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One of the prominent technologies in biomass energy applications is commercial biomass combustion systems. While burning forest-derived biomass is a well-established and proven technology, the combustion of agricultural residues poses more challenges compared to forest-derived fuels. These challenges vary depending on factors such as the design of the combustion system, operational conditions, and the type, physical, and chemical properties of the biomass to be burned. Sintering, agglomeration, slagging, and corrosion are among the major issues that affect the regular and continuous operation of the combustion system, leading to unplanned shutdowns. This study investigates the applicability of common coal ash indices, widely used in the literature to predict these problems, to biomass ash for pre-analysis. Five different biomass feedstocks (reed canary grass, corn stalk, pine, poplar, and tree root) stored in open silos were sampled at two different time periods. Analyses of ash mineral content, chlorine content, sulfur content, and ash fusion temperatures were conducted, and various indices were calculated. Thus, changes in the problems related to biomass fuels depending on storage conditions will also be examined. As a result of the analyses and calculations, no significant relationship or prediction could be demonstrated among the existing indices due to the considerable differences between biomass ash and coal ash, as well as the heterogeneous nature of biomass feedstocks. The contradictory results highlight the necessity for further research and experimental tests under real conditions to establish or verify these indices. It is concluded that a more comprehensive evaluation, taking into account the heterogeneous structure and physicochemical characterization of solid biomass fuels, will be required based on actual combustion experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing technology and increasing population trigger the increasing of the energy demand. As a result, increase in energy demand has accelerated the studies in this field. Conventional energy sources were used currently as usual however it was desired to be limited due to the risk of depletion and negative environmental effects. Therefore, environmentally friendly and no risk of depletion renewable energy sources have created an alternative to conventional energy sources were the frequently studied topics recently. The use of biomass as a renewable energy source has led to development in agriculture and animal husbandry. Products that appear as waste in agriculture and animal husbandry will be evaluated and recycled. If animal feces remain in nature, the methane gas released creates a greenhouse effect and causes global warming. It becomes harmful to human health after mixing with water. For this reason, it is important to obtain electrical and heat energy and dispose of it recyclable. Within the scope of this study, the potential electrical energy that can be obtained from biogas was investigated, considering the collectability of animal feces in Ankara, Gaziantep and Kars provinces located in different regions of our country. In this context, it has been determined that 375,497.55 Mega Watt Hour Electricity (MWhe/year ) from Ankara, 115,452.27 MWhe/year from Gaziantep, and 198,691.4 MWhe/year from Kars have the potential to obtain electrical energy from biogas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing human population and the consequent rise in food demand will make it progressively difficult to access a diet containing sufficient nutrients in the future. The availability of current plant and animal-based foods depends on climate and has negative effects on the environment in longterm. Therefore, researchers are looking for alternative sources to facilitate, and promote the transition to a sustainable diet. Filamentous fungi can break down complex substrates and convert them into valuable products. Fungal biomass obtained through fermentation is a source of important essential compounds such as proteins, enzymes, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, organic acids, and fibers. The most well-known commercial example of an alternative food source with meat-like texture produced from the biomass of a filamentous fungus, Fusarium venenatum, is Quorn. Recent studies have focused on the development of high-value-added products, and the achievement of sustainability by utilizing filamentous fungi to process food industry waste and by-products. This review covers studies on biomass production from food waste or by-products using filamentous fungi, its composition, and its effects on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examined the hydrothermal breakdown of biomass into platform chemicals, including acetic acid (AA), formic acid (FA), 5-hydroxy methyl furfural (5-HMF), and levulinic acid (LA). Chicory was selected as feedstock because of its high potential to produce valuable chemicals. Reactions were performed with BSA (benzenesulfonic acid) and LABSA (linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid) as sulfonic acid catalysts. The studies were conducted with different catalyst concentrations (100, 300, and 600 mM) for 110 minutes at 200 °C with a biomass-tosolvent ratio of 1g/25 mL. The variation of product yield and composition on parameters such as time, sulfonic acid concentration, and type of catalyst were investigated. The maximum levulinic acid yields in wt.% achieved through the experiments of this study were 22.65 wt.% (9.05 g/L) for 600 mM BSA and 85.93 wt.% (34.37 g/L) for 600 mM LABSA at 200 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS / Türk Uzaktan Algılama ve CBS Dergisi is the property of Halil Akinci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The superior properties of carbon aerogels such as porous structure, renewability, low density, high electrical conductivity, and chemical stability have made their use as adsorbent or catalyst in chemical processes widespread. The use of biomass instead of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde as a raw material in the production of carbon aerogel is an environmentally friendly practice as well as reducing the production cost. In the study, carbon aerogel synthesis was carried out by using two different biomasses (bark and brewed tea waste). The biomass used during the synthesis went through the stages of pretreatment (washing/grinding), hydrothermal treatment, drying with supercritical carbon dioxide and carbonization, respectively. XRD, Nitrogen adsorption - desorption analysis, SEM and FTIR analyzes were used in the characterization of the synthesized materials. Synthesized carbon aerogels are very promising in terms of their use in areas such as energy storage, thermal insulation, environmental cleaning, chemical sensors, with their superior properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Polytechnic is the property of Journal of Polytechnic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tarımsal üretim faaliyetleri ile ortaya çıkan yan ürünler nispeten daha zor ölçülebilir oldukları için oluşturdukları zararlı atıklar yakın zamana kadar göz ardı edilmiştir. Günümüzde artık karbon ayak izi ölçümlemeleri ile tarımsal üretim ile açığa çıkan zararlı atıkların belirlenebilmesi mümkün olabilmektedir. Tarımsal faaliyetler sonucu ortaya çıkan atıkların geri kazandırılması, tarımsal üretimin ve çevrenin sürdürülebilirliği açısından üzerinde önemle durulan bir konu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada Konya ilinde hayvansal üretim faaliyetleri sırasında ortaya çıkan sera gazı (gübre ve enterik fermantasyon kaynaklı) miktarları, bitkisel üretimimde doğrudan (yakıt esaslı) emisyon değerleri, biyogaz enerjisi potansiyeli, biyokütle enerji potansiyelleri hesaplanmıştır. Hayvansal üretim (süt sığırı, koyun) faaliyetleri sırasında ortaya çıkan sera gazı miktarları toplam 1,578,108 ton CO2e.yıl-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bitkisel üretimde (buğday, arpa, ayçiçeği, mısır, şeker pancarı) CO2 emisyonu değerleri geleneksel tekniklerinin uygulanması koşulunda toplam 120,564 ton, koruyucu tarım tekniklerinin uygulanmasında ise toplam 36,175 ton olarak hesaplanmıştır. Biyogaz enerjisi potansiyeli, gübre toplanabilirlik oranları dikkate alınarak hesaplandığında toplam 259,780,000 kWh.(m3)-1.yıl-1 olarak bulunmuştur. Biyokütle enerji potansiyelleri ise toplam 4,508.05 GWh olarak bulunmuştur.

Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biomass can be converted into more valuable forms of energy by many thermal, biological and physical methods. While energy can be obtained by direct combustion of biomass, solid, liquid and gaseous fuels can be obtained from biomass by various thermochemical conversion methods (Hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis and gasification). Hydrothermal liquefaction is one of the thermochemical processes used to convert biomass into liquid products with high energy content. Various catalysts (homogeneous and heterogeneous) can be used in the hydrothermal liquefaction process. It has been stated in the relevant literature that heterogeneous catalysts have various advantages such as recovery and obtaining liquid products with low oxygen content. In this study, the stem of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Liquorice) plant is liquefied for the first time in the presence of Al and Fe metal powders catalyst. In the trials, 300, 325 and 350 °C temperature and 30 minutes waiting time parameters are determined. GC–MS and elemental analysis methods are used for the characterization of the products. For light bio-oil and heavy bio-oil, the optimum temperature was 325°C and the highest energy value was 32.01 Mj/kg in the presence of Fe catalyst. Heterogeneous catalyst is found to be effective in the liquefaction of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In energy production from biomass, the highest parameter of input costs arises from logistics operations. When characterized by considering seasonal supply conditions, the most important issue in biomass logistics is storage processes. Due to its heterogeneous nature, proper storage and effective combustion of solid biomass can be much more difficult and problematic compared to fossil fuels. The importance of determining the appropriate storage conditions is obvious, as serious losses in biomass energy may occur during the storage process. Storing the fuel suitable for use is of vital importance, both technically and economically. In this study, the characterization, moisture content, energy content, dry matter loss and ash content changes of the open storage of 5 different biomass raw materials (reed cane, cornstalk, pine, poplar, tree root) in different climatic conditions over a 13-month period were investigated statistically. Total dry matter losses calculated based on the difference between the first weighing and the last weighing at the beginning of the test based on the product in the silos are 38% for poplar cover, 35% for corn stalk, 32% for pine cover, 25% for tree roots and 11% for reed cane. In the total dry matter loss content, the highest dry matter loss rate due to moisture was in the tree root with 92%, and the dry matter loss rate due to microbiological degradation was the highest in corn straw with 86%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Erciyes Agriculture & Animal Science is the property of Erciyes Tarim ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Karasal ekosistemler içinde en önemli karbon havuzları ormanlardır. Özellikle orman alanlarındaki canlı biyokütle ve orman toprağı yoğun miktarda karbon depolamaktadır. Biyokütle miktarları meşcere tiplerinin hektardaki ağaç serveti verilerinden hareketle belirlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada biyokütle verisinin doğruluğunu artırmaya yönelik ağaç kapalılık yüzdesi haritası ile çakıştırılması yapılmış ve nihai biyokütle haritası elde edilmiştir. Biyokütle haritası ve topraktaki organik karbon miktarları da uydu görüntülerinden belirlenerek Düzce ilinin karasal karbon stoğu ortaya koyulmuştur. Çalışma alanında ağaç türü bazında en fazla biyokütle ve karbon birikimi Kn ağaç türünde ve toplam biyokütle ve karbonun yaklaşık ¾’ünü depoladığı belirlenmiştir. En düşük biyokütle ve karbon miktarı ise Düzce’deki yayılışı sınırlı olan Çm ağaç türünde tespit edilmiştir. Orman alanlarındaki toplam karbonun %69.7’si canlı biyokütlede depolanırken, %30.3’ü ise toprakta depolanmıştır. Orman dışı alanlardaki özellikle toprakta tutulan karbon miktarları da değerlendirildiğinde tüm karbonun %84.6’sı orman alanlarında depolanırken, %14.5’lik kısmı ise tarım alanlarındaki toprakta ve % 0.9’luk kısım da diğer arazi sınıflarında depolanmıştır. Orman ve orman dışı alanlar birlikte değerlendirildiğinde toplam depolanan karbon miktarının %41’i toprakta depolanırken, %59’u ise canlı biyokütle üzerinde depolandığı belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmada, dahlia tohumlarına 0, 25, 50 ve 100 ppm dozlarında paclobutrazol uygulaması yapılmıştır. Paclobutrazol ‘un sağladığı olası geciktirici etkilerini ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla fidelerin saksılara dikiminden 1 hafta sonra 0, 100 ve 200 ppm dozlarında yapraktan püskürtülerek GA3 uygulaması yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda, fide döneminde, fide boyunda (5,08 cm) ve çimlenme oranında (%80,56) 25 ppm paclobutrazol uygulaması kontrole göre (4,68 cm-%67,59) iyi sonuçlar göstermiştir. Paclobutrazol dozları arttıkça belirtilen parametrelerde düşüşler yaşanmıştır. İkinci aşamada ise, paclobutrazol uygulamaları yapılmamış olup tohumdan uygulanan paclobutrazol ile yetiştirilen fidelere GA3 uygulaması yapılmıştır. Paclobutrazol uygulamaları yapılan ancak GA3 uygulanması bulunmayan fidelerin bitki gelişimi açısından istatistiksel farklılıklar çıkmamasına rağmen 50 ppm paclobutrazol uygulaması bitki boyu (47,87 cm) ve bitki gövde çapında (6,55 mm), 0 ppm paclobutrazol uygulaması kök yaş ağırlığı (7,02 g) ve 50 ppm paclobutrazol uygulaması ise kök uzunluğunda (22,70 cm) en iyi sonuçları göstermiştir. Farklı konsantrasyonlardaki GA3 uygulamalarında ise 100 ppm GA3 uygulaması diğer uygulamalara kıyasla bitki gelişimi açısından en iyi sonuçları vermiştir. Paclobutrazol ve GA3 uygulamalarının kombine edilmesiyle bitki gelişiminde ağırlıklı olarak 50 ppm paclobutrazol ve 100 ppm GA3 uygulamaları daha etkili olmuştur. Fidenin büyüme ve çiçeklenme açısından boy kontrolünde 25 ppm paclobutrazol kullanılabileceği, kaliteli bitki gelişimi ve olası geciktirici etkileri ortadan kaldırmak için 100 ppm GA3 uygulanması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

In recent years, biomass has been used as a chemical raw material and renewable energy source for environmental reasons in many developed countries. In this study, it is aimed to elucidate the biofuel properties of tar obtained by pyrolysis of biomass. Paulownia Elongata wood was chosen as the biomass source. Paulownia is a fast growing tree species, it is cultivated as a biofuel raw material and is also used in industrial applications due to its many advantageous properties. It is used extensively in Asian countries, especially in the manufacture of furniture and ornaments. The potential to transform the wastes generated after such productions into bioenergy products is also quite high. The most commonly applied thermochemical method for biofuel production is pyrolysis. In this study, the sweeping gas flow rate (N2) (0.05, 0.10, 0.2, 0.3 L/min) and particle size (0.224-0.425; 0.425-0.6; 0.6-0, 85; 0.85-1; 1-1.8 mm) on pyrolysis product yields were investigated at a heating rate of 50°C/min and a temperature of 500°C. The highest bio-oil (tar) yield was achieved at 0.1 L/min sweeping gas (N2) rate and 0.6-0.85 mm particle size. Elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, GC-MS analyzes of the bio-oil obtained under these conditions were performed and it was observed that the bio-oil contained hydrocarbons, long chain carboxylic acid/esters, ketones, phenolic compounds and their derivatives. It can be said that the bio-oil, which has a rich chemical content and high heating value, can be used as a chemical raw material source and as a liquid fuel after catalytic improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgal biotechnology is recognized as a productive alternative that could potentially solve the global problems faced today, including the energy crisis, climate change, environmental degradation, and food shortages. This is mainly due to the fact that microalgae are able to capture large amounts of carbon dioxide and directly convert solar energy into chemical energy conserved in biomass through photosynthesis. Microalgal biomass can be used as food and animal feed, as well as evaluated in biofuel production. In this study, a laboratory-scale photobioreactor was designed, and the time-dependent development of different microalgae species in this system was investigated. In terms of microalgal biomass production, it is important that the proposed system has an industrially applicable design with scaleup. In addition, the spherical manifold system used for air supply to simultaneous and parallel photobioreactors is an original design in terms of obtaining comparable results. In experiments in which the development of different algae species was examined with optical density measurements for 32 days, it was seen that algae cultures could be produced with high efficiency. It has been observed that an approximately 50-fold increase can be achieved in the dry matter concentration for the Chlorella protothecoides-2 strain investigated by using the system with increasing from 0.04 g/L to 1.94 g/L at the end of a 20 day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effects of varying levels of deficit irrigation applied through partial root drying (PRD) and conventional deficit irrigation on some parameters of cucumber plant such as fresh and dried biomass, plant stem diameter, number of leaf, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, water soluble dry matter (WSDM). Seven irrigation treatments (DI75, APRD75, FPRD75, DI50, APRD50, FPRD50) were examined together with the control treatment (FULL). The irrigation water of the treatments DI75, APRD75 and FPRD75 are 25% less than the FULL treatment. The irrigation water of the DI50, APRD50 and FPRD50 treatments is 50% less than the FULL treatment. DI75 and DI50 are traditional deficit irrigation applications in which both sides of the plant root zone are wetted. In APRD75 and APRD50 treatments, one half of the plant root zone is wetted and the other half is left dry and the wet/dry parts are switched in each irrigation application. In FPRD75 and FPRD50 treatments, one half of the plant root zone is wetted and the other half is left dry for a fixed period during the entire season. It has been revealed that 25% and 50% water deficit levels affect the amount of biomass as a result of the application of conventional deficit irrigation and partial root drying (PRD) techniques when compared to the FULL treatment. However, it has been found that the parameters such as plant stem diameter, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and WSDM are not affected. When the results obtained in the research are evaluated; it has been observed that water application techniques (DI, APRD, FPRD) have a significant effect on both plant development and yield when the same amount of water is given. As irrigation water constraint increases, the yield has been found to decrease. However, the decrease in the amount of irrigation water and the decrease in yield have not been the same. Research aiming to save irrigation water is increasingly important, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce and expensive. In this regard, the fact that the decrease in yield remains smaller than the rate of decrease in irrigation water can be seen as an advantage of PRD treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences / Konya Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Selcuk University Journal of Engineering, Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The growing concerns for environmental problems with the depletion of fossil energy sources, rising oil costs, and the rapid spread of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere have led researchers to develop new techniques to obtain clean and sustainable energy from renewable sources. Wind, solar, and biomass energies are regarded as the key sources among the various renewable possibilities. One of the most important methods of using biomass resources to meet sustainable energy requirements is biogas technology. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the biogas production from cattle manure, grape pulp, and the mixture prepared for co-fermentation them as a biomass source in a laboratory-scale system. In this context, experiments were carried out in a biogas production system under the conditions of a 10% biomass ratio, a 37°C fermentation temperature, and a 60 rpm mixing speed using cattle manure, grape pulp, and mixtures containing equal proportions of manure and grape pulp. In the experiments executed under anaerobic conditions, the amounts of biogas formed depending on time, the carbon dioxide content of the gas and the pH values were all determined. In the study, at the end of the 10-day anaerobic fermentation period, the total amount of biogas obtained for cattle manure, grape pulp, and their mixtures, respectively, was determined to be 26.3, 7.2 and 9.8 L/kg dry matter. The total methane amounts obtained were calculated as to be 22.1, 5.8 and 8.0 L/kg dry matter for these three different materials, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of Trichoderma harzianum on seedling growth and quality as two consecutive experiments during the spring months of 2018. In the first experiment, four different T. harzianum strains and a commercial preparate were used by adding into seed sowing substrate and compared with control group which had no treatment. The most promising strain (strain2), was used with and without foliar fertilizer (20:20:20) and foliar fertilizer itself was considered as control. Emergence period and rate were determined to observe the effects of treatments of germination of seeds. Regarding the seedling growth and quality, seedling length, root length, hypocotyl diameter, leaf thickness, fresh and dry weights of root and shoots, dry matter content, color, chlorophyll index, leaf macro and micro plant nutrient contents and seedling quality index were determined at the planting stage. Data obtained from the first experiment showed that the effects of T. harzianum strains on seedling morphology, physiology and nutrient content were different. Among the tested strains, strain2 showed better performance on seedling length, root and shoot dry matter contents, total fresh weight, chlorophyll, a color value and P, Ca, Mn, Cu and Zn contents of leaves and improved seedling quality. The second experiment result showed that the foliar fertilizer application increased the efficiency of T. harzianum strain2. T. harzianum strain2 without foliar fertilizer remained below the control treament in all measured parameters. When all the data were evaluated together, it was concluded that T. harzianum could be used to increase seedling quality due to its positive effects on seedling biomass, plant nutrition uptake and quality index. Moreover, it can be used in organic seedling production as alternative biostimulant.

Biomass utilization to produce renewable energy is an environmentally friendly waste management approach and also contribute circular bioeconomy against depleted fossil fuels sources. Biohydrogen energyas an alternative energy source have been researched for many years because it is a renewable, sustainable, cheap and clean energy source Biohydrogen production from biomass by dark fermentationis one of the main processes preferred because it is efficient and clean energy. Studies on the addition of nanoparticles that support systems in order to increase the hydrogen production efficiency through dark fermentation have been get the attention of researchers in recent years. In this study, the effect of nanomaterial support in biohydrogen production by dark fermentation, related mechanisms, substrates used and efficiency evaluation were examined. In particular, the importance of nanoparticle materials used for both purification and the development of biohydrogen production techniques was emphasized. In addition to the role of the selected nanomaterial in the production performance, the environmental effects that it will reveal are also discussed in terms of the necessity of evaluating with life cycle analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today, fossil resources are still the most important source of chemical carbon skeletons, especially for the chemical and fuel industries, and they are gradually decreasing. This situation has forced researchers to develop new economic processes for the conversion of renewable resources into various fuels, chemicals and materials. Considering to recent research, it is seen that the co-production of some platform chemicals from bio-based raw materials is of great importance in terms of reducing the input costs. Among platform chemicals the co-production of especially Gluconic acid (GA) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is of great importance for a sustainable chemical industry in the future. GA is one of the most commercially produced organic acids, which is released as a result of the oxidation of glucose. It is widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, food, beverage, textile and detergent industries. HMF is an important starting material that can be converted into different useful chemicals as well as promising biofuels. It is also a versatile and functional intermediate used for polymers, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and fuels. This review provides an overview of the importance, characteristics and applications of GA and HMF in the chemical industry, as well as an examination of the co-production activities of GA and HMF, which are currently produced with different plants and raw materials, in a single process at lower costs than the same biomass source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out on a natural rangeland area with an average elevation of 1223 meters, located within the borders of Tokmacık village in Yalvaç district of Isparta province. In the study carried out in the vegetation period of 2019, the area covered with vegetation, botanical composition, plant species in the rangeland, above-ground and below-ground biomass, rangeland condition and grazing capacity of the rangeland were determined. Transect and quadrate methods were used to determine these parameters. 125 plant taxa belonging to 28 families, were determined in Tokmacık village rangeland. The amount of the area covered with vegetation of the rangeland was determined as 41.9%. In the botanical composition, it was determined that the Poaceae was 49.80%, the Fabaceae was 20.06% and the other family was 30.14%, and the Poaceae was dominant. Grazing capacity was 52.4 animal units, and rangeland condition was determined as medium. The amount of above-ground biomass was determined as 284.6 kg/da and the amount of below-ground biomass was determined as 442.2 kg/da in the study area. According to the results obtained from the study, it is possible to talk about the destruction of vegetation in the rangeland area caused by overgrazing. This situation reveals that grazing pressure should be reduced and quality vegetation should be increased with appropriate breeding studies.

Enerji, bir toplumun en önemli temel ihtiyaçlarından biridir. Gelişmekte olan ve az gelişmiş ülkelerde bu enerji ihtiyacının çoğu fosil enerji kaynaklarından karşılanmaktadır. Bu kaynaklar, hem sınırlı hem de çevreyi olumsuz etkiledikleri için, sürekli olarak kullanılmaları uygun değildir. Enerjinin sürekliliği için biyokütle gibi yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından da maksimum düzeyde faydalanmak gereklidir. Biyokütle; doğrudan yakma, piroliz ve gazlaştırma gibi bazı çevirim teknikleri kullanılarak katı, sıvı ve gaz yakıtlara dönüştürülebilmektedir. Biyokütledeki yüksek H içeriği, kömürle birlikte pirolizi sırasında hidrojen kaynağı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Piroliz esnasında biyokütleden yayılan H ve OH radikalleri, kömürün aromatik halkalarındaki kırılmaları desteklemektedir. Kömür ile biyokütlenin pirolizinden elde edilen katı ürünün yakılmasıyla atmosferi kirleten SO2 ve NOx gibi içeriklerin azaltılması mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, linyit ve ceviz kabuğunun farklı karışım oranları ve sıcaklıklarda pirolizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen katı ürünün, kalorifik değerleri ve C, S, N içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Artan biyokütle oranıyla, dumansız yakıtta olumlu değişiklikler olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Palm pruning residues are potential pellet raw material, which are quite abundant in regions with hot climates. In pelletizing process, raw material properties and pellet machine features are the main factors affecting the final pellet quality. In this study, 5 mm sieve hole diameter milled palm pruning residues was pelleted using two different pellet dies and two different pelletizing moisture. First die (D1) has 25 mm total length, 17° inlet angle and 10 mm inlet depth. The second die (D2) has 35 mm total length, 33° inlet angle and 5 mm inlet depth. The inlet and outlet hole diameter of both die are 11 mm and 8 mm, respectively. Pelleting moisture is fixed at two different levels as 10% (M10) and 14% (M14). The change of production parameters and pellet physical properties were investigated according to the die type and moisture content parameters. Increasing pelletizing moisture had a positive effect on the production capacity and it was obtained as 82.44, 103.1, 134.05, 145.49 kg h-1 for D1-M10, D1-M14, D2-M10 and D2-M14 pellets, respectively. The increase in pelletizing moisture caused degradation of the pellet forms, which is more evident in the pellets produced in the D1 die. Pellets produced in the D2 die are more compressed and denser and lower moisture content. The increase in total die length resulted in heavier and denser pellet production, resulting in higher production capacity and low specific energy consumption. Pellet durability index (%, ar) of D1-M10, D1-M14, D2-M10 and D2-M14 were measured as 95.53; 92.29 and 97.74; 98.32, respectively. It was concluded that the longer active die length can tolerate high moisture content pelletizing, and durable pellets can be produced in a wide moisture content range. In addition, die conical dimensions and die length are the factors that needs to be optimized according to different raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Muhendislik Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science & Engineering / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Düzce University Journal of Forestry / Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi is the property of Duzce University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Artvin Coruh University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu çalışmada farklı atık türlerinin sürdürülebilir biyo-rafineri yaklaşımıyla katma değeri yüksek ürünlere dönüşüm potansiyelleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla kayısı çekirdeği kabuğu, ceviz kabuğu, şeker pancarı küspesi, çay posası ve çam odununun talaşı değerlendirilmiştir. Biyokütlenin kimyasal yapısının temel bileşenlerin (hemiselüloz, selüloz, ligninin) izolasyon verimleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Edilen temel bileşenler (hemiselüloz ve selüloz) FTIR analizi ile karakterize edilmiş ve elde edilen spektrum literatür çerçevesinde yorumlanmıştır. Biyokütlenin lignin içeriğinin hemiselüloz ekstraksiyon verimi üzerine etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Çay posasının hemiselüloz izolasyon veriminin (%25), ceviz kabuğunun ise lignin izolasyon veriminin (%19) diğer biyokütle türlerinden daha yüksek olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.

Copyright of Journal of Engineering & Architectural Faculty of Eskisehir Osmangazi University / Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Eskisehir Osmangazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Bartın Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Bartin University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dünyada en çok bulunan ve uzun zamandan beri kullanılan birincil enerji kaynağı fosil yakıtlar olup, kullanım miktarına bağlı olarak yakın bir zamanda tükeneceği tahmin edilmektedir. Bu tüketimin bir sonucu olarak küresel ısınma tehlikesi giderek büyümektedir. Bu çevresel tehdidin en büyük kaynağı olan fosil yakıt tüketimini azaltabilmek adına yenilenebilir enerji kaynak kullanımını artırmak, bu çevresel zararı azaltabilmek için büyük bir fırsat oluşturmaktadır. Bu enerji kaynakları içerisinde en büyük potansiyele sahip alternatif enerji kaynağı biyokütledir. Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde özellikle Akdeniz Bölgesinde yoğun olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan muz bitkisi tarımsal artıklarının enerji kaynağı olarak değerlendirilebilmesi olanakları araştırılmıştır. 2018 yılında 498.888 ton/yıl üretimi yapılan muz bitkisi için tarımsal faaliyetler sonucunda yaklaşık olarak 209.448 ton kuru biyokütle artığı açığa çıkmaktadır ve bu artıkların enerji olarak geri dönüştürüldüğünde ise 987 MW enerji potansiyeline sahip olacağı hesaplanmıştır. Bu potansiyele bağlı olarak muz artıklarının, Türkiye’deki katı biyoyakıt olarak enerjiye dönüştürülebilme olanakları ve ülke ekonomisine katkıda bulunabilirliği tartışılmıştır.

The presence and amounts of chemicals in bio-oil produced by catalytic fast pyrolysis are affected by the process parameters, hence, the relationships between the chemicals and process parameters need to be investigated in detail by multivariate analysis techniques. The present work classifies the most available 11 chemicals in bio-oil based on the 24 samples (treatments) of catalytic fast pyrolysis experiments of municipal solid wastes by using principle components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). There were 3 principle components (PCs), but the first 2 PCs explained 74% of the total variance. The samples and variables (chemicals) were clustered into 4 and 2 different groups, respectively, in PCA. The samples and variables were clustered in 2 main groups and a few subgroups in HCA. Both PCA and HCA results showed that there was a clear grouping in the samples and variables.

Katalitik hızlı piroliz yöntemi ile üretilen biyoyağdaki kimyasalların varlığı ve verimleri proses parametreleri tarafından etkilenmekte, dolayısıyla, kimyasallar ve proses parametreleri arasındaki ilişkiler çokdeğişkenli analiz teknikleri ile detaylı bir şekilde araştırılmalıdır. Bu çalışma temel bileşenler analizi (PCA) ve hiyeraraşik sınıflama analizini (HCA) kullanarak belediye katı atıklarının katalitik hızlı piroliz deneylerinin 24 örneğine (konusuna) bağlı olarak biyoyağ içerisinde en fazla bulunan 11 kimyasal maddeyi sınıflandırmaktadır. Üç temel bileşen oluşmuş, fakat bunların ilk ikisi toplam değişkenliğin %74’ünü açıklamıştır. PCA’inde örnekler ve değişkenler (kimyasallar) sırasıyla 4 ve 2 farklı grupta toplanmıştır. HCA’inde ise örnekler ve değişkenler 2 ana grup ve birkaç alt grupta toplanmıştır. PCA ve HCA’nin her ikisinin sonuçları da örneklerde ve değişkenlerde açık bir gruplanmanın olduğunu göstermiştir.

This study was conducted to determine number of flowering days under water stress and full irrigation conditions, the days required for the first and second cut time, and the GDD (Growing degree days) of sorghum x sudan grass hybrid varieties under Konya ecological conditions in 2017 and 2018 years. The study conducted in randomized blocks – split plots experimental design with 3 replications, the main parcels were irrigated (S1: Full irrigation; S2: Irrigation 50% of S1), and the sub plots were varieties (Hayday, Tonka, Aneto, Greengo, Sugargraze II, Master BMR, Forage King). In the study, the GDD values for flowering time were determined as 924 oC and 988 oC under full irrigated conditions (S1) in 2017 and 2018 years, respectively. While in water stress conditions (S2), the GDD values were determined as 1115.8 oC and 1078.2 oC in 2017 and 2018, respectively. For the first cutting, the GDD values were determined as 1116.4 oC and 1177.3 oC under full irrigated conditions (S1) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In water stress (S2) conditions, the GDD values were determined as 1265 oC and 1255.5 oC in 2017 and 2018 years, respectively. In both years, the lowest GDD values were determined from Forage King variety (806.3-869.9 oC), in flowering period. While the highest GDD values were determined from Tonka variety (1110.7 oC) in 2017 and from Tonka, Greengo varieties (1113.3 oC) in 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water is an essential source for the sustainable of life. Industrial, agricultural and human activities contribute to pollution of water sources. Heavy metals are one of the most important contaminants in the water sources. They are toxic elements even at low concentration which can cause severe diseases. Chemical, physical and biological treatment methods are used to remove the heavy metals from the water sources with a different degree of success. Low-cost by-products from agricultural have been recognized as an eco friendly and economically solution for the removal of heavy metals. The objectives of this study were (1) characterization of the biomass, (2) assessment of the biosorption experiments of the biomass to compare Cu(II) and Zn(II), and (3)analysis of the biosorption ability of the biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences is the property of Akdeniz Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji is the property of Gazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Petroleum based polymers as food packaging materials are not sustainable and also cause environmental problems. Therefore, biodegradable and biobased polymers have been developed in recent year. Biobased polymers can be obtained by microbiological and biotechnological methods or produced from food industry wastes or the other sources in nature. Starch, chitin, pectin and protein based biodegradable polymer sources could be an alternative to reduce packaging waste and environmental problems. This paper reviews the production methods, mechanical, barrier, thermal and antimicrobial properties of polysaccharide and protein based biodegradable polymers to project their potential for sustainable food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing energy demand, oil, coal, natural gas, etc. As a result of being supplied from fossil fuels, natural resources are being depleted rapidly. Renewable energy sources, which are alternative to these resources, are increasing their importance. Moreover, global energy demand is estimated to be approximately 30 or 46 TW by 2050 and 2100. Renewable energy sources constitute an alternative at the energy point with the rapid depletion of fossil fuel energy sources. The use and importance of renewable energy is increasing day by day. In this study, the potential of Adıyaman province in terms of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, hydroelectric energy, wave and hydrogen energy were investigated. In the study Bepa (Biomass Energy Potential Atlas) Software Program, TÜİK (Turkey Statistics Institute) data, the Solar Med software program is used. As result of this study, it has been determined that the potential of renewable energy resources of Adıyaman city is 251,252 MW/year from solar, wind, hydroelectric energy, and annual electricity energy that can be produced theoretically from biogas energy potential is 1,330 MW / year. As a result, it has been found that the city of Adıyaman can generate 252,582 MW/year of electricity per year from renewable energy. It has been determined that geothermal, hydrogen and wave energies are not available. The amount of renewable energy potential found in Adıyaman province and the electrical energy obtained from this amount can be evaluated with the investments and projects to be made. At this point, it is aimed to contribute to the economy by using renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty / ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty / ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Artvin Coruh University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)