical properties at failure compared to the alternative levels of the factorial design. Increased results are observed for core shear stress (0.38 MPa), facing stress (56.75 MPa), core shear modulus (16.70 MPa), and flexural modulus (1437.47 MPa). This performance reveals an alternative recycling route for used PE bottle caps in structural and sustainable applications.

This is the first attempt to combine disposed bottle caps and natural fibres into sandwich panels. A full factorial design is performed to identify the effects of the skin type (aluminium or coir fibre reinforced laminates) and bottle cap core packing (cubic and orthotropic) on the mechanical properties of the proposed panels. The coir fibre composite skin provides maximum core shear strength, 29 % higher than the aluminium-based panels, in cubic packing, while the flexural modulus is reduced by 45 %. An interlocking effect between the skin and the core is evidenced when coir fibre composites are used. In addition, the cubic cell packing increases the specific mechanical properties, even though with a higher density. The results highlight a promising association of green components and plastic bottle caps for secondary structural applications.

Objective: To compare simultaneous working length determination efficiency and electrical resistance of thermally treated NiTi files and their counterfeits.Methods: Access cavities were prepared for sixty human mandibular premolar teeth, which were then numbered with a marker. Actual working length was determined visually by introducing a #10 K-file into the root canal and the reference point was marked for further steps. By using flowable composite, the teeth were fixed at the cementoenamel junction to a hole in the center of a glass bottle cap and a second hole prepared on it for lip clip. Alginate impression material was filled into glass bottle then the tooth was embedded into it. Experimental models randomly divided into 6 groups as Group WOG (WaveOne Gold), Group WO (WaveOne), Group W+ (Superline W+), Group RB (Reciproc Blue), Group R (Reciproc), Group V (Superline V). Root canals were prepared until the endomotor stopped when reaching the apical foramen and the silicon stopper was moved to the previously marked reference point to determine the simultaneous working length. The electrical resistance of the files (from tip of file to notch of the shaft) was measured using a multimeter.Results: No readings could be obtained via apex locator for Group V. Group W+ was significantly less accurate compered the other groups (p0.05).Conclusion: Thermal treatments of NiTi alloys had no effect on the accuracy of simultaneous working length determination. However, Counterfeit endodontic files failed to show of accurate simultaneous working length determination.

Moulds are being used for the manufacturing of plastic parts in most of the industries. Some of these plastic parts need fine-finished surface appearance and dimensional accuracy. To achieve these properties in end products, the fine-finished surfaces of the mould cavities are required. In this paper, fine finishing over the internal tapered longitudinal and flat end EN-31 cylindrical blind hole (CBH) type mould cavity surfaces is obtained using the magnetorheological polishing (MRP) fluid with the help of present grinding wheel type magnetorheological finishing tool. This typical mould cavity used finds its usefulness in the manufacturing of plastic spray bottle cap hoods. The process parameters such as working gap, current, workpiece rotational speed, tool rotational, and reciprocation speed are optimized to achieve fine finishing on the EN-31 CBH type mould cavity. For validation of the optimized parameters, the experiments are performed over the samples. Further, the finishing is performed on the typical mould cavity where the final roughness values after MR finishing over the tapered longitudinal surface are measured as 80 nm from 350 nm and on flat end surface is 50 nm from 320 nm. The improvement in surface characteristics can be analysed from the scanning electron microscope images. Further, to investigate dimensional accuracy of its tapered longitudinal surface, the circularity test is conducted. Thus, fine finishing of both CBH type mould cavity surfaces can be achieved with the present developed MR finishing process. This type of fine-finished mould cavities can be used for the effective manufacturing of plastic parts like bottle caps, containers, etc.

Concrete is widely used as construction material around the world and it's properties have been undergoing changes through technological advancement. Generally, concrete having four constituents materials namely cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water. Advancement in technology enhance human comforts and at the same time it causes damages to environment. Waste plastic bottles are major cause of solid waste disposal and also disposal of metal caps of soft drinks bottles are headache to environmental engineers and involve either to recycle or reuse. Here we are going to add metal caps and PET bottles in concrete to increase the strength. This project represents the results to study the behavior of concrete by adding of bottles caps and PET with dosage of 0.5% of weight of cement as fiber to reduce the cement content to achieve IS10262:2009 and IS456:2000 requirements. PET bottles and metal bottle caps are added to the concrete at 0%,0.5%,1.0% and 1.5% by volume of total mixture and also analysis of the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and them mechanical properties are compared with the conventional concrete. Grade of concrete used in the project is M20. Mix ratio is 1:1.5:3.

An autonomous, low cost (< US$750), and open source rainfall sampler has been developed for hydrogen and oxygen isotope research, able to sample daily and monthly for up to 60 days of rainfall, over a three month period. The sampler is designed to use modern fabrication methods such as 3D printing and laser cutting to minimise the need for machined and injection molded components. The sampler can use either paraffin oil or a submerged inlet tube (also known as tube-dip-in samplers) to prevent evaporation, with the use of the inlet tube method facilitated by 3D printed bottle caps. An experiment was performed to identify the most suitable plastic for these caps, with acetone treated ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) being most suitable, followed by PETG (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol), untreated ABS, and PLA (Polylactic acid). In addition, the effectiveness of both paraffin oil and the inlet tube method for preventing evaporation was quantified, with paraffin identified as being the most effective at present. During a 90 day outdoor experiment, the 18O/16O vs. 2H/1H ratios of some water samples evolved along a local evaporation line, with increased isotopic enrichment of samples correlating to water loss. A coupled hydrologic-isotopic model was applied to these data, and successfully predicted the change in isotope ratios based on the amount of water lost from each sample. This modelling approach, combined with daily and monthly sample collection and quantification of evaporation rates within the sheltered environment of the sampler allows for back calculation of the original volume and isotopic composition of daily and monthly rainfall samples. The rainfall sampler thus facilitates cost -and time- effective remote monitoring of the isotopic composition of precipitation to support an array of Earth system research.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan motorik halus anak dengan menggunakan media barang bekas. Adapun media barang bekas yang di manfaatkan kembali ialah tutup botol air mineral yang di susun menjadi berbagai bentuk kreativitas seni. . Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, dan menerapkan teori Miles dan Huberman dalam menganalisa data. Teknik pengumpulan data yang di gunakan ialah kegiatan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Setelah di laksanakan penelitian, di temukan bahwa melalui pemanfaatan media barang bekas pembelajaran menjadi sangat menyenangkan, tidak membutuhkan waktu lama, serta bersifat inovatif dan kreatif dalam menciptakan hasil karya. Pemanfaatan media barang bekas sebagai media bahan ajar menekankan pada peran aktif siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Sehingga pembelajaran tidak hanya berfokus pada guru tetapi mampu meningkatkan kemampuan motorik halus anak melalui kelenturan jari-jemari, serta penggunaan panca indra nya. Peneliti menyimpulkan kegiatan pembelajaran pada pemanfaatan media barang bekas ini berhasil meningkatkan kemampuan motorik halus anak, serta mampu memunculkan kreativitas anak melalui kegiatan menempel tutup botol aqua menjadi susunan kelopak bunga.

A retrospective case series highlights two cases of postoperative endophthalmitis, in which similar improper technique of puncturing the antibiotic bottle with a nonsterile needle was noted. Patient A, a 65-year-old man with three weeks’ history of uneventful combined cataract and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) presented with acute painful right eye and vision blurring from 6/12 to 1/60 for two days. Examination showed severe anterior chamber activity and hazy fundal view. B-scan showed dense vitritis. Vitreous sampling revealed gram positive cocci, but no culture growth. Patient B, a 69-year-old man presented with three days’ history of right painful red eye and vision dropped to light perception following an uneventful cataract surgery. Examination showed severe anterior chamber activity with hypopyon, raised intraocular pressure, and no fundal view. B-scan detected dense vitritis with loculation. Vitreous sampling cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Patient B. In both cases, the patients reported piercing the generic topical ciprofloxacin 0.3% bottle tip with a nonsterile needle instead of the prescribed method of using the sterile, inner aspect of the bottle cap. However, the cultures of the bottle contents were negative in both cases. Both patients received intravitreal, topical, and systemic antibiotics and subsequently underwent PPV. Patient A recovered vision to baseline, while Patient B recovered to counting finger vision. The cap-puncturing mechanism for eye drop bottles is designed to maintain the sterility of the contents. However, this may backfire when patients do not understand the prescribed technique. We postulate that this improper technique predisposed the two cases to endophthalmitis.

In the present article the author states that of all the plastics found in a typical kitchen, two-thirds can't be recycled. The Society of Plastic Industries has created seven codes to differentiate between types of plastic. However, only two types can be recycled successfully: polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE), which is used to create water bottles and synthetic fibres, and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), used to create bottle caps and water pipes, among other things.

Metals used as cap for containers preserve liquids in the bottles, but the dumping of caps particularly soft drink bottle caps are harmful for the environment. On the other hand, concrete has low tensile strength and to offset this problem some fiber like material can be added to concrete to increase its tensile strength. Hence, an effort was made in the present investigation to study the influence of addition of waste materials like soft drink bottle caps at a dosage of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%, of total weight of concrete as fiber. In this study, caps were cut into strips of size of 3 mm width and 10 mm length. Experimental investigation was carried out adding bottle caps in concrete and tests were carried out as per recommended procedures by relevant codes. The experimental values such as compressive strength and split tensile strength were found to be increased. The most improved compressive strength and split tensile strength were found for 1% bottle cap fiber. The strengths were increased by maximum 22.98% and 23.14% respectively.

Promoting the detection range, durability, and shapeable manufacturing of flexible strain sensors is essential to broaden their applications. Therefore, in this study, styrene ethylene butylene styrene (SEBS) rubber as a flexible material and a melt-mixing molding method are adopted to design an ultra-flexible strain sensor. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are added to form a conductive network, and the effect of Ag flakes on improving the sensor performance is studied. The experiment results exhibit good strain–resistance dependent characteristics of the obtained sensor, which demonstrates an excellent sensing range of about 540% with a gauge factor (GF) of 5.197. The good hydrophobicity (water contact angle ≈120.4°), repeatable characteristics at different rates, strain-dependence and long-term recycling of the sensor are demonstrated as well. Finally, the fabricated round bracelet sensor is applied to detect different cross-sections, the movement of human joints, balloon inflation, bottle cap sealing and numerous other aspects.

A 40-year-old female presented with rectal discomfort due to retained lubricant bottle cap. She was hesitant to provide further details and has no medical comorbidities. There was no per rectal bleeding and no obstructive symptoms. There was no clinical evidence of external injury or perforation.

In the beverage manufacturing industry - the process of closing and sealing the bottle caps by an automated machine could cause defects due to imperfect equipment alignment. Small businesses rely on humans as a means to perform quality control, which is prone to errors due to long working hours. In this paper, we propose our real-time Deep Learning-based technique to automatically detect and classify bottle caps into 2 categories: good and defective. Good bottle caps should be aligned perfectly with bottle rings and close to the bottlenecks while defective bottle caps include loose caps, tilted caps, and missing caps. Our approach consists of combining Image Processing with Convolutional Neural Network. This machine learning approach is versatile, allowing the system to work even with different light and background settings. The system is suitable to perform at low to moderate conveyer speed capable of processing 24 frames per second with 96.40% overall accuracy.

The use of recycled and renewable components in structural applications supports the development of sustainable lightweight structures. Disposed bottle caps can be used to generate eco-friendly honeycomb cores, especially when combined with other eco-friendly components. A natural fibre-based laminate represents an alternative to synthetic fibres, matrices, and metals in skins for sandwich panels. This study evaluates the use of flax fibre laminates as sustainable skins for sandwich panels made from upcycled bottle caps core. Metallic skin cases are also tested as a reference. The influence of the amount of adhesive used to produce the panels is also investigated in a 22 full factorial design, together with an independent test carried out on samples made from natural fibres. The characterisation against flexural and low-velocity dynamic loads indicates that the flax fibre skin leads to specific core shear and flexural moduli up to 19% higher than in aluminium-based panels. Unidirectional flax fibres, however, reduce the energy absorption during impact. Flexural properties show that the most efficient design involves the least adhesive amount. Finite element models also show a good fit to the experimental results and indicate a 166% increase of energy absorption with the presence of multidirectional fibre laminates.

This work describes the use of transverse reinforcement in eco-friendly sandwich panels made from aluminium skins and a core of upcycled bottle caps. The Design of Experiments technique identifies the effect of the position of the metal rivets on the panel. The results show a moderate increase in strength and a significant enhancement of the sandwich panel stiffness when the rivets are placed on the upper skin, with a remarkable improvement in terms of the core shear modulus. The use of metal rivets has also increased the specific mechanical strength and stiffness of the panels, which highlights the effectiveness of the transverse reinforcement in bottle caps panels.

In order to realize the automatic detection and screening of defective caps, this paper is based on machine vision to realize the automatic detection of caps on conveyor belts running at high speed. The method of deblurring enhancement of dynamic bottle cap image is researched to reduce the image blur caused by high-speed operation. The sharpening process based on the prewitt method is applied to the dynamic image, which effectively solves the problem of virtual image of bottle cap in high-speed operation, and greatly improves the accuracy and rapidity of system detection. Based on the characteristics of the difference between the color of the bottle cap and the color of the conveyor belt, the collected color pictures are processed by gray binarization, filtering, shifting, and difference processing, and the result of whether the bottle cap to be tested is qualified is obtained, and the control function of the bottle cap is realized through the serial port interface technology. Through experimental verification, the accuracy of the design for the judgment of bottle caps is 99.56%, and the number of caps can be detected and processed in about 800 per minute.

Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) are widely used commodity plastics in packaging industry such as detergent bottles. To produce plastic detergent bottles, very often extrusion blown molded PE-HD as a body and injection molded PP as a screw cap are used. Separation of individual polymer type is difficult due to the similar density. Unfortunately, the melt blending of recycled post-consumer detergent bottle waste leads to deterioration of mechanical properties. Additionally, the percentage of rPP contamination in recycled PE-HD (rPE-HD) from post-consumer bottle waste can be varied depending on local waste composition and different sorting quality. This work investigates the effect of various contamination scenarios with different percentage of rPP from bottle caps in rPE-HD from bottle waste as well as their compatibilization with olefin block copolymer (OBC) on mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties. Moreover, the low temperature tensile properties of blends with OBC are also investigated in this study. The results showed that the increasing rPP contamination leads to deteriorating elongation at break and tensile impact strength. Furthermore, the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer into worse-case contamination scenario (15 wt% rPP in rPE-HD) significantly improved elongation at break and tensile impact strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the improvement in adhesion between rPP and rPE-HD from recycled bottle waste with the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer. Rheological measurements reveal the interfacial interaction among rPP, rPE-HD and OBC. The low temperature tensile test demonstrated that the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer improved low temperature tensile elongation at break.

An Automated Visual Inspection System has great potential in quality monitoring of products in a bottling line. The amount of the liquid in each bottle varies with the precision level of the machine and also due to human errors during initial setup. Improper filling in a bottle, forces the manufacturers to cast aside entire batches of a product leading to huge financial losses. A low-cost automated inspection system for inline bottling plants, which can detect filling anomalies has been investigated. The system will be tasked with monitoring the level of the liquid filled inside each bottle as that bottle passes through the inspection system installed around the existing bottling line. It will help maintain the product quality and also monitor the precision of the filling machines. The portion of the empty space between the surface of liquid inside the bottle and bottle cap will be used to check for filling anomalies specifically underfilling and overfilling. A simple initial calibration step has also been proposed to simplify setting up the system to account for different bottle types. The filing status for each bottle will be available for the user on the cloud and can be analysed for further insight.

Too much tightening torque of the bottle cap can cause the user difficulty in opening the bottle. The purpose of this paper was to explore factors affecting the tightening torque of the bottle cap. The test scenario of tightening operation of bottle cap was established. The tightening torques of sixteen young subjects (8 male/8 female) were measured at four operating distances, two working postures and three types of bottle cap diameters (30 mm, 36 mm and 60 mm). The results showed the larger the bottle cap diameter, the greater the tightening torque required of bottle cap. Gender, height, weight and hand length had significant influence on the tightening torque, and the tightening torque of men was larger than that of women when opening the bottle cap. However, the working posture and distance had no significant impact on the tightening torque. The research results could have some practical reference value for the ergonomic design and evaluation of manual knob torque.

A sandwich structure made of sustainable components is investigated under quasi-static and dynamic conditions. The upcycled plastic bottle caps are used to manufacture a greener circular cell honeycomb core, based on a full factorial design. A recycled PET foil is used as skins, being compared to a classic panel with aluminium skins. The particle-reinforced adhesive is also tested by adding recycled rubber particles, from remoulded tyres, and cement particles. Three-point bending test and a low-velocity drop-tower test are performed on sandwich structures. Flexural modulus has a 19% increase with aluminium skins, while core shear modulus increases by 27% with cement-reinforced PET panels. Energy absorption in quasi-static tests increased by 26% with rubber inclusions in aluminium-based samples, while no significant effect is observed in low-velocity impact tests. Aluminium skins lead to increments of up to 198% for specific energy absorption and 298% for specific maximum load under impact. The satisfactory results of the static and dynamic characterisation of the bottle cap structure highlight the promising characteristic of the reuse of plastic waste in lightweight structural applications.

Failure analysis was performed on WC–Co hard metal molds after long-term use in a bottle cap forming machine. In addition, we simulated the optimal physical properties of the top and bottom molds for minimizing the wear caused by long-term use. To this end, we investigated the microstructure, wear, hardness, and transverse rupture strength (TRS) of the top and bottom molds with different WC particle sizes and WC/Co content ratios via simulations with Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus as inputs. The results show that a large stress distribution at the top and bottom molds did not signify a high maximum stress value; the stress distributions and maximum stress depended on the combination of materials used for the molds. It was concluded that WC–Co hard metal molds with similar physical properties would fracture readily or suffer wear due to the relatively high stress, where the optimal combination showed the lowest maximum stress (compared with the other combinations) at the top mold, with a larger stress distribution than that of the bottom mold. These findings are expected to be useful for optimizing applications where hard metal pieces come into contact, e.g. designing molds for bottle cap forming machines with longer lifetimes and fewer bottle cap defects.

Exploring structure through the use of a familiar object allows very young children to develop an understanding of several concepts at one time.

In this study, electron beam (EB) irradiation was used for the inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus on the surface of polythylene terephthalate (PET) bottle preform and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle caps. The effects of EB irradiation doses (0,1,3,5,7,9 kGy) and original inoculated colony counts (101,102,103,104,105,106,107 CFU/sample) were evaluated on the residues of B. atrophaeus and the quality attributes of bottle caps and preform. A Weibull model for simulating the sterilization data was established by fitting the microorganism inactivation curves with a high coefficient (R2 > 0.93). The reductions of the microorganism lethal rate (log N/N0) up to 7.11log, 6.21log, 5.59log were shown on 38 mm bottle cap, 28 mm bottle cap and bottle preform with the original colony counts of 107 CFU/sample after the EB irradiation treatment at 9 kGy, respectively. The b* values of bottle preform and caps were slightly affected and the highest color change was observed for 28 mm bottle cap treated by 9 kGy EB irradiation, which resulted in a decrease of b* value from −39.86 ± 0.15 to −41.25 ± 0.42. Nevertheless, EB irradiation could be applied in the decontamination of PET bottle preform and HDPE bottle caps under reasonable doses.

The aim of this study is to produce high value-added composite materials by combining textile and packaging waste from two different sectors. Waste denim fabric was used as the reinforcement material, while polypropylene and polyethylene bottle caps, food, and cleaning containers were used as the matrix material for the production of composite panels. These composite panels were investigated in terms of air permeability and thermal and acoustic insulation behavior. The results indicate that the developed textile-based composite panels are applicable as commercial support materials and offer improved thermal and acoustic insulation properties. The developed composite material provides sound transmission loss up to 8 dB, and improves the thermal resistance value up to 0.11 m2oC/W. On the other hand, the flame retardant property of this composite material should be tested and developed at the point of applicability as an insulation material.

Food packaging is one of the essential steps of food industry because of kinds of reasons such as hygiene, practical usage, fast and easy consumption, long shelf life, good and long preserving of foods etc. This invention related with innovation of bottle that provides preservation, storage and transport of water and similar liquid into containers. Created patent brings a new invention of bottle which has not bottle cap but can be closed easily due to its invented special design thus a patent was obtained for related industries. In the patented design, length of inlet is long in the invention of container. There are one or two register films due to preference bottom of the inlet section. Bottle contains at least two vertical folding edges those have 180o vertical angle and also have at least one or two due to preference horizontal folding edge in the inlet section. Biopolymers from renewable resources have been examined and studied with great interest in recently. Environmental plastics are made from renewable raw materials such as maize and potato starch or the patent article, patent was introduced with suggestion manufacturing designed bottle with biodegradable materials for sustainable environment.

This study focuses on evaluation of used PET bottle caps as energy resource. Fuel properties of PET bottle caps were determined considering proximate analysis and HHV. In addition, combustion properties were investigated based on DSC profile and the functionalities were determined by FTIR technique. The fuel properties of PET were compared with those of a Turkish lignite, concluding that the HHV of PET is 3.5 times higher than that of lignite, what shows that using PET in energetic purpose may be promising approach. There are some important differences on the burning characteristics and functional groups of lignite and PET samples.

The main purpose of the present study is to prove the usability of a mechanism with a common rotational axis during twisting manipulation using a multi-fingered robotic hand where two fingers and two other fingers can independently rotate in inner and outer circles with a dual turning mechanism. Although various types of conventional multi-fingered hands have potential capability to achieve twisting manipulations such as opening a bottle cap from within a hand, it is well-known that such tasks are difficult to execute quickly due to limited working space of the fingers and complexity of control. The proposed hand with a common rotational axis is effective in rotational manipulation around a particular axis, where each joint role assignment is completely decoupled into internal force control for grasping an object and velocity control around the axis for rotating the object. We prove the usability of this mechanism with a common rotational axis through the use of a control scheme, and show experimental results involving manipulation tasks where twisting manipulation is dominant.

Advances in technology enhance human comforts and in the same time damages the environment. Plastic used as cap for containers preserve liquids in the bottles very well, but the disposal of caps particularly bottle caps which harmful to environmental. Hence an attempt has been made in the present investigations to study the influence of addition of waste materials like soft drink bottle caps dosage of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 20% of total weight of coarse aggregate as fibers. M25 grade of concrete was produced by replacing coarse aggregate by plastic bottle caps. In this investigation caps were cut into strips. Experimental investigation was carried out adding bottle caps in concrete and tests were carried out as per recommended procedures by relevant codes. Split tensile strength increases with increase of bottle caps. Split tensile and flexural strength of 5.0 % bottle cap fiber concrete increase up to 1.72% and 13.23 % more than plain concrete(without bottle cap plastic) respectively.