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The aim of this paper is to analyse who could become a notary in the Basque territory of Biscay between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. I will therefore begin by analysing the requirements for becoming a notary, followed by the training process and the examination to obtain the notary title. Finally, the linguistic skills of the notaries will be examined, as they also translated into Basque and Spanish. The paper is based on the laws and regulations of the time in the Castilian and Basque territories, as well as on documents from the archives that provide concrete examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artículo amplía el conocimiento sobre la huelga general de agosto de 1917 en una comarca de asentada vinculación con el movimiento obrero organizado, la zona minera de Vizcaya (y su inmediata santanderina). El análisis del proceso y de los agentes que intervinieron se acomete en contexto provincial, español e internacional. Antolatutako langile-mugimenduarekin finkatutako harremana duen eskualde batean –Bizkaiko meatzaldean (eta haren ondo-ondoko Santanderrekoan)–1917ko abuztuan izandako greba orokorrari buruzko ezagutza zabaltzen du artikulu honek. Testuinguru probintzialean, espainiarrean eta nazioartekoan aztertzen dira prozesua eta prozesu horretan parte hartu zuten agenteak. This article expands the knowledge about the general strike of August 1917 in a region with a strong link to the organized workers’ movement, the mining zone of Biscay (and its immediate Santander area). The analysis of the process and the agents involved is undertaken in a provincial, national and international context.

Sea surface currents probably are the most relevant essential ocean variable affecting diverse societal challenges concerning the marine environmental (as, for example, safe and efficient navigation, marine pollution and ecological connectivity). This work introduces a climatological Atlas (monthly resolution) of currents in the Mediterranean and Canary–Iberian–Biscay basins, based on today's state of the art reanalyses of the ocean circulation. The focus is on surface and subsurface reanalyses (here understood as $z\sim 0.5$ z ∼ 0.5 and $z\sim 15$ z ∼ 15 m, respectively) provided by the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS). The climatological values are computed from the median of the empirical probability density functions and the Atlas also includes the variance matrix and a bimodality index to have quantitative information on their variability. For both domains, the subsurface climatological fields are reasonably consistent with circulation schemes proposed in the previous literature but clearly improving the time and space resolution of the emerging patterns. For the Canary–Iberian–Biscay domain, the monthly climatological surface currents capture accurately the characteristic seasonal signal and its transition between a favourable and non-favourable upwelling regime. In the Mediterranean basin, differences between the near-surface and the 15 m velocity fields suggest a non-negligible role of winds over the variability of the uppermost ocean layer, specially in the Eastern Mediterranean basin. This is, up to our knowledge, the first time that such near-surface climatological patterns are computed. It has been found that, in general, the resulting patterns agree with surface drifter trajectories. In several regions, interannual variability foster bimodal and multimodal probability distributions. The Atlas has been conceived with the purpose of providing a first quantitative assessment on the surface circulation, thus being a complementary tool of real-time ocean forecasting systems. The Atlas is distributed following the FAIR principles and is accompanied with a digital version, with enhanced visualization capabilities for both research and assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the last century, eucalypt plantations are increasing all over the world. Concretely, in the Basque Country (northern Iberian Peninsula), 7% of pine plantations have been recently substituted by eucalypt plantations, where little is known about their ecological impact on soil and plant diversity. However, the most relevant impact is due to forest management, as Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plantations have a short harvesting cycle, 12-15 years rotations. In fact, the species is able to regenerate from stumps; therefore, those plantations are replanted after 3-4 rotations. This type of invasive and frequent management could lead to further adverse effects on the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to characterise and compare the eucalypt plantations newly established (New: never been harvested) with older ones (Old: several times harvested and grown from stumps), having been established for at least 35 years, and to identify the primary factors that could influence the richness and diversity of vascular plant species in those plantations. The results indicated that both plantations exhibited comparable characteristics with respect to deadwood (volume and decay stage) and tree size and density. However, the Old plantations exhibited higher forest heterogeneity, pH, and higher shrub and herb richness and diversity. Overall, generalist and invasive species were found in the New plantations, while in the Old plantations, typical species of the native forests were also observed. The factor that influenced plant diversity was the volume of deadwood. Regarding life forms, higher altitude and proximity to watercourses favoured tree diversity; and lower canopy cover, shrub diversity. In conclusion, the longer the plantation has been established, the greater the number of species that are able to survive and adapt. This is probably due to the fact that management disturbance is specific and not sufficient to remove the already established plants and the soil seed bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last century, eucalypt plantations are increasing all over the world. Concretely, in the Basque Country (northern Iberian Peninsula), 7% of pine plantations have been recently substituted by eucalypt plantations, where little is known about their ecological impact on soil and plant diversity. However, the most relevant impact is due to forest management, as Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plantations have a short harvesting cycle, 12–15 years rotations. In fact, the species is able to regenerate from stumps; therefore, those plantations are replanted after 3–4 rotations. This type of invasive and frequent management could lead to further adverse effects on the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to characterise and compare the eucalypt plantations newly established (New: never been harvested) with older ones (Old: several times harvested and grown from stumps), having been established for at least 35 years, and to identify the primary factors that could influence the richness and diversity of vascular plant species in those plantations. The results indicated that both plantations exhibited comparable characteristics with respect to deadwood (volume and decay stage) and tree size and density. However, the Old plantations exhibited higher forest heterogeneity, pH, and higher shrub and herb richness and diversity. Overall, generalist and invasive species were found in the New plantations, while in the Old plantations, typical species of the native forests were also observed. The factor that influenced plant diversity was the volume of deadwood. Regarding life forms, higher altitude and proximity to watercourses favoured tree diversity; and lower canopy cover, shrub diversity. In conclusion, the longer the plantation has been established, the greater the number of species that are able to survive and adapt. This is probably due to the fact that management disturbance is specific and not sufficient to remove the already established plants and the soil seed bank.

Shipwreck involves the darkest side of early modern maritime navigation and trade. Nonetheless, it is a socioeconomic and human feature of the marine communities, not deeply addressed for this period in the Biscayan coastline hitherto.Fortunately, documentary sources of Biscay provide valuable historical information for a better description of this phenomenon in geographical, commercial, socio-economical, and human terms. Aiming this ambition, as a result of this research work a database was built compiling nearly 200 shipwrecks along the Biscayan shoreline for the period 1550-1800, including cartographic material. Based on this evidence an extensive study was performed regarding distribution of wrecks location, diachronic evolution, causes of grounding, affected classes of vessel, and other remarks.

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El Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) es una aproximación cada vez más recurrente en las investigaciones sociológicas y, particularmente, en el estudio los movimientos migratorios. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha se ha aplicado a migraciones contemporáneas, pero no en otros contextos históricos, lo que representa un reto metodológico, a la vez que una prometedora oportunidad de abordar la historia de las migraciones. En este sentido, el presente trabajo propone la aplicación del ARS al examen de la migración irlandesa que se produjo hacia el Señorío de Bizkaia durante la Edad Moderna. Con ese objetivo se plantea una aproximación documental multi-fuente, fundamentando la construcción de la red en datos extraídos de diversas tipologías de archivos y con diferente valor desde el punto de vista histórico-sociológico –familiar, comercial, laboral, etc. Por añadido, el análisis de redes se ha llevado a cabo particularmente para cada uno de estos fondos de archivo, así como para el agregado de datos de todos ellos, evidenciando a través de los resultados obtenidos el valor de esta aproximación metodológica múltiple, así como el de la complementariedad de cada una de las fuentes. El estudio ha propiciado una detallada caracterización interna de la comunidad irlandesa de Bizkaia, definiendo su organización y funcionamiento, sus ámbitos y mecanismos de interacción, la relevancia social y vertebradora de ciertos individuos, y otros aspectos más particulares. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is an increasingly applied tool in sociological research and, particularly, in migration studies. Nevertheless, it has been used only for contemporary migrations up to now, lacking its presence in history of migration, which demands new methodological approaches. Accordingly, SNA has been used for the social assessment of the migrant Irish community settled down in early modern Biscay, fleeing from the English rule. The analysis has been based on dataset built from different historical archives and covering a wide range of information –familiar, trade, business, etc. Networks arising from these different archives have been both individually treated and collectively in an aggregate way, leading to successful results based on this methodological approach. The research has provided a detailed description of the Irish community in Biscay, pointing out its structure and functioning, areas and mechanisms of interaction, most noteworthy actors within the network, and other minor issues.

The oldest Municipal Ordinances known from the antechurches of Vizcaya, the Zeanuri Ordinances, are presented, with a small introductory study that points out the importance and organization of these municipalities in the Biscayan Flat Land, which, being of immemorial origin, are still maintained today with roots and strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of EMPIRIA: Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La distribución del picamaderos negro en la península Ibérica ha experimentado recientemente una expansión que ha dado lugar a la coalescencia de sus poblaciones cantábrica y pirenaica. El presente estudio analiza la distribución de la especie y realiza una estima de su abundancia en una de las zonas de contacto recientemente colonizadas. Asimismo, este trabajo aporta información sobre sus preferencias ecológicas a nivel regional. Para ello se recopilaron las citas de los últimos años y se realizaron itinerarios de censo, así como una búsqueda intensiva de nidos durante la primavera de 2019. También se analizó la tipología forestal en el entorno de los nidos, las características de los árboles-nido y la productividad media. Se registraron 375 citas repartidas por gran parte del área de estudio, estimándose un mínimo de 50 territorios. Se observó que la cobertura de pino, haya y roble americano en torno a los nidos fue mayor que la esperada mientras que fue menor la de eucalipto, encina y bosque de ribera. Como árbol-nido utilizaron ejemplares de haya, pino de Monterrey, pino marítimo y roble americano, emplazados en parcelas de estos tipos de arbolado. También utilizaron eucaliptos viejos que crecían en repoblaciones de coníferas. El éxito de cría fue elevado (80%) pero la tasa media de pollos volados (2,1) fue inferior a la media observada en otras regiones europeas. Se concluye que las coníferas están jugando un importante papel en la colonización y que su sustitución por cultivos de eucaliptos podría limitar el proceso expansivo. _____________________________________________ Abstract : The distribution area of the black woodpecker in the Iberian Peninsula has expanded in recent years, leading to a unification of its Cantabrian and Pyrenean populations. The present study evaluates the distribution of this species and estimates its abundance in one of the recently-colonised contact areas. Likewise, this work provides information on their ecological preferences at a regional level. To this end, records from the last years were compiled and line transects were carried out, as well as an intensive search for nests during the spring of 2019. We also analysed the forest type in the area surrounding the nests, the characteristics of the nest-trees and the average rate of chicks per nest. 375 records were compiled throughout much of the study area, estimating a minimum of 50 territories. It was observed that the coverage of pine, beech and American oak around the nests was greater than expected, while that of eucalyptus, holm oak and riverside forests was lower. The species of nest-trees they used were Monterey pine, maritime pine and American oak, located in areas with the same types of trees. They also used old eucalyptus trees that grew in coniferous plantations. Breeding success was high (80%) but the average rate of fledglings per nest (2.1) was lower than the average observed in other European regions. We conclude that conifers are playing an important role in colonisation and that their replacement by eucalyptus plantations may limit the expansion process.

Biscay was belatedly incorporated into the custom of showing the progress of its industry and its arts through the organization of exhibitions. The management of the first Provincial Exhibition and the consequences of its celebration reflected the special political and artistic situation that the province lived. After the abolition of its own laws in 1876, Biscay began a new stage of profound political, economic and social changes, where part of the political discourse saw culture as a means of defining Basque identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Important biological parameters, such as movement and survival, can differ substantially between sexes, driving the demographic patterns of a population. Sex-dependent spatial segregation at the foraging grounds can evolve as a mechanism to reduce competition for resources between sexes, among other causes. Investigating such segregation, especially in scenarios of decreasing food availability, can contribute to understanding how birds adapt to a fast-changing world. The aim of the present study was to determine whether year-round movements and survival varied between sexes within a resident Yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis population. To this end we used live encounter data on colour-ringed Yellow-legged Gulls in northern Spain in the period 2009–2017. We used Generalized Linear Models to analyse distance to the colony of origin and multi-state models to estimate both survival and year-round movements, which did not provide evidence supporting an effect of sex on movement and survival. In contrast, distances travelled from the natal colony varied between seasons and all gulls were more likely to move greater than 100 km from natal sites. Juveniles showed lower survival rates (0.55) than older birds (0.90). Future research with GPS data might help to reveal, if existing, the occurrence of local spatial segregation between sexes that otherwise remains undetected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: we analyzed the rural-urban differences of the nutritional status by residence (DRU) of the Basque male population during the Industrial Revolution. Methods: We used data from the military recruitment of 1876-1936 (cohorts born in 1856-1915). We analyzed the heights of 12,747 conscripts in six municipalities of Vizcaya. The DRUs are analyzed in three rural municipalities (Amorebieta, Dima and Bermeo = 4,612 cases) and three urban-industrial (Portugalete, San Salvador del Valle and Sestao = 8,135). In addition to the standardized height averages at the age of 21 years, we estimate a body mass index (BMI) for 1912, the only year available, compared to 1969, 1998-2000 and 2005. Results: the average height is among the highest in Spain. Between 1857 and 1915 cohorts went up to 168.2 cm 164.9 cm. The DRU were significant, being higher in the countryside than in the city. Rural height increased from 164.7 cm to 167.5 cm, as did urban 164.1 cm to 167.3 cm: improved 2.8 and 3.2 cm, respectively. The rural-urban gap in height persisted in the period with differences of up to 2 cm in the 1870s and convergence was noted at the beginning of the 1930s. Conclusion: the nutritional status of the Basques during industrialization was healthier than in the rest of Spain and better in the rural world than in the urban one. The advantage of rural height in Biscay contrasts with that of the Spanish average, which presents a clear rural penalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The ageing of population entails important processes of social transformation, which constitutes and will constitute in the future one of the greater political and social challenges. The increase in the proportion of elderly people is especially important in some European regions. Among them, some regions like the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, with a relevant percentage of older people (20.7%), and subregions like in the case of Biscay (21.9%) are remarkable. Because of this, the Government of Biscay has started to reflect on ageing and its consequences, making a diagnosis of the so-called active ageing situation of elderly population. The Active Ageing Index (AAI) has been the chosen the tool to improve knowledge of the situation in Biscay, plan action design, identify gaps and monitor the effects of the policies. Theory/method: The AAI aims at serving as an evidence tool to indicate the potential of older people for more active participation in economic and social life and for independent living. AAI includes four domains, employment; participation in society; independent, healthy and secure living; and capacity and enabling environment for active ageing, composed by 22 indicators. Since 2014, AAI has been calculated in the province of Biscay and the biannual measurement allows comparisons not only between the situation of old population (55 years and over) in Biscay and this population in the European Union countries (EU28), but also the evolution of this situation in Biscay between 2014 and 2018. results: results show a good situation of elderly people living in biscay, but with some differences depending on which dimension of active ageing we focus on. in this sense, employment domain and independent, healthy and secure living domain have a lower score than the average of the eu28 countries. on the other hand, biscay is performing well in social participation and capacity and enabling environments for active ageing. besides, the evolution of the index is clearly positive from 34.4 in 2014 to 38.8 in 2018. the improvement is mainly related to the increase in the employment rates for the age group 60-64, and in the political participation in the last two years. moreover, some gender inequalities appeared and women have worse situation than men in all domains. Discussion and conclussion: Although the results show a positive situation and evolution, there is a great potential of improvement of the active ageing in our context. Monitoring the way in which people aged is key to improve the services provided and support policymakers to make decisions that contribute to a healthy and active ageing. AAI is an extraordinary instrument to identify gaps for improving the living conditions of elderly people for a better ageing and to reverse possible inequalities in later life. limitations: Some small sample sizes avoid to analyze deeper the inequalities in active ageing among older people. Suggestions for future research: Next steps include the assessment of concrete policies already applied to improve the performing of Biscay’s elderly population in some indicators of the AAI.

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El presente artículo analiza el establecimiento de cónsules de naciones extranjeras en los puertos vascos, desde el siglo XVI hasta la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Y lo hace en un lapso de tiempo tan amplio, precisamente para poder valorar las constantes y diferencias producidas. Para ello se ha hecho uso de los fondos del Archivo General de Gipuzkoa, del Archivo Histórico de la Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, del Archivo General de Simancas y de la Sección de Consejos Suprimidos del Archivo Histórico Nacional, así como de la abundante bibliografía existente. El estudio demuestra que durante el período de estudio hubo una oposición frontal al establecimiento de representación consular extranjera —más tajante en San Sebastián que en Bilbao—, por considerarse que era una erosión del orden foral. Sin embargo, existió un tratamiento diferenciado en función de la nación pretendiente y de su peso específico en la economía local.AbstractThe aim of this article is to analyse the setting up of consuls of foreign nations in the Basque ports, from the 16th century to the first middle of the 19th century. The research tries to establish the constants and changes in the long term. In order to that, documents from the General Archives of Gipuzkoa, Historical Archives of Biscay, General Archives of Simancas and the National Historical Archives of Spain have been used, as well as the huge bibliography existing. The research shows that during the period analysed there was a full opposition to the establishment of a foreign consular representation —stronger in San Sebastian than in Bilbao—, due to being considered as a violation of local laws. However, there was a differ treatment depending on the nation and its specific weight on the local economy.

Este artículo estudia la paulatina formación de un sistema electoral en Vizcaya durante los dos primeros siglos (1500–1630) de vigencia de sus singulares leyes, denominadas «Fueros» (1452 y 1526–1876). Las características y las funciones de los miembros elegidos en las históricas instituciones vizcaínas se parecen mucho a las de los modelos que Benjamin Constant definió como de «la libertad de los antiguos».AbstractThis paper studies the gradual formation of an electoral system in Biscay during the first two centuries (1500–1630) of validity of their unique laws, called «Fueros» (1452 and 1526–1876). The features and functions of elected members in the historic Biscay institutions closely resemble those of the models that Benjamin Constant defined as «the liberty of the ancients».

In this article, the permeability of maritime boundaries is analysed by collating information from Biscayan sources with data from general or institutional archives of the various ports located along the English Channel. The period under review runs from the thirteenth century until the early sixteenth century. Taking a synchronic and diachronic view, the article is structured around three nodes: the physical-maritime border; the politicaljuridical border: and social dynamics of the economical border, showing that surviving testimonies reveal a roundtrip, as well as the existence of imbalanced archival attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Research surveys at sea are undertaken yearly to monitor the distribution and abundance of fish stocks. In the survey data, a small number of high fish concentration values are often encountered, which denote hotspots of interest. But statistically, they are responsible for important uncertainty in the estimation. Thus understanding their spatial predictability given their surroundings is expected to reduce such uncertainty. Indicator variograms and cross-variograms allow to understand the spatial relationship between values above a cutoff and the rest of the distribution under that cutoff. Using these tools, a 'top' cutoff can be evidenced above which values are spatially uncorrelated with their lower surroundings. Spatially, the geometric set corresponding to the top cutoff corresponds to biological hotspots, inside which high concentrations are contained. The hotspot areas were mapped using a multivariate kriging model, considering indicators in different years as covariates. The case study considered here is the series of acoustic surveys Pelgas performed in the Bay of Biscay to estimate anchovy and other pelagic fish species. The data represent tonnes of fish by square nautical mile along transects regularly spaced. Top cutoffs were estimated in each year. The areas of such anchovy hotspots are then mapped by co-kriging using all information across the time series. The geostatistical tools were adapted for estimating hotspot habitat maps and their variability, which are key information for the spatial management of fish stocks. Tools used here are generic and will apply in many engineering fields where predicting high concentration values spatially is of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The planning of waste management strategies needs tools to support decisions at all stages of the process. Accurate quantification of the waste to be generated is essential for both the daily management (short-term) and proper design of facilities (long-term). Designing without rigorous knowledge may have serious economic and environmental consequences. The present works aims at identifying relevant socio-economic features of municipalities regarding Household Waste (HW) generation by means of factor models. Factor models face two main drawbacks, data collection and identifying relevant explanatory variables within a heterogeneous group. Grouping similar characteristics observations within a group may favour the deduction of more robust models. The methodology followed has been tested with Biscay Province because it stands out for having very different municipalities ranging from very rural to urban ones. Two main models are developed, one for the overall province and a second one after clustering the municipalities. The results prove that relating municipalities with specific characteristics, improves the results in a very heterogeneous situation. The methodology has identified urban morphology, tourism activity, level of education and economic situation as the most influencing characteristics in HW generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sites where habitat loss has been intense, or where human disturbance is high, the restoration or creation of undisturbed habitats for species of concern is fundamental for wildlife conservation. In 2009, a 11.5 ha area in the upper marsh at Urdaibai (North of Spain) was excavated, and a new, stable lagoon of brackish water built in its place. In contrast to the rest of Urdaibai, the lagoon was not tidal, and it had lower reported rates of human disturbance than the rest of Urdaibai. Our aim was to quantify the benefits of this lagoon on Eurasian Spoonbill ( Platalea leucorodia ) populations. The lagoon hosted 42% of the spoonbills deciding to stop over at Urdaibai, although only representing ca. 1% of the total marsh and 6% of the area effectively used by spoonbills. Spoonbills at the lagoon invested less time in foraging, but had higher foraging success rates than birds stopping over in other areas of Urdaibai. Most spoonbills only stopped over at Urdaibai for <24 h whilst migrating, but the longest stopover periods were detected at the lagoon. It appears the lagoon has improved the quality of Urdaibai as a stopover site for the Eurasian Spoonbill in the Bay of Biscay region. However, more work is needed to verify the suggested energetic benefits of the new lagoon in order to assess the full degree to which the newly constructed lagoon benefitted local spoonbills, and to ascertain if this kind of management could benefit the species more widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow of upper-layer surface water and circulation for the Bay of Biscay, continental slope and in the wider region of the NE Atlantic is presented, as well as the seasonality of flow and internal tides. The marine plankton environments of Biscay Ocean , Biscay Eddies , Biscay Slope and Biscay Shelf are defined. The Shelf region (Armorican and Celtic) is further divided into Stratified Shelf , Frontal and Tidally Mixed . Seasonal distributions of chlorophyll a are given for all environment from in situ measurements and remote sensing data. Mixing and stabilisation of surface water in the euphotic layer for the start of the spring bloom using in situ profiling measurements is examined. Some regional responses for the slope current, dinoflagellate blooms and interannual variations in spring diatom numbers with respect to weather and climate in the Bay of Biscay and around the British Isles are suggested and discussed. An example of the Eastern European Ocean Margin continental slope response to winter weather (sea level atmospheric pressure forcing) resulting in warm winter water in the southern Bay of Biscay ( Navidad , with eddy production) and off the Shetland continental slopes (the warm-water supply route to the Arctic) is given from the slope climate observation series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Middle Ages, the Bay of Biscay formed a natural route of trade between the Mediterranean-Atlantic axis and the Baltic Sea. Thus, the port facilities of the sea-port towns – Bermeo, Lequeitio, Ondárroa, Plencia, Portugalete –, and those located in the estuary of Bilbao, began to undergo major changes. They went from being natural harbours, with no or little infrastructure to serve their traffic needs, to being equipped with docks, shipyards, naval warehouses and subsidiary industries of all types and conditions. It was a physical transformation accompanied by the development of social and labour networks in line with new activities. However, all these construction works became much too costly because of their magnitude and the very location of the ports, settled in front of a turbulent and unpredictable sea, which was to destroy any manmade creation, time and time again; especially if we take into account that they were financed only by municipal funds. In the Late Middle Ages, these councils were autonomous financing institutions, depending on tax collection, almost always indirect, in charge of the maintenance of their territory: town and sea or, in other words, town and port. Nevertheless, despite the difficulties, the ports of Biscay rose to the demands of the situation, as they designed a port structure that allowed them, on the one hand, to redistribute the merchandises coming from South and North; and, on the other, to transform a natural landscape and to turn it into an industrial site open to trading, fishing and conservation, the naval business and other secondary industries. All this at the expense of the depleted municipal coffers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1745 there was an incident in Vitoria during the levees (baisemain, kissing-hands) of the Infanta Maria Teresa of Bourbon, on her way to Versailles, between the kingdom of Navarre and the lordship of Biscay. This story developed an strong debate between the two territories. However, the dispute went beyond a mere defense of honor and preference in the representation of a territory in ceremonial order: this occurred during a very specific historical and political circumstances, which came into play the historical identity of Navarre and Biscay and, mainly, one way of understanding spanish monarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The design and evaluation of survey-based management strategies is addressed in this article, using three case-study fisheries: North Sea herring, Bay of Biscay anchovy and North Sea cod, with a brief history and the main management issues with each fishery outlined. A range of operational management procedures for the case study stocks were designed and evaluated using trends that may be derived from survey indices (spawner biomass, year-class strength and total mortality) with an array of simple and more structured observation error regimes simulated. Model-free and model-based indicators of stock status were employed in the management procedures. On the basis of stochastic stockspecific simulations, we identified the following key determinants of successful management procedures: (i) adequate specification of the stock-recruit relationship (model structure, parameter estimates and variability), (ii) knowledge of the magnitude and structure of the variation in the survey indices, and (iii) explication of the particular management objectives, when assessing management performance. More conservative harvesting strategies are required to meet specified targets in the presence of increasing stochasticity, due to both process and observation error. It was seen that survey-based operational management procedures can perform well in the absence of commercial data, and can also inform aspects of survey design with respect to acceptable levels of error or bias in the surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]