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Acidic soils cover two‐thirds of Brazil's land, significantly reducing pasture productivity and resilience. Tithonia diversifolia has emerged as a promising forage alternative for such soils. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of different soil acidity levels, determined by base‐cation saturation (BCS) levels, on the anatomical, and morphological analyses of the roots, the nutritional status of the plants, as well as the root and shoot biomass production. A 107‐days greenhouse experiment was carried out, employing a randomized block design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. The factors included two propagation methods (seeds and stem cuttings) and four BCS levels (19%, 39%, 52%, and 63%). There was no observed interaction between propagation methods and BCS levels regarding root and shoot biomass production. This indicates that T. diversifolia's tolerance to acidic soils is not affected by the propagation method. However, stem‐propagated plants exhibited significantly greater root (31% increase) and shoot (26% increase) biomass production compared to seed‐propagated plants. Regardless of the propagation method, T. diversifolia plants grown in soil with a 19% BCS level showed a substantial reduction in root (45% decrease) and shoot (31% decrease) biomass compared to the 63% BCS level treatment. The root anatomy and morphology of T. diversifolia are affected when cultivated in acidic soils with a 19% BCS level. Nevertheless, the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) test detected some mucilage in T. diversifolia roots, suggesting a potential defense mechanism for Al3+. The shoot biomass of T. diversifolia plants cultivated in soil with a 19% BCS level exhibited greater nutritional values compared to the 63% BCS level. In conclusion, propagation methods have a limited impact on the tolerance of T. diversifolia to acidic soils. Despite the negative effects on root and shoot biomass production, T. diversifolia effectively maintains nutrient uptake even under acidic soil conditions with Al3+ availability of 5 mmolc dm−3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of T. diversifolia in diets based on tropical grasses has proven potential to improve nutrient availability in these diets, as well as enhance animal production in different productive conditions. However, recent studies have evidenced that there are better genotypes that could be selected to enhance the use of this species. This paper shows the principal results obtained in the determination of the genetic and phenotypic variability of T. diversifolia in materials collected in Colombia. Initially, a genetic assessment is presented permitting to identify seven outstanding genotypes as animal feed and with great genetic diversity. These materials have been spread to conduct studies for determining genotype-environment interaction in biomass yield, fermentative performance, chemical composition, and sexual propagation. The results evidence that T. diversifolia materials can be identified and selected for having better adaptation to specific conditions than others, better growth, higher offer of nutrients, and capacity of modifying the dynamic of fermentation in the rumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se describe el comportamiento del crecimiento de componentes morfológicos de Tithonia diversifolia material O-23 colectado en el oriente de Cuba, se utilizaron diferentes criterios estadísticos para determinar los modelos de crecimiento de mejor bondad de ajuste en cada periodo estacional (seca y lluvia). Las variables se midieron cada 14 días durante 16 o 18 semanas en la seca y la lluvia. El modelo lineal en la estación lluviosa se ajustó a la altura de la planta (R 2 :0.95 y p: 0.0001), peso de la planta íntegra (R 2 : 0.89 y p: 0.0004), peso de tallo/planta (R 2 : 0.89 y p: 0.0005) y % de materia seca de la planta íntegra (R 2 : 0.95 y p: 0.0001). En la estación seca lo hizo para el peso de la planta íntegra (R 2 : 0.70 y p: 0.0487) y rendimiento (R 2 : 0.71 y p: 0.0507). El modelo cuadrático en la estación lluviosa se ajustó a número (R 2 :0.70 y p: 0.050) y grosor del tallo (R 2 : 0.95 y p: 0.001), número de hojas secas/planta (R 2 :0.84 y p: 0.010), peso seco de hojas/planta (R 2 : 0.93 y p: 0.004), % de hojas/planta (R 2 :0.94 y p: 0.008) y peso fresco de 10 hojas (R 2 : 0.89 y p: 0.006). En la estación seca lo hizo para peso de hojas/planta (R 2 : 0.84 y p: 0.050) y % de materia seca de tallo (R 2 : 0.78 y p: 0.049). El modelo cúbico sólo se ajustó para el peso de hojas/planta MF (R 2 : 0.93 y p: 0.050) en la estación seca. Se concluye que Tithonia diversifolia material vegetal O-23 en sentido general expresó sus mejores valores para influir en la producción de biomasa entre las se- manas 8 y 11 en ambas estaciones climáticas. Los modelos lineal y cuadrático son adecuados para describir el comportamiento de las variables en el tiempo.

Para estudiar el desarrollo de 24 materiales de Tithonia diversifolia recolectados en la zona de Las Tunas y Granma en Cuba durante la estación lluviosa, se determinó altura de la planta (cm), inserción de la primera hoja verde (cm), número de hojas (verdes, amarillas y secas/tallo), número de tallos/plantón, diámetro del tallo (mm) y monitoreo de plagas y enfermedades. El análisis multivariado explicó 80.54% de la variabilidad en conjunto de los componentes, hoja 44.10%, estructura 22.88% y flor 13.56%. Las variables de mayor preponderancia del componente hoja: número de hojas (verdes, amarillas y secas/tallo), número de flores/tallo y edad de crecimiento; del componente estructura: altura de planta, altura de la primera hoja verde y diámetro del tallo; y para el componente flor: altura de la primera rama floral, diámetro de la primera rama floral y número de botones/rama floral. Ello permitió la formación de tres grupos por tipificación del crecimiento: en el grupo I, los materiales tienen alto número de hojas verdes y baja cantidad de hojas amarillas y secas, alto número de tallos por plantón, la altura de la primera hoja verde se ubica alrededor de los 100 cm y la planta alcanza altura de 209.17 cm y su respuesta al corte fue superior a 90%. El grupo II presentó igual comportamiento de crecimiento a 60 y 90 días de edad y se caracteriza por mayor altura de la planta y de la inserción de la primera hoja verde en el tallo, mayor grosor del tallo, valores intermedios para el número de hojas (verdes, amarillas y secas), menor número de tallos/plantón con relación al grupo I y mejor respuesta al corte. El grupo III se caracteriza por la no presencia de hojas verdes y amarillas, altos valores de hojas secas, alta presencia de flores y adecuada cantidad de tallos/plantón, respuesta aceptable al corte y donde la altura de estas plantas alcanzó 278.63 cm con un grosor del tallo menor de 14 mm. Cabe mencionar que los materiales 1, 4, 5 y 14 tuvieron crecimiento diferente según la edad y el material 23 no estuvo afectado por la edad. Se concluye que los materiales 2, 3, 12, 14, 17, 23 y 24 son representativos para cada edad de crecimiento estudiada y el crecimiento menos adecuado se presentó a los 90 días.

Actualmente existe una alta demanda de alimentos balanceados destinados a la ceba de animales que resultan costosos, por lo tanto, los alimentos balanceados no convencionales son una alternativa para obtener buenos resultados a bajo costo; planteando como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la suplementación de diferentes forrajes en el desempeño productivo y rendimiento de la canal de 24 conejos machos raza Nueva Zelanda, distribuidos en 4 tratamientos con 6 individuos cada uno, determinando ganancia de peso, rendimiento de canal y costos de alimentación. Se realizó un análisis de medidas repetidas en el tiempo con el paquete estadístico SAS, encontrando que no hay diferencias significativas (p≤0,05) entre el Botón de oro y el alimento comercial, con respecto a peso final y rendimiento de la canal, identificando una disminución en costos, concluyendo que la suplementación con materias primas no convencionales es una alternativa para reducir los costos de producción, hasta un 59%.

The effect of growth age (30, 60 and 90 days) on the polyphenol content of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) materials collected in eastern Cuba was evaluated. A completely random design with 10 repetitions was applied. Total polyphenols and total condensed tannins were determined in seven tithonia materials (2, 3, 12, 14, 17, 23 and 24) in the rainy and dry seasons. An analysis of variance was performed, according to a completely random design in a 3 x 7 factorial arrangement. The factors were the growth age (30, 60 and 90 days) and the T. diversifolia materials (2, 3, 12, 14, 17, 23 and 24). There was an increase in phenolic compounds with growing age and the highest values were reached at 90 days. Material 3 showed the highest content of total polyphenols (4.62 % DM) in the dry season, and 12 reached the highest concentration of total condensed tannins (2.33 % DM) in the rainy season. The studied materials showed differences in the content and type of phenolic compounds in both seasons of the year. This experiment will help to select the materials with the greatest biological potential for animal feeding. Future researches are suggested to identify the biological activity of these substances and their relation with the beneficial effects in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Climate change, anthropic factor and non-compliance with livestock technologies are factors that modify ecosystems and biodiversity, which leads to the adoption of productive alternatives based on shrub species. Objective: To evaluate the biological behavior of six cultivars of Tithonia diversifolia (Helms.) A. Gray in three localities of the Manabí province, Ecuador. Methodology: The cultivars were obtained from the Vegetable Program of the National University of Colombia, establishing themselves in the localities: El Carmen, Canuto and San Antonio. The plant structure and physiological morpho evaluations were developed every 90 days for one year under a divided plot design with four repetitions. Results: The principal component analysis (PCA) with the formation of three components managed to determine 70.53% of the accumulated variance explained. The analysis of variance yielded, depending on the interaction, that the San Antonio locality in the rainy period was the one that allowed expressing the potential of the cultivars (1-3 and 13-5) as a function of height, number of shoots and leaves. dead, (all except 1-2), while forage yield was not affected by the third degree interaction, if not, by the combination of locality x cultivars, where the best expression (P≤0.001) was obtained in the locality El Carmen with cultivar 13-5. Implications: This is the first report about the cultivation and evaluation of cultivars of T. diversifolia in the coastal zone of Ecuador, considering as expectations, assess the expression of the nutritional value in the edaphoclimatic conditions in which they grew, and explore about the services ecosystems that this plant offers in production systems. Conclusions: There was a differentiated response for each cultivars in the variables studied, some (1-3 and 13-5) showed an attitude towards the growth, development and production of biomass, favored by the climatic conditions of the towns of El Carmen and Canuto. While others (1-2) showed a poor performance in all the factor relationships considered. In the San Antonio locality the lowest values of most of the variables under study were concentrated, affecting the accumulation of biomass.

El Instituto de Ciencia Animal de Cuba trabaja desde 2006 con esta planta mediante un estudio integral de la potencialidad de una fuente de follaje abundante en el trópico y componente de la flora cubana.

The growth behavior of morphological components of Tithonia diversifolia material O-23 collected in eastern Cuba is described, different statistical criteria were used to determine the growth models with the best goodness of fit in each seasonal period (dry and rainy). The variables were measured every fourteen days for 16 or 18 weeks in the dry and rainy. The linear model in the rainy season was adjusted to the height of the plant (R²: 0.95 and p: 0.0001), weight of the integral plant (R²: 0.89 and p: 0.0004), weight of stem / plant (R²: 0.89 and p: 0.0005), and% of dry matter of the integral plant (R²: 0.95 and p: 0.0001). In the dry season it did so for the weight of the integrated plant (R²: 0.70 and p: 0.0487) and yield (R²: 0.71 and p: 0.0507). The quadratic model in the rainy season was adjusted to number (R²: 0.70 and p: 0.050) and stem thickness (R²: 0.95 and p: 0.001), number of dry leaves / plant (R²: 0.84 and p: 0.010), dry weight of leaves / plant (R²: 0.93 and p: 0.004), % of leaves / plant (R²: 0.94 and p: 0.008) and fresh weight of 10 leaves (R²: 0.89 and p: 0.006). In the dry season it was done for weight of leaves/plant (R²: 0.84 and p: 0.050) and % of stem dry matter (R²: 0.78 and p: 0.049). The cubic model was only adjusted for the weight of leaves / plant MF (R²: 0.93 and p: 0.050) in the dry season. It is concluded that Tithonia diversifolia plant material O-23 in a general sense expressed its best values to influence biomass production between weeks eigth and 11 in both climatic seasons. The linear and quadratic models are adequate to describe the behavior of the variables over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para estudiar el crecimiento de 24 materiales de Tithonia diversifolia, recolectados en las provincias de Las Tunas y Granma en Cuba. Se determinó: altura de la planta (cm), inserción de la primera de hoja verde (cm), número de hojas verdes, amarillas y secas/tallo, número de tallos/plantón, diámetro del tallo (mm) y monitoreo de plagas y enfermedades. Se realizó una poda inicial 30 días antes de iniciar la primera evaluación. Las mediciones se tomaron en febrero, marzo y abril. El análisis multivariado explicó 73.83% de la variabilidad. Las variables de mayor preponderancia fueron altura de planta, altura a la primera hoja verde, número de hojas (verdes, amarillas y secas/tallo), diámetro del tallo y edad de crecimiento, con relación positiva. Todos los materiales pertenecieron al grupo de lenta recuperación a los 30 días de crecimiento (febrero), sobresaliendo los materiales 1, 3, 4 y 5; estos últimos tuvieron igual comportamiento hasta los 60 días (marzo). El grupo de crecimiento intermedio a los 60 días estuvo integrado por los materiales del 6-24 y se integraron los materiales 1, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 21 y 23 con tiempo de crecimiento de 90 días (abril). En un tercer grupo formado por los materiales con mayor índice factorial y edad de crecimiento de 90 días fueron 2, 6-9, 13-20, 22 y 24. Por lo que se concluye que los materiales a la edad de 60 días presentaron el crecimiento más adecuado, no siendo así a 90 días para la producción de biomasa.

Para estudiar el crecimiento de nueve materiales de Tithonia diversifolia, recolectados del centro-este de Cuba, se utilizaron diez repeticiones en un diseño completamente aleatorizado en con-diciones de secano. Se determinaron los indicadores altura de planta (cm), número de hojas y ramas, diámetro del tallo (mm) y monitoreo de plagas y enfermedades. Se evaluó cada 15 días, por espacio de 12 semanas. El análisis multivariado mostró que en la estación lluviosa se explica 89.41% de la variabilidad, y en la seca 95.58%. Las variables de mayor preponderancia en la lluvia fueron altura, número de hojas y ramas, y diámetro del tallo; en la seca se destacó la altura de planta, número de ramas y diámetro del tallo en la primera componente, y en el otro número de hojas, todas en relación positiva. Durante la lluvia, los materiales 1, 5, 6 y 7 presentaron lenta recuperación después del corte y comenzaron con valores positivos a partir del cuarto muestreo. Mientras 3, 8 y 9 lo hacen desde el tercer muestreo, el resto más pausada. En seca, el indicador estructura alcanzó los mayores valores con los materiales 8 y 9, seguidos de 3, 4 y 5, y los menores 1 y 6. Para el indicador hoja se presentó igual comportamiento. Todos los materiales alcanzaron valores negativos a partir del quinto muestreo. Los materiales que exhiben de forma estable mayor crecimiento en ambas épocas son 3, 8 y 9, y menor 1 y 6.

En el trópico existen recursos forrajeros que poseen un gran potencial en la alimentación de conejos y, además, pueden ser producidos en grandes cantidades. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de suministrar forraje fresco de Tithonia diversifolia, Trichanthera gigantea y Arachis pintoi en la alimentación de conejos, durante la fase de ceba, sobre el desempeño productivo. Se utilizaron 16 conejos de la raza Nueva Zelanda Blanco, 8 hembras y 8 machos, con 30 días de edad y peso vivo de 976±63g, que fueron distribuidos en los tratamientos, según un diseño experimental bloques al azar, utilizando el sexo del animal, como factor de bloqueo. El experimento presentó una duración de 35 días. Los tratamientos consistieron en cuatro dietas suministradas a conejos, durante la fase de engorde, que se diferenciaron según el tipo de forraje utilizado: un control en donde sólo se suministró concentrado a voluntad y, otros tres, en los que, adicionalmente, se proporcionaron 180g FV/día de T. diversifolia, T. gigantea o A. pintoi. Los animales fueron sacrificados a los 65 días de edad. El suministro de forraje no afectó el peso ni el consumo de concentrado. El consumo total de alimento, concentrado+forraje, fue mayor para los conejos que recibieron el A. pintoi frente a los que recibieron T. gigantea, pero no en comparación con T. diversifolia.

Tithonia diversifolia and cassava bran are two food resources that noted for their protein and energy levels, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response performance of broilers fed diets containing T. diversifolia silage alone or mixed with cassava bran. We used 150 females chickens, which were housed in 15 pens and each pen was assigned to the treatments according to a randomized experimental design. The treatments consisted of three diets that were supplied to birds between 35 and 56 d of age: a control where the birds were fed only concentrate and two other treatments in which the birds were supplied concentrate of control treatment and additionally offered T. diversifolia silage either alone or mixed with cassava bran. Silage supply did not affect live weight at 56 d of age, but resulted in a reduction in concentrate consumption (P

To study the growth of 24 materials of Tithonia diversifolia, collected in the provinces of Las Tunas and Granma in Cuba. The following were determined: height of the plant (cm), insertion of the 1st green leaf (cm), number of green, yellow and dry leaves/stem, number of stems/seedling, diameter of the stem (mm) and monitoring of pests and diseases. Initial pruning was performed 30 days before the first evaluation. The measurements were taken in February, March and April. The multivariate analysis explained 73.83% of the variability. The variables with the highest prevalence were plant height, height at the 1st green leaf, number of leaves (green, yellow and dry / stem), stem diameter and growth age, with a positive relationship. All the materials belonged to the group of slow recovery at 30 days of growth (February), excelling materials 1, 3, 4 and 5; these last had the same behavior until 60 days (March). The group of intermediate growth at 60 days was composed of materials from 6-24 and materials 1, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 21 and 23 were integrated with a 90 day growth time (April). In a third group formed by the materials with the highest factorial index and growth age of 90 days were 2, 6-9, 13-20, 22 and 24. Therefore, it is concluded that the materials at the age of 60 days presented the more appropriate growth, not being so at 90 days for the production of biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the growth of nine Tithonia diversifolia materials, collected in central-eastern Cuba, an experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design, with ten replicates and under rainfed conditions. The indicators height of the plant (cm), number of leaves and branches, diameter of the stem (mm) and monitoring of pests and diseases were determined. All were taken every fortnight, for 12 weeks. The multivariate analysis showed that in the rainy season 89.41% of the variability was explained, and in the dry 95.58%. The variables of greatest preponderance in the rain were height, number of leaves and branches, and diameter of the stem, in the dry the height of the plant was emphasized, number of branches and diameter of the stem in the first component and in the other number of leaves all in positive relation. During the rain, materials 1, 5, 6 and 7 presented slow recovery after the cut and started with positive values from the fourth sampling. While 3, 8 and 9 do so markedly from the third sampling, the rest more paused. In dry, the structure indicator reached the highest values with materials 8 and 9 followed by 3, 4 and 5, and the minor ones 1 and 6. For the leaf indicator, the same behavior was observed. All materials reached negative values after the fifth sampling. It is concluded that the materials that exhibit more stable growth both in the rainy season and in dry season are 3, 8 and 9, and lower 1 and 6. It is recommended to develop other works with them in order to evaluate their growth curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of Tithonia diversifolia to the composting of coffee residues and the effect on the production of chard and soil was evaluated, in order to improve the quality of the organic fertilizer and the use of the resources of the farm. 4 compostes were made from coffee pulp, banana tree trunk, gallinaza, adding 3 different amounts of T. diversifolia; Chemical composition, microbiological analysis and nutrient supply were determined. A randomized complete block design was used with three replicates and four treatments varying the amount of gold button T1: 50% coffee pulp, 25% chicken manure, 25% banana stump; T2: with 20% of Gold Button; T3: with 33% of Gold Button, and T4: with 50% of Gold Button. The evaluated variables were plant height, number of leaves and weight per plant in two cycles of planting. It was determined that the highest increase in chard yield was obtained in T3 and T4 containing more Tithonia diversifolia. In addition, the application of composting improves the soil chemical properties by increasing CIC, pH, N, K y Si. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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