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In the province of La Pampa, Argentina, a significant portion of the territory is occupied by xerophytic caldén forests. These forests have undergone an intense process of degradation due to inappropriate silvicultural and livestock management, resulting in bushy formations, of low productivity, called "shrub thicket". With the aim of increasing livestock productivity and reducing the risk of wildfires, various interventions are carried out in these forests, generating forest residues that are often not utilized or harnessed. In this context, circular bioeconomy emerges as a conceptual framework challenging the linearity of the current economic model. It proposes the utilization of all residues and by-products from productive activities. The objective of this work is to economically analyze the potential use in the field of forest residues derived from interventions in the native forests of caldén. The estimated minimum and maximum quantities of potential forest residue generated by different interventions ranged between 33.12 and 44.81 Mg.ha-1. The costs necessary to make the waste available were estimated; economic-financial indicators were calculated to determine the necessary volumes to cover costs and achieve benefits. The circular utilization of forest residues from native forests is feasible, provided that viable scales are generated, and reference prices are attractive for agricultural producers and involved economic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En la provincia de La Pampa, Argentina, una parte importante del territorio se encuentra ocupada por bosques xerófilos de caldén. Estos bosques han sido objeto de un intenso proceso de degradación derivado de manejos silvícolas y ganaderos inadecuados, resultando en formaciones arbustizadas, de baja productividad, denominadas “fachinal”. Para aumentar la productividad de estos ambientes, asociado principalmente a la actividad ganadera y disminuir los riesgos de incendios, se realizan una serie de intervenciones como estrategia de manejo, de las cuales se generan un gran volumen de residuos forestales que no se utilizan o aprovechan. La bioeconomía circular es un marco que desafía la linealidad del modelo económico actual y propone el aprovechamiento de todos los residuos y derivados de las actividades productivas. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar económicamente el potencial aprovechamiento en campo de los residuos forestales derivados de las intervenciones en los bosques nativos de caldén. Las cantidades estimadas mínimas y máximas de residuos forestales potenciales de generación por distintas intervenciones oscilaron en 33,12 y 44,81 Mg.ha-1. Se estimaron los costos necesarios para poner los residuos a disposición; se calcularon indicadores económicos-financieros para determinar volúmenes necesarios para cubrir los costos y obtener beneficios. El aprovechamiento circular de los residuos forestales de los bosques nativos es factible, siempre y cuando se generen escalas viables y los precios de referencia sean atractivos para productores agropecuarios y agentes económicos involucrados.

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the technology proposal for a process of generating electrical energy from the residues of the forest exploitation of the Macurijes Agroforestry Company. For which a proposal for steam boiler technology is analyzed based on the potential of standing forest biomass and forest residues, as well as an analysis of the feasibility of the technology investment project. As a result, 6 MWh of generation is obtained from the turbine coupled to the electric generator based on 62,000 tons per year, 1,666 t/day, which represents around 7/t/hours with a boiler that produces steam at 25 atm or bar at 460 degrees Celsius in 7,000 hours per year as a result of periodic maintenance stops. The boiler to be used must have water tubes since they work at high pressure, are easier to clean, evacuate ashes, combustion products and are safer in their operation and that average PCS of 2,7 Kcal/kg with a humidity of 40 % as a result of the combination of a heterogeneous biomass composed of several forest species and the previous treatment given to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, there has been a notable increase in the world production of synthesis gas from biomass gasification; this process constitutes a way for energy utilization from the thermochemical conversion of forest residues. The objective was to carry out an energy analysis using a residual forest biomass gasification system at the Las Terrazas eco-tourist complex in order to obtain useful energy. A model was developed in the SuperPro Designer software for the gasification of this type of biomass resource, which allows for predicting the evolution of the composition of the lean gas as a function of temperature and the elemental composition of the forest biomass. For the gas produced by gasification, a calorific value of 5.87 MJ/m3 is obtained. In the power block, consisting of a gas turbine with a coupled electric generator, electricity generation is achieved with a capacity to generate. With the waste heat from the turbine's exhaust gases, it is proposed to generate 0.5 kg/s as steam for cooking food and for the sanitary water system of various service facilities of the eco-tourist complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to determine the fraction lengths of the material harvested by the BMH480 forest harvester in the direct harvest of marabou and its correspondence with the requirement established for its use in the generation of electricity by the Ciro Redondo bioelectric plant in the province of Ciego de Avila. The experimental works were carried out in areas occupied by this plant in the provinces of Ciego de Avila and Camagüey during the years 2017, 2018 and 2019, using a methodology for the determination of the fraction lengths of harvested material that, combining the sieving method and direct measurement, allowed to establish its percentage by weight according to the ranges established by the requirement. The results obtained showed that the harvested material admissible for use by the bioelectric plant obtained from 87.32 to 97.35% of the total material processed by the combine; however, the existence of fractions with unacceptable lengths due to the established requirement must be analyzed for its solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Foral Law 4/2022 on Climate Change and Energy Transition has been published in the Foral Community of Navarra. This law aims to combat climate change and promote a sustainable energy model. Citizen participation is encouraged, planning and evaluation instruments are established, and renewable energies and energy efficiency are promoted. In addition, energy cooperatives are promoted and measures are established for the installation of photovoltaic systems, the prohibition of fossil fuels in agricultural and livestock farms, and the generation of renewable energy in residential blocks. Local participation in renewable energy projects is also promoted, and measures are established for adaptation to climate change. The law includes additional provisions related to energy transition, ecological taxation, and the training of energy managers. [Extracted from the article]

En el presente estudio se desarrollaron factores de expansión para biomasa constante y variable, además de un sistema de partición de biomasa aérea en plantaciones forestales comerciales de Pinus chiapensis. Mediante un muestreo destructivo de 35 árboles, se obtuvo el peso fresco de fuste, ramas y follaje en el campo y se tomaron muestras para determinar su peso seco. La relación del peso seco y fresco se empleó para convertir el peso freso en biomasa. A partir de una proporción directa del volumen total del fuste multiplicada por un factor de expansión de biomasa constante se estimó la biomasa aérea. El factor de expansión de biomasa variable se determinó con base en el cociente del modelo de biomasa aérea total y del volumen total del fuste. El sistema de partición de biomasa aérea se ajustó como una función directa de la biomasa y un factor de partición, que define la proporción de la biomasa por componentes. El valor del factor de expansión de biomasa constante reveló que por cada metro cúbico existen 709 kg de biomasa. El sistema de partición de biomasa aérea indicó una distribución de biomasa mayor en el fuste con 69 %, de ramas con 21 % y de follaje con 10 %. La aplicación de los factores de expansión de biomasa y sistema de partición de biomasa aérea permiten calcular la biomasa aérea total y por componentes a partir del volumen total del fuste de los árboles medidos en los inventarios forestales.

Silvopasture allows the diversification of production and the increase of economic, social and environmental benefits for land users, since it is an integrated management of trees, pasture and livestock, which constitutes one of the best options to be implemented in the Paraguayan Chaco, due to livestock and an existing forest structure. This research was carried out in private properties in the Departments of Boquerón and Presidente Hayes, in the Western Region of Paraguay, with the objective of determining the nitrogen content in the soil of silvopastoral systems associated with Prosopis spp. (carob tree). Eight plots of 1.0 ha each were established, in which all the carob trees were measured for the estimation of forest biomass, from samples of pastures under and outside the canopy of the trees where, in addition, soil samples were extracted at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm to determine the nitrogen content, estimated from soil organic matter. In the forest inventories, individuals of the Fabaceae family were identified, followed by the Apocynaceae, Bignonaceae, Capparaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapotaceae and Zhygophyllacea families, with the Prosopis genus (carob) being the most abundant, associated with pastures of Megathyrsus maximus, Digitaria decumbens and Cenchrus ciliaris species. It is concluded that there are no significant differences in nitrogen content in the soils of silvopastoral systems between the two conditions of insolation studied, but between the two depths, concentrating in the first 10 centimeters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing awareness of global climate change has drawn attention to the role of forests as mitigators of this process as they act as carbon sinks to the atmosphere. Understanding the process of carbon storage in forests and its drivers, as well as presenting consistent models for their estimation, is a current demand. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of machine learning techniques: support vector machines (SVM) and to propose a new nonlinear model extracted from the training of an artificial neural network (ANN) in the modeling of above ground carbon stock in a secondary semideciduous forest. SVM and ANN construction and training process considered independent variables selected by stepwise: minimum DBH (diameter of breast height - 1.3 m), maximum DBH, mean DBH, total height and number of trees, all by plot. SVM and the model extracted from ANN were applied to the data set intended for validation. Both techniques presented satisfactory performance in modeling carbon stock by plot, with homogeneous distribution and low dispersion of residues and predicted values close to those observed. Analysis criteria indicated superior performance of the model extracted from the artificial neural network, which presented a mean relative error of 6.94 %, while the support vector machine presented 13.52 %, combined with lower bias values and higher correlation between predictions and observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La superficie de bosques nativos a escala mundial disminuye en proporciones alarmantes, pues cada año se deforestan 13 millones de ha, y para México, en particular, se ha calculado una tasa de deforestación anual de 0.25 % para bosques templados y de 0.76 % para selvas. La creciente demanda de productos maderables en el país ha impulsado el establecimiento de plantaciones comerciales forestales. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar un sistema de crecimiento maderable, con variables dasométricas y de edad a partir de los datos tomados en una crono-secuencia en plantaciones de Pinus patula establecidas del 2000 al 2007 en áreas agropecuarias reconvertidas. Se presenta un modelo de índice de sitio con base en una familia de curvas polimórficas generadas con el modelo de Chapman-Richards. En la condición promedio se pueden lograr rendimientos de 15 m3 ha-1año-1 durante los primeros 10 años de crecimiento, mientras que en las mejores condiciones es factible alcanzar hasta 30 m3 ha-1 año-1. La captura de carbono fue estimada en 31.3, 41.2, 51.0 y 60.2 Mg ha-1, respectivamente, para los años 9, 1, 13 y 15. A partir de los resultados de ocho años, y las proyecciones, se infiere que la zona tiene un alto potencial productivo tanto de madera como de captura de CO2.

Los ecosistemas forestales son particularmente importantes como reservorio de carbono, porque los árboles retienen altas cantidades de ese elemento por unidad de área, en comparación con otros tipos de vegetación. En este contexto, se trabajó en bosques del estado de Durango con el propósito de cuantificar los almacenes de carbono en diferentes sistemas evaluados, de 5 a 60 años; modelar espacialmente la biomasa y carbono arbóreo aéreo, mediante el uso de imágenes de satélite; generar mapas de biomasa (Mg ha-1) y carbono arbóreo aéreo (Mg ha-1) de las áreas de seleccionadas. El estudio presenta las relaciones entre los datos espectrales obtenidos con el sensor Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) y las variables de biomasa y carbono porque los datos obtenidos por medio de la percepción remota pueden ser útiles para la estimación indirecta del valor de la biomasa/carbono. Para las relaciones y estimaciones se utilizó el método de regresión lineal múltiple. Los resultados indican una buena correlación entre las variables forestales y los índices espectrales relacionados con la humedad de la vegetación. Los modelos generados para la estimación de biomasa y cuantificación de carbono arbóreo aéreo presentaron los mejores ajustes y menores errores; para la primera, la raíz del error medio cuadrático fue de RMSE = 54.74 Mg ha-1, B = 334.69 -12.83(B2) +107.13(B3) + 8 250.39(NDVI) - 8 265.91(NDVI41) + 6 548.72(NDVI43); y para carbono un RMSE = 26.87 Mg ha-1, C =164.71 - 55.23(B2) + 52.54(B3) + 4 052.05(NDVI) - 4 059.76(NDVI41) + 3 215.18(NDVI43). Se concluye que las imágenes Landsat TM proveen información valiosa para la estimación de biomasa y cuantificación de carbono arbóreo aéreo.

La implementación de los programas REDD+ requiere estimaciones precisas del carbono forestal. En este estudio se reporta el contenido de carbono en un bosque de tierra firme del resguardo Villazul-Nonuya RVN de la Amazonia colombiana, con base en una parcela permanente de 6 ha. Se evalúa su variación espacial y la contribución del sotobosque, dos factores poco considerados. Se encontró una biomasa promedio total de 336.1±14.0 t.ha-1; el 11.5% se encuentra en el sotobosque (DAP 1-10 cm) y el 88.5% corresponde a árboles con DAP ≥ 10 cm; los árboles grandes (DAP ≥ 70 cm) son pocos (4 ±1 por ha) y tienen una baja contribución a la biomasa (6.8%) en comparación con otros bosques tropicales. La biomasa promedio estimada está dentro del rango reportado para toda la cuenca Amazónica, es superior a la Amazonia Occidental y similar al de Amazonia colombiana. Considerando que el resguardo VN tiene 208 800 ha en bosques de tierra firme, se estimó un promedio total de 31.0 Mt C (95% IC 29.1-32.04). Estos resultados permiten ubicar a los bosques del resguardo VN en un contexto global y mejorar la precisión de las estimaciones de carbono forestal en la Amazonia colombiana.

In this paper the effects of the tax incentives of the Law 1715 of 2014 (Colombian law of renewable energies) on the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of cogeneration plants using forest biomass in the Antioquia Department are analyzed. Generation technologies such as Gasification, Combustion and Rankine Organic Cycle (ORC) were considered based on the energy potential of the forest biomass crops. Three study cases were carried out: 1) LCOE without tax incentives, 2) LCOE with tax incentives, and 3) LCOE with tax incentives considering ten years for assets depreciation. On the other hand, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate how the LCOE is affected due to changes in the forest biomass cost, the technology cost, the minimum acceptable return rate and the grace period on credits to finance the cogeneration plants. Finally, the results show that the LCOE with the ORC (13,2 ¢U$/kWeh) is the case with the greatest reduction (11,2%), when the incentives of Law 1715 of 2014 with assets depreciation at 10 years, financing the 50% of the initial investment and grace period for 5 years are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El rápido aumento de la producción ganadera ha provocado impactos ambientales, como la deforestación, la pérdida de biodiversidad, la degradación del suelo y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). En el estado de Chiapas, dichas emisiones han aumentado especialmente por la conversión de tierras forestales a pastizales y la fermentación entérica del ganado. La remoción de CO2 atmosférico por actividades forestales y agroforestales dentro de las unidades de producción ganadera puede reducirlas significativamente. El principal objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer el potencial de almacenamiento de carbono en áreas forestales, para conocer su contribución en la mitigación de GEI dentro de una unidad de producción ganadera en Villaflores, Chiapas. Se establecieron 12 parcelas de muestreo en áreas forestales y potreros para evaluar el carbono en biomasa viva aérea, biomasa de raíces, hojarasca, madera muerta y carbono orgánico del suelo. El promedio de almacenamiento de carbono en áreas forestales fue 144.45 Mg C ha-1 comparado con 75.95 Mg C ha-1 en los potreros. El almacén de carbono en biomasa viva, como se esperaba fue más alto en áreas forestales que en potreros, pero no hubo diferencia significativa en el reservorio de carbono orgánico del suelo. El rancho en estudio posee 24.7 ha (40 % de la superficie) de áreas forestales con alta diversidad de especies arbóreas, y si se decidiera deforestar para establecer pasturas contribuiría con 6 353.95 Mg de emisiones de CO2. Los resultados permitirán estimar la remoción anual de carbono con futuras remediciones.

This study identifies the most influential variables in harvesting operations and compares the productivity and costs of two lowinvestment biomass harvesting system for young trees, likely to be used by owners of small and medium-sized forests in south-central Chile. The focus is harvesting the natural regeneration of Acacia melanoxylon, characterized by a high density, around 6,900 trees ha-1, with an average diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5.5 centimeters, under the cover of a Eucalyptus globulus plantation established in 2004 in Valdivia, Los Ríos region, Chile. Whole-tree harvesting was used and included felling and skidding activities. In the motor-manual system, felling was carried out with chainsaws and skidding with oxen. In the semi-mechanized system, two chainsaws equipped with a felling frame and a farm tractor with grapple for skidding were used. Time studies were done, productivity models were developed and harvesting costs were calculated. The cost of both harvesting systems was relatively similar, for an 80-meter average skidding distance, with an average cost of 24.7 USD Mgw -1 (wet weight) in the motor-manual system and 24.0 USD Mgw -1 in the semi-mechanized system. Understory density and terrain slope had a highly significant impact on productivity and felling costs. For skidding, the hauling distance and skidding capacity significantly affected productivity and costs, while terrain slope, with ranges between 0 and 20%, had no significant effects on productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has altered the areas for forestry plantations (FP) and agroforestry systems (AFS), which provide goods and ecosystem services, such as mitigation of climate change at capturing carbon in biomass. The objective of this study was the estimation of total biomass and carbon storage and fixation in FP and AFS. This research was carried out in the Centro Universitario Regional del Norte (CURDN) of the Universidad del Tolima, located in Armero-Guayabal, Tolima. It was estimated the carbon storage and fixation in aboveground (AB) and bellowground biomass (BB) in seven FP and AFS. It was measured the total height and diameter at breast height (dbh) of trees with dbh>10 cm and diameter at 30 cm height (D30) in cacao plants in temporal sampling plots with different size. AB was estimated using allometric models or alternatively with biomass factor expansion. BB was estimated with a general model recommended by IP CC. FP between 5 and 25 years stored between 18.6 and 64.4 Mg C ha-1; whereas the AFS captured 85.0 Mg C ha-1 (10-15 years). The mean carbon fixation rate was 1.4 and 4.9 Mg C ha-1 year-1 for FP and AFS, respectively. The results showed the importance of these systems as mitigators of climate change and emphazises the advantages of involving AFS as carbon sinks allowing also the agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this project, a technical-economic study was carried out for the generation of electric energy from agro-industrial and forest biomass at the sugar mill Antonio Sánchez in Aguada de Pasajeros, Cienfuegos, Cuba. The technical diagnosis of the existing facility allowed us to identify the weak points of the process. It was determined the steam consumption and the capacity of electric power generation in the current conditions and with increased capacity to estimate the electricity delivered to the National Electric system. The mass and energy balances were carried out considering the investment to install an extraction-condensation turbo generator and a high-pressure boiler. The three alternatives proposed: one using the bagasse of the plant itself as fuel, as well as an additional amount of another tributary and the agricultural wastes from the sugar cane; another variant in which forest biomass is added as fuel; and a third with increase of the processing capacity using the possible biomasses. The economic assessment highlights that the best alternative is to generate by taking advantage of all the waste with increase incapacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of REDD programs requires accurate estimates of forest carbon. This study reports biomass and carbon in a forest of the Nonuya-Villazul indigenous reservation (RVN) in the Colombian Amazon, based on a permanent plot of 6 ha. The local spatial variation of the biomass and the contribution of the undergrowth were evaluated, two factors that are rarely taken into account. A total average biomass of 336.1 ± 14.0 t.ha-1 was found; 11.5% is in the understory (DAP 1-10 cm) and 88.5% corresponds to trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm; large trees (DAP ≥ 70 cm) are few (4 ± 1 ha) and have a low contribution to total biomass (6.8%) compared to other tropical forests. The biomass is within the range reported for the Amazon basin, is superior to the Western Amazon and similar to the Colombian Amazon. Considering that the RVN has 208800 ha in unflooded forests, a total average of 31.0 Mt C (95% CI 29.1 - 32.04) was estimated. These results allow to locate the forests of the RVN in a global context and improve the forest carbon estimations in the Colombian Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: renewable energy is becoming very important as a way to mitigate climate change and promote job creation. Colombia is not excluded from this reality, being a country with huge renewable resources and the challenge to give employment to thousands of rebels signing the peace process. This paper studies the potential effects of a new regulation to promote the development of renewable energy technologies in Colombia. Methods: this work establishes a methodology to include the effects of tax incentives in the calculation of the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE). Two incentives are analyzed: tax deductions on the investment and accelerated depreciation on assets. Results: the first calculation shows up to 20% reduction in the LCOE; unfortunately, the regulation restricts small or new business from applying for all incentives. For this reason, two complementary mechanisms are proposed to allow small business ventures, such as forest biomass projects, to apply for incentives. As a result, a 30% reduction in the LCOE is obtained for photovoltaics (PV) and 15% for forest biomass. Conclusions: the deducted tax factor permits the direct computation of a taxadjusted LCOE, avoiding extensive cash flow calculations. The high potential of biomass resources in Colombia and the proposed mechanisms can push LCOE prices lower than the grid parity cost in most isolated regions. This represents a great opportunity in Colombia because of the huge amount of biomass resources and the potential to create new job opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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En 2017 se ha actualizado un estudio de 2015 (http://oa.upm.es/39767/13/ MASMADERA.pdf) sobre movilización de madera de coníferas en 24 provincias donde se corta casi el 95 % de dicha madera. Se ha detectado un aumento de la demanda que ha incrementado los precios de la madera delgada y media. Las cortas aumentaron un 40 % entre 2011 y 2014 hasta alcanzar, como media, el 53 % del crecimiento bruto. Pero hay diferencias interterritoriales, incluso disminuyen las cortas en algunas regiones, aunque la situación del mercado representa una oportunidad sin precedentes para la gestión forestal activa. Se valoran, partiendo de entrevistas a 70 expertos y decisores, las principales barreras y las iniciativas de éxito para esta movilización. Finalmente, se analizan cualitativamente otros retos y oportunidades, como la optimización de las cadenas de suministro o la reactivación del aprovechamiento de los montes bajos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Montes is the property of Colegio y Asociación de Ingenieros de Montes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La gasificación hidrotérmica del aserrín de pino (Pinus arizonica) es un proceso de degradación termoquímica de sus macromoléculas poliméricas con el fin de producir principalmente hidrógeno y metano como biocombustibles. Este proceso puede ocurrir en un reactor de lecho fluidizado que permite un apropiado contacto gas-sólido, el adecuado manejo de la temperatura y una mayor velocidad de reacción. El propósito es modelar y simular las variables del proceso donde se gasifica esta biomasa forestal a partir del respectivo análisis de sensibilidad. Se obtiene que la conversión de reacción de gasificación del aserrín de pino crece a una temperatura mayor a los 900 °C, presentando un comportamiento que tiende a ser isotérmico, por lo que se sugiere un proceso energéticamente autosostenible. A su vez, la reacción mejoró para una alimentación de aserrín de pino con un diámetro óptimo de tamaño de partícula de 0,65 mm; se ve favorecida para bajas relaciones de vapor de agua/ biomasa alimentada alcanzando el óptimo en 2,375; y a bajas relaciones aire/biomasa con un valor óptimo de 0,289. Se evidencia que este proceso constituye una vía de aprovechamiento energético a partir de la conversión termoquímica de estos desechos y residuos forestales. The hydrothermal gasification of sawdust pine (Pinus arizonica) is a process of thermochemical degradation of polymeric macromolecules in order to produce mainly hydrogen and methane as biofuels. This process can occur in a fluidized bed reactor which allows an appropriate gas-solid, proper temperature management and a faster reaction. The purpose is to model and simulate process variables where this forest biomass is gasified from the respective sensitivity analysis. It is obtained that the conversion of gasification reaction of pine sawdust increases at temperature higher than 900°C, showing a behavior that tends to be isothermal, suggesting an energetically self-sustaining process. In turn, it improved reaction for pine sawdust feed with an optimum particle size diameter of 0,65 mm; it is favored for low ratios steam / biomass fed in reaching the optimal 2,375; and at low air / biomass relationship with an optimum value of 0,289. It is evident that this process is a way of harnessing energy from thermochemical conversion of these wastes and forestry residues.

Las áreas naturales protegidas representan una de las estrategias para la mitigación del cambio climático. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en estimar el contenido de carbono en biomasa forestal en suelos minerales y calcular las pérdidas de carbono por cambios de uso del suelo en el Parque Nacional Malinche (PNM). La superficie de bosque del PNM es de 17.496,34 ha y almacena 1.544.377,66 mg en bosque y 4.148.985,97 mg en suelos. Para estimar el contenido de biomasa forestal se aplicaron ecuaciones alométricas y se trabajó con la cartografía del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) en el análisis espacio-temporal de los cambios de uso de suelo. Para el carbono en suelos se aplicaron los valores del Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC).

The hydrothermal gasification of sawdust pine (Pinus arizonica) is a process of thermochemical degradation of polymeric macromolecules in order to produce mainly hydrogen and methane as biofuels. This process can occur in a fluidized bed reactor which allows an appropriate gas-solid proper temperature management and a faster reaction. The purpose is to model and simulate process variables where this forest biomass is gasified from the respective sensitivity analysis. It is obtained that the conversion of gasification reaction of pine sawdust increases at temperature higher than 900 °C showing a behavior that tends to be isothermal suggesting an energetically self-sustaining process. In turn it improved reaction for pine sawdust feed with an optimum particle size diameter of 0,65 mm; it is favored for low ratios steam / biomass fed in reaching the optimal 2,375; and at low air / biomass relationship with an optimum value of 0,289. It is evident that this process is a way of harnessing energy from thermochemical conversion of these wastes and forestry residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protected natural areas represent one of the strategies for the mitigation of climate change. The aim of this research consists of estimating the carbon content in forestry biomass found in mineral soils and calculating the carbon losses due to changes in soil use in the Park (PNM). The surface area of the Park (PNM) is 17.496,34 ha and houses 1.544,377,66 mg in Wood and 4.148,958,97 mg in soil. To estimate the content of forestry biomass allometric equations were applied and work was done with the cartography of the INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography) in the spacetemporal analysis of the changes in soil use. For soil carbon the values of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change) were applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio técnico-económico para la generación de energía eléctrica a partir de biomasa agroindustrial y forestal en la fábrica de azúcar Antonio Sánchez de Aguada de Pasajeros, Cienfuegos, Cuba. El diagnóstico técnico de la instalación existente permitió determinar los puntos débiles del proceso. Se determinaron los consumos de vapor y la capacidad de generación de energía eléctrica en las condiciones actuales y con aumento de capacidad para estimar la electricidad entregada al Sistema Eléctrico Nacional (SEN). Se efectuaron los balances de masa y energía considerando la inversión para montar un turbo generador de extraccióncondensación y una caldera de alta presión. Las tres alternativas estudiadas: Una empleando como combustible el bagazo del propio central, una cantidad adicional de otro tributario y los residuos agrícolas cañeros; otra variante en la que se añade biomasa forestal como combustible y la tercera con aumento de capacidad de molida usando las biomasas posibles. La evaluación económica evidencia que la mejor alternativa es generar aprovechando todos los residuos con aumento de capacidad.

En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio técnico-económico para la generación de energía eléctrica a partir de biomasa agroindustrial y forestal en el central Antonio Sánchez del municipio Aguada de Pasajeros, Cienfuegos. Se realizó un diagnostico técnico de la instalación existente lo que permitió determinar los puntos débiles del proceso. Se determinaron los consumos de vapor y la capacidad de generación de energía eléctrica en las condiciones existentes para conocer la cantidad de electricidad entregada al Sistema Electro energético Nacional. Se efectuaron los balances de masa y energía considerando una inversión inicial para montar un turbo de extracción-condensación y una caldera de alta presión, planteándose dos variantes principales: Una empleando como combustible el bagazo del propio central y una cantidad adicional de otro central tributario así como los Residuos Agrícolas Cañeros y otra variante en la que se añade biomasa forestal como combustible para la generación de electricidad. En la evaluación económica de ambas variantes se dan las evidencias de que la mejor alternativa es generar aprovechando todos los residuos.

The high cost of production of the activated carbons (CA) has led to the search of new raw materials of low cost and high availability, where the flying ashes (CV) arise as an alternative to be considered. In this study, a method is developed for CA's preparation from flying ashes generated by the combustion of forest biomass in a plant of cogeneration of 9.2 GW and captured through a wet scrubber system. These ashes were submitted to a physical treatment, with water steam and CO2 as activators agents. The influence of the temperature was studied (500 and 700°C) and the time of activation (60, 90 and 120 minutes) on the characteristics of texture of the carbons activated from the analysis of their isotherms of adsorption and the study of their porosities. In addition, the percentage of ashes and the performance were determined. The results show that the activated carbons are adjusted to the isotherm of adsorption of N2 to 77 K of the type I according to BBDT classification. The activated carbons obtained with CO2 to 700°C and time of activation of 90 and 120 minutes present the maximum values of specific area, of 489 and 403 m2g-1 respectively, are predominantly microporous, with performances superior to 70 % and percentages of ashes of between 35 % and 40 %. The results demonstrate that the obtaining from activated carbons across the physical activation of flying ashes from the combustion of forest biomass is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently work was carried out a technician-economic study for the electric power generation starting from agro industrial and forest biomass in the central Antonio Sánchez of the municipality Aguada de Pasajeros, Cienfuegos. It was carried out an I diagnose technician of the existent installation what allowed to determine the weak points of the process. The consumptions of vapor and the capacity of electric power generation were determined under the existent conditions to know the quantity of electricity given to the System National energy. The balances of mass and energy were made considering an initial investment to mount an I upset of extractioncondensation and a boiler of high pressure, thinking about two main variants: One using as fuel the trash of the own power station and a tributary additional quantity of another central one as well as the Agricultural Residuals Cañeros and another variant in which one adds forest biomass as fuel for the electricity generation. It was carried out the economic evaluation of both variants and the evidences are given that the best alternative is to generate taking advantage of all the residuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]