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Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials with the through‐space charge transfer (TSCT) effects can provide a useful approach to efficiently utilize dark state triplet excitons through an efficient reverse intersystem crossing process. TSCT‐TADF emitters PCzoTrz‐ICz with small ∆EST values and high photoluminescence quantum yield is designed and synthesized using common acceptor triazine, donor 3,6‐diphenylcarbazole and Indolo[3,2,1‐jk]carbazole which is a rigid π‐conjugated group with high triplet state and high thermal stability. The doped‐organic light‐emitting diodes using PCzoTrz‐ICz as emitters exhibit high tolerance to host with different polarity and charge transport properties, and PCzoTrz‐ICz doped devices in 2,8‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl)dibenzofuran even realizes a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 32.5% and maximum current efficiency (CEmax) of 74.1 cd A−1, which is higher than EQEmax of 28.1% and CEmax of 64.8 cd A−1 of PCzoTrz. Moreover, PCzoTrz‐ICz can be used as highly efficient sensitizers for narrow band blue emitter of v‐DABNA, and achieves more than EQEmax of 33.3%, maximum luminance of 26,291 cd m−2, CEmax of 42.7 cd A−1 and blue index of 237 cd A−1 CIEy−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Flexible endoscopic evaluations of swallowing (FEES) involve the administration of a variety of foods and liquids to assess outcomes related to pharyngeal residue, penetration, and aspiration. While the type and color of thin liquids used during FEES have been found to significantly affect FEES ratings, it is unknown if similar effects are observed with pureed foods. Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess the effects of puree type (applesauce vs. pudding) and color (natural, blue, green) on ratings of pharyngeal residue, penetration, and aspiration during FEES. Methods: Pharyngeal residue, penetration, and aspiration were assessed in 37 consecutive outpatient adults undergoing FEES. Patients were presented with two types of puree: 5 mL applesauce and 5 mL pudding. Each puree type was presented once with either blue or green food coloring added to it by a clinician. Each puree type was also presented once with no clinician-added food coloring (“natural”). The order of presentation was randomized between patients and all data were blindly analyzed by pairs of independent raters using the Visual Analysis of Swallowing Efficiency and Safety (VASES). Multilevel statistical models were used to examine the effects of puree type and color on oropharyngeal residue, hypopharyngeal residue, and Penetration-Aspiration Scale scores (PAS). Results: Pudding trials were associated with higher oropharyngeal residue ratings compared to applesauce trials. Blue-colored applesauce was associated with higher oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal residue ratings when compared to natural applesauce. Lastly, green-colored applesauce and green-colored pudding were both associated with higher hypopharyngeal residue ratings compared to natural applesauce and natural pudding, respectively. Conclusion: This study identified statistically significant effects of puree type and color and ratings of pharyngeal residue ratings, but not penetration or aspiration, as seen during FEES. These data suggest that clinicians and researchers should consider standardizing the type and color of pureed food used during FEES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exposure to blue-enriched light from electronic devices is an emergent disruptor of human sleep, especially at particular times of day. Further dissection of this phenomenon necessitates modeling in a tractable model organism. Methods: Thus, we investigated the effects of light color on sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. We measured sleep in red-eyed Canton-S (CS) and white-eyed w 1118 flies in baseline 12:12 light/dark conditions and experimental conditions with light-color (blue, red, or green) exposure for all 12 h of daylight or 3 h in the morning or evening. Results: Blue light reduced daytime and nighttime sleep in CS but not in w 1118, potentially indicating a role for the compound eye in blue light's effects on fruit fly sleep. Red light, especially in the evening, reduced sleep during exposure in both strains. Green light had minimal effects on sleep in CS flies, but evening exposure reduced sleep in w 1118 flies, mimicking red light's effects. Discussion: In conclusion, light's effects on sleep in D. melanogaster are dependent on wavelength and time-of-day. Future studies will aim to dissect these mechanisms genetically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iridium(III) complexes are particularly noted for their excellent potentials in fabrication of blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), but the severe efficiency roll‐off largely hampered their practical applications. To reveal the underlying characteristics, three Ir(III) complexes, namely f‐ct5c, f‐ct5d, and f‐ct11, bearing imidazo[4,5‐b]pyrazin‐2‐ylidene cyclometalates are prepared and characterized in detail. Both f‐ct5c and f‐ct5d (also their mixture f‐ct5mix) gave intensive blue emissions peaking at ≈465 nm with short radiative lifetimes of 1.76 and 2.45 µs respectively, in degassed toluene. Alternatively, f‐ct11 with two 4‐tert‐butylphenyl substituents on each imidazo[4,5‐b]pyrazin‐2‐ylidene entity, possessed a bluish‐green emission (508 nm) together with an extended radiative lifetime of 34.3 µs in the dispersed PMMA matrix. Consequently, the resulting solution‐processed OLED with f‐ct11 delivered a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 6.5% with serious efficiency roll‐offs. In contrast, f‐ct5mix based device achieved a high EQEmax of 27.2% and the EQE maintained at 23.0% of 1000 cd m−2. Furthermore, the hyper‐OLEDs with f‐ct5mix as the sensitizer and v‐DABNA as the terminal emitter afford narrowed emission with a considerably high EQEmax exceeding 32%, affirming the potential of f‐ct5mix to serve as both the emitter and sensitizer in OLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A linear statistical model including both fixed but unknown parameters and random unknown parameters is called a linear mixed model. The aim of this paper is to provide a unified study on a series of fundamental and important optimal estimation and prediction problems in the contexts of linear mixed models and their transformed models. We shall establish a mathematical procedure for solving some optimal estimation and prediction problems on a given linear mixed model and its transformed models using some precise analytical tools in matrix theory. The coverage includes constructing a general vector composed of all unknown parameters in the context of a linear mixed model and its transformed models, defining the best linear unbiased predictors of the vector, deriving the analytical expressions of the best linear unbiased predictors, and discussing a variety of theoretical performances and properties of best linear unbiased predictors. As extensions, we discuss the derivation of best linear unbiased predictors of future observations under a linear mixed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-inorganic blue-emissive CsPbBr3 perovskite nanoplatelets (NPLs) are promising for optoelectronic applications due to excellent optical properties, but their applicability is seriously restricted by a low photoluminescence efficiency and poor stability. Here, we develop a postsynthetic surface-mediated engineering strategy to prepare high-quality blue CsPbBr3 NPLs at room temperature by using strongly bound polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS). PSS efficiently passivates the surface trap sites of NPLs via strong coordination bonds, thereby achieving high-efficiency exciton recombination and enhancing photostability. The optimized PSS-NPLs reveal intense blue emission with a central wavelength of ∼466 nm and a high photoluminescence quantum yield of ∼83.2%, indicating a substantial improvement from ∼48.3% of pristine NPLs. Simultaneously, the PSS-treated NPLs exhibit significantly enhanced stability in comparison with pristine NPLs during UV exposure and thermal treatment. Finally, we achieve efficient blue NPL-LEDs (peaked at ∼468 nm) using a PSS-NPL-polymer composite film, corresponding to CIE color coordinates of (0.124, 0.067), which closely approach to the Rec. 2020 blue standard. Hence, our work offers a facile strategy for fabricating high-performance perovskite NPLs and promotes their potential applications in blue-emitting optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Because micronutrient deficiencies affect public health, countries monitor population status by national-scale, multi-stage, micronutrient surveys (MNS). In design-based surveys, inclusion probabilities are specified for sample units and the corresponding sample weights allow design-unbiased estimates to be made of population parameters. Corrections may be possible on departures from the design; an alternative is to use linear mixed models (LMM), with an estimated covariance structure reflecting the sampling design, to obtain model-based estimates. Design: The Ethiopia National Micronutrient Survey (2016) specified inclusion probabilities at enumeration area (EA) and household (HH) levels, and sample weights are provided. However, the design was not followed as it would have resulted in insufficient sampling from women of reproductive age. Results: Having found no evidence that sample weights were informative for target serum micronutrient concentrations (Zn), we estimated LMM parameters, with Regions as fixed effects, and the variation of individuals nested within households, households within EA, and EA within regions, random effects. We obtained LMM standard errors, Best Linear Unbiased Estimates (BLUEs) of regional means, and empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictions for sampled/unsampled EA and HH. The probability that each true regional mean exceeded the sufficiency threshold (65 μ g dL - 1 ) was evaluated. The variances of BLUEs of regional means, under alternative sampling designs, were bootstrapped from LMM variance components. Conclusions: We demonstrate use of LMM to obtain model-unbiased estimates and predictions when surveys deviate from the original design; and the use of LMM variance components to evaluate alternative designs for further sampling, or for sampling comparable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue (400–500 nm) and red (600–700 nm) light regions have been investigated for their effects on photosynthesis and plant growth, yet evidence for specific blue light wavelengths in plant research is lacking. Investigations into amber (595 nm) light are similarly limited. To 'shed light' on these two important wavelengths, this study investigated the combined effects of blue and amber light on plant growth and development in two model plants: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Beefsteak) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Breen). Plant growth responses were determined with four light treatments: B+BA (blue + broad amber, 455–602 nm), RB-NA (royal blue + narrow amber, 430–602 nm), RB-BA (royal blue + broad amber, 423–595 nm), and high-pressure sodium at a PPFD of 250 µmol m−2 s−1. After 21 days, the highest fresh and dry mass for both plant species was obtained under the RB-BA light treatment. Shifting the blue wavelength from 430 nm to 455 nm with broad amber lighting led to 40% less fresh mass for tomatoes, whereas only an approximate 5% reduction in fresh mass was observed for lettuce plants. Our findings demonstrate that an alternate and combined blue + amber light spectrum is effective for optimizing plant productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented review concerns the cross-disciplinary approaches to the subject of blue food and blue colourants, the socio-cultural aspects of blue food and beverage consumption, human health effects, environmental impact, and economic aspects. Blue colour in relation to food is not only about improving visual appeal, to which the addition of food colouring is usually limited when the food is coloured in some way that does not encourage eating. It is also the rich and complex sociological side related to food, that is, not only the food itself but also the background, dishware, and light, depending on whether we want to encourage—to increase consumption—or discourage—to, for example, reduce the amount of food eaten for dietary purposes. The negative side of consuming and disposing of synthetic dyes and the health-promoting aspects of natural dyes are also mentioned, with the economic and environmental aspects of sourcing natural dyes being discussed. The food industry uses blue dyes not only for consumption, but also for food quality control, taking advantage of the pH-dependent colour change properties of the compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine glazed porcelain artifacts bearing the coat of arms of France, from King Louis XV tableware orders, were analysed at the laboratory or in their conservation secure room. Based on the experience acquired in the study of 18th century European and Chinese porcelain using mobile XRF (pXRF) and Raman microspectroscopy, a comparison of the impurities in the paste (Y, Rb, and Sr), the elements associated with cobalt in the blue overglaze (Bi, Mn, Zn, and As) and those present in the tin yellow and Naples yellow pigments (Sn, Sb, and Zn) highlights the use of different raw materials for some of these objects. Differences regarding the Ag content in the gold decorations also provide information. Raman identification of the different types of yellow pigment confirms the categorization. The results obtained on the Louis XV tableware are compared to those of "Chine de commande", attributed to the same places and periods of production or recognized copies. The clustering of the quantitative comparison pXRF signals of the abovementioned elements and a consideration of the Raman parameters of the yellow pigments appear to be effective tools for object categorization to confirm or refute questions about the authenticity of objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been long running debate about the interaction of language and perception. In this context, bilingual people have often shown benefits, due to their double‐active linguistic system, in cognitive functions, like inhibition, attention, and memory, which are central for visual perception. Color naming and categorization are domains for studying cross‐linguistic effects, which arise from conceptual and perceptual variations across speakers of different languages. In this study, we compared the ‘blue’ lexicon of highly proficient French‐Italian bilinguals to monolingual speakers of the corresponding languages. Prior studies have shown that Italian has two basic color terms for the blue area of color space: one denotes light blue hues (azzurro) and the other dark blue hues (blu), whilst French, with only one basic term bleu, lacks this distinction. We used a Stroop test to probe differences in perception and categorization of blue in bi‐ and monolingual speakers. We found that Italian monolinguals name the ink color more accurately and more rapidly when the word blu is rendered in dark blue ink (corresponding to the word blu) than when it is printed in light blue ink (corresponding to azzurro), since the latter represents an incongruent condition for them. This ‘category effect’ does not exist for French monolingual speakers. Our bilinguals' results demonstrate that, despite the emergence of a specific in‐between perceptual behavior, bilinguals generally performed like Italian monolinguals. These outcomes confirm the hypothesis that their second language categories (Italian) dominate their native language (French), attesting that lexical distinctions influence perceptual faculties in general. However, the ratio of the interference effect (longer reaction times for incongruent stimuli compared to control stimuli) and the facilitation effect (shorter reaction times for congruent stimuli compared to control stimuli) is not the same for bilinguals and monolinguals. The highest magnitude in the facilitation effect was revealed for bilinguals, whereas the highest magnitude in the interference effect was revealed for Italian monolingual speakers. This phenomenon adds evidence to the existence of enhanced bilingual cognitive control abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report a rare case of a conjunctival blue nevus in a child. Observations: A 10-year-old girl underwent an excisional biopsy for an atypical growing melanocytic conjunctival lesion. The diagnosis of a conjunctival blue nevus was confirmed on histopathology. We describe the histopathology and the anterior segment optical coherence tomography features of a blue nevus in a 10-year-old child along with a review of literature. Conclusion and importance: Conjunctival blue nevus is rare and has rarely been reported in a child. Multimodal imaging may help document lesion progression. This condition should remain in the differential for a growing, pigmented conjunctival lesion.

The combined application of Cathodoluminescence (CL) with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on paintings and painted surfaces has the potential to identify both organic and inorganic pigments on a micrometre or even nanometre scale. Additionally, the combination with Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) allows for a more holistic, elemental, and mineralogical characterization of pigments. In addressing the need for the creation of a robust, open access database of characteristic CL spectra of pigments, a large project has been undertaken, focusing primarily on common organic and inorganic pigments. The present paper focuses on the CL characterization of 10 significant blue pigments in pure powder form: cerulean blue, Egyptian blue, Han blue, indigo, lapis lazuli, Maya blue, phthalo blue, vivianite, ultramarine blue, and zirconium blue. The CL spectra present characteristic bands for most of the pigments, allowing their secure identification, especially when combining the results with the EDS analyses. The effect of binding media and of the mixture of different pigments was also studied, via the analysis of mixtures of pigments with oil painted over canvas. Overall, both the binding medium and the mixture of pigments do not appear to create significant differences in the occurring spectra, thus allowing the identification of individual pigments. EDS and RAMAN spectra are included in order to facilitate comparison with other databases.

Ir(III) carbene complexes have been explored as one of the best blue phosphors for their high performance. Herein, the authors designed and synthesized a series of blue‐emitting Ir(III) phosphors (f‐ct9a–c), featuring fac‐coordinated cyano‐imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridin‐2‐ylidene cyclometalates. These Ir(III) complexes exhibit true‐blue emission with a peak maximum spanning 448–467 nm, with high photoluminescence quantum yields of 81–88% recorded in degassed toluene. Moreover, OLED devices bearing phosphors f‐ct9a and f‐ct9b deliver maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax) of 25.9% and 30.3%, together with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIEx,y) coordinates of (0.157, 0.225) and (0.142, 0.169), respectively. Remarkably, the f‐ct9b‐based device displays an incredible EQE of 29.0% at 5000 cd·m−2. The hyper‐OLED device based on f‐ct9b and ν‐DABNA exhibits an EQEmax of 34.7% and CIEx,y coordinates of (0.122, 0.131), affirming high potentials in achieving efficient blue electroluminescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the storage of strawberries under LED lights on 'Albion' strawberry quality. The treatments were applied as follows; (1) storage under continuous blue, red, and ultraviolet-A (UVA) LED light, (2) storage in the dark conditions (control), and (3) storage in the dark conditions after 1 h UVA (UVAh) LED lighting. Strawberries were stored at a temperature of 4±1oC with 85-90% relative humidity for 10 days. In the study, analyses were conducted on the total anthocyanin content, color (L*, hue angle, redness index), total soluble solids (TSS), fructose, glucose, total sugar content, titratable acidity (TA), fruit firmness (N), and weight loss at the start of the experiment and at 2-day intervals during storage. According to the results, the storage of strawberries under continuous red-LED light was successful in improving the anthocyanin and TSS contents, while preserving fruit firmness and reducing weight loss. Moreover, UVA treatment was effective in maintaining the L*, a*, and b* color values, whereas UVAh was effective on the hue angle and redness index. Furthermore, UVAh treatment caused a decrease in the glucose, fructose, and total sugar content and, in the titratable acidity of the strawberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined application of Cathodoluminescence (CL) with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on paintings and painted surfaces has the potential to identify both organic and inorganic pigments on a micrometre or even nanometre scale. Additionally, the combination with Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) allows for a more holistic, elemental, and mineralogical characterization of pigments. In addressing the need for the creation of a robust, open access database of characteristic CL spectra of pigments, a large project has been undertaken, focusing primarily on common organic and inorganic pigments. The present paper focuses on the CL characterization of 10 significant blue pigments in pure powder form: cerulean blue, Egyptian blue, Han blue, indigo, lapis lazuli, Maya blue, phthalo blue, vivianite, ultramarine blue, and zirconium blue. The CL spectra present characteristic bands for most of the pigments, allowing their secure identification, especially when combining the results with the EDS analyses. The effect of binding media and of the mixture of different pigments was also studied, via the analysis of mixtures of pigments with oil painted over canvas. Overall, both the binding medium and the mixture of pigments do not appear to create significant differences in the occurring spectra, thus allowing the identification of individual pigments. EDS and RAMAN spectra are included in order to facilitate comparison with other databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Index: Revista de Arte Contemporaneo is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionExposure to blue-enriched light from electronic devices is an emergent disruptor of human sleep, especially at particular times of day. Further dissection of this phenomenon necessitates modeling in a tractable model organism.MethodsThus, we investigated the effects of light color on sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. We measured sleep in red-eyed Canton-S (CS) and white-eyed w1118 flies in baseline 12:12 light/dark conditions and experimental conditions with light-color (blue, red, or green) exposure for all 12 h of daylight or 3 h in the morning or evening.ResultsBlue light reduced daytime and nighttime sleep in CS but not in w1118, potentially indicating a role for the compound eye in blue light’s effects on fruit fly sleep. Red light, especially in the evening, reduced sleep during exposure in both strains. Green light had minimal effects on sleep in CS flies, but evening exposure reduced sleep in w1118 flies, mimicking red light’s effects.DiscussionIn conclusion, light’s effects on sleep in D. melanogaster are dependent on wavelength and time-of-day. Future studies will aim to dissect these mechanisms genetically.

Mastering a colour—as such, its ‘domestication’—involves a weft of technological and symbolic relationships encompassed in the human ability to reproduce a visible colour using the techniques of textile dyeing. The Regimento dos panos or Regimento dos trapeiros (‘regulation of fabrics’ or ‘regulation of drapers’), published in 1573 and expanded in 1690, is a document made up of 107 chapters aiming to standardise the various stages of the production chain of woollen goods in Portugal. In the sections relating to the finishing of fabrics, the regulation carefully details the dyeing of the colour black. The main aim of this text is to discuss the four recipes presented in that document. The system presupposed a phase exogenous to the rules, since the fabrics had to be previously dyed blue (‘celestial blues’) by means of successive immersions of the cloth in a vat with indigo. The dyeing itself was achieved by mixing mordants and auxiliaries (alum, tartar, iron sulphate, and tannins) with a red dye (madder). The main conclusion is that the formulae presented do not constitute, in their general principles, a characteristic Portuguese methodology. In addition, the article includes an inventory of the raw materials used for dyeing in the Early Modern Age, produced, through a qualitative method, through cross-reference with other manuscript and printed sources, as well as an interpretation of their social and economic importance, and a systematisation of the types of Portuguese wools.

The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimator remains Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE) when all the assumptions surrounding it stay intact, but at an iota of violation of the assumptions, it becomes inefficient and unstable. Some causes of the violation are the multicollinearity and the presence of extreme values (outliers). Recently robust Kibria -Lukman based on M estimator was proposed by Majid et al. (2022) but when there are outlying cases in the y-direction. Since, outliers in the x-direction may be inevitable in the data set, therefore it becomes imperative to examine the performance of the robust-M Kibria-Lukman (KL-M) estimator as alternative to already proposed robust estimators that can handle these problems when there are outliers in the x-direction. Through the Monte Carlo experiment, theoretical results under some conditions and factors, including application to real-life data, the new estimator outperformed other estimators considered in this study in the presence of multicollinearity and extreme values in the x-direction. As the error variances (σ2), level of multicollinearity (rho) and percentage (px), and magnitude (mx) of outliers increase, the Mean Square Error (MSE) of the estimators' considered increase. Meanwhile the MSEs of the estimators decrease as the sample size (n) increases. When rho>0, mx>0, the (px) increases, and sample size (n) increases KL-M along sides, ordinary Kibria-Lukman (KL) estimator outperformed other estimators as the two anomalies occur simultaneously. The KL-M performed better, especially when the sample size was n=100. Conclusively, at the different biasing parameters of the estimators, KL-M performed better than other estimators considered in the study. In the same vein, real-life data was adopted to affirm the claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights phraseological units which have color words and their reflections in Uzbek and English. Idioms and proverbs have similarity and identity in researched languages. Some idioms background information is given. Color phraseologies table is prepared from collected materials of dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyspnea commonly stems from combined myocardial and pulmonary dysfunction, posing challenges for accurate pre-hospital diagnosis. Limited diagnostic capabilities hinder the differentiation of cardiac and pulmonary issues. This study assesses the efficacy of combined cardiac and pulmonary ultrasound using the BLUE, eFAST, and FATE protocols. Methods: Participants were consecutively enrolled from dyspnea-related emergency calls in Warsaw, Poland, from 4 April 2022, to 15 June 2023. Patients with pleural effusion were identified through pre-hospital and in-hospital radiological assessments. Pre-hospital thoracic ultrasonography followed the BLUE, eFAST, and FATE protocols, alongside comprehensive clinical assessments. The pre-hospital diagnoses were juxtaposed with the with hospital discharge diagnoses. Results: Sixteen patients (8 men, 8 women; median age: 76 years) were enrolled. Inter-rater agreement for the BLUE protocol was substantial (κ = 0.78), as was agreement for eFAST (κ = 0.75), with almost perfect agreement for combined protocol assessment (κ = 0.83). Left ventricle hypokinesis, identified via the FATE protocol, significantly correlated with hospital-diagnosed decompensated heart failure as the primary cause of dyspnea. Sensitivity and specificity were 1.0 (95%CI: 0.62–1.0) and 0.6 (95%CI: 0.15–0.95), respectively. Positive predictive value was 0.85 (95%CI: 0.55–0.98), and diagnostic accuracy was 0.86 (95%CI: 0.62–0.98). Conclusions: Integrating the FATE protocol into BLUE and eFAST enhances pre-hospital differential diagnosis accuracy of pleural effusion in adults. This synergistic approach streamlines diagnostic processes and facilitates informed clinical decision-making. Larger-scale validation studies are needed for broader applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman analysis is a noninvasive technique that can be conducted on‐site via a mobile system. However, the presence in variable quantity of different crystalline or amorphous phases (glassy matrix, opacifiers and pigments) in the enamel leads to the partial observation of Raman signatures, signatures often not being characterized in the literature. We study here the phases observed in the white, blue and yellow/green enamels of French and Chinese objects from the 18th century and compare the effectiveness of a solid‐state spectroscopic approach (identification of the parameters determining the vibrational modes in relation to the structures) and the multivariate chemometric approach (PCA and Hierarchical Clustering), carried out on the global or partial spectra, or on the parameters extracted from the first approach. The incorporation of the spectra of neighbouring or similar phases from the literature into the corpus of processed data, in particular those obtained for phases that are not initially structurally characterized, is decisive for the quality of the results. At least four different lead arsenates are identified. The combination of visual observation of the peaks and multivariate analysis shows that the shape, position and area of the band associated with the main As‐O stretching vibration around 820 cm−1 vary according to several criteria related to production techniques specific to certain workshops. The contribution of multivariate analysis based on spectra alone appears to be very limited compared to the examination of spectroscopic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastering a colour—as such, its 'domestication'—involves a weft of technological and symbolic relationships encompassed in the human ability to reproduce a visible colour using the techniques of textile dyeing. The Regimento dos panos or Regimento dos trapeiros ('regulation of fabrics' or 'regulation of drapers'), published in 1573 and expanded in 1690, is a document made up of 107 chapters aiming to standardise the various stages of the production chain of woollen goods in Portugal. In the sections relating to the finishing of fabrics, the regulation carefully details the dyeing of the colour black. The main aim of this text is to discuss the four recipes presented in that document. The system presupposed a phase exogenous to the rules, since the fabrics had to be previously dyed blue ('celestial blues') by means of successive immersions of the cloth in a vat with indigo. The dyeing itself was achieved by mixing mordants and auxiliaries (alum, tartar, iron sulphate, and tannins) with a red dye (madder). The main conclusion is that the formulae presented do not constitute, in their general principles, a characteristic Portuguese methodology. In addition, the article includes an inventory of the raw materials used for dyeing in the Early Modern Age, produced, through a qualitative method, through cross-reference with other manuscript and printed sources, as well as an interpretation of their social and economic importance, and a systematisation of the types of Portuguese wools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colour symbolism plays an important role in everyday life and science. The subject is interdisciplinary and receives significant attention in the literature. It is increasingly entering the field of economics and finance. The authors are the first to research the connotations and symbolism of colours in finance. The following research aims to: identify and determine the meaning of colours in connection with the word “finance”, determine the popularity of the use of particular colours in relation to the word “finance”, and identify the most popular subject areas in the literature related to the most commonly used colour in finance. Bibliometric and textual analyses were adopted as research methods. The main research conclusions are as follows. Of the 14 colours examined, only green, blue, brown, black and white showed connotations accurately portrayed in the text. Apart from the colour black, the symbolism is universal and unambiguous. For black, the symbolism is twofold, with one of the meanings going back to historical times. The dominant colour is green. The main research areas pursued under “green finance” include investing in and financing environmentally friendly projects (including various types of technology), developing financial instruments to support environmentally friendly activities and supporting clean energy projects.

The authentication and dating of rare ceramics is generally carried out using subjective criteria, mainly based on visual interpretation. However, the scientific study and evaluation of the materials used could contribute objectively. The analytical data relating to the major and minor elements of the coloring agents of the decoration or the base marks, and the characteristics of the raw materials (related to geology and ore processing), can be obtained on the conservation site non-invasively using a pXRF instrument and the phases formed may be identified using Raman microspectroscopy. This approach is applied to 28 objects assigned to the production of the Meissen Factory, from the collection of the Musée National de Céramique, Cité de la Céramique, Sèvres. They have polychromic or blue-and-white decorations and are supposed to have been produced in the 18th and 19th centuries. Some have a production date that has been perfectly established, others may have been produced using an earlier mold, or even have been decorated on an unknown date different from that of the firing of the biscuit. The combination of several classification criteria concerning the type of glaze, previously identified in the study of French and Chinese 17th and 18th centuries productions, i.e., the elements associated with cobalt present in the mark or the blue decoration and the relative levels of impurities of the glaze matrix, both characteristic of the raw materials and giving a strong XRF signal, leads to the identification of groups of homogeneous objects (respectively, counting seven, three, two and two objects for which at least four out of five criteria are identical); the other objects present too many differences to be considered as having been produced with the same raw materials. The first group brings together almost all the objects with a reliable pedigree made before ~1750, but includes two objects with decoration types closer to those of the 1800s. The comparison of the pXRF signals confirms the possibility of identifying the use of European ingredients for the production of painted enamels in the Qing dynasty.

Blue (400–500 nm) and red (600–700 nm) light regions have been investigated for their effects on photosynthesis and plant growth, yet evidence for specific blue light wavelengths in plant research is lacking. Investigations into amber (595 nm) light are similarly limited. To ‘shed light’ on these two important wavelengths, this study investigated the combined effects of blue and amber light on plant growth and development in two model plants: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Beefsteak) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Breen). Plant growth responses were determined with four light treatments: B+BA (blue + broad amber, 455–602 nm), RB-NA (royal blue + narrow amber, 430–602 nm), RB-BA (royal blue + broad amber, 423–595 nm), and high-pressure sodium at a PPFD of 250 µmol m−2 s−1. After 21 days, the highest fresh and dry mass for both plant species was obtained under the RB-BA light treatment. Shifting the blue wavelength from 430 nm to 455 nm with broad amber lighting led to 40% less fresh mass for tomatoes, whereas only an approximate 5% reduction in fresh mass was observed for lettuce plants. Our findings demonstrate that an alternate and combined blue + amber light spectrum is effective for optimizing plant productivity.

The management of plant architecture is important for the promotion of year-round production of quality flowers under controlled environment. Besides temperature, the manipulation of light and its intensity are very essential in greenhouses. Light has a significant impact on how plants grow and develop. The energy from light is used by plants for photosynthesis as well as signalling in several assimilation processes. Natural light levels frequently restrict crop output during specific times under intensive horticulture production systems. Numerous blooming species get artificial lighting to promote photosynthesis, induce an inductive photoperiod, or both. Light intensity, spectrum, and photoperiodic adaptability are urgently needed to boost plant growth and product quality. Plant physiology and biochemistry are affected by changes in light intensity, duration, and quality, which has an impact on their morphology and functionality. The use of LEDs in floriculture enables increased light use efficiency in greenhouse production among the use of various artificial light sources in the horticultural industry. It is understood that monochromatic wavelengths or their mixtures can be used with LED technology to enhance plant development. The replacement of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps (HPS) by a LED lighting system is currently under investigation in greenhouses. Integrating the current growing system with advanced techniques paves full attention. To attain a sustainable and economical production system, a different spectrum of light has to be tested, integrated, and optimized within the horticultural production system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authentication and dating of rare ceramics is generally carried out using subjective criteria, mainly based on visual interpretation. However, the scientific study and evaluation of the materials used could contribute objectively. The analytical data relating to the major and minor elements of the coloring agents of the decoration or the base marks, and the characteristics of the raw materials (related to geology and ore processing), can be obtained on the conservation site non-invasively using a pXRF instrument and the phases formed may be identified using Raman microspectroscopy. This approach is applied to 28 objects assigned to the production of the Meissen Factory, from the collection of the Musée National de Céramique, Cité de la Céramique, Sèvres. They have polychromic or blue-and-white decorations and are supposed to have been produced in the 18th and 19th centuries. Some have a production date that has been perfectly established, others may have been produced using an earlier mold, or even have been decorated on an unknown date different from that of the firing of the biscuit. The combination of several classification criteria concerning the type of glaze, previously identified in the study of French and Chinese 17th and 18th centuries productions, i.e., the elements associated with cobalt present in the mark or the blue decoration and the relative levels of impurities of the glaze matrix, both characteristic of the raw materials and giving a strong XRF signal, leads to the identification of groups of homogeneous objects (respectively, counting seven, three, two and two objects for which at least four out of five criteria are identical); the other objects present too many differences to be considered as having been produced with the same raw materials. The first group brings together almost all the objects with a reliable pedigree made before ~1750, but includes two objects with decoration types closer to those of the 1800s. The comparison of the pXRF signals confirms the possibility of identifying the use of European ingredients for the production of painted enamels in the Qing dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colour symbolism plays an important role in everyday life and science. The subject is interdisciplinary and receives significant attention in the literature. It is increasingly entering the field of economics and finance. The authors are the first to research the connotations and symbolism of colours in finance. The following research aims to: identify and determine the meaning of colours in connection with the word "finance", determine the popularity of the use of particular colours in relation to the word "finance", and identify the most popular subject areas in the literature related to the most commonly used colour in finance. Bibliometric and textual analyses were adopted as research methods. The main research conclusions are as follows. Of the 14 colours examined, only green, blue, brown, black and white showed connotations accurately portrayed in the text. Apart from the colour black, the symbolism is universal and unambiguous. For black, the symbolism is twofold, with one of the meanings going back to historical times. The dominant colour is green. The main research areas pursued under "green finance" include investing in and financing environmentally friendly projects (including various types of technology), developing financial instruments to support environmentally friendly activities and supporting clean energy projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we introduced the weak electron-accepting oxazole derivative 4,5-diphenyl-2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)oxazole (TPO) into both anthracene and pyrene moieties of a dual core structure. Ultimately, we developed 2-(4-(6-(anthracen-9-yl)pyren-1-yl)phenyl)-4,5-diphenyloxazole (AP-TPO) as the substitution on the second core, pyrene, and 4,5-diphenyl-2-(4-(10-(pyren-1-yl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)oxazole (TPO-AP) as the substitution on the first core, anthracene. Both materials exhibited maximum photoluminescence wavelengths at 433 and 443 nm in solution and emitted deep blue light with high photoluminescence quantum yields of 82% and 88%, respectively. When used as the emitting layer in non-doped devices, TPO-AP outperformed AP-TPO, achieving a current efficiency of 5.49 cd/A and an external quantum efficiency of 4.26% in electroluminescence. These materials introduce a new category of deep blue emitters in the organic light-emitting diodes field, combining characteristics related to the electron transport layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung transthoracic ultrasound (LUS) is an accessible and widely applicable method of rapidly imaging certain pathologies in the thorax. LUS proves to be an optimal tool in respiratory emergency medicine, applicable in various clinical settings. However, despite the rapid development of bedside ultrasonography, or point-of-care (POCUS) ultrasound, there remains a scarcity of knowledge about the use of LUS in pre-hospital settings. Therefore, our aim was to assess the usefulness of LUS as an additional tool in diagnosing dyspnea when performed by experienced paramedics in real-life, pre-hospital settings. Participants were recruited consecutively among patients who called for an emergency due to dyspnea in the Warsaw region of Poland. All the enrolled patients were admitted to the Emergency Department (ED). In the prehospital setting, a paramedic experienced in LUS conducted an ultrasonographic examination of the thorax, including Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency (BLUE) and extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (eFAST) protocols. The paramedic's diagnosis was compared to the ED diagnosis, and if available, to the final diagnosis established on the day of discharge from the hospital. We enrolled 44 patients in the study, comprising 22 (50%) men and (50%) women with a median age of 76 (IQR: 69.75–84.5) years. The LUS performed by paramedic was concordant with the discharge diagnosis in 90.91% of cases, where the final diagnosis was established on the day of discharge from the hospital. In cases where the patient was treated only in the ED, the pre-hospital LUS was concordant with the ED diagnosis in 88.64% of cases. The mean time of the LUS examination was 63.66 s (SD: 19.22). The inter-rater agreement between the pre-hospital diagnosis and ER diagnosis based on pre-hospital LUS and complete ER evaluation was estimated at k = 0.822 (SE: 0.07; 95%CI: 0.68, 0.96), indicating strong agreement, and between the pre-hospital diagnosis based on LUS and final discharge diagnosis, it was estimated at k = 0.934 (SE: 0.03; 95%CI: 0.88, 0.99), indicating almost perfect agreement. In conclusion, paramedic-acquired LUS seems to be a useful tool in the pre-hospital differential diagnosis of dyspnea in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we consider the partitioned linear model M 12 = { y , X 1 β 1 + X 2 β 2 , V } and the corresponding small model M 1 = { y , X 1 β 1 , V }. We focus on comparing the best linear unbiased estimators, BLUEs, of X 1 β 1 under M 12 and M 1. In other words, we are interested in the effect of adding regressors on the BLUEs. Particular attention is paid on the consistency of the model, that is, whether the realized value of the response vector y belongs to the column space of (X 1 : V) or (X 1 : X 2 : V). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most widely studied influence of eye makeup on perception is the eye enlargement effect. There are limited studies on other influences on visual perception. This study aimed to demonstrate the influence of eyeliner color and thickness on the perceptual color of sclera, the white part of the eyes, and to understand the relationship between them. A psychophysical experimental method, the staircase method, was employed to evaluate the influence of eyeliners on perception. The first experiment showed that thicker eyeliners resulted in perceptually larger eyes and a white sclera. The second experiment revealed that eyeliner colors that were significantly different from skin color, such as blue and green, made the perceptual sclera color whiter. The third experiment confirmed that the hue of the eyeliner color considerably affected perceptual sclera whiteness, whereas the lightness of the eyeliner affected perceptual eye size. An influence on sclera whiteness perception by cosmetic eyeliners was demonstrated, and the relationship between the influence on perception and the characteristics of the applied eyeliner was clarified. This effect may be one of the mechanisms behind the impressive eyes obtained by eye makeup, and the results will provide important scientific evidence for improving makeup products and techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article provides an overview of the works of esteemed researchers who have extensively studied the semantic meaning of color names in both domestic and foreign linguistics, as well as the linguistic expression of human emotions. The article delves into the linguistic image of the world, examining how the concept of color in national culture and the words used to express emotions can shed light on the inner world of humanity and the level of acceptance of joy and sorrow within a society. Specifically, the emotional nuances of the Kazakh language’s concept of “blue” are thoroughly explored in this article. The primary objective of this scientific piece is to cognitively analyze the emotional tone of the color “blue” within the conceptual field of color names, taking a linguistic and cognitive approach. The article scrutinizes the emotional aspects of “blue” in phraseological words from a linguistic perspective while also deeply studying their cognitive nature in linguistic and cultural cognition.

In practical applications of regression models, we may meet with the situation where a true model is misspecified in some other forms due to certain unforeseeable reasons, so that estimation and statistical inference results obtained under the true and misspecified regression models are not necessarily the same, and therefore, it is necessary to compare these results and to establish certain links between them for the purpose of reasonably explaining and utilizing the misspecified regression models. In this paper, we propose and investigate some comparison and equivalence analysis problems on estimations and predictions under true and misspecified multivariate general linear models. We first give the derivations and presentations of the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) and the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUEs) of unknown parametric matrices under a true multivariate general linear model and its misspecified form. We then derive a variety of necessary and sufficient conditions for the BLUPs/BLUEs under the two competing models to be equal using a series of highly-selective formulas and facts associated with ranks, ranges and generalized inverses of matrices, as well as block matrix operations.