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The simulation of human sensory functions is a key trend in the field of sensor development. In taste sensing, taste biosensors emulate taste perception using biorecognition elements that participate in taste transduction, such as taste receptors, cells, tissues, etc. This approach obtains high selectivity and a wide detection range of human taste perception, making taste biosensors widely used in food analysis and taste perception studies. By combining biorecognition elements with suitable data processing and analysis techniques, the taste information generated during the process of taste transduction, obtained by the sensing elements of the sensor, can be accurately captured. In this paper, we explore current available solutions to stability and sensitivity, and other challenges in taste biosensors using taste receptors, cells, and tissues as sensing elements. We also outline the applied signal processing techniques based on the signal characteristics from different types of taste biosensors. Finally, it is proposed that the development of taste biosensing sensors will further promote the application of intelligent sensory evaluation and human perception analysis systems in food, medicine, and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTORCH infection is a significant risk factor for severe fetal damage, especially congenital malformations. Screening pregnant women for TORCH pathogens could reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and prevent birth defects. Hence, timely identification and inhibition of TORCH infections are effective ways to successfully prevent them in pregnant women. Recently, the superiority of biosensors in TORCH pathogen sensing has been emphasized due to their intrinsic benefits, such as rapid response time, portability, cost-effectiveness, much friendlier preparation and determination steps. With the introduction of advanced nanomaterials into biosensing, the diagnostic properties of biosensors have significantly improved. This study core presents and debates the current progress in biosensing systems for TORCH pathogens using various artificial and natural receptors. The incorporation of nanomaterials into various transduction systems can enhance diagnostic performance. The key performance characteristics of optical and electrochemical biosensors, such as response time, limit of detection (LOD), and linear detection range, are systematically discussed, along with the current TORCH pathogens used for constructing biosensors. Finally, the major problems that exist for converting scientific investigation into product development are also outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simulation of human sensory functions is a key trend in the field of sensor development. In taste sensing, taste biosensors emulate taste perception using biorecognition elements that participate in taste transduction, such as taste receptors, cells, tissues, etc. This approach obtains high selectivity and a wide detection range of human taste perception, making taste biosensors widely used in food analysis and taste perception studies. By combining biorecognition elements with suitable data processing and analysis techniques, the taste information generated during the process of taste transduction, obtained by the sensing elements of the sensor, can be accurately captured. In this paper, we explore current available solutions to stability and sensitivity, and other challenges in taste biosensors using taste receptors, cells, and tissues as sensing elements. We also outline the applied signal processing techniques based on the signal characteristics from different types of taste biosensors. Finally, it is proposed that the development of taste biosensing sensors will further promote the application of intelligent sensory evaluation and human perception analysis systems in food, medicine, and other fields.

Biorecognition element (BRE)-based carbon nanotube (CNT) chemiresistors have tremendous potential to serve as highly sensitive, selective, and power-efficient volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors. While many research groups have studied BRE-functionalized CNTs in material science and device development, little attention has been paid to optimizing CNT density to improve chemiresistor performance. To probe the effect of CNT density on VOC detection, we present the chemiresistor-based sensing results from two peptide-based CNT devices counting more than 60 different individual measurements. We find that a lower CNT density shows a significantly higher noise level and device-to-device variation while exhibiting mildly better sensitivity. Further investigation with SEM images suggests that moderately high CNT density with a stable connection of the nanotube network is desirable to achieve the best signal-to-noise ratio. Our results show an essential design guideline for tuning the nanotube density to provide sensitive and stable chemiresistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito-borne diseases continue to pose a significant threat to global health, encompassing a wide range of illnesses caused by pathogens transmitted by mosquito vectors, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika underscore the urgent need for effective detection methods, along with appropriate preventive measures to mitigate their severity. In response, electrochemical-based biosensor technologies have emerged as a promising solution for rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnosis. This review comprehensively examines recent advances in the utilization of biorecognition elements in electrochemical biosensor systems for detecting mosquito-borne diseases. The discussion covers an overview of the biorecognition elements employed, diagnostic performance assessments, design considerations, and their potential as point-of-care (POC) biosensors. By synthesizing these developments, this review emphasizes the critical role of electrochemical biosensors in advancing global health initiatives against mosquito-borne diseases. Finally, the discussion also addresses the future prospects of POC features in diagnosing these diseases.

Biosensors are miniaturized devices that provide the advantage of in situ and point-of-care monitoring of analytes of interest. Electrochemical biosensors use the mechanism of oxidation–reduction reactions and measurement of corresponding electron transfer as changes in current, voltage, or other parameters using different electrochemical techniques. The use of electrochemically active materials is critical for the effective functioning of electrochemical biosensors. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has garnered increasing interest in biosensor development and improvement due to its high electrical conductivity, specific surface area, and simple and scalable fabrication process. The effort of this perspective is to understand the existing classes of analytes and the mechanisms of their detection using LIG-based biosensors. The manuscript has highlighted the potential use of LIG, its modifications, and its use with various receptors for sensing various environmental pollutants. Although the conventional graphene-based sensors effectively detect trace levels for many analytes in different applications, the chemical and energy-intensive fabrication and time-consuming processes make it imperative to explore a low-cost and scalable option such as LIG for biosensors production. The focus of these potential biosensors has been kept on detection analytes of environmental significance such as heavy metals ions, organic and inorganic compounds, fertilizers, pesticides, pathogens, and antibiotics. The use of LIG directly as an electrode, its modifications with nanomaterials and polymers, and its combination with bioreceptors such as aptamers and polymers has been summarized. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis has also been done to understand the viability of incorporating LIG-based electrochemical biosensors for environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid transmission and high mortality rates caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus showed that the best way to fight against the pandemic was through rapid, accurate diagnosis in parallel with vaccination. In this context, several research groups around the world have endeavored to develop new diagnostic methods due to the disadvantages of the gold standard method, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in terms of cost and time consumption. Electrochemical and bioelectrochemical platforms have been important tools for overcoming the limitations of conventional diagnostic platforms, including accuracy, accessibility, portability, and response time. In this review, we report on several electrochemical sensors and biosensors developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection, presenting the concepts, fabrication, advantages, and disadvantages of the different approaches. The focus is devoted to highlighting the recent progress of electrochemical devices developed as next-generation field-deployable analytical tools as well as guiding future researchers in the manufacture of devices for disease diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biorecognition element (BRE)-based carbon nanotube (CNT) chemiresistors have tremendous potential to serve as highly sensitive, selective, and power-efficient volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors. While many research groups have studied BRE-functionalized CNTs in material science and device development, little attention has been paid to optimizing CNT density to improve chemiresistor performance. To probe the effect of CNT density on VOC detection, we present the chemiresistor-based sensing results from two peptide-based CNT devices counting more than 60 different individual measurements. We find that a lower CNT density shows a significantly higher noise level and device-to-device variation while exhibiting mildly better sensitivity. Further investigation with SEM images suggests that moderately high CNT density with a stable connection of the nanotube network is desirable to achieve the best signal-to-noise ratio. Our results show an essential design guideline for tuning the nanotube density to provide sensitive and stable chemiresistors.

Rapid transmission and high mortality rates caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus showed that the best way to fight against the pandemic was through rapid, accurate diagnosis in parallel with vaccination. In this context, several research groups around the world have endeavored to develop new diagnostic methods due to the disadvantages of the gold standard method, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in terms of cost and time consumption. Electrochemical and bioelectrochemical platforms have been important tools for overcoming the limitations of conventional diagnostic platforms, including accuracy, accessibility, portability, and response time. In this review, we report on several electrochemical sensors and biosensors developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection, presenting the concepts, fabrication, advantages, and disadvantages of the different approaches. The focus is devoted to highlighting the recent progress of electrochemical devices developed as next-generation field-deployable analytical tools as well as guiding future researchers in the manufacture of devices for disease diagnosis.

Foodborne and waterborne diseases caused by pathogens pose a serious threat to human life, and the detection of such pathogens in food, water, and beverages has gained paramount importance in view of the increasing number of pathogenic diseases in recent times. Standard and traditional analytical techniques employed for the recognition of deadly pathogens, including polymerase chain reaction‐based techniques, immunology‐based assays, culture and colony counting techniques, require several hours or perhaps even a few days for the results. All these techniques, despite being quite sensitive, are time‐intensive. Therefore, several researchers are focusing on the development of rapid pathogen detection techniques. Although the most advanced biosensing technologies exhibit potential approaches, significant research and testing is an urgent need to design innovative biosensors. Novel bioanalytical approaches for the recognition and quantification of target pathogens are being designed and developed to enhance the characteristics of biosensors, including rapid response, selectivity, and sensitivity. In this context, we not only provide an overview of the types of biorecognition elements employed for the detection of pathogens, but also discuss in detail the traditional approaches, biomolecular techniques, the latest advances in the detection and quantification of foodborne and waterborne pathogens, with particular emphasis on biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conducting polymers (CPs) have intriguing potential for the development of smart and electroactive interfaces. In this review, the potential for the use of CPs in the development of biosensors for pathogen and cancer diagnosis has been comprehensively summarized in the light of recent reports. In this context, a general introduction to CPs was compiled as a first section. Furthermore, the structural properties and recent synthesis strategies of mostly used CPs were given. Moreover, the most frequently used immobilization techniques and biorecognition elements are summarized depending on the functional groups in CPs. Under the next two sub-sections, recent examples are summarized in order to designate the promising potential of CPs for use in pathogen and cancer diagnosis, respectively. In conclusion, the superior properties of conductive polymers, including their advantages such as structural, physico-chemical, ease of preparation/application, and cost-efficiency are highlighted while emphasizing their unique potential in the pathogen and cancer diagnosis. • CPs have intriguing potential for the development of smart and electroactive interfaces. • Synergistic combination of the advantages of organic polymers and conductive semiconductors. • Modern synthesis techniques enhanced the design of CPs with improved performance. • A comprehensive summary of recent and prominent examples of CPs to develop biosensors. • Compiling pioneering and interesting studies reported for both pathogen and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced healthcare requires novel technologies capable of real-time sensing to monitor acute and long-term health. The challenge relies on converting a real-time quantitative biological and chemical signal into a desired measurable output. Given the success in detecting glucose and the commercialization of glucometers, electrochemical biosensors continue to be a mainstay of academic and industrial research activities. Despite the wealth of literature on electrochemical biosensors, reports are often specific to a particular application (e.g., pathogens, cancer markers, glucose, etc.), and most fail to convey the underlying strategy and design, and if it is transferable to detection of a different analyte. Here we present a tutorial review for those entering this research area that summarizes the basic electrochemical techniques utilized as well as discusses the designs and optimization strategies employed to improve sensitivity and maximize signal output.

Biosensor technology has been extensively investigated for determination of several analytes in clinical diagnosis, food analysis and environmental monitoring. A biosensor includes three parts; a transducer, a bioreceptor (biorecognition element) and a signal processing system. Biorecognition elements are important components of a biosensor because they recognise the target analytes of interest. To obtain a sensitive and a reproducible biosensor, nanomaterials are used as modification elements of transducer. They represent important promise as biorecognition element immobilisation platforms for the biosensor fabrication. This mini review summarises the biosensor' features, the factors affect its performance and nanomaterials, which are used as modification elements in food analysis area. After a brief description of the biosensors and nanomaterials, the developed biosensors in literature were investigated by means of tables. Linear ranges, LODs, reproducibilities, stabilities of developed biosensors are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article deals with various prospects of the Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) and its applications in biosensing, refractive index (RI) sensing, biomedical imaging, dispersion compensation, supercontinuum and solitons generation. The gradual progress in PCF technology not only explored its application in optical communication but also extended to its effective utilization in PCF-based sensors. PCF is extensively used as a research object in order to curb the positive dispersion by changing either its cladding or core structure. Some existing works also focused on obtaining high nonlinearity in the PCF structures since high nonlinear PCF is used to direct the light in the fiber core only so that light can travel a larger distance without any alteration. But, nowadays, the modern era of optical fiber technology has been more inclined towards PCF-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors or RI sensors. The functional mechanism of a biosensor relies on SPR which involves fiber integrated with plasmonic metals (i.e. gold, silver, copper, etc.) as these metals are responsible for the sensitivity of a biosensor. But, the major drawback of plasmonic metals is that they exhibit poor biomolecule adsorption. Therefore, this review mainly explores the possible way such as the incorporation of 2D/TMD materials (i.e. graphene, MoS 2 , etc.) to increase biomolecule adsorption. These materials play an important role to increase the sensitivity of a biosensor. Hence, metal/2D/TMD based combined heterostructure opens a suitable study window in the field of SPR biosensing that finds its application in cholesterol detection, cancer cell detection, DNA detection, protein and glucose sensing. • Various prospects of the Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) and its applications in biosensing are investigated. • The gradual progress in PCF technology, and its effective utilization in PCF-based sensors are explored. • The major drawback of plasmonic metals such as poor biomolecule adsorption is studied. • The incorporation of 2D/TMD materials to increase biomolecule adsorption is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of biosensing elements is crucial for the development of the optimal biosensor. Three of the most versatile biosensing elements are antibody single-chain Fv fragments (scFv), antibody fragment-antigen binding (Fab') units, and aptamers. This article provides an overview of these three biorecognition elements with respects to their synthesis/engineering, various immobilization techniques, and examples of their use in biosensors. Furthermore, the final section of the review compares and contrasts their characteristics (time/cost of development, ease and variability of immobilization, affinity, stability) illustrating their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, scFv fragments are found to display the highest customizability (i.e. addition of functional groups, immobilizing peptides, etc.) due to recombinant synthesis techniques. If time and cost are an issue in the development of the biosensor, Fab’ fragments should be chosen as they are relatively cheap and can be developed quickly from whole antibodies (several days). However, if there are sufficient funds and time is not a factor, aptamers should be utilized as they display the greatest affinity towards their target analytes and are extremely stable (excellent biosensor regenerability). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of optical biosensors, specifically those that use optical fibers and planar waveguides, has escalated throughout the years in many fields, including environmental analysis, food safety and clinical diagnosis. Fluorescence is, without doubt, the most popular transducer signal used in these devices because of its higher selectivity and sensitivity, but most of all due to its wide versatility. This paper focuses on the working principles and configurations of fluorescence-based fiber optic and planar waveguide biosensors and will review biological recognition elements, sensing schemes, as well as some major and recent applications, published in the last ten years. The main goal is to provide the reader a general overview of a field that requires the joint collaboration of researchers of many different areas, including chemistry, physics, biology, engineering, and material science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • MIPs-based electrochemical sensors for COVID-19 diagnostic are cost-effective, exhibit high selectivity and specificity. • MIPs nano-sensors are stable at extreme conditions. • MIPs nano-sensors can be easily fabricated and integrated with IoT. The importance of early diagnosis of infectious disease has been revealed well by the COVID-19 pandemic. The current methods for testing SARS-CoV-2 mainly utilize biorecognition elements. The process of production of these biorecognition elements is not only tedious, time-consuming but also costly. The molecularly imprinted polymers recently have gained considerable attention as they are stable and also offer high selectivity and specificity than conventional labels. The present review discussed the MIPs-based electrochemical nano-sensors diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensors for human health and performance monitoring require biological recognition elements (BREs) at device interfaces for the detection of key molecular biomarkers that are measurable biological state indicators. BREs, including peptides, antibodies, and nucleic acids, bind to biomarkers in the vicinity of the sensor surface to create a signal proportional to the biomarker concentration. The discovery of BREs with the required sensitivity and selectivity to bind biomarkers at low concentrations remains a fundamental challenge. In this study, we describe an in-silico approach to evolve higher sensitivity peptide-based BREs for the detection of cardiac event marker protein troponin I (cTnI) from a previously identified BRE as the parental affinity peptide. The P2 affinity peptide, evolved using our in-silico method, was found to have ∼16-fold higher affinity compared to the parent BRE and ∼10 fM (0.23 pg/mL) limit of detection. The approach described here can be applied towards designing BREs for other biomarkers for human health monitoring.