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Summary. The purpose of the article – is to study the most secret criminal environment of "Skhidnytsia California" – one of the most remote centres of oil extraction attracting the attention of hundreds of well-known financial swindlers in the Habsburg Empire as well as organized criminal groups. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematics, objectivity as well as methods of historiographical analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty of the article is an attempt to research criminal offenses that took place in the Skhidnytsia area. Conclusions. The analyzed problem has attracted scientific interest. The historians tried to show that in the XIX – early XX centuries oil became the subject of blatant controversy in society, the cause of global crises, numerous wars, international exile, instant wealth and a source of profit for the criminal world, which managed to organize an effective web of grey economy around the oil business less associated with the indigenous population of the province. The authors show that organized criminal groups appeared in the vicinity of Skhidnytsia in the early twentieth century and they were engaged exclusively in robbery of the local population, robbery of oil rigs, branches of savings banks, etc. In particular, many thefts were directly related to oilfield equipment, which was very expensive and sold in Skhidnytsia specialty stores. Many facts have been found which indicate to the existence of unwritten customary law among "industrial gangs" mainly based on the principle of silence and blood revenge. The authors raced that increased of brine production, shadow capital accumulation, clandestine transit, money laundering, fire losses, employee irresponsibility, unpaid wages and hundreds of other precedents were the source of litigation, which in turn were a living field for the fashionable legal business, which against the background of the oil industry, and even more so the rigid tax system was increasingly adapted to industrial conditions of "Skhidnytsia California"., Анотація. Мета статті – дослідити найпотаємніше кримінальне середовище «Східницької Каліфорнії», яка, будучи одним із найвіддаленіших центрів добування «чорного золота», привертала увагу сотні відомих фінансових аферистів імперії Габсбургів, організованих злочинних груп. Методологія дослідження спирається на принципи історизму, системності, об’єктивності, а також на методи історіографічного аналізу та синтезу. Наукова новизна статті полягає у спробі дослідження кримінальних злочинів, які відбувалися на території «Східницької Каліфорнії». Висновки. Аналізована проблема почала вивчатися на науковому рівні. Тоді історики намагалися показати, що у ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст. нафта була об’єктом кричущих суперечок в суспільстві, причиною світових криз, численних воєн, міжнаціональних поневірянь, миттєвого багатства та джерелом прибутку для кримінального світу, який довкола нафтового бізнесу зумів організувати дієву павутину тіньового бізнесу, меншою мірою пов’язаного із автохтонним населенням провінції. Досліджено, що на початку ХХ ст. в околицях Східниці з’являлися організовані злочинні групи, які займалися винятково розбоєм місцевого населення, грабуванням бухгалтерій нафтових шибів, відділень ощадних кас тощо. Зокрема, чимало викрадень стосувалося безпосередньо обладнання для нафтового промислу, яке було дуже дорогим, продавалося у східницьких спеціалізованих магазинах. Віднайдено чимало фактів, які вказують на існування серед «промислових банд» неписаного звичаєвого права, яке в основному базувалося на принципі мовчання та кровній помсті. Простежено, що збільшення видобутку ропи, тіньове накопичення капіталів, таємний транзит, грошові махінації, втрати від пожеж, безвідповідальність працівників, невиплачені зарплати та сотні інших прецедентів стали джерелом для появи судових суперечок, які, зі свого боку, були життєвим полем для модного адвокатського бізнесу, який на тлі нафтового промислу, а тим більше жорсткої податкової системи все більше адаптовувався до промислових умов «Східницької Каліфорнії».

oil – a valuable energy resource, has an enormous impact on the world economy. According to the latest statistics global oil reserves will last 42 years, but with the development of new technologies it made possible the development of hard-to-reserves, which will help to extend the use of such a valuable energy resource for the long term. This article describes the main trends in the global oil market and analyzes the current situation on the world oil market.

Oil, the backbone of modern life, it’s in the food we eat, the houses we live in and the cars we drive. One of the most important commodities in the world, but what if it all suddenly disappeared.What might happen to our cities, our food and our very way of life? Today our worst night mare begins, today the world runs out of oil. Black gold is one of the more common names for oil, the value of the dark liquid is undisputed. According to Forbes, the world’s largest oil company the Texas-based ExxonMobil braked into four billion dollars in a single quarter in 2017; clearly, oil is big business. The top oil producing nations on earth including the United States, Canada, Russia, Saudi Arabia and UAE are all wealthy nations that possess an incredible amount of influence on global geopolitics. One might even say that what happens in oil market will affect everyone in the world. Over the last 150 years, we have taken about a trillion barrels from the earth and most experts forecast that the equivalent of another trillion should still be there for us to extract. From Saudi Arabia to the North Sea, to the massive tar sands of Alberta Canada; all the oil that drives our car, flies our planes, powers our factories and even oil below the ground is about to vanish. This paper will provide all information regarding the history of using oil on earth, current value of oil in industries and modern way of life, estimated timeline and impacts of oil disappearing from earth and finding a perfect alternative for oil to source our very way of modern life.

Nafta je „crno zlato“ suvremenog svijeta koja je početkom XX. stoljeća postala veliko političko sredstvo zadobivanja moći i bogatstva. Svjetske sile teže ovladavanjem što veće količine naftnih izvora što dovodi do mnogih sukoba i ratova, koji su često prikriveni pod krinkom borbe protiv terorizma, borbe za ljudska prava i demokraciju, itd. Glavni paradoks naftnih resursa leži u činjenici da su zemlje bogate naftnim izvorima nerijetko siromašne i nerazvijene, dok su one siromašnih naftnih izvora bogate i razvijene. Problem je u činjenici kako razvijene države radi nedostatka vlastitih naftnih rezervi često ulaze u sukobe sa zemljama koje imaju veće količine nafte, te na taj način uzrokuju nemire, nestabilnost i sukobe u tim državama, što im posljedično onemogućava razvoj i napredak. Afrika je kontinent koji obiluje većim količinama naftnih izvora, te ukupno 23 države na svom teritoriju posjeduju određene količine naftnih rezervi. Sve navedene države su u nekom trenutku povijesti imale određene sukobe na svom teritoriju, s iznimkom države Benin, te je čak 15 država imalo sukobe povezane s naftom, od koji se neki vode i danas. Činjenica je kako je Afrika sve više na meti svjetskih moćnika koji žele ovladati njezinim naftnim resursima, a poseban naglasak stavlja se na budućnost s pretpostavkom kako će se sukobi povezani s naftom u Africi sve više povećavati, usporedno s pomanjkanjem naftnih rezervi na Bliskom istoku. Bliski istok je prvi doživio invaziju svjetskih sila zbog svojih nalazišta nafte, a sve pod izlikom borbe protiv terorizma. S obzirom da se iscrpljivanje naftnih zaliha Bliskog istoka bliži svom vrhuncu, postoji velika opasnost da će svjetske sile svoj fokus usmjeriti na države afričkog kontinenta. Nedvojbeno je kako živimo u svijetu naftnih sukoba i nemilosrdne borbe za ovladavanjem naftnih izvorišta, za koje se očekuje da će se s vremenom sve više povećavati. Nafta je postala glavni izvor moći i bogatstva u svijetu jer tko posjeduje naftu, posjeduje moć i mogućnost kontrole tržišta i svjetskog gospodarstva. Upravo zbog toga nastaviti će se voditi i pojačavati ratovi oko nafte jer su svjetske sile nemilosrdne u svom naumu da zauzmu što veće količine naftnih rezervi te ojačaju svoju poziciju u svijetu., In modern world oil is considered as "black gold" which has become a great political instrument for obtaining power and wealth in the beginning of XX. century. World leaders are trying to control as many as possible oil resources which is leading towards many conflicts and wars, which are often lead under the mask of wars against the terrorism, democracy and human rights, etc. The main paradox of oil resources is the fact that oil rich countries are often poor and underdeveloped, while those who are oil poor are rich and developed. The problem lies in the fact that wealth countries, because of their lack of oil resources, often step into the conflicts with oil rich countries which is causing turbulence, unstability and conflicts. This is preventing oil rich countries to develop and grow. Africa is a continent with lots of oil resources, with 23 countries in total which are possesing meaningful oil reserves. All those countries had some kind of conflict and war on their territory, with the exception of Benin. That makes 15 countries in total which have had an oil connected conflicts, with few still lasting. The fact is that Africa is on world leaders target because of her's oil resources and this situation will progress even more with oil deficiency in Middle Eeast. Middle East is the first one who has experienced invasion of world leaders because of it's oil, with the excuse of war against terrorism. Considering the situation in which Middle East is in slight lack of the oil resources, we can assume that the focus is going to be transferred on Africa. It is without doubt that we live in a world fulfilled with oil conflicts which are expected to grow even more in the future. Oil has become the main power and wealth source because who ownes the oil, ownes the power and control over the world market and economy. That is why the oil conflicts will countinue to increase with the world leaders who are ruthless in their attempt to conquer as much as possible oil resources, and to strenghten their position in the world.

The present article describes the classical work of the Mozambican Social Sciences Black Gold: the Mozambican miner, proletarian and peasant (1983), writed by Ruth First in the end of seventies. The author was a communist militant and fought against Apartheid regime. The book explains the social situation of migrant workers in the mines of South Africa, originated from Inhambane, South province of Mozambique. This work is fundamental to understand the character of Mozambican Social Sciences after the Independence in 1975. By reading Ruth First’s book we can elaborate hypothesis about the exploitation of worker in the African mines today. Finally we will discuss how the use of categories proletarian and peasant in African countries helps us to understand the theoretical possibilities of Africa as object of research in the Social Sciences. Resumo: O presente artigo aborda a obra clássica das ciências sociais moçambicanas Black gold: the Mozambican miner, proletarian and peasant (1983) redigida por Ruth First, militante comunista e opositora do regime do Apartheid, em fins da década de 1970. O livro aborda a situação social dos trabalhadores migrantes nas minas da África do Sul, provenientes da província de Inhambane em Moçambique. A referida obra é fundamental, de um lado, para entender o caráter das ciências sociais moçambicanas logo após sua Independência em 1975 e, de outro, como uma fonte de hipóteses para investigações atuais sobre a exploração do trabalho nas minas africanas. Por fim, uma discussão sobre a pertinência de se utilizar as categorias de proletário e camponês em países africanos ajudará a aprofundar a compreensão das possibilidades teóricas da África como objeto de estudo das ciências sociais.

O objeto desta dissertação é a distribuição demográfica do maior espaço urbano da capitania de Minas Gerais nos primeiros anos do século XIX – a capital da capitania de Minas Gerais, Vila Rica. As fontes sobre as quais se alicerçam esta pesquisa são principalmente o recenseamento da capitania de Minas Gerais de 1804 e o livro de tombos elaborado a partir de 1809. Quanto à metodologia, trata-se de um projeto que envolve o uso de ferramentas ligado aos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), com o objetivo de contribuir para uma biografia do espaço. The object of this work is the demographics of the largest urban space in the captaincy of Minas Gerais in the early years of the nineteenth century - the capital of the captaincy of Minas Gerais, Villa Rica. The sources upon which underpin this research are mainly the census of the captaincy of Minas Gerais 1804 and tumbles book drawn from 1809. As regards the methodology, it is a project that involves the use of tools linked to Systems Geographic Information System (GIS), in order to contribute to a biography of space.