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Kako tekstil čini sastavni deo svakodnevnog života jako je bitno ispitati njegov sastav. Tekstilna vlakna različitog porekla (prirodnog, veštačkog i sintetičkog) se mogu koristiti za izradu tekstila, dok se metalni joni upotrebljavaju za bojenje, obradu i poboljšanje osobina tekstila. Određivan je sadržaj elemenata u različitim tekstilnim uzorcima i upoređivane su razlike u sadržaju elemenata.

With the excessive risks that are present in today's environment, it is of great importance to treat wastewaters before their discharge in water streams. One of the everyday challenges is design of a low-cost and environmentally friendly sorbent such as hydrogel based on chitosan, itaconic and methacrylic acid that can remove wide range of textile dyes. In the present study, this hydrogel has been utilized for investigation of removal of three different azo dyes from simulated textile wastewater: C.I. Basic Blue 9, C.I. Basic Red 1 and C.I. Acid Orange 7. It was found that pH value of the solution had significant effect on dye sorption. Removal of basic dyes was successful at higher pH values, while sorption of acid dye was possible only at low pH value of solution. Simulated textile wastewater is a complex system with various salts, acids and polymers present beside dyes. Regardless of these components, excellent sorption capacity was achieved (more than 80% of dyes were removed), which makes this hydrogel attractive for use under real conditions., Zbog sve više rizika koji se javljaju po životnu sredinu, veoma je važno prečistiti otpadne vode pre njihovog ispuštanja u vodotokove. Zato je jedan od izazova današnjih istraživanja dizajn jeftinog i ekološki prihvatljivog sorbenta, kao što je hidrogel na bazi hitozana, itakonske i metakrilne kiseline, koji može da ukloni širok spektar tekstilnih boja. U ovom radu je korišćen hidrogel za ispitivanje uklanjanja tri različite azo boje iz simulirane otpadne vode iz tekstilne industrije: C.I. Basic Blue 9, C.I. Basic Red 1 i C.I. Acid Orange 7. Utvrđeno je da pH vrednost rastvora značajno utiče na sorpciju boja. Uklanjanje baznih boja je uspešno pri višim pH vrednostima, dok je sorpcija kisele boje moguća samo pri niskoj pH vrednosti rastvora. Simulirana otpadna voda iztekstilne industrije je složen sistem sačinjen od različith soli, kiselina i polimera koji su prisutni pored boja za tekstil. Bez obzira na ove komponente, ostvaren je odličan kapacitet sorpcije (uklonjeno je više od 80% boje iz rastvora), što ovaj hidrogel čini atraktivnim za upotrebu u realnim sistemima.

Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je da se ispitaju mogućnosti imobilizacije nanočestica titan-dioksida (TiO2) na hidrogelove kao nosače i fotodegradacija boja za tekstil iz vodenih rastvora pomoću titan-dioksid/hidrogel nanokompozita za potrebe prečišćavanja otpadnih voda iz tekstilne industrije. U radu su korišćene dve vrste TiO2 nanočestica: (a) sintetisane koloidne nanočestice TiO2, dobijene kiselom hidrolizom titan-tetrahlorida; (b) komercijalno dostupne nanočestice TiO2 (Degussa P25), radi poređenja fotokatalitičke aktivnosti. Kao nosači nanočestica TiO2 pripremljeni su sledeći hidrogelovi: (a) hidrogelovi hitozana, itakonske kiseline i metakrilne kiseline sintetisani radikalnom polimerizacijom; (b) mikročestice hitozana i poli(metakrilne kiseline), po prvi put sintetisane inverznom suspenzionom polimerizacijom; (c) interpenetrirajuće mreže (IPM) natrijum-alginata i delimično neutralisane poli(metakrilne kiseline) dobijene radikalnom polimerizacijom i naknadnim umrežavanjem jonima kalcijuma. Imobilizacijom nanočestica titan-dioksida na hidrogelove dobijeni su TiO2/hidrogel nanokompoziti, koji su okarakterisani i ispitana je njihova fotokatalitička aktivnost. Prisustvo nanočestica TiO2 na/u hidrogelovima je potvrđeno energetskom disperzionom spektroskopijom (EDX). Skenirajuća elektronska mikroskopija (SEM) je pokazala da hidrogelovi hitozana i interpenetrirajuće mreže natrijum-alginata imaju poroznu strukturu. Eksperimentima bubrenja i reološkim ispitivanjima je potvrđeno da veličina pora, kinetika bubrenja i mehanička jačina zavise od sastava hidrogelova, stepena umreženja, prisustva i vrste imobilisanih nanočestica TiO2. SEM analiza i optička mikroskopija su pokazale da mikročestice hitozana imaju sferičnu strukturu. Infracrvenom spektroskopijom sa Fourier-ovim transformacijama (FTIR) je utvrđeno da su u polimernu mrežu nosača ugrađene sve komponente prisutne tokom sinteze. Termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA) i skenirajućom kalorimetrijom (DSC) je zaključeno da, The aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to investigate the possibility of immobilization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles onto/into hydrogels as carriers, as well as the photodegradation of textile dyes from aqueous solutions by titanium dioxide/hydrogel nanocomposites that could be exploited for treatment of textile effluents. Two types of TiO2 nanoparticles were used: (a) freshly synthetized colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles, prepared by acid hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride; (b) commercially available TiO2 nanoparticles (Degussa P25), which were used for comparison of photocatalytic activity. The following hydrogels have been synthetized as a carriers for TiO2 nanoparticles: (a) chitosan, itaconic acid and methacrylic acid hydrogels synthesized by free radical polymerization; (b) chitosan and poly(methacrylic acid) microparticles (Ch/PMA), which were synthesized for the first time by inverse suspension polymerization; (c) sodium alginate and partially neutralized poly(methacrylic acid) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) obtained by free radical polymerization followed by additional cross-linking of sodium alginate with calcium ions. TiO2/hydrogel nanocomposites were obtained by immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles onto/into hydrogels, which were afterwards characterized and their photocatalytic activity was tested. The presence of TiO2 nanoparticles onto/into hydrogels was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The porous structure of the chitosan-based hydrogels and sodium alginate-based interpenetrating networks was observed by SEM analysis. Swelling experiments and rheological studies showed that the pore size, swelling kinetics and mechanical strength depend on the hydrogel composition, degree of crosslinking, presence of TiO2 nanoparticles and the type of immobilized TiO2 nanoparticles. SEM analysis and optical microscopy revealed that chitosan microparticles have a spherical structure. Infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation (FTIR

The aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to investigate the possibility of immobilization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles onto/into hydrogels as carriers, as well as the photodegradation of textile dyes from aqueous solutions by titanium dioxide/hydrogel nanocomposites that could be exploited for treatment of textile effluents. Two types of TiO2 nanoparticles were used: (a) freshly synthetized colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles, prepared by acid hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride; (b) commercially available TiO2 nanoparticles (Degussa P25), which were used for comparison of photocatalytic activity. The following hydrogels have been synthetized as a carriers for TiO2 nanoparticles: (a) chitosan, itaconic acid and methacrylic acid hydrogels synthesized by free radical polymerization; (b) chitosan and poly(methacrylic acid) microparticles (Ch/PMA), which were synthesized for the first time by inverse suspension polymerization; (c) sodium alginate and partially neutralized poly(methacrylic acid) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) obtained by free radical polymerization followed by additional cross-linking of sodium alginate with calcium ions. TiO2/hydrogel nanocomposites were obtained by immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles onto/into hydrogels, which were afterwards characterized and their photocatalytic activity was tested. The presence of TiO2 nanoparticles onto/into hydrogels was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The porous structure of the chitosan-based hydrogels and sodium alginate-based interpenetrating networks was observed by SEM analysis. Swelling experiments and rheological studies showed that the pore size, swelling kinetics and mechanical strength depend on the hydrogel composition, degree of crosslinking, presence of TiO2 nanoparticles and the type of immobilized TiO2 nanoparticles. SEM analysis and optical microscopy revealed that chitosan microparticles have a spherical structure. Infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation (FTIR, Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je da se ispitaju mogućnosti imobilizacije nanočestica titan-dioksida (TiO2) na hidrogelove kao nosače i fotodegradacija boja za tekstil iz vodenih rastvora pomoću titan-dioksid/hidrogel nanokompozita za potrebe prečišćavanja otpadnih voda iz tekstilne industrije. U radu su korišćene dve vrste TiO2 nanočestica: (a) sintetisane koloidne nanočestice TiO2, dobijene kiselom hidrolizom titan-tetrahlorida; (b) komercijalno dostupne nanočestice TiO2 (Degussa P25), radi poređenja fotokatalitičke aktivnosti. Kao nosači nanočestica TiO2 pripremljeni su sledeći hidrogelovi: (a) hidrogelovi hitozana, itakonske kiseline i metakrilne kiseline sintetisani radikalnom polimerizacijom; (b) mikročestice hitozana i poli(metakrilne kiseline), po prvi put sintetisane inverznom suspenzionom polimerizacijom; (c) interpenetrirajuće mreže (IPM) natrijum-alginata i delimično neutralisane poli(metakrilne kiseline) dobijene radikalnom polimerizacijom i naknadnim umrežavanjem jonima kalcijuma. Imobilizacijom nanočestica titan-dioksida na hidrogelove dobijeni su TiO2/hidrogel nanokompoziti, koji su okarakterisani i ispitana je njihova fotokatalitička aktivnost. Prisustvo nanočestica TiO2 na/u hidrogelovima je potvrđeno energetskom disperzionom spektroskopijom (EDX). Skenirajuća elektronska mikroskopija (SEM) je pokazala da hidrogelovi hitozana i interpenetrirajuće mreže natrijum-alginata imaju poroznu strukturu. Eksperimentima bubrenja i reološkim ispitivanjima je potvrđeno da veličina pora, kinetika bubrenja i mehanička jačina zavise od sastava hidrogelova, stepena umreženja, prisustva i vrste imobilisanih nanočestica TiO2. SEM analiza i optička mikroskopija su pokazale da mikročestice hitozana imaju sferičnu strukturu. Infracrvenom spektroskopijom sa Fourier-ovim transformacijama (FTIR) je utvrđeno da su u polimernu mrežu nosača ugrađene sve komponente prisutne tokom sinteze. Termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA) i skenirajućom kalorimetrijom (DSC) je zaključeno da

The aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to investigate the possibility of immobilization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles onto/into hydrogels as carriers, as well as the photodegradation of textile dyes from aqueous solutions by titanium dioxide/hydrogel nanocomposites that could be exploited for treatment of textile effluents. Two types of TiO2 nanoparticles were used: (a) freshly synthetized colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles, prepared by acid hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride; (b) commercially available TiO2 nanoparticles (Degussa P25), which were used for comparison of photocatalytic activity. The following hydrogels have been synthetized as a carriers for TiO2 nanoparticles: (a) chitosan, itaconic acid and methacrylic acid hydrogels synthesized by free radical polymerization; (b) chitosan and poly(methacrylic acid) microparticles (Ch/PMA), which were synthesized for the first time by inverse suspension polymerization; (c) sodium alginate and partially neutralized poly(methacrylic acid) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) obtained by free radical polymerization followed by additional cross-linking of sodium alginate with calcium ions. TiO2/hydrogel nanocomposites were obtained by immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles onto/into hydrogels, which were afterwards characterized and their photocatalytic activity was tested. The presence of TiO2 nanoparticles onto/into hydrogels was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The porous structure of the chitosan-based hydrogels and sodium alginate-based interpenetrating networks was observed by SEM analysis. Swelling experiments and rheological studies showed that the pore size, swelling kinetics and mechanical strength depend on the hydrogel composition, degree of crosslinking, presence of TiO2 nanoparticles and the type of immobilized TiO2 nanoparticles. SEM analysis and optical microscopy revealed that chitosan microparticles have a spherical structure. Infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation (FTIR, Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je da se ispitaju mogućnosti imobilizacije nanočestica titan-dioksida (TiO2) na hidrogelove kao nosače i fotodegradacija boja za tekstil iz vodenih rastvora pomoću titan-dioksid/hidrogel nanokompozita za potrebe prečišćavanja otpadnih voda iz tekstilne industrije. U radu su korišćene dve vrste TiO2 nanočestica: (a) sintetisane koloidne nanočestice TiO2, dobijene kiselom hidrolizom titan-tetrahlorida; (b) komercijalno dostupne nanočestice TiO2 (Degussa P25), radi poređenja fotokatalitičke aktivnosti. Kao nosači nanočestica TiO2 pripremljeni su sledeći hidrogelovi: (a) hidrogelovi hitozana, itakonske kiseline i metakrilne kiseline sintetisani radikalnom polimerizacijom; (b) mikročestice hitozana i poli(metakrilne kiseline), po prvi put sintetisane inverznom suspenzionom polimerizacijom; (c) interpenetrirajuće mreže (IPM) natrijum-alginata i delimično neutralisane poli(metakrilne kiseline) dobijene radikalnom polimerizacijom i naknadnim umrežavanjem jonima kalcijuma. Imobilizacijom nanočestica titan-dioksida na hidrogelove dobijeni su TiO2/hidrogel nanokompoziti, koji su okarakterisani i ispitana je njihova fotokatalitička aktivnost. Prisustvo nanočestica TiO2 na/u hidrogelovima je potvrđeno energetskom disperzionom spektroskopijom (EDX). Skenirajuća elektronska mikroskopija (SEM) je pokazala da hidrogelovi hitozana i interpenetrirajuće mreže natrijum-alginata imaju poroznu strukturu. Eksperimentima bubrenja i reološkim ispitivanjima je potvrđeno da veličina pora, kinetika bubrenja i mehanička jačina zavise od sastava hidrogelova, stepena umreženja, prisustva i vrste imobilisanih nanočestica TiO2. SEM analiza i optička mikroskopija su pokazale da mikročestice hitozana imaju sferičnu strukturu. Infracrvenom spektroskopijom sa Fourier-ovim transformacijama (FTIR) je utvrđeno da su u polimernu mrežu nosača ugrađene sve komponente prisutne tokom sinteze. Termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA) i skenirajućom kalorimetrijom (DSC) je zaključeno da