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Richard R Gammon,1,* Rounak Dubey,2,* Gaurav K Gupta,3,* Colleen Hinrichsen,4,* Aikaj Jindal,5,* Divjot Singh Lamba,6,* Sadhana Mangwana,7,* Amita Radhakrishnan Nair,8,* Shaughn Nalezinski,9,* Christopher Bocquet10 1Scientific, Medical and Technical Department, OneBlood, Orlando, FL, USA; 2Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; 3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; 4Department of Transfusion Medicine, Princeton Medical Center at Penn Medicine, Plainsboro, NJ, USA; 5Department of Transfusion Medicine, Mohandas Oswal Hospital, Ludhiana, India; 6Department of Transfusion Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; 7Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute, New Delhi, India; 8Department of Transfusion Medicine Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala, India; 9Department of Laboratory Medicine - Transfusion Services, Concord Hospital, Concord, NH, USA; 10Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies, Bethesda, MD, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Richard R Gammon, OneBlood, 8669 Commodity Circle, Orlando, FL, 32819, USA, Tel +1407 947 7963, Fax +1 407 264 8265, Email richard.gammon@oneblood.orgAbstract: Blood donors and voluntary blood donations are essential for ensuring the blood supply that can be maintained by good patient blood management (PBM) practices. This review article explores the role of blood donation in PBM and highlights the importance of donor screening and selection processes in different regions worldwide. The donor health questionnaires and the focused physical examination guidelines have changed in the last decade to increase donor and recipient safety. This article also discusses the status of transfusion practices, including the challenges of ensuring a safe blood supply. Significant among these are the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the blood supply chain and the impact of an aging donor population, especially. Promoting autologous donations and other blood conservation strategies are suggested to mitigate these issues. The role of replacement donors and the upper age limit for voluntary blood donation may be decided based on the demography and donor pool. The involvement of C-suite executives is also critical in implementing and running a successful PBM program. The review highlights how these different aspects of blood donation are integral to a successful PBM program and the safety of patients who receive blood transfusions.Keywords: donors, blood centers, transfusion service

Objective To investigate the establishment of a competitive performance evaluation management program for blood centers to ensure the blood supply. Methods A competitive performance evaluation system for Blood Donor Service Department of blood centers in eastern Shenzhen was established. The data concerning blood collection after (May to October 2021, the experiment group) and before (the corresponding period in 2020, the control) the launch of evaluation system was compared, including the proportion of total/novel blood donors in fixed donation sites, the donation rate of 400 mL and pre-collection deferral rate; collected units per shift, the average collection volume of staff, and the growth rate of per capita donation; the proportion of first-time/repeated/double-dose platelet apheresis donors; the proportion of transfer-in/transfer-out of red blood cells; the ratio of group to street blood donors. Results The proportion of total/novel blood donors in fixed donation sites(81.13% vs 75.87%), the donation rate of 400 mL(58.14% vs 57.91%) and pre-collection deferral rate(76.55% vs 65.92%) in the experimental group was higher than that of the control, while the proportion of pre-collection deferral was lower(18.87% vs 24.13%) (P

Objective To construct an index framework for the evaluation of blood service system resilience under emergency support, and improve the ability of blood centers to deal with emergencies. Methods The contents of evaluation index system were preliminarily determined through the literature analysis. The Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process(AHP) were used. Experts in relevant fields were consulted to determine the resilience evaluation of indicator framework. Six experts were invited to score the weight of resilience index and finally determined the weight of the index. Results The resilience evaluation index framework of blood service was established with 5 first-level indicators and 22 second-level indicators. The weights of first-level indicators economic resilience, social resilience, infrastructure resilience, organizational resilience and process resilience were 0.140, 0.071, 0.156, 0.225 and 0.408, respectively. Conclusion The established evaluation index framework of blood service system resilience is scientific, which provides a reference basis for evaluating the resilience of blood service system.

Objective To investigate the establishment of multi-center haemovigilance (HV) and the monitoring of adverse reactions to blood donation (ARBD), in order to provide basis for the management of blood donors. Methods The operation of HV was investigated by questionnaire. The total number of blood donations (including plateletpheresis) and ARBD cases occurred in each blood center from 2014 to 2018 were analyzed. Results Among the 24 blood centers in this survey, only nine got HV operated. The incidence of ARBD of 19 blood centers that fulfilled the questionnaire was in the range of (0.003~1.151) %. The change trend of number and incidence of ARBD cases were indeterminate. Conclusion Most blood centers did not got HV established. The incidence of ARBD varied greatly and was indeterminate. The application of HV should be further improved to strengthen ARBD management.

The overall healthcare system has been prioritized within development top lists worldwide. Since many national populations are aging, combined with the availability of sophisticated medical treatments, healthcare expenditures are rapidly growing. Blood banks are a major component of any healthcare system, which store and provide the blood products needed for organ transplants, emergency medical treatments, and routine surgeries. Timely delivery of blood products is vital, especially in emergency settings. Hence, blood delivery process parameters such as safety and speed have received attention in the literature, as well as other parameters such as delivery cost. In this paper, delivery time and cost are modeled mathematically and marked as objective functions requiring simultaneous optimization. A solution is proposed based on Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to address the formulated delivery functions as Multi-objective Optimization Problems (MOPs). The basic concept of the solution is to decompose the MOP into a scalar optimization sub-problems set, where each one of these sub-problems is modeled as a separate Neural Network (NN). The overall model parameters for each sub-problem are optimized based on a neighborhood parameter transfer and DRL training algorithm. The optimization step for the subproblems is undertaken collaboratively to optimize the overall model. Paretooptimal solutions can be directly obtained using the trained NN. Specifically, the multi-objective blood bank delivery problem is addressed in this research. Onemajor technical advantage of this approach is that once the trainedmodel is available, it can be scaled without the need formodel retraining. The scoring can be obtained directly using a straightforward computation of the NN layers in a limited time. The proposed technique provides a set of technical strength points such as the ability to generalize and solve rapidly compared to othermulti-objective optimizationmethods. The model was trained and tested on 5 major hospitals in Saudi Arabia's Riyadh region, and the simulation results indicated that time and cost decreased by 35% and 30%, respectively. In particular, the proposed model outperformed other state-of-the-art MOP solutions such as Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which examined the daily and hourly donor arrival patterns at Hacettepe University Hospitals' Blood Center using the Two-Step Cluster Method and the Classification and Regression Trees method. Topics covered include the nonconstant donor arrival rates experienced by blood centers, the use of a serial queuing network model of the donation process and the processes for improving blood collection services.

Abstract: In subsaharan Africa, knowledge of the organization and methods of transfusion centers, as well as blood donor characteristics, is essential in choosing strategies to improve transfusion practices and the security of blood products on this Continent. The present study was based on a analysis led in partnership with the transfusion of seven francophone African countries (Burkina-Faso, Cameroon, Congo, Ivory Cost, Mali, Niger, and Rwanda). The results showed that withstanding significant progress has been realized in the organization and safety, but much remains to be undertaken over the years to come in order to improve the organization of the centers, the providing of blood products and the infectious and immunohematologic safety. This evolution, for the moment, is limited by the financial resources, insufficient training of personnel and cultural obstacles, but will necessarily pass through the pursuit of conjugated efforts of the scientific, international and local communities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]