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Bioplastics are biobased or biodegradable plastic synthesized from natural resources with similar features to conventional plastic and environmental sustainability. Seaweed species abundant in the coastal regions of Bangladesh are yet to be explored for developing biodegradable plastic to solve the plastic pollution problem. Semi‐refined kappa carrageenan was extracted from Gracilaria sp. with Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) and blended with sorbitol and polyethylene glycol 1540 in this study, respectively. The presence of carrageenan and other functional groups was confirmed with FTIR analysis. The bioplastic films showed over 90 % biodegradability after 16 days of soil burial test and 98 % water solubility after immersion for 16 days. Maximum 20 MPa tensile strength and 44 % elongation were observed from the bioplastic films. The polyethylene glycol 1540 blended films showed better physical and mechanical properties. SEM analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of tensile strength and elongation on the surface integrity of the bioplastic films. The findings indicate that Gracilaria sp. found in the coastal regions of Bangladesh, can be a potential candidate for developing bioplastics for food packaging and many other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jackfruit seeds have been explored as one interesting alternative starch source to be used in the production of sustainable bioplastics. In this context, this work aimed to investigate the effect of sorbitol concentration, one alternative plasticizer to glycerol, and the starch properties of the films. A complete factorial experimental study was done based on five different concentrations of starch (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6% w/w) and sorbitol (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 g per 100 g of starch). The films were produced by casting technique and were characterized about thickness, optical properties, moisture resistance, mechanical properties, and morphology. The optical properties revealed opaque films, with opacity values ranging from 16.04 to 21.26%. Regarding moisture resistance, the less hydrophilic films showed lower plasticizer content. The water solubility varied from 25.48 to 38.93%; the water vapor permeability ranged from 9.99 to 11.82 × 10−9 (g/m s Pa) and the free energy of hydrophobic interactions varied from − 28.16 to 40.13 mJ m−1. Concerning the mechanical properties, the tensile strength of the films ranged from 3.55 to 9.25 MPa, and increasing the sorbitol concentration decreased the tensile strength and increased the elongation at break. The morphology and structure analysis showed that starch granules were not fully gelatinized, with microbubbles and grooves in the film matrix. This study showed the great potential of jackfruit seed starch and sorbitol in the manufacture of biodegradable films as alternative sustainable packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of paper–polymer composite materials based on polystyrene and plant extracts of coniferous trees is described. The resulting bioplastics have increased resistance to biodegradation and are a promising basis for use as reinforcing polymer systems of cellulose-containing materials used for the production of packaging materials and special-purpose papers as part of electrical devices for various purposes. It has been shown that the inclusion of plant extracts makes it possible to improve the physical and mechanical properties of paper composites and ensure their resistance to biocorrosion. The conducted research makes it possible to expand the areas of application of paper materials and products based on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut fibers contain many lignocellulosic components; therefore, they have the potential to be used as cellulose‐based materials. This study aims to synthesize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for bioplastic applications from coconut fiber cellulose obtained from South Tangerang, Indonesia. The isolation of cellulose was conducted in two key stages: alkaline treatment using a delignification reactor and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The facile synthesis of CMC involved two important steps: alkaline treatment and carboxymethylation of isolated cellulose. The yield of cellulose isolated from coconut fiber was 16.39% for biomass and 64.84% for delignification products. The cellulose produced exhibited a crystallinity index (C.I.) of 89%. The yield of CMC was 14.67%, with a C.I. was 56.66%. The CMC obtained was categorized as having a medium molecular weight of 249,048 Da with a polymerization degree of 1046. Cellulose starts to decompose at a temperature interval of 292.05–381.45°C, whereas CMC decomposes at a lower temperature interval of 245.42–299.73°C. Thermochemical calculations were conducted by using the density functional theory (DFT), confirming a spontaneous reaction with a Gibbs free energy of −5.25 kJ mol−1. Bioplastics were fabricated in two stages: blending with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMChi) and plasticizing with glycerol. The addition of CMCh increased the C.I. and tensile strength, while the addition of glycerol to CMC/CMChi (80/20) blend‐based bioplastic reduced the C.I. and tensile strength, but enhanced the relative contact angle. Highlights: Cellulose was isolated from coconut fibers through a two‐stage process involving delignification and bleaching;Carboxymethyl cellulose was synthesized by reacting the cellulose of coconut fibers with monochloroacetic acid in isopropanol with NaOH as the catayst;The optimum condition for achieving the highest elongation at break among the blending compositions was found in the CMC/CMChi (80/20) blend bioplastic;Adding up to 30 wt% glycerol decreased the tensile strength and increased the elongation at break;The addition of glycerol enhanced the hydrophobic properties of CMC/CMCh blend‐based bioplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are popular biopolymers due to their potential use as biodegradable thermoplastics. In this study, three aerobic sequencing batch reactors were operated identically except for their temperatures, which were set at 15 °C, 35 °C, and 48 °C. The reactors were subjected to a feast-famine feeding regime, where carbon sources are supplied intermittently, to enrich PHAaccumulating microbial consortia. The biomass was sampled for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of both DNA (during the enrichment phase) and cDNA (during the enrichment and accumulation phases). All temperatures yielded highly enriched PHA-accumulating consortia. Thermophilic communities were significantly less diverse than those at low or mesophilic temperatures. In particular, Thauera was highly adaptable, abundant, and active at all temperatures. Low temperatures resulted in reduced PHA production rates and yields. Analysis of the microbial community revealed a collapse of community diversity during low-temperature PHA accumulation, suggesting that the substrate dosing strategy was unsuccessful at low temperatures. This points to future possibilities for optimizing low-temperature PHA accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polylactic Acid (PLA) comes from renewable resources, has a reasonable biodegradability rate, and is used in biomedical, food packaging, textiles, and agricultural applications. PLA offers high mechanical strength and the ability to compost, similar to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and nylon. However, the brittleness of PLA has always limited its usage. Therefore, bio-based plasticizers in the biopolymer matrices can increase flexibility (elasticity), durability, and workability. This study aims to determine the optimal blending ratio for the PLA blended with epoxidized waste cooking oil (EWCO) to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/EWCO. The mechanical strength test consists of the hardness test (N/mm2), flexural strength (MPa), and impact energy (kJ/m2) adopted to evaluate the plasticizing characteristics. The thermal stability analysis involves glass transition temperature (Tg) (°C), cold-crystallization temperature (Tcc) (°C) and melting temperature (Tm) (°C). The blending ratio is 97.5PLA/2.5EWCO, 95PLA/5EWCO, 92.5PLA/7.5EWCO and 90PLA/10EWCO. As a result, 97.5:2.5 of PLA/EWCO reduces intermolecular interactions by stimulating more free volume in biopolymer chains' mobility and enhancing the flexibility and elasticity of the PLA blends. Ultimately, the brittleness of PLA decreased with increasing EWCO bio-based plasticizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste cooking oil is a common byproduct in the culinary industry, often posing disposal challenges. This study explores its conversion into the valuable bioplastic material, medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA), through microbial biosynthesis in controlled bioreactor conditions. Twenty-four bacterial isolates were obtained from oil-contaminated soil and waste materials in Mahd Ad-Dahab, Saudi Arabia. The best PHA-producing isolates were identified via 16S rDNA analysis as Neobacillus niacini and Metabacillus niabensis, with the sequences deposited in GenBank (accession numbers: PP346270 and PP346271). This study evaluated the effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources, as well as environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, and shaking speed, on the PHA production titer. Neobacillus niacini favored waste cooking oil and yeast extract, achieving a PHA production titer of 1.13 g/L, while Metabacillus niabensis preferred waste olive oil and urea, with a PHA production titer of 0.85 g/L. Both strains exhibited optimal growth at a neutral pH of 7, under optimal shaking -flask conditions. The bioreactor performance showed improved PHA production under controlled pH conditions, with a final titer of 9.75 g/L for Neobacillus niacini and 4.78 g/L for Metabacillus niabensis. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed the biosynthesized polymer as mcl-PHA. This research not only offers a sustainable method for transforming waste into valuable materials, but also provides insights into the optimal conditions for microbial PHA production, advancing environmental science and materials engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and application of an electrochemical sensor is reported for detection of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) – a bioplastic derived from agro-industrial residues. To overcome the challenges of molecular imprinting of macromolecules such as P3HB, this study employed methanolysis reaction to break down the P3HB biopolymer chains into methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate (M3HB) monomers. Thereafter, M3HB were employed as the target molecules in the construction of molecularly imprinted sensors. The electrochemical device was then prepared by electropolymerizing a molecularly imprinted poly (indole-3-acetic acid) thin film on a glassy carbon electrode surface modified with reduced graphene oxide (GCE/rGO-MIP) in the presence of M3HB. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy with field emission gun (SEM-FEG), Raman spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterize the electrode surface. Under ideal conditions, the MIP sensor exhibited a wide linear working range of 0.1 – 10 nM and a detection limit of 0.3 pM (n = 3). The sensor showed good repeatability, selectivity, and stability over time. For the sensor application, the bioproduction of P3HB was carried out in a bioreactor containing the Burkholderia glumae MA13 strain and sugarcane byproducts as a supplementary carbon source. The analyses were validated through recovery assays, yielding recovery values between 102 and 104%. These results indicate that this MIP sensor can present advantages in the monitoring of P3HB during the bioconversion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calls for green biodegradable plastics to replace synthetic ones are continuously growing amidst the current environmental threats. These threats are evident all over the globe as seen from heat waves, floods, earthquakes, glacier melts, etc. This research presents morphological, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of bioplastics produced from yam and potato tuber peels. This alternative to synthetic plastic materials serves to mitigate the menace posed by plastic waste and hence provides a sustainable environmental solution. Waste yam peels (WYP) and waste potato peels (WPP) were obtained from eateries, then washed, dried, and ground before the starch extraction. The starch was then used to produce bioplastics in the presence of hydrochloric (HCl) and acetic acid. Analysis was carried out on the morphological, qualitative, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the material. It was observed that bioplastic produce using HCl was darker than those produced by acetic acid while WYP bioplastics were rougher on the surface than WPP. FTIR spectra also revealed higher peaks in polyester fingerprint bioplastic hence the effect on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. The bioplastics recorded densities between 1.2 and 1.7 g/cm3; HCl-based bioplastics exhibited denser properties compared to acetic acid based. While WPP bioplastic generally exhibited less water absorption capacity, HCl-based bioplastics also recorded lower water absorption for the same starch. HCl-based bioplastic recorded a higher modulus of elasticity (MOE) compared to acetic-based bioplastic. WPP produced via HCl recorded the highest MOE of 0.09 N/mm2, which is 350% higher than potato and acetic acid. The bioplastics produced exhibited two stages of thermal degradation. The WPP bioplastic exhibited a thermally more stable behavior even though the yam-based bioplastic recorded an earlier onset of thermal degradation. Among the bioplastics produced, WPP-HCl exhibited the best in physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. While all these waste peels bioplastics show promising properties, it gives the bioplastics an advantage in application related to edible foods packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of macroalgae for food has been extensive in Asia historically. However, there has been a renewed interest at present in macroalgae due to its recognition as a potential carbon capture agent and a blue carbon donor besides their utility in biofuel production. Bioplastics is an umbrella term for a wide variety of polymers that can be either biobased or biodegradable, or both. Macroalgal polysaccharides and their inherent film‐forming capacity are exploited in the bioplastics industry and macroalgal polysaccharide‐based biofilms are extensively used in food packaging due to their compatibility and ease of production. Commercial macroalgae‐based bioplastics production is ongoing, with research dedicated to the development of biodegradable/compostable biofilms suitable for the food packing and biomedicine sector. This review aims to provide an overview of the polysaccharides of macroalgae that can be used to form biofilms and bioplastics. Different methods for biofilm formation are discussed along with summarizing the effect of plasticizers, the method of film formation, and biodegradability. The major source of marine macroalgal polysaccharaides are agar, alginate, carrageenan, laminarin, fucoidan, and ulvan. Different groups of macroalgae are utilized for the production of polysaccharide derived bioplatics, namely, brown algae (Padina pavonica, Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria japonica, Rugulopteryx okamurae, Sargassum natans, Sargassum siliquosum, Jolyna laminarioides, Gracilaria salicornia), green algae (Ulva fasciata, Halimeda opuntia, Codium fragile, Ulva intestinalis, Ulva lactuca, Ulva rigida), and red algae (Eucheuma cottonii, Porphyra sp., Kappaphycus alvarezii, Gracilaria corticata). The outcome of the review reveals that there is a vast scope for macroalgal polysaccharide‐derived bioplastics for a sustainable environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) faces several limitations that hinder their competitiveness against traditional plastics, mainly due to high production costs and complex recovery processes. Innovations in microbial biotechnology offer promising solutions to overcome these challenges. The modification of the biosynthetic pathways is one of the main tactics; allowing for direct carbon flux toward PHA formation, increasing polymer accumulation and improving polymer properties. Additionally, techniques have been implemented to expand the range of renewable substrates used in PHA production. These feedstocks are inexpensive and plentiful but require costly and energy-intensive pretreatment. By removing the need for pretreatment and enabling the direct use of these raw materials, microbial biotechnology aims to reduce production costs. Furthermore, improving downstream processes to facilitate the separation of biomass from culture broth and the recovery of PHAs is critical. Genetic modifications that alter cell morphology and allow PHA secretion directly into the culture medium simplify the extraction and purification process, significantly reducing operating costs. These advances in microbial biotechnology not only enhance the efficient and sustainable production of PHAs, but also position these biopolymers as a viable and competitive alternative to petroleum-based plastics, contributing to a circular economy and reducing the dependence on fossil resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document explores the potential of agro-biomass valorization for sustainable development. It emphasizes the significant amount of residual biomass produced in agriculture and the untapped potential for its utilization. The document discusses the production of biofuels and bioplastics from agro-biomass and highlights the benefits of valorization in terms of waste reduction, greenhouse gas emissions, and health hazards. It also examines the relationship between agro-biomass valorization and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasizing the potential for positive impacts on various SDGs, including energy access, sustainable production and consumption, infrastructure, industry, environment, and social development. The document emphasizes the importance of considering local realities and the need for a holistic understanding of agricultural sustainability. It acknowledges that the impact of agro-biomass valorization may vary based on local conditions and highlights the need for infrastructure development, technological innovation, and support from global institutions to maximize the benefits of this approach. [Extracted from the article]

Human activities, such as production and consumption, generate waste that pollutes environment. This pollution creates unfavorable conditions for humans and other living beings. Microorganisms, however, offer potential solutions. These tiny can be both beneficial and harmful to humans. While their negative aspects, like pathogenicity or corrosion, have been exclusively studied, this review focuses on the positive potential of these often-threatened bacteria. Here, we explore their ability to clean and biodegrade environmental pollutants. The review draws on research conducted by the authors and other researchers, examining how bacteria responsible for corrosion can biodegrade and purify various pollutants such as PCP, pesticides, detergents, and even bioplastics. Since the biodegradation pathways for these pollutants have been identified and their safety for living organisms considered, the use of such bacteria for environmental cleaning is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, bioplastics have been making great strides in a promising way toward mitigating the damage that traditional plastics cause to the environment. This article discusses the status of cellulose and starch-based bioplastics in detail. To provide readers with helpful information, a variety of processes are analyzed, including polymerization, injection molding, film casting, 3D printing solvent-free methods, and electrospinning, along with prospects and challenges. This research also examines the numerous applications of bioplastics, including medical equipment, food packaging, textiles, and healthcare appliances with sustainable innovative concepts. In the end, the paper highlights a future outlook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioplastics sector promotes environmentally friendly means of cutting down on the usage of fossil fuels, plastic waste, and environmental pollution. Plastic contamination has detrimental effects on both ecological systems and the global food supply. The approach we present here to resolve this issue involves the integration of sericin and gelatin, obtained from cocoon and fish waste, respectively, with nano-reinforced cellulose crystals, to develop a biodegradable and compostable plastic material. The use of cocoon and fish wastes for the extraction of sericin and gelatin presents an environmentally beneficial approach since it contributes to waste reduction. The sericin level found in silk cocoon waste was determined to be 28.08%, and the gelatin amount in fish waste was measured to be 58.25%. The inclusion of sericin and gelatin in bioplastics was accompanied by the incorporation of glycerol, vinegar, starch, sodium hydroxide, and other coloring agents. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) examination of bioplastics revealed the presence of functional groups that corresponded to the sericin and gelatin components. The tensile strength of the bioplastic material was measured to be 27.64 MPa/psi, while its thickness varied between 0.072 and 0.316 mm. The results of burial experiments indicated that the bioplastic material had a degradation rate of 85% after 14 days. The invention exhibits potential as a viable alternative for packaging, containment, and disposable plastic materials. The use of this sustainable approach is recommended for the extraction of sericin and gelatin from silk cocoons and fish waste, with the intention of using them as raw materials for bioplastic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Each year citizens of the European Union (EU) generate 2.5 billion tonnes of waste; equating to five tonnes of waste per person per year. To ensure optimal material recovery, and to support the move towards a circular economy, proper separate collection of waste is necessary. The current trend of increasing collection rates, encouraged by EU legislation, is promising; however, progress is uneven both across and within EU member states. While European and national targets provide the overarching driver for better waste collection, regional and local implementation is crucial for achieving continued progress. Therefore, it is vital to consider the disparity among the different EU countries when introducing new materials, such as bioplastics (bio-based and/or biodegradable plastics), into current national waste management streams, and any new introductions should be carefully evaluated before further actions are recommended by local authorities. As a member state that is heavily reliant on tourism, proper solid waste management is of vital importance in Greece, especially during the peak summer season. Considering the rapid expansion of bioplastics in the European market, it is important to assess the readiness of municipalities in Greece to manage this new category of solid waste. Data collected from 51 Greek municipalities via questionnaire (distributed to public authorities or waste management companies) showed that the current situation and capacities for adapting waste management streams to process bio-based and/or biodegradable plastics is still limited in Greece. Therefore, the readiness of Greece to process an increasing proportion of bioplastics within the waste stream (using the current waste management systems) is very low, as a result, such innovative materials are currently seen more as a problem than a ready-to-implement solution.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Petroleum-based plastics produce tremendous amounts of plastic waste every year, which contributes to environmental problems. Biological polymers, such as polyhydroxybutyrate, have caught attention as an ecofriendly substitute to petroleum-based plastics. The present study focused on the production, enhancement, and characterization of polyhydroxybutyrate from the prospective local bacterium Halomonas elongata. This research aimed to develop an environmentally sustainable material for reducing the accumulation of plastic waste in the ecosystem.METHODS: A local bacterial strain from Mud Crater Bledug Kuwu, Grobogan, Central Java, Indonesia, was isolated and identified as Halomonas elongata. Nile red staining method confirmed that this bacterium accumulated polyhydroxybutyrate. The effect of incubation time, sodium chloride concentration, nitrogen, and carbon sources were evaluated via gas chromatography to enhance its productivity. The functional groups of isolated polyhydroxybutyrate were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Morphology and composition were demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermogravimetry, and differential thermal analysis were used to analyze thermal stability.FINDINGS: Halomonas elongata produced polyhydroxybutyrate utilizing glucose as a carbon source, as evidenced by orange-fluorescence colonies under ultraviolet light. The optimum condition of polyhydroxybutyrate production was achieved when the bacterium was cultivated in a high medium containing 5 percent sodium chloride, 0.2 percent yeast extract, and 5 percent glucose (as measured by weight per volume) after 72 hours of incubation. The maximum polyhydroxybutyrate production in this medium reached 2.93 ± 0.03 gram per liter dry cell weight and 78 ± 1 percent polyhydroxybutyrate concentration. Structural elucidation studies revealed that the biopolymer produced by this bacterium was high-purity polyhydroxybutyrate, as proven by the presence of functional groups and proton resonance signals in the monomer structure. The isolated polyhydroxybutyrate consisted of 14 percent carbon and 86 percent oxygen. Thermal stability analysis showed that the isolated polyhydroxybutyrate had a maximum decomposition temperature of 270 degrees Celsius. Micrographically, the isolated polyhydroxybutyrate appeared as a sheet structure with interconnected fibers measuring 0.7–0.8 micromter in length. This finding also demonstrates that the isolated polyhydroxybutyrate has good thermal stability given that fibers linked each polyhydroxybutyrate molecule, which boosted the structure of polyhydroxybutyrate.CONCLUSION: This study successfully synthesized polyhydroxybutyrate using a local strain of Halomonas elongata, with glucose as a carbon source. Physicochemical characterization revealed that polyhydroxybutyrate from this bacterium has a high thermal stability. The yield of polyhydroxybutyrate can be increased through the improvement of production parameters. This research emphasizes an important milestone toward the large-scale production of polyhydroxybutyrate for application as food packaging while reducing environmental issues.

Bioplastics such as polylactic acid are actually promoted as eco-friendly alternatives to fossil fuel-derived plastics, yet bioplastic toxicity remains poorly known. Here we studied the acute and multigenerational effects of polylactic acid microplastics on the copepod Eurytemora affinis, a bioindicator species of zooplankton. Results on acute toxicity revealed that lethal concentration values are higher for adult males, of 134.6 mg microplastic/L, than for adult females, of 106.9 mg/L. In multigeneration exposure, 400 µg/L polylactic acid microplastics induced higher mortality, production of smaller-sized eggs, elongation of the naupliar phase, and offspring with lower fitness. This led to reduction in female body size, including prosome length, width, and volume. Noteworthy, we also observed a recovery in copepod survival and reproductive parameters in the fifth filial generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable food packaging materials have significant interest in addressing environmental issues by making renewable substitutes such as bioplastics based on pectin. Orange peel has a relatively high pectin content of 42.5%, which can be synthesized into bioplastics. Pectin-based bioplastics tend to have limitations in terms of mechanical and physical strength due to the hygroscopic nature of pectin. This study aims to determine the effect of adding glycerol and sago starch on the characteristics of orange peel pectinbased bioplastics. The casting method was used in the bioplastic formulation using the variation of the pectin:starch ratio (75:25, 65:35, 55:45; and 50:50%) and glycerol composition (10, 20, 30, and 40%). Based on the results, the pectin obtained was categorized as low methoxyl pectin and ester pectin. The characterizations of bioplastics achieved the maximum value of the tensile strength of bioplastics was 4.22 MPa, obtained by adding pectin:starch (50:50%) and 10% glycerol. The maximum value of the elongation properties at the break of bioplastics is 24%, obtained by adding the composition of pectin:starch (75:25%) and 40% glycerol. The more additions of the pectin:starch and glycerol composition result in a higher water vapor evaporation rate. Hence, utilizing orange peel pectin-based bioplastics offers a sustainable solution by exploring repurposing waste to create bioplastics for food packaging, thereby contributing to environmental preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present chapter focuses on the recyclability of both renewable and biodegradable plastics, considering the recovery of matter (mechanical or chemical recycling) from the polymeric materials currently most diffused on the market. Biobased and compostable plastics are carbon neutral; thus, they do not contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nevertheless, recycling can be beneficial because it allows a prolongation of the material life cycle so that carbon is stored for a longer time up to the final composting. The chemical or mechanical recycling option is linked both to the possibility of reprocessing bioplastics without detrimental loss of properties as well as to the capability of selecting homogenous fractions of bioplastics after waste collection. Moreover, the different structural features of biodegradable bioplastics have resulted in different chemical recycling opportunities and also in different behaviors during the reprocessing operations necessary for recycling. All these aspects are discussed systematically in this review, considering biodegradable bioplastics, their blends and composites with natural fibers.

Bioplastics have garnered substantial interest as alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics. However, their management and conversion to biogas continues to be significantly challenging. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of various plastics for hydrolysis at 160 °C for 12 h using different solvents. The biogas yield (BGY) of the monomers constituting these plastics and the obtained plastic hydrolyzates was comprehensively evaluated. When water was used as a solvent, 100 % hydrolysis of polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) was observed. When polybutylene adipate co-terephthalate (PBAT) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) were hydrolyzed with water, the degradation ratio was approximately 30 %; however, using an aqueous lactic acid solution as a solvent improved the degradation ratio to 78 % and 100 %, respectively. In the BGY test of the plastic hydrolyzates, the biogas volumes derived from the hydrolyzates were 563, 461, 337, and 573 mL/g COD-added for PLA, PBS, PBAT, and PHB, respectively. With 1,160 gCOD/L waste PLA hydrolyzate, continuous co-digestion of sewage sludge and the hydrolyzate was conducted. Organic loading rates of sewage sludge and the hydrolyzate were 2.3 and 2.4 gCOD/L/d, respectively. The operation was stable and the methane production volume from the PLA hydrolyzate was 414 L/kgCOD-added. Using highly concentrated PLA hydrolyzate, the hydraulic retention time was 19.3 days, which was only 0.7 days shorter than that of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge only (20 days). Therefore, highly concentrated PLA hydrolyzate maintains the retention time of normal sewage sludge digestion. Conclusively, the present study has crucial practical implications for plastic waste management.

Starch based bioplastics were prepared and characterized with fillers carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), chitosan (CS) and nanochitosan (NCS); plasticizer sorbitol and cross‐linking agent citric acid (CA) at different loading levels. Structural, water resistance, water vapor permeability, solubility, mechanical, antimicrobial and biodegradation properties of the bioplastics were investigated. FTIR confirmed bonding of starch with cross‐linking agent, fillers and plasticizer. The water uptake of the CMC bioplastics was decreased up to 70 % with 20 % CA addition. Bioplastics with CS and NCS showed lesser water uptake, only 12.5 % for CS bioplastic. The water vapour permeability (WVP) of all bioplastics was low in the range 2.16×10−7–6.29×10−7 gday−1 m−1 Pa−1. The CA addition increased water resistance and lowered WVP of the bioplastics by restricting the hydrophilic functional groups and forming more tight structures. The fillers CS and NCS additions enhanced the mechanical strength attributing to more hydrogen bonding between NH3+ of chitosan and OH− of starch. All bioplastics demonstrated good antimicrobial activities. These bioplastics offer an attractive alternative to non‐biodegradable plastics used in food packaging due to its enhanced water resistance, antibacterial properties and biodegradability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is a multifaceted technical and scientific field undergoing a fast expansion. Nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanotubes, nanorods, nanowires, nanochips and many more are being increasingly used for fabrication of nanosensors and nanobiosensors to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of reactions. Food safety is an extremely important concern in food industries since it is directly associated with effect of food on human health. Here in our review, we have not only described the newest information regarding methods and use of nanomaterials for construction of nanosensors but also their detection range, limit of detection (LOD) and applications for food safety. Precise nanosensors having improved sensitivity and low limit of detection were discussed in brief. Review is primarily focused on nanosensors employed for detection of adulterants and contaminants in food products such as meat products, milk, fruit juices and water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fossil-based plastics used for packing organic foods is under the lens of the organic movement because of the contrast with the organic farming principles and its negative impact on the environment. Bioplastics, which can be bio-based and biodegradable, are a promising solution to address the various issues, i.e. social and environmental, caused by the intense use of conventional plastics. Nevertheless, using bioplastics as a more sustainable solution in the food packaging industry is still controversial. It involves a variety of opinions, consensus, and disagreements among food supply chain actors. The present study investigated stakeholders' viewpoints regarding the acceptance of bio-based packaging in the Italian organic food supply chain. Individual perspectives from a selected group of organic stakeholders (producers, distributors, and researchers) were captured by applying the Q methodology. Two relevant divergent views were identified, as well as consensus agreements. The study shows how Q methodology can effectively discover the most relevant viewpoints about an emerging topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a promising bio-based alternative to traditional plastics derived from petroleum. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms that produce PHA from CO2 and sunlight, which can potentially reduce production costs and environmental footprint in comparison to heterotrophic bacteria cultures because (1) they utilize inorganic carbon sources for growth and (2) they do not require intensive aeration for oxygenation. Moreover, supplementing precursors such as propionate, acetate, valerate, etc., can be used to obtain various copolymers with plastic customizable properties in comparison to the classical homopolymers, such as polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB. This critical review covers the latest advances in PHA production, including recent discoveries in the metabolism interplay between PHA and glycogen production, and new insights into cultivation strategies that enhance PHA accumulation, and purification processes. This review also addresses the challenges and suggests potential solutions for a viable industrial PHAs production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics contribute to various environmental issues and serve as carriers for a wide range of toxic compounds such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and metal ions. Consequently, there is a gradual shift towards replacing them with biodegradable plastics (bioplastics). However, biodegradable plastics require specific conditions for complete biodegradation, and their biodeterioration often leads to the rapid production of smaller fragments, known as microbioplastics. In this review, we summarize selected issues related to the impact of plastic particles on soil properties and the soil microbiome. Findings from numerous studies indicate that both microplastics and microbioplastics induce adverse changes in soil microbiology, potentially increasing the abundance of soil-borne pathogens. Based on these observations, we argue that plastic particles could serve as carriers for colonies of soil-borne pathogens. Furthermore, the use of bioplastics may exacerbate this issue due to their easier and faster formation, increased support for biofilms, and more pronounced adverse effects on soil biota. However, further research is necessary to either substantiate or refute this perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comprehensive review on microplastic from source to sink and reviews the current state of knowledge of the topic by focusing on the articles published within the last five years on identification, quantification, analyses, and effects of microplastics on soil and aqueous environments. Microplastics are materials formed either by the degradation of the plastic into smaller micro sized particles or obtained directly in daily products such as cosmetics, toothpastes, domestic cleaning products, etc. Hence, the origin of microplastics is either a primary or secondary microplastic source. The lack of information and research conducted on microplastics in soil compared to water influenced many disparities. These include variations in defining microplastics to lack of conclusive methodologies in analysis of microplastics in soil which therefore lead to gaps in identification of plastic source and comprehension of plastic pollution in soil. The effect of microplastics on different aquatic vertebrates, mammals, and humans is studied and, in most cases, various negative effects were observed in the organism's physiology. In addition to innovative control methods, there is a growing focus on exploring bioplastics as a potential substitute for traditional plastics. Numerous studies suggest that the environmental impact is more manageable with the production and use of bioplastics. Nonetheless, additional research is needed to confirm the viability of bioplastics as a potential solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of biodegradable composite materials based on polyvinyl alcohol, starch, and cellulose is described. The resulting bioplastics are as promising reinforcing polymer systems of cellulose-containing materials that used for the production of packaging materials of various purposes. It was shown that starch and cellulose inclusions make it possible to regulate the physical and mechanical properties of composites and to obtain rapidly degradable naturelike materials in environmental protection conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on bioplastics (both biobased and biodegradable) is steadily growing and discovering environmentally friendly substitutes for conventional plastic. This review highlights the significance of bioplastics, analyzing, for the first time, the state of the art concerning the use of agri-food waste as an alternative substrate for biopolymer generation using Haloferax mediterranei. H. mediterranei is a highly researched strain able to produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) since it can grow and produce bioplastic in high-salinity environments without requiring sterilization. Extensive research has been conducted on the genes and pathways responsible for PHB production using H. mediterranei to find out how fermentation parameters can be regulated to enhance cell growth and increase PHB accumulation. This review focuses on the current advancements in utilizing food waste as a substitute for costly substrates to reduce feedstock expenses. Specifically, it examines the production of biomass and the recovery of PHB from agri-food waste. Furthermore, it emphasizes the characterization of PHB and the significance of hydroxyvalerate (HV) abundance in the formation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) copolymer. The downstream processing options are described, and the crucial factors associated with industrial scale-up are assessed, including substrates, bioreactors, process parameters, and bioplastic extraction and purification. Additionally, the economic implications of various options are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present chapter focuses on the recyclability of both renewable and biodegradable plastics, considering the recovery of matter (mechanical or chemical recycling) from the polymeric materials currently most diffused on the market. Biobased and compostable plastics are carbon neutral; thus, they do not contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nevertheless, recycling can be beneficial because it allows a prolongation of the material life cycle so that carbon is stored for a longer time up to the final composting. The chemical or mechanical recycling option is linked both to the possibility of reprocessing bioplastics without detrimental loss of properties as well as to the capability of selecting homogenous fractions of bioplastics after waste collection. Moreover, the different structural features of biodegradable bioplastics have resulted in different chemical recycling opportunities and also in different behaviors during the reprocessing operations necessary for recycling. All these aspects are discussed systematically in this review, considering biodegradable bioplastics, their blends and composites with natural fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of conventional plastics has increased tremendously in the last decades due to rapid industrialization, population growth, and advancement in the use of modern technologies. However, overuse of these fossil fuel-based plastics has resulted in serious environmental and health hazards by causing pollution, global warming, etc. Therefore, the use of microalgae as a feedstock is a promising, green, and sustainable approach for the production of biobased plastics. Various biopolymers, such as polyhydroxybutyrate, polyurethane, polylactic acid, cellulose-based polymers, starch-based polymers, and protein-based polymers, can be produced from different strains of microalgae under varying culture conditions. Different techniques, including genetic engineering, metabolic engineering, the use of photobioreactors, response surface methodology, and artificial intelligence, are used to alter and improve microalgae stocks for the commercial synthesis of bioplastics at lower costs. In comparison to conventional plastics, these biobased plastics are biodegradable, biocompatible, recyclable, non-toxic, eco-friendly, and sustainable, with robust mechanical and thermoplastic properties. In addition, the bioplastics are suitable for a plethora of applications in the agriculture, construction, healthcare, electrical and electronics, and packaging industries. Thus, this review focuses on techniques for the production of biopolymers and bioplastics from microalgae. In addition, it discusses innovative and efficient strategies for large-scale bioplastic production while also providing insights into the life cycle assessment, end-of-life, and applications of bioplastics. Furthermore, some challenges affecting industrial scale bioplastics production and recommendations for future research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout its lifespan, petroleum-based plastics are associated with a number of environmental problems, including pollution, the release of greenhouse gases, persistence in aquatic and terrestrial environments, etc. As an alternative to conventional plastics generated from petroleum, bioplastics, a class of polymeric materials that is quickly developing, are regularly promoted. The development of renewable resources led to the emergence of bioplastic substitutes. Since these polymers employed sustainable resources like agricultural wastes (instead of petroleum sources) and are biodegradable under different conditions, they are more commonly accepted than conventional plastics. Bioplastics' physical and chemical composition significantly affects how quickly they deteriorate. Natural biomass sources can be used to produce bioplastics like starch, cellulose, chitosan, chitin, and polyhydroxyalkanoates. All these bioplastics have the appropriate physiochemical, thermal, and mechanical characteristics to be used in the development of bioplastics that are naturally biobased and biodegradable. Biopolymers are used for more than just bioplastics, including sustainable manufacturing. In this review, we have covered the different types of bioplastics, their classification, sources, production techniques, advantages over traditional petroleum-based plastics, and their applications in different sectors. Also, industries involved in the production of bioplastics worldwide has also been mentioned. Bioplastics serves as a potential substitute for the fossil-based plastics. Several sources (Agro and Kitchen waste) for bioplastic production are studied. Various bioplastics production methods are identified e.g. Casting, Molding, Extrusion, and Film-blowing. Analysis of studies is provided on bioplastic application in different industries along with their real-time applications. The use of bioplastic is an essential step toward achieving overall sustainability of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-polybutylene succinate (PBS) is a biodegradable polymer obtained from renewable feedstock having physical–mechanical properties like traditional low-density polyethylene (LDPE). PBS is employed by many manufacturing sectors, from biomedical to agri-food and cosmetics. Although some studies have already evaluated the resistance of PBS to photodegradation caused by natural outdoor solar exposure (UVA-UVB), a systematic study on the resistance to degradation caused by exposure to UVC rays, which is the subject of this study, has not yet been carried out. PBS was exposed to UVC either neat or filled with 2% carbon black (CB). Mechanical and physical characterization (tensile, hardness, calorimetry, contact angle, morphology, and surface roughness analyses) indicates that the bulk and surface properties of the polymer matrix changes after exposure to UVC radiations, due to a severe degradation. However, the presence of carbon black compensates for the degradation phenomenon. Because UVC rays are used for the sterilization process, necessary in applications such as biomedical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, and other products, a comparison of the protocol used in this paper with the literature's data has been reported and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers of hydroxy alkanoates (PHA), also known as biodegradable, biocompatible plastic, are potential alternatives to petrochemical-based plastics. PHA is synthesized by microbes in their cytoplasm in the form of inclusion bodies in stress conditions such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus with excessive amounts of carbon. Sugar extracted from potato peel in the form of hydrolysate was employed as a carbon source for PHA production after acidic hydrolysis. The acid hydrolysis conditions are optimized for dilute acid concentrations and temperatures. The highest sugar-yielding condition (2% 15 min at 121 ℃) was used for submerged fermentation for PHA production by Bacillus circulans MTCC 8167. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and differential scanning calorimetry were used for polymer characterization. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry confirmed the monomers such as hexadecenoic acid 3-hydroxy, methyl esters, pentadecanoic acid 14 methyl esters, and tetradecanoic acid 12- methyl esters. Crotonic acid assay was used for quantification of PHA and it was found highest (0.232 ± 0.04 g/L) at 37 °C and 36 h of incubation. Hence, potato peel waste could be a potential feedstock for waste to valuable production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its launch in January 2021, Ki Culture’s Waste and Materials Ki Book has been downloaded over 5,000 times by practitioners of cultural heritage worldwide, establishing the online sustainability manual as one of the leading guides for mitigating the environmental burden of materials we encounter in conserving cultural heritage. The sustainability manual initially focused on finding alternatives to reduce waste and lessen the environmental impact of the plastic materials we encounter in collections care and transport. This led to exploring emerging alternative materials such as bioplastics as potential replacements for petroleum-derived plastics. Terms such as ‘biodegradable’, ‘compostable’, ‘green’, ‘environmentally friendly’, and ‘sustainable’ are commonly used in the marketing strategies for bioplastics and biobased materials. However, the question arises: are these alternatives better options for the environment and cultural heritage than their plastic counterparts? Some of the materials highlighted in the Waste and Materials Ki Book showed evidence of greenwashing. What constitutes a sustainable material, and how do we identify and trust the ‘green’ alternatives available? By honing our criteria for environmentally responsible materials and examining the terminology associated with bioplastics, we can identify greenwashing. This paper critically evaluates so-called green alternatives in conservation, with a focus on greenwashing associated with polylactic acid (PLA). Emphasizing the need for informed decision-making, the study directly reflects the ongoing revision of the Waste and Materials Ki Book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution poses a significant environmental challenge, necessitating the investigation of bioplastics with reduced end-of-life impact. This study systematically characterizes four promising bioplastics—polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polybutylene succinate (PBS), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and polylactic acid (PLA). Through a comprehensive analysis of their chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties, we elucidate their structural intricacies, processing behaviors, and potential morphologies. Employing an environmentally friendly process utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide, we successfully produced porous materials with microcellular structures. PBAT, PBS, and PLA exhibit closed-cell morphologies, while PHBV presents open cells, reflecting their distinct overall properties. Notably, PBAT foam demonstrated an average porous area of 1030.86 μm2, PBS showed an average porous area of 673 μm2, PHBV displayed open pores with an average area of 116.6 μm2, and PLA exhibited an average porous area of 620 μm2. Despite the intricacies involved in correlating morphology with material properties, the observed variations in pore area sizes align with the findings from chemical, thermal, and mechanical characterization. This alignment enhances our understanding of the morphological characteristics of each sample. Therefore, here, we report an advancement and comprehensive research in bioplastics, offering deeper insights into their properties and potential morphologies with an easy sustainable foaming process. The alignment of the process with sustainability principles, coupled with the unique features of each polymer, positions them as environmentally conscious and versatile materials for a range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the scope of the current study, the researchers developed activities for middle school students to raise their awareness on the harm of plastics and microplastics, which are detrimental to nature and living things. In addition, through the activities developed, the study aimed to provide students with knowledge of and experience with bioplastics, which have emerged as an alternative to plastic materials and are environmentally friendly. Twelve eighth grade students participated in the current study. The activities developed by the researchers within the framework of the REACT strategy covered a four-week period. The researchers made sure that the activities designed included each step of the REACT strategy (Relating, Experiencing, Applying, Cooperating, Transferring) and the researchers used different tools (mind map, concept map, Vee diagram). The study suggests that activities designed for classroom use should be integrated with tools such as Vee diagram, concept map and mind map in order to increase students' knowledge and awareness about global environmental problems as well as support students' ability to produce solutions to such problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are popular biopolymers due to their potential use as biodegradable thermoplastics. In this study, three aerobic sequencing batch reactors were operated identically except for their temperatures, which were set at 15 °C, 35 °C, and 48 °C. The reactors were subjected to a feast–famine feeding regime, where carbon sources are supplied intermittently, to enrich PHA-accumulating microbial consortia. The biomass was sampled for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of both DNA (during the enrichment phase) and cDNA (during the enrichment and accumulation phases). All temperatures yielded highly enriched PHA-accumulating consortia. Thermophilic communities were significantly less diverse than those at low or mesophilic temperatures. In particular, Thauera was highly adaptable, abundant, and active at all temperatures. Low temperatures resulted in reduced PHA production rates and yields. Analysis of the microbial community revealed a collapse of community diversity during low-temperature PHA accumulation, suggesting that the substrate dosing strategy was unsuccessful at low temperatures. This points to future possibilities for optimizing low-temperature PHA accumulation.