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Knowledge-based policy making in the field of bio-based economy needs two elements: (i) a monitoring system for assessing the historical developments of bio-based industry and (ii) foresight capacities to provide prospects for the bio-based industry in the future and how it can contribute to achieving different targets. However, significant knowledge gaps in both areas exist, especially regarding the markets of bio-based materials in general and bio-based chemicals in particular. Against this background, a new consistent framework for the representation of the value chains of bio-based materials in the EU and its Member States is developed, i.e., BioMAT. This article aims to present the BioMAT database which (i) is used to track historical developments in the markets for bio-based chemicals and the demand for feedstocks and (ii) enables the construction of the BioMAT model to make future projections. The developed BioMAT database compilation procedure is described in detail. Results reveal that the production of bio-based chemicals in the EU reached 43 million tons or 14% of the total output volume of the organic chemical industry in 2018. The main application of bio-based chemicals is biofuels, followed by agrochemicals and surfactants. The main feedstocks are plant oils and starch.

There is currently an intense debate about the potential for additional organic carbon storage in soil, the strategies by which it may be accomplished and what the actual benefits might be for agriculture and the climate. Controversy forms an essential part of the scientific process, but on the topic of soil carbon storage, it may confuse the agricultural community and the general public and may delay actions to fight climate change. In an attempt to shed light on this topic, the originality of this article lies in its intention to provide a balanced description of contradictory scientific opinions on soil carbon storage and to examine how the scientific community can support decision-making despite the controversy. In the first part, we review and attempt to reconcile conflicting views on the mechanisms controlling organic carbon dynamics in soil. We discuss the divergent opinions about chemical recalcitrance, the microbial or plant origin of persistent soil organic matter, the contribution of particulate organic matter to additional organic carbon storage in soil, and the spatial and energetic inaccessibility of soil organic matter to decomposers. In the second part, we examine the advantages and limitations of big data management and modeling, which are essential tools to link the latest scientific theories with the actions taken by stakeholders. Finally, we show how the analysis and discussion of controversies can guide scientists in supporting stakeholders for the design of (i) appropriate trade-offs for biomass use in agriculture and forestry and (ii) climate-smart management practices, keeping in mind their still unresolved effects on soil carbon storage.

The conversion of timber industry waste to biochar was investigated, based on residues from local tropical hardwoods in Cameroon. Closed and flow reactors, loaded with few grams of the sample and fluxed with different inert gases, were used with the aim of converting these wood residues to a safe and efficient solid fuel that can be exploited by the local community for cooking purposes. The pyrolysis temperature had the highest impact on the process up to approximately 700 °C as biochar yields decreased from 87 to 23.5% while increasing the temperature. A significant concentration of carbon required temperatures greater than 500 °C for the biochar to become a good solid fuel, approaching the heating value of coal. The role of heating rate appeared marginal even in a broad range: 0.1 to 70 °C/min. The dwell time (in the range 0.5 to 5 h) at maximum temperature revealed to be of little influence on the charring which occurred mostly during the first few minutes of the isothermal phase. Thus, actual production time can be1 h/batch (up to 500 °C at 10 °C/min). Stepwise heating revealed a sequence of devolatilization reactions following their activation energies. Use of CO

Paludiculture, the cultivation of crops on rewetted peatlands, is often proposed as a viable climate change mitigation option that reduces greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe), while simultaneously providing novel agricultural business options. In West Europe, experiments are ongoing in using the paludicrop cattail (Typha spp.) as feedstock for insulation panel material. Here, we use a Dutch case study to investigate the environmental potential and economic viability of shifting the use of peat soils from grassland (for dairy production) to Typha paludiculture (for cultivation and insulation panel production). Using a life cycle assessment and cost-benefit analysis, we compared the global warming potential (GWP), yearly revenues and calculated Net Present Value (NPV) of 1 ha Dutch peat soil used either for dairy production or for Typha paludiculture. We estimated that changing to Typha paludiculture leads to a GWP reduction of ~32% (16.4 t CO2-eq ha−1), mainly because of lower emissions from peat decomposition as a result of land-use management (−21.6 t CO2-eq ha−1). If biogenic carbon storage is excluded, the avoided impact of conventional insulation material is insufficient to compensate the impact of cultivating and processing Typha (9.7 t CO2-eq ha−1); however, this changes if biogenic carbon storage is included (following PAS2050 guidelines). Typha paludiculture is currently not competitive with dairy production, mainly due to high cultivation costs and low revenues, which are both uncertain, and will likely improve as the system develops. Its NPV is negative, mainly due to high investment costs. This can be improved by introducing carbon credits, with carbon prices for Typha paludiculture (30 years) comparable to EU-ETS prices. In conclusion, Dutch Typha paludiculture has a significant climate change mitigation potential by reducing emissions from deep drained peatlands. Nevertheless, attention is needed to increase its economic viability as this is a key aspect of the system change.

Combining peatland rewetting with biomass cropping (paludiculture) is one strategy to remove nutrient surpluses from soil/water and stimulate peat-forming vegetation. This approach was tested in the Massaciuccoli Lake Basin (Tuscany, Italy), a coastal floodplain artificially drained for agricultural purposes since 1930, where land reclamation and continuous cropping have contributed to considerable peat degradation and water eutrophication due to nutrient enrichment of surface waters. An experimental trial was established in spring 2012 with three perennial rhizomatous grasses (PRG) (Phragmites australis, Miscanthus × giganteus, Arundo donax) and two woody species managed as short-rotation coppice (SRC) (Salix alba “Dimitrios”, Populus × canadensis “Oudenberg”), aimed to provide biomass for various bioenergy supply chains. A conventionally cultivated annual crop (maize) was the control. The aim of this study was to compare the sustainability of the proposed paludiculture systems to that of conventional annual crops on the basis of yield and nutrient-removal capability. This two-year field study evaluated yields, nutrient concentrations and uptake (N and P) of the crops. Over the two years, A. donax had the highest mean biomass yield (35 Mg ha−1), N uptake (367 kg ha−1), and P uptake (54 kg ha−1). SRCs had the lowest nutrient uptake in both years. Among grasses, the highest N concentration was recorded in A. donax leaves in 2013 (N: 2.41%), while P concentration was greater in S. alba branches (P: 0.39%). The average aboveground biomass of maize was 17.5 Mg ha−1, while the nutrient uptakes were equal to 194 and 27 kg ha−1 for N and P, respectively. Thus, the performances of paludiculture systems were generally encouraging and could represent an important alternative for restoring and managing former drained peatlands in a suitable product chain.

Indoor biomass burning produces large amounts of small particles and hazardous contaminants leading to severe air pollution and potentially high health risks associated with inhalation exposure. Personal samplers provide more accurate estimates of inhalation exposure. In this study, inhalation exposure to size-segregated particles and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the biomass user was studied by deploying personal samplers. The study found that daily PM2.5 inhalation exposure level was as high as 121 ± 96 μg/m3, and over 84% was finer PM1.0. For PAHs, the exposure level was 113 ± 188 ng/m3, with over 77% in PM1.0. High molecular weight PAHs with larger toxic potentials enriched in smaller particles resulting in much high risks associated with PAHs inhalation exposure. Indoor exposure contributed to ~80% of the total inhalation exposure as a result of high indoor air pollution and longer residence spent indoor. The highest exposure risk was found for the male smoker who conducted cooking activities at home.

Decision makers make decisions taking into account many different factors. That is why different experiences, living standard and other „non-technical“ conditions may lead to different decisions in different countries, or even regions of the same country. This paper deals with information gathered through a survey made among experts already dealing with different aspects of biomass use. Recognized factors influencing the wider use of biomass are arranged in a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) matrix. This matrix is used as a base to gather the opinions of the experts interviewed. Conclusions were made taking into account the most influential factors on the decision making process in biomass use according to the results. The questions of the survey were chosen according to existing results, as well as based on the authors’ own experience and estimated relevance to the situation of the country analyzed (Republic of Serbia). The survey analysis covered the responses of 62 national experts in this field. Based on the gathered data, a proper multi-criteria analysis was done using the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and ANP (Analytic Network Process) methods. Afterwards, recommendations and comments to the decision makers and developers of national energy strategies are presented.

Energie und Rohstoffe auf Basis von Biomasse gelten als wichtiger Beitrag, um den anthropogen begründeten Klimawandel zu mindern. Diese publikationsbasierte Arbeit analysiert, inwiefern Aussagen über Vorzüglichkeit von Biomassenutzung im direkten Vergleich oder auch in komplexeren wirtschaftlichen Nutzungssystemen durch Unsicherheiten in den Treibhausgasemissionen (THG) oder durch die Anwendung der Bewertungsmethodik beeinflusst werden. Eine Fallstudie zur stationären Biostromerzeugung aus der Vergasung von Pappelhackschnitzeln zeigte mittels Monte-Carlo-Analyse, dass dieser Biostrom trotz Unsicherheiten weniger THG emittiert bzw. sogar Kohlendioxid sequestrieren könnte. Die zweite Fallstudie analysierte Biomassenutzung im Systemzusammenhang. Sie bezog neben THG-Emissionen als Bewertungskriterien sowohl den Bedarf an Agrarfläche als auch an fossilen Ressourcen mit ein. Für das Beispiel der Häuserdämmung mittels Hanffasern oder Styropor konnte aus den drei Kriterien auch unter Berücksichtigung mehrerer Szenarien keine eindeutige Vorzugslösung der Biomassenutzung abgeleitet werden. Basierend auf dem Produktivitätskonzept stellt der dritte Beitrag mit CUDe (Carbon Utilization Degree) einen Ansatz vor, wie die Nutzungseffizienz des in der Biomasse bereitgestellten Kohlenstoffs bewertet werden könnte. THG-Minderungsrechnungen erfordern eine fundierte Kenntnis der Methode als auch des Produktionssystems in seinem regionalen Kontext. Als Landnutzungseffekte sollten neben Änderungen im Bodenkohlenstoffgehalt auch Unterschiede in Lachgas-Hintergrundemissionen von annuellen gegenüber mehrjährigen Kulturen berücksichtigt werden. Trade-Offs sprechen dafür, Biomassenutzungssysteme nicht nur hinsichtlich Klimawirksamkeit zu optimieren. Ergänzend könnte Kohlenstoff auch als Ressource betrachtet und mit Effizienzkriterien bewertet werden. Biomassenutzung ließe sich so optimieren, dass gemeinsam mit Klimaschutz weitere aktuelle Handlungsfelder adressiert werden. Biomass-based energy and materials are considered important for the mitigation of human-induced climate change and as relevant bioeconomic feedstock. This publication-based dissertation aims to contribute to the discussion about the reliability of mitigation assessment of biomass applications in an increasingly bio-based, low-carbon economy that also fulfils sustainability constraints of resource conservation. It analysed how preference of biomass use in direct comparison as well as in larger economic context is affected by single uncertainties as well as by mitigation calculation methods. A case study on stationary bioelectricity generation from poplar wood chip gasification with a Monte Carlo approach showed that such bioelectricity could emit less greenhouse gases (GHG) or even sequester carbon despite existing uncertainties. The second case study analysed biomass use in a systemic context. Besides GHG emissions also resource demand of cropland and fossil fuels were used to assess two strategies to isolate buildings. From the three criteria, none of the strategies would clearly be preferred. The third case study presented an approach to assess the efficiency of biomass carbon use (CUDe; Carbon Utilization Degree) and applied it exemplarily to a biogas and a hemp insulation system. GHG mitigation analyses of biomass use must be performed with profound knowledge of the methodology and the biomass system in its regional context. In land use change assessment, emissions resulting from deviating nitrous oxide baselines from annual and perennial crops should be considered in addition to carbon stock changes. Optimization of biomass applications only with respect to GHG emissions (or other single criteria) might overlook trade-offs. However, multi-criteria analyses might yield ambiguous results. A resource-efficient viewpoint on biogenic carbon use instead of its sole GHG implications might help to foster a transformation to bio-based, low-carbon economies.

Many countries have limited, low-cost biomass resources to satisfy their own demand for bioenergy. International trade of biomass in various solid and liquid forms is consequently increasing. The aim of this study is to present a quantitative overview of the development of international biomass trade for energy purposes, including a discussion of methodological issues. The paper focuses on the production, export, and import of solid and liquid biofuels, including industrial roundwood, wood chips, fuel wood, wood pellets, biodiesel, and bioethanol. The study highlights changes in trends that have occurred over the past decade. Trade on global bioenergy markets is increasing: total trade of biomass for energy purposes is estimated as having increased twofold from around 780 PJ in 2004 to 1250 PJ in 2015. Despite the importance of the bioenergy market and the growth of biomass trade for energy, accurate evaluation of energy-related biomass trade faces several methodological challenges, such as uncertainties in international statistics, inconsistent data regarding export and import -volumes, as well as limited information about the final use of traded products.

Nearly half the world's population and about 81 percent of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) households rely on wood-based biomass energy (fuel wood and charcoal) for cooking. This degree of reliance is far greater than in any other region. While the use of biomass fuels in China, India and much of the developing world has peaked or will do so in the near future, SSA's consumption will either remain at very high levels or even grow over the next few decades. Population growth, coupled with strong urbanization dynamics and relative price changes of alternative fuels, offset the important achievements made over the past decade by significant investments in energy access, rural and urban electrification, off-grid energy developments, and the promotion of alternative energy sources. With increasing economic development, the demand for energy is increasing as well and consumers depend on a broader portfolio of energy sources to satisfy growing energy needs. While electricity and other energy sources are needed to satisfy additional energy needs emerging with economic development, a vast majority of Sub-Saharan African consumers continue to use wood based biomass energy for cooking. Especially electricity is not regarded a suitable alternative for cooking given equipment and use costs. Biomass burning in cook stoves also emits black carbon (BC) as part of visible smoke, which is particulate matter that results from incomplete combustion. Climate science now views BC as the second or third largest warming agent after carbon dioxide, alongside methane. In the case of biomass cooking, the warming effects of BC and the cooling effects of organic carbon that is also emitted during the burning appear to be closely balanced. Given the present uncertainty about the net impact, additional research is currently underway. Black carbon has also an impact at the regional level: it accelerates melting of ice and snow, and contributes to regional pollution which can alter climatic conditions and precipitation patterns over a wide area. This paper advocates that any policy reform should entail a combination of clear rules, transparent enforcement, strong incentives and awareness-creation/capacity development. Key stakeholders and the general public need guidance by way of information campaigns, training, and demonstration projects to ensure that awareness-deficits or false perceptions do not curtail policy implementation. The bureaucratic and administrative barriers e.g. overcomplicated forest management planning requirements, complex fiscal systems and land tenure procedures may inhibit development and thus warrant critical reflection. The regulatory framework needs to integrate externalities in order to promote adequate pricing of charcoal, and thus enhance regional economies.

Open fires and primitive stoves have been used for cooking since the beginning of human history. They have come in various sizes and styles, having been adapted to myriad cultures and food preparation methods. As society has progressed, more sophisticated stove models have been developed. Today's modern kitchens reflect the many types of standardized and specialized cooking devices available, from coffee and tea pots to toasters and gas cook tops. But in many developing countries worldwide, the poor still burn biomass energy to meet their household cooking needs. These open fires are fairly inefficient at converting energy into heat for cooking; the amount of biomass fuel needed each year for basic cooking can reach up to two tons per family. In addition, collecting this fuel sometimes can take an hour a day on average. Furthermore, these open fires and primitive cook stoves emit a significant amount of smoke, which fills the home; this indoor cooking smoke has been associated with a number of diseases, the most serious of which are chronic and acute respiratory illnesses, such as bronchitis and pneumonia. This report takes a fresh look at what new approaches might be used to tackle this well known yet complex multi-sector issue. Although there are other ways to reduce household air pollution, including inter fuel substitution and household ventilation, this study focuses mainly on the recently developed biomass cook stoves for developing countries and their financing models and sources. Known by many as 'advanced biomass cook stoves,' these new cook stoves generally have better energy-combustion properties and reduce fuel consumption by about half. Such innovations warrant the development of a more serious program to deal with both the emissions and health issues resulting from cooking with open fires or traditional biomass cook stoves.

The term energy access has various connotations to energy development specialists. For this review, we define energy access as relating both to physical proximity to energy infrastructure and to the policies and frameworks supporting the transition to better, reliable, and more efficient use of electricity and modern fuels. This viewpoint frames energy access as a development process sometimes referred to as the energy transition that starts with reliance on low-quality energy sources (straw, dung, candles) and finishes when high-quality energy sources, such as commercial fuels or electricity, are available. Access to these higher-quality energy sources allow for services (lighting, communication, cooling, pumping), which are not available at lower rungs of the energy ladder. This report focuses on the World Bank's portfolio of energy access-related projects approved during most of the past decade (FY2000-08). The objectives of the review were to compile an up-to-date data base on energy access-related assistance commitments and review current trends and patterns of energy access-related assistance. The authors also wanted to examine to the greatest extent possible the lessons that could be learned across regions, focusing on policy and project design recommendations. Finally, it was important to establish a solid methodology for measuring energy access in order to provide a baseline for future reviews of the investment portfolio. This study focuses on the World Bank's role in energy access investments for the period between fiscal years 2000 and 2008. Developing and transition countries face huge investments in energy access in order to meet their commitments to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

Previous investigations have proved the fact that Serbia has a substantial renewable energy potential amounting to more than 3 million tons petrol equivalents annually. The share of biomass accounts for approx. 80% of the potential. At the same time, total consumption of fossil fuel is 12 million tons petrol equivalents. If Serbia, spending about 2.5 million tons petrol equivalents per year, were to use only 10% of its biomass potential, i.e. 2.6 million tons petrol equivalents in order to meet household heat energy needs, about 60 million Euros would be saved as a result of import decrease. Optimal technological and technical solutions should be defined with regard to collecting, loading, transporting and preparing pruning remains in orchards and vineyards with the aim of obtaining energy. This is expected to have a significant influence on the energetic efficiency of fruit growing and is an issue of major concern. In our country collecting, preparing and using pruning remains is not widely used due to the irrational disposal of energy and extensive production. Pruning remains have their advantage as sustainable energy source being at the site of consumption or its vicinity. The simplest and oldest way of using pruning remains as energents in the process of burning and producing heat energy is to burn the unchanged remains. Considering the bulk of it which is characterized by the irrational transport, impeded loading, unloading, storing and use in combustion equipments. Sva dosadašnja istraživanja potvrđuju činjenice da u Srbiji postoji značajan energetski potencijal obnovljivih izvora energije u iznosu od više od tri miliona tona ekvivalentne nafte godišnje. U tom potencijalu sa oko 80% ima učešće biomasa. Istovremeno, ukupna potrošnja fosilnih goriva je na nivou od 12 miliona tona ekvivalentne nafte. Kada bi se iskoristilo samo deset odsto potencijala biomase u iznosu od 2,6 miliona tona ekvivalentne nafte radi obezbeđenja toplotnih energetskih usluga u sektoru domaćinstava, za šta se godišnje u Srbiji potroši oko 2,5 miliona tona ekvivalentne nafte, ušteda na račun smanjenog uvoza iznosila bi oko 60 miliona evra godišnje. Projektovnje optimalnih tehnologija i tehničkih rešenja prikupljanja, utovara, transporta i neposredne pripreme ostataka rezidbe voćaka i vinove loze za dobijanje energije, presudno utiče na energetsku efikasnost voćarske proizvodnje i predstavlja veoma aktuelni problem. Zbog neracionalnog raspolaganja energijom i ekstenzivnije proizvodnje, u našim uslovima, prikupljanje, obrada, priprema i korišćenje biljnih ostataka nisu našli širu primenu. Biomasa u vidu ostataka rezidbe kao obnovljivi izvor energije ima i prednost u tome što se najčešće nalaze na mestu potrošnje ili u njihovoj blizini. Najjednostavniji i najstariji način korišćenja ostataka rezidbe kao energenta u procesima sagorevanja i dobijanja toplote je kada se u neizmenjenom obliku obavi proces sagorevanja. Zbog kabaste forme koju karakteriše mala zapreminska masa, uslovljava veoma malu racionalnost u transportu kao i otežan utovar, istovar, skladištenje i samu upotrebu u gorionicima.

One of the most important pomotechnical action for fruit and vine care is pruning. One of the problems which occur as a result of pruning is how to remove biomass from field. In extensive technology this problem is solved by pickup and combustion biomass or chopping and plowing. In both cases biomass is lost as energetically valuable and quantitatively important source of the thermal energy. There for, in order to enhance energetic efficacy, obtaining the optimal technology and technical solutions for the use of fruit and vine pruning residues is a very important task. In our region as a result of extensive production and non rational energy management, collection processing, preparation and using vegetable residues is not in use. The advantage of the use of energy obtained from biomass relies in the fact that the residues obtain on the place of consumption, or in their surrounding. One of the oldest usage of the biomass is the use of it as an energent for heating. In order to obtain better result it is important to prepare biomass. Nowadays the interest to use biomass for obtaining electrical energy or other more valuable fuels increase. Rezidba je jedna od najznačajnijih pomotehničkih mera nege zasada voća i vinove loze. Ostaci rezidbe, kao biomasa, zahtevaju dodatno radno angažovanje, a u izvesnom smislu predstavljaju problem, vezan za njihovo uklanjane sa proizvodnih parcela. U ekstenzivnoj tehnologiji najčešće se vrši sakupljanje i sagorevanje ostataka rezidbe, ili se vrši mlevenje-sitnjenje i zaoravanje. U oba slučaja ostaci rezidbe su izgubljeni kao energetski vredan i količinski značajan izvor toplotne energije. Određivanje optimalnih tehnologija i tehničkih rešenja korišćenja ostataka rezidbe voćaka i vinove loze, radi poboljšanja energetske efikasnosti proizvodnje, predstavlja veoma aktuelni problem. Zbog ekstenzivnije proizvodnje i neracionalnog raspolaganja energijom, u našim uslovima, prikupljanje, obrada, priprema i korišćenje biljnih ostataka nisu našli širu primenu. Pogodnost korišćenja energije iz biomase, kao što su ostaci rezidbe, je u tome što se najčešće nalaze na mestu potrošnje ili u njihovoj blizini. Ostaci rezidbe se mogu koristiti u svom neizmenjenom obliku kao energent u procesima sagorevanja radi dobijanja toplote, kao najstariji način korišćenja.Za najekonomičnije sagorevanje ostataka rezidbe neophodna je njihova priprema, kroz sitnjenje, formiranje snopova, bala i briketa.Sve je veći interes da se biomasa pretvori u drugi vid energije - električnu energiju, ili za dobijanje vrednijih goriva, koja se zatim mogu koristiti u različitim uređajima.

Biomass is made of plant material used as fuel or transformed into other forms prior to combustion. Biomass is biodecomposable fraction of products: agricultural waste and remains (including plant and animal material), forestry and wood industry but also biodecomposable fractions of industrial and municipal solid waste. The use of biomass as energy source dates far back into the past. In most underdeveloped countries it still represents the major source of energy in households. However, currently the use of biomass as renewable energy source apart from household continues to rise. Of the renewable sources of energy, the biomass potential ranks first. The bioenergy potential is huge and widespread. Currently biomass is the major source of total world energetic needs. Of the available renewable energy sources it accounts for 12% (50 EJ/year) of the total world needs (406 EJ/year). The use of biomass is primarily based on agricultural and forestry waste. Due to its bioenergetic properties it can be used in small, mid and large plants for numerous processing and utilization schemes. Biomasa se definiše kao biljni materijal, koji se koristi direktno kao gorivo, ili pretvara u druge oblike pre sagorevanja. Biomasa je biorazgradljiva frakcija proizvoda: otpaci i ostaci iz poljoprivrede (uključujući biljne i životinjske supstance), šumarstva i prateće industrije, kao i biorazgradljive frakcije industrijskog i gradskog otpada. Korišćenje biomase kao izvora energije datira od davnina, tako da u mnogim nerazvijenim zemljama sveta i dalje predstavlja osnovno gorivo u domaćinstvima. S obzirom da poslednjih godina se počinje sa organizovanim korišćenje biomase izvan domaćinstava i da se računa u značajan energetski resurs, tretira se kao novi obnovljiv izvor energije. Od obnovljivih izvora energije energetski potencijal biomase je na prvom mestu. Potencijal za bioenergiju je veoma velik i vrlo rasprostranjen širom sveta. Danas je biomasa već glavni izvor ukupnih svetskih energetskih potreba, od svih raspoloživih obnovljivih izvora energije, i dostiže 12% (50 EJ/god.) od ukupnih svetskih potreba (406 EJ/god.). Korišćenje biomase je uglavnom bazirano na ostacima poljoprivrede i šumarstva. Zbog osobine bioenergije da se može koristiti u malim, srednjim i velikim postrojenjima primenjena je u velikom broju procesnih i korisničkih šema.

Biomass is specific energetic resource, because of a possibility of getting heat, electricity, fuel etc. This kind of energy contribute to higher labor employment, reduce emission of SO2, CO2, NO2, comparing to other fossil fuels. In order to increase energetic efficiency of its production, optimal technology and adequate technical solutions for biomass using, are determined. Because of extensive production in our country, processes like gathering, treatment, preparing and using of biomass waste are not in common use. This paper examines the state of the fattening farm's biomass as potential in cogeneration system, the same of renewable energy sources technologies. There are some experiences in countries with undeveloped livestock production, that redirected production process to better use of secondary products can significantly improve economic effects. Biomasa uopšte, a tečni stajnjak posebno, predstavlja raznorodni energetski izvor, jer se od njega može dobiti toplota, električna struja, gorivo za pogon i dr. Energija iz tečnog stajnjaka doprinosi većoj zaštiti životne sredine jer se, smanjuju emisije sumpor-dioksida, ugljen-dioksida i azot-dioksida, u odnosu na sagorevanje fosilnih goriva. Određena je optimalna tehnologija i tehnička rešenja korišćenja biomase iz stočarske proizvodnje radi poboljšanja energetske efikasnosti proizvodnje. Postupci prikupljanja obrade, pripreme, kao i korišćenja biomase, u našim uslovima nisu naišli na širu primenu, zbog ekstenzivnog načina proizvodnje i nedomaćinskog načina poslovanja. U radu je dato stanje biomase na stočarskim farmama, kao potencijala u sistemu kogeneracije, jednoj od tehnologija korišćenja obnovljivih izvora energije. Ekonomski efekti u zemljama sa manje razvijenom stočarskom proizvodnjom ukazuju da se tom pitanju mora posvetiti adekvatna pažnja i pravilno usmeriti proizvodnja, koja sa svojim sekundarnim proizvodima može doprineti pozitivnijem rezultatu.

Biomass is specific energetic resource, because of a possibility of getting electricity, heat, fuel etc. This kind of energy contribute to higher labor employment, reduce emission of SO2, CO2, NO2, comparing to other fissile fuels. Biomass has main advantage in comparison to other fissile fuels especially to coal, having ecological value. It can be explained that during its combustion there is CO2, as result of this process, but in general it doesn't change total quantity of it, because of fact that during plant growing CO2, has been used in photosynthesis. In order to increase energetic efficiency of its production, optimal technology and adequate technical solutions for using plant residues, are determined. Because of extensive production in our country, processes like gathering, treatment, preparing and using of biomass waste are not in common use. There are some experiences in countries with undeveloped orchard production, that redirected production process to better use of secondary products can significantly improve economic effects. Biomasa predstavlja raznorodni energetski izvor, jer se od nje može dobiti električna struja, toplota, gorivo za pogon i dr. Energija iz biomase doprinosi većoj zaposlenosti, smanjuju se emisije sumpor-dioksida, ugljen-dioksida i azot-dioksida, u odnosu na sagorevanje fosilnih goriva. Osnovna prednost biomase kao goriva u odnosu na klasična fosilna čvrsta goriva, pre svega ugalj, je njena "ekološka vrednost". Stvaranjem CO2, pri sagorevanju biomase se ne narušava ravnoteža CO2, u globalnim razmerama, jer se u sezonskom obnavljanju proizvedene biomase koristi CO2, iz vazduha, pa nema povećanja sadržaja CO2, u atmosferi. Određena je optimalna tehnologija i tehnička rešenja korišćenja biljnih ostataka rezidbe voćnjaka, radi poboljšanja energetske efikasnosti proizvodnje. Postupci prikupljanja obrade, pripreme, kao i korišćenja biljnih ostataka, u našim uslovima nisu naišli na širu primenu, zbog ekstenzivnog načina proizvodnje i nedomaćinskog načina poslovanja. Ekonomski efekti u zemljama sa manje razvijenom voćarskom proizvodnjom ukazuju da se tom pitanju mora posvetiti adekvatna pažnja i pravilno usmeriti proizvodnja, koja sa svojim sekundarnim proizvodima može doprineti pozitivnijem rezultatu.

Biomass chemical conversion processes allow the production of solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels, which can substitute almost any kind of fossil fuel and the associated greenhouse gas emissions. Despite this potential, high investment costs and conversion losses reaching up to 30-40 % of the input biomass energy content are major barriers to a higher penetration of the chemical conversion processes. Thus, biomass is nowadays predominantly used for direct combustion. However, conversion losses of chemical processes may be compensated by the fact that biofuels can be used in more efficient technologies compared to standard raw biomass fuelled technologies. As an example, Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) can be used in a cogeneration-heat pump system to produce heat, reaching an overall efficiency much higher compared to a wood boiler. In this work biomass conversion options are compared taking into account the complete energy conversion pathway, from the resource to the supply of energy services. The comparison is performed by evaluating the CO2 abatement potential of integrating these different pathways into a national energy system with a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) modeling approach. The comparison is done with 56 scenarios, which are classified in two different groups. In the first group the choice of the biomass chemical conversion process is the only possible change in the system. In the second group, other changes are allowed in the energy system, such as an important deployment of efficient technologies. Results show that biofuels can allow for an overall better performance in terms of avoided CO2 emissions compared to direct combustion of biomass. To exploit this potential, however, it is necessary to link the production of biofuels to a wider deployment of the corresponding efficient end-use technologies.

The study compares and contrasts crop residue uses in 3 case study sites along an agricultural intensification gradient in the Sahel-Sudano zone of Niger and Nigeria. It draws on data collected from 24 villages involving 480 households and employs a Tobit model to analyse the determinants of crop residue uses for cereals and legumes. The study uses an innovative classification of crop residue uses as an internal and external service to the farming system. Survey results indicate that internal service as livestock feed constituted the largest share across sites and crop types. Sale of crop residues is the largest external use identified for legumes. The study found that the internal use of cereal crop residue decreases along an intensification gradient. However, legume biomass redistribution within the system (internal service) did not follow a clear intensification gradient. The result of Tobit analyses indicates internal service use was positively influenced by livestock ownership (p