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Bu çalışmanın ana teması Hz. Peygamber dönemi savaş ekonomisidir. Bununla bağlantılı olarak Hz. Peygamber'in harpleri organize etmek için izlediği politikanın içeriği, savaşların iktisadî gerekçeleri, savaşların finanse edilmesi, savaş gelirleri ve gelirlerin iktisadî hayat üzerindeki etkileri ele alınmıştır. Araştırmamızın amacı, Müslümanların sosyal hayatında meydana gelen değişimlerde savaşların rolünü tespit etmektir. Bu bağlamda "Savaş sürecinin iktisadî hayat üzerindeki yansımaları nelerdir?" sorusu, yanıtlamaya çalıştığımız başlıca problemdir. Nitel araştırma yöntemini kullandığımız bu çalışmada, savaş ve ekonomi ilişkisini anlamaya yönelik temalar oluşturulmuştur. Birtakım olumsuz etkileri olmakla birlikte savaş sürecinin ekseriyetle Müslümanların lehine sonuçlandığı tespit edilmiştir. İslâm Devleti'nin ilk yıllarında ticaret, tarım, hayvancılık ve zanaattan oluşan geçim vasıtalarına ganimetler eklenmiş, idarecilik gibi yeni bir istihdam alanı oluşmuştur. Bu durum, başta devlet hazinesi olmak üzere Müslümanların gelirlerine ve iktisadî hayatın çeşitli alanlarına yansımıştır. Savaş gelirlerinin artmasıyla beytülmâl zenginleştiği için kamuoyuna yönelik harcamalarda devletin rolü gelişmiştir. Hayvancılık ve tarım gibi alanlarda önemli gelişmeler kaydedilmiştir. Medine'nin ilk yıllarında iktisadî zorluklarla mücadele eden Müslümanların hayat şartlarında kayda değer gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. Henüz kurumsallaşma aşamasındaki İslâm Devleti'nin kısa süre içerisinde elde ettiği bu kazanımlar ise Hz. Peygamber'in savaş ekonomisi sürecinde izlediği politikanın önemine işaret etmektedir. The main theme of this study is the war economy in the Prophet Muhammad era. In connection with this, the content of the policy of the Prophet Muhammad to organize wars, the economic reasons of wars, the financing of wars, war revenues and the impact of revenues had on economic life are discussed. The aim of our research is to determine the role of wars considering the changes in the social life of Muslims. In this context, the question of "What are the reflections of the war process on economic life?" is the main issue we are trying to answer. In this study, in which we used the qualitative research method, themes were created to understand the relationship between war and economy. Although it had some negative effects, it was determined that the war process mostly resulted in favor of the Muslims. In the first years of the Islamic State, bootys were added to the means of livelihood consisting of trade, agriculture, animal husbandry and crafts, and a new field of employment such as administration was created. This situation had reflections on the incomes of Muslims, especially in the state treasury, and on various areas of economic life. The role of the state in public expenditures was improved, as the Beytulmal became richer with the increase in war revenues. Significant progress was made in areas such as animal husbandry and agriculture. There were significant developments in the living conditions of Muslims who struggled with economic difficulties in their first years in Madina. These gains that the Islamic State, which was still in the institutionalization stage, achieved in a short time, point to the importance of the policy carried out by the Prophet Muhammad during the war economy.

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility procedure for the auction of the booty carried out by the Jambi District Attorney and to find out the obstacles in the implementation of the booty auction and the efforts to overcome it. The results of the research are: The execution process of the looted goods carried out by the Jambi District Attorney is carried out in 3 (three) stages, namely: 1) Pre Auction, namely before the sale of the booty auction, it is necessary to obtain a permit. 2) The implementation of the auction as well as the auction of the confiscated goods can be carried out and does not conflict with the applicable laws and regulations. 3) After the auction, as must be done steps to deposit and report the results of the auction and make minutes of the meeting. The obstacle that often occurs in the execution of the AGO's execution auction is the issuance of a permit for the auction of looted goods carried out by the Indonesian Attorney General's Office which needs consideration. Efforts that can be made in dealing with the problem of the length of time for issuing permits to conduct auctions and determining the limit price of confiscated goods require quick and decisive action from the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia. ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prosedur kelayakan pelaksanaan pelelangan barang rampasan yang dilakukan oleh Kejaksaan Negeri Jambi dan untuk mengetahui kendala dalam pelaksanaan pelelangan barang rampasan tersebut dan upaya untuk mengatasinya. Hasil penelitian adalah: Proses eksekusi terhadap barang rampasan yang dilakukan oleh Kejaksaan Negeri Jambi dilakukan dengan 3 (tiga) tahap, yaitu: 1)Pra Lelang yaitu sebelum dijual lelang barang rampasan perlu mendapatkan izin. 2)Pelaksanaan Lelang sebagaimana pelaksanaan lelang terhadap barang rampasan tersebut dapat dilaksanakan dan tidak bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. 3)Pasca Lelang sebagaimana harus dilakukan langkah penyetoran dan laporan hasil lelang dan membuat risalah rapat. Kendala yang sering terjadi dalam pelaksanaan lelang eksekusi Kejaksaan adalah pengeluaran surat izin lelang barang rampasan yang dilakukan oleh Kejaksaan Agung RI yang perlu pertimbangan. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam menangani masalah lamanya waktu pengeluaran izin pelaksanaan lelang dan penentuan harga limit barang rampasan perlu adanya tindakan yang cepat dan tegas dari Kejaksaan Agung Republik Indonesia.

Öz: Araplar, Asur yazılı belgelerinde ve sarayların duvarlarını süsleyen rölyeflerde kendilerine yer edinmişlerdir. Arapların Asur kaynaklarına konu olması, onların önemli ticaret güzergâhlarından birisinin kontrolünü ellerinde tutmaları, aramotikler ve deve açısından zengin kaynaklara sahip olmalarıyla ilgiliydi. Asur kralları Arabistan Yarımadası’ndaki çıkarlarını bazen askeri seferler ile bazen ise siyasi uzlaşma yoluyla korumaya çalışmıştır. Asur, gerçekleştirdiği askeri seferler ile Araplar üzerinde üstünlük kurmuş olmasına rağmen, bölgenin sahip olduğu coğrafi ve iklim şartları Asur’un bölgeye nüfuz etmesine engel olmuştur. Asur’un bölgeye gerçekleştirdiği seferler geniş çaplı yağma faaliyetlerinden öteye geçememiş, Asur ordusu geri çekilir çekilmez Arap kabileleri bağımsız bir şekilde davranmışlar ve ilk fırsatta Asur karşıtı hareketlerin içerisinde yer almışlardır. Asur kaynakları, Asur ve Arap krallıkları arasındaki askeri ve siyasi ilişkilerinin yanında, Arapların siyasi ekonomik ve sosyal hayatları hakkındaki önemli bilgileri barındırmaktadır. Asur yazılı belgeleri Arabistan tarihi hakkında bilgi veren ilk yazılı kaynak olma özelliği de taşımaktadır. Abstract: The Arabs took their place in the Assyrian written documents and in the reliefs adorning the walls of the palaces. The fact that the Arabs were the subject of Assyrian resources was related to their control of one of the important trade routes and having rich resources in terms of aramotics and camels. Assyrian kings tried to protect their interests in the Arabian Peninsula, sometimes through military expeditions and sometimes through political compromise. Although Assyria has gained superiority over Arabs through military expeditions, the geographical and climatic conditions of the region prevented Assyria from penetrating the region. Expeditions made by Assyria to the region could not go beyond extensive looting activities, as soon as the Assyrian army returned, the Arab tribes acted independently and took part in anti-Assyrian movements at the first opportunity they had. Assyrian sources contain important information about the political, economic and social life of Arabs, as well as their military and political relations between the Assyrian and Arab kingdoms. The Assyrian written documents are also the first written sources providing information about the history of Arabia.

The paper examines the akıncıs’ actions and hence the motivation for their raids as essential constituents within the process of Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the late Middle Ages. Focusing on the raiders and their plundering activities, it asserts that the akıncıs played a crucial key role in the early Ottoman slave economy, as slave hunting was arguably the main economic driving force behind the Ottoman conquest. It hence argues that an analysis of the akıncıs allows for new insights into the nature of the early Ottoman Empire, but also advances the idea that their actions fall within a particular phase of the conquest period. To that end, the authors re-periodize the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans into the akıncı phase, which spanned eight to thirteen decades, depending on the region, and was characterized by continuous slave hunting and destruction of economic infrastructure, and the phase of administrative integration into the Ottoman Empire, which latter process was pursued by other actors, namely imperial elites from the center, and is usually characterized by at least partial repopulation of demographically weakened areas.

There are some suggestions on the origins and nature of the word savga occurring in numerous historical sources in various languages from the 12th century on, but there is still no peculiar and comprehensive study attributed to that concept. This word was used in the Turkic and Mongolian states to denote gathering and sharing the booty, and rewarding the soldiers, officials and members of the dynasty by the khan, and gained popularity in the course of time, so that it was not translated into other languages, but was loaned directly. Savga means gratuity according to the dictionaries, but we try to find out its historical context in this paper, which is composed of four parts. Firstly, the oldest sources mentioning that word will be examined and its older meanings will be given. Secondly, we will discuss the meanings explained by philology scholars on the basis of etymological dictionaries by pointing to the concerning studies. Thirdly, there is a chronological investigation of the sharing of plunder and booty in the steppe peoples, through which we aim at putting a light upon the historical background of the phenomenon of conferment, which concerns closely the state mechanism and the military and social order. The last part of the paper deals with the use of the word savga in the sources of the Golden Horde and especially the Crimean Khanate. We will also cite the concerning records of the famous traveler Evliya Çelebi, who travelled along Eastern Europe., XII. yüzyıldan itibaren çeşitli dillerde yazılmış pek çok tarihî kaynakta geçen savga sözcüğünün kökeni ve mahiyeti hakkında bazı görüşler ileri sürülmüşse de söz konusu kavrama ilişkin müstakil, geniş kapsamlı ve tatminkâr bir inceleme şimdiye dek yapılamamıştır. Türk ve Moğol soylu devletlerde savaş ganimetinin toplanması, paylaşılması, hanların askerlerini, memurlarını veya hanedan mensuplarını ödüllendirmesi ile ilgili olarak kullanılan bu sözcüğün zamanla küresel ölçekte yaygınlık kazandığı ve tercüme edilmeden, teknik bir terim olarak, muhtelif dillere girdiği anlaşılıyor. Lügatlerde ağırlıklı olarak “hediye” ve “armağan” mealinde kullanılan savga mefhumunu tarihî bağlamına oturtmaya çalıştığımız bu makale dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde sözcüğün zikredildiği en eski kaynakları tetkik edecek ve buralardaki tipik örnekleri sunacağız. İkinci bölümde etimolojik sözlüklerde filologların bahse konu kavrama yükledikleri anlamlar üzerinde duracak ve buna bağlı olarak yapılan ilmî tartışmalara temas edeceğiz. Üçüncü bölümde bozkır halklarında yağma ve ganimetin paylaşımı meselesini kronolojik olarak inceleyip, hanları, askerî nizamı ve sosyal düzeni yakından ilgilendiren ödüllendirme ve bağışta bulunma sorununun tarihî arka planını aydınlatmaya çalışacağız. Makalemizin esasını teşkil eden son bölümde ise Altın Orda çağından başlayarak, özellikle Kırım Hanlığı hakkında bilgi veren kaynaklarda savga tabirinin kullanımına dair misaller vereceğiz. Ayrıca Deşt-i Kıpçak sahasında seyahat eden Evliya Çelebi’nin konu ile ilgili tuttuğu mühim kayıtlara da değineceğiz.

The celebration of victory, along with the demonstration of power and invincibility, was one of the key elements of public art in advanced ancient civilizations. Ancient Greece was no exception. Classical Athenian art was largely funded by the Athenians’ military booty and the members of the Delian League. Every piece of work was designed to make the unity and power of the Greek world visible, led by Athens, to emphasize the difference between Greeks and those they called barbarians. Permanent monuments, tropaia, served to constantly remind people of the great triumphs of the Hellenes over defeated enemies. They began to appear during the Greco-Persian Wars. These were community works that later became a model for the propaganda repertoire of the Romans and other nations. However, there were not the only Greek memorials celebrating victory. In individual city-states and temple districts were buildings, sculptures and paintings celebrating the power of Hellenes that were complemented by literary works of poets and playwrights. The effort to make military power and superiority more visible in art was also characterized by the fratricidal battles of the Greeks during the Peloponnesian Wars.

Madrider Mitteilungen, Vol. 61 (2020), Der vorliegende Beitrag bespricht Roms m��gliche Motive f��r die Eroberung der gesamten Iberischen Halbinsel nach der Niederlage der kolonialen Verwaltung Karthagos in S��dspanien, dem heutigen Andalusien. Er res��miert die moderne kontroverse Diskussion dar��ber, ob die Annektion Spaniens eine notwendige Ma��nahme zur Selbstverteidigung oder im Gegenteil eine Chance der Bereicherung darstellte. Die Schlu��folgerung des Autors ist, dass nach der Niederlage von Hannibal Spanien keine Bedrohung mehr darstellte und die Annektion daher sowohl in Roms ideologischer ��berzeugung der Eroberung und Dominanz, als auch dem Ehrgeiz der r��mischen Aristokratie nach Ehre, Ruhm und Beute begr��ndet liegt.

En este trabajo se estudia el proceso de vaciamiento del territorio de la Alpujarra de moriscos en los últimos compases de la guerra de 1568-1571. Para ello se emplea documentación inédita sobre 19 cabalgadas emprendidas en el territorio entre octubre de 1570 y enero de 1571, que ofrecen valiosos datos sobre la composición humana y origen geográfico de los individuos esclavizados, y se comparan con las listas que se confeccionaron para agruparlos en grandes contingentes que se enviaban para su venta a la ciudad de Granada. Extermination and slavery of the Moriscos in the Alpujarra of Almería, 1570-1571. The process of elimination and emptying of the Moriscos in the Alpujarra in the last phases of the 1568-1571 war is the focus of this article, built up over unpublished documents about 19 razzias undertaken in the territory between October 1570 and January 1571. These documents offer a complete set of data about the human characteristics and geographical origins of the enslaved individuals, which is compared with the lists elaborated to gather them and send those groups to be sold in Granada. Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades PID2019-107156RB-I00 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033

DergiPark: 689239 rumeli This study addresses Shahz?de Mehmet Korkut’s views of concubine in the context of loot.Shahz?de Korkud was born in the XV century. He completed the scholarship training of the era on the highest level as it should be. Korkud also worked as a Shahz?de in various centers in the political structure of the dynasty.The study is limited to the works given in the title. It attracts the attention that he is frequently referring to Shafi’i doctrines which is different from the scholarship tradition of Ottoman and Anatolia and that he demonstrates proofs. Korkud is known to be the only person adopted Shafi’i doctrines along with scholarship among the traditional Ottoman dynasty members.Korkud was of the opinion that the sharia law was not followed in issues of Ottoman rule. Such as booty, concubinage, taking lives unjustly and including customs into the politics. Therefore, he expressed opinions on the aforementioned issues and other fields such as Sufism and ruling.As a member of the implementation/administration side, he brings fatwas which demonstrates the legitimate situations to the fore and he demonstrates his scholarly ability when presenting the faults of the implementations. Bu çalışma Şehzade Mehmed Korkud’un ganimet bağlamında cariyelik hakkındaki görüşlerini konu edinmektedir.Şehzade Korkud, İstanbul’un fethinden yaklaşık on beş sene sonra dünyaya gelmiştir. Hayatının çoğunu XV. asrın ikinci yarısında geçirmiştir. Devrin ilim tahsilini en üst seviyede gerektiği gibi tamamlamıştır. Korkud, üyesi bulunduğu hanedanlığın siyası yapısında çeşitli merkezlerde şehzadelik görevler ifa etmiştir. Fakat bu görevler esnasında ilim insanlığı özlemi ağır basmıştır.Araştırma, onun eserlerinden isimleri başlıkta verilenlerle sınırlandırılmıştır. Eserlerinde Osmanlı ve Anadolu ilim geleneğinden farklı olarak yoğun biçimde Şafii mezhebi literatürüne atıflar yapması ve deliller göstermesi dikkat çekmektedir. Nitekim Şehzade Korkud, geleneksel Osmanlı hanedan üyelerinden alimliğinin yanında Şafii mezhebini benimseyen tek kişi olarak bilinmektedir.Korkud, üyesi bulunduğu Osmanlı yönetiminin ganimet, cariyelik, haksız yere bir cana kıyma ve siyasete örfün karışması gibi konularda şeriata uyulmadığı kanaatindedir. Bu nedenle adı geçen konular başta olmak üzere diğer alanlarla ilgili, örneğin tasavvuf ve yönetim alanlarında da fikirler beyan etmiştir.

International audience; During the final centuries of the Roman Republic, its generals completed the conquest of the Mediterranean world. Flows of wealth were brought back to Rome, the most part of which were used for major urbanistic transformations of the city. These conquests also brought to Rome flows of Greek statues, books, and educated individuals carrying new cultural, intellectual, and educational practices. In return, the Emperors Augustus and Hadrian built some typically Roman buildings in the city of Athens.; Dans les derniers siècles de la République, les généraux romains achevant la conquête du monde méditerranéen rapportent à Rome des quantités énormes de richesses, dont une grande partie est investie dans les transformations urbanistiques de la Ville. Ces conquêtes ont aussi amené à Rome des flux de statues, de livres, d’hommes instruits provenant du monde grec qui ont apporté avec eux de nouvelles pratiques culturelles, intellectuelles et pédagogiques. Par un effet urbanistique en retour, les empereurs Auguste et Hadrien ont fait construire à Athènes des édifices typiquement romains.

The present article re-examines the chronicles on the conquest of Mallorca (1229-1232) in order to evaluate the role played by the taking of prisoners during military operations. The possibility of taking captive the population of the island, who had no means of escape, was an important incentive for the military forces involved in the campaign, as well as for the nobles who arrived on the island after the disbanding of the army that took the madīna. The sources demonstrate that all military operations revolved around the management of captive populations. Pacts which spared the local population, such as that signed with Xuaip, were exceptional and, ultimately, violated. The outcome of this process was the extinction of the local population. Este artículo retoma las crónicas de la conquista de Mallorca (1229-1232) para profundizar el análisis del papel que tuvo la captura de la población de la isla en el desarrollo de los dos años largos que duró la guerra de conquista. La consideración de botín disponible de la población confinada y sin escapatoria en la isla fue el aliciente para el ejército que se mantuvo en la isla y para los caballeros que llegaron a ella después de la disolución de la hueste que tomó la madīna. Las fuentes desvelan que todas las operaciones bélicas giraron en torno a la gestión de la población cautiva. Cualquiera otra solución que no fuera su cautiverio, como el pacto con Xuaip, se consideró excepcional y, a la postre, fue incumplido. El resultado fue la extinción de la población indígena.

يتناول البحث الكتابات السياسية لمحمد عابد الجابري, والتي ابتدأت باستلهام نظرية العصبية لابن خلدون, وانتهت بتبني مفهوم الكتلة التاريخية. يمكن تقسيم كتابات الجابري السياسية إلى ثلاث مراحل: (i)مرحلة الشرح والتوضيح, وفيها كان الجابري واقعًا تحت تأثير نظرية ابن خلدون في العصبية, فانحصر عمله في شرح النظرية, وتبيان الظروف التاريخية والاقتصادية التي أدت بابن خلدون إلى إطلاق نظريته. (ii)مرحلة التطوير والإضافة, يتجاوز فيها الجابري نظرية العصبية, بعد أن وجد أنها غير كافية لتفسير حركة التاريخ العربي, فيقترح ثلاثة محددات لدراسة التاريخ العربي- الإسلامي, هي: القبيلة, والغنيمة, والعقيدة. ينتقد الجابري النظريتين السنية والشيعية في الحكم, لاعتماد الأولى على حديث: "الأئمة من قريش", والثانية لتبنيها فكرة الوصية, ويخلص إلى أن هناك فراغًا دستوريًا في نظام الحكم في الإسلام. (iii)مرحلة الدعوة إلى التغيير. يتوجه الجابري في هذه المرحلة إلى الواقع المعاصر, فيقترح للخروج من أزمة الحكم في العالم العربي مفهوم "الكتلة التاريخية", وهو مفهوم يستمده من الفيلسوف الإيطالي غرامشي, ومن أهم ميزات الكتلة التاريخية أنها تجمع كل القوى الاجتماعية الباحثة عن التغيير في مرحلة تاريخية معينة. The research highlights the intellectual path of Muhammad Abed Al-Jabri in his political vision, Beginning with the inspiration of the concept of tribalism in the emergence of the state as Ibn Khaldun stated, and ending with the concept of historical bloc. (i) Explanation and clarification stage, Al-Jabri was impressed with Ibn Khaldun and his theory in tribalism, his writings were confined to explanation, and indicating the historical and economic conditions at Ibn Khaldun's time. (ii) Development and addition stage, Al-Jabri goes beyond tribalism theory, which he considers insufficient to explain the Arab-Islamic history; he proposes three factors to study the Arab-Islamic history, namely: tribe, booty, and faith. Al-Jabri criticizes the Sunni theory, because it depends on the Hadith saying: Imams must be from Quraish, Just as he criticized Shiite theory, which adopts the idea of the will. Al-Jabri concludes that there is a constitutional vacuum in the system of government in Islam. (iii) The call for change, Al-Jabri, at this stage, was preoccupied with the crisis of governance in the Arab world, so he proposes the concept of a "historic bloc" to achieve democratic transformation.

Author(s): Kuttner, Ann | Abstract: This essay explores a Roman triumphal monument put up at the heart of Rome by the triumphator Lucullus in the 1st c. BCE, and its Imperial afterlife after the fall of the Republic. We know this monument, a Greek statue of Hercules dying in torment from the poisoned robe sent him by his consort, from a description in Pliny's Natural History; strong themes of the discussion are how Pliny interprets works of art and history, and addresses the physical city of Rome. The monument had to be put up again twice, by Lucullus' son with the Roman Senate, then by a magistrate, and each of those phases had their own meanings; the inscriptions described in Pliny afford a chance to explore relations between text and image. Accounting for the varied and even contradictory sorts of appeal made by this display of pain, for this particular hero, is key to any full exploration of how Lucullus' Hercules could be an exemplary Roman monument, and one which could stand in Pliny's day for the age of the Republic itself.

Contrary to the image of abundance that many of the ancient sources give for Hispania, the economic reality which the Romans found in the early stages was very different. Along with thepossibilities of exploitation, supplyproblems and famines, be known.The Roman commander's decisions to resolve the complications are the first foundation of the Roman provincial administration. In this articlewe study the informations provided by the classical authors, the difficulties of economic unquantifiable data, and taxation mechanisms described. En oposición a la imagen de riquezas y abundancia que buena parte delos testimonios antiguos esbozan en sus referencias a Hispania, la realidad económica con la que los romanos se encontraron a su llegada, ligada al desarrollo de la Segunda Guerra Púnica, fue muy distinta. Así, durante las primeras décadas de ocupación, junto con las posibilidades de explotación, los problemas de abastecimiento y carestías estarían muy presentes. Las medidas, en buena parte novedosas e improvisadas, con las que los comandantes romanos tuvieron que resolver las complicaciones según se les fueron presentando, constituyen la primera base de lo que será la administración provincial romana. En este trabajo trataremos sobre las informaciones que los autores clásicos proporcionan, las dificultades estimativas que los datos económicos no cuantificables presentan y los mecanismos tributarios que describen.

Теоретично обґрунтована економічна морська геологія в поняттях ре-сурсно-економічних треб. Проаналізовано економічні перспективи розвідки і видобування нафти і газу на українському шельфі Чорного й Азовського морів та джерела їх фінансування. In theory is grounded marine geology in determination resource-economic treb. The economic aspects of secret service and booty of oil and gas are analysed on the Ukrainian shelf of Black and Azovskogo Maureies and source of their financing. Теоретически обоснована морская экономическая геология в понятиях ресурсно-экономических треб. Проанализированы экономические перспективы разведки и добычи нефти и газа на украинском шельфе Черного и Азовского морей та источники их финансирования.

Проаналізовано рух точки підвісу штанг та розроблено математичну модель гідропривідної свердловинної установки для визначення законів руху її елементів впродовж робочого циклу у процесі всмоктування та нагнітання. Запропоновані розрахунки, дозволяють вибрати раціональні режими її експлуатації та бути основою для розробки нових технологічних рішень, спрямованих на зниження динамічних навантажень, In the article the analysed motion of point of barbells and the mathematical model of downhole fluidizer is worked out determination of laws of motion of her elements on the draught of duty cycle at the step of suction and festering. Offered calculations, allow to choose the rational modes of her exploitation and be basis for development of new technological decisions of the dynamic loading sent to the decline

Desire of traveling and ghaza is identified with Evliya Celebi. Taking advantage of any opportunity of traveling Evliya also found the wars a chance for traveling. By means of his duties he attended many campaigns, fought with the enemy himself and described all the wars in a very colorful way. Evliya's narration of war reveals important data for Ottoman history of warfare. His telling of wars is particularly important in the way that he fills the gaps in the chroniclers' description of wars and army: the psychological mood of soldiers, their expectations, motivation and ghaza thought. Evliya proves that the Ottoman army was warriors of Islam. Besides, booty and personal expectations of the soldiers were motivators for wars along with religious feelings.

Cet article propose d'étudier les pratiques et les représentations qui ont légitimé le droit au butin pendant les guerres révolutionnaires dans le Río de la Plata. Pendant la première décennie révolutionnaire, des acteurs très divers – des Créoles, des Espagnols, des indigènes non soumis – ont participé à la lutte pour l’indépendance, dans laquelle ils ont défini l'identité de leurs ennemis, forcé l'alignement politique des populations, soutenu leurs forces et canalisé les tensions entre des groupes sociaux et ethniques. Cet article est divisé en deux parties. Dans la première on analysera les formes que la lutte pour le butin a adoptées dans la société hispanique-créole régionale. Dans la deuxième, on analysera les principales représentations de la guerre chez les indigènes non soumis du Chaco et comment celles-ci se sont reflétées dans leur participation dans les guerres révolutionnaires. The aim of this article is to explore the practices and concepts that legitimized the right to the booty during the revolutionary wars in the Rio de la Plata. In the first revolutionary decade, very diverse actors – Creoles, Spanish, independent indigenous- participated in the revolutionary wars, in which they defined the identity of their enemies, forced the political alignment of the populations, supported their forces and channeled tensions between social and ethnic groups. This article is divided into two parts. The first section will analyze the forms that the struggle for the booty adopted within the regional hispano-creole society, and the second one will discuss the concepts the independent indigenous groups of the Chaco had about war and how these were reflected in their participation in the revolutionary wars. Este artículo se propone indagar sobre el conjunto de prácticas y concepciones que tornaron legítimo el derecho al botín durante las guerras revolucionarias en el Rio de la Plata. En la primera década revolucionaria, actores muy diversos – criollos, españoles, indígenas no sometidos – participaron en la lucha independentista. En ellas, definieron la identidad de sus enemigos, forzaron el alineamiento político de las poblaciones, sostuvieron a sus fuerzas y canalizaron las tensiones entre grupos sociales y étnicos. El trabajo está dividido en dos partes. En la primera se analizarán las formas que adoptó la lucha por el botín entre los dos sectores enfrentados dentro de la sociedad hispano-criolla regional. En la segunda se analizarán las concepciones de la guerra que tenían los grupos indígenas no sometidos del Chaco y de qué manera éstas se plasmaron en su participación en las guerras revolucionarias.

El análisis de la tierra como eje específico del botín y su relación con los alimentos, demuestra que el narrador no sólo los utilizó para demarcar la oposición entre las circunstancias del destierro del Cid y su brillante carrera en tierras de moros, sino que son también una línea temática vital para expresar este derrotero triunfal del castellano. This article analyzes the importance of land as part of the booty obtained by the Campeador during his campaigns in Moorish territories. Furthermore, land, and nourishment as its counterpart, not only differentiate Rodrigo's initial situation from its final success as "señor de frontera," but they also represent thematic components within the booty, in order to understand the opposition between estate ("heredad") and the place where the army can rest.