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The study of the possibilities of using the existing biodiversity of table grape varieties to meet the usefulness of the human diet is a key component of improving the existing cultivation of fruit products within the framework of modern agricultural development strategies. The purpose of the study was to establish the possibilities of meeting the needs of the population for valuable nutritional elements based on traditional table grape varieties, which are mainly introduced in the region at the level of small farms and household plots. Five table grape varieties - Arcadia, Nadezhda AZOS, Preobrazhenie, Rumeyka, Dubovsky pink - were investigated for the content of calcium, phosphorus, sulphur, magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, selenium, manganese, glucose, dietary fibre, vitamins A, C, E, PP, and the dependence on the factors of the year and variety, their interaction, and the classifying ability of features in the space of canonical functions were calculated. The presence of minerals was analysed by atomic emission spectrometry, glucose - by sugar meter, dietary fibre - by enzymatic gravimetric method, vitamins - by fluorometric method, and vitamin C - by titrometric analysis. The possibilities of traditional table grape varieties in meeting the needs for basic valuable food elements are shown and a conclusion is made about the possibilities of selecting appropriate forms, which in the complex are quite capable of meeting modern requirements in this aspect of agricultural development. A predominantly low variability of the studied traits was revealed, which indicates the good reproducibility of the obtained result and the predominant influence of the genotype on the development of the corresponding trait in conditions of contrasting environmental characteristics of years. It was found that improvement in only one of the signs - the content of vitamin PP - is problematic. The low differentiating ability of varieties of the Dubovsky pink, Preobrazhenie, and Rumeyka group leads to the need for further clarification of the ability of only the first of the varieties to be a component in the proposed complex. It is recommended to grow a complex of varieties Nadezhda AZOS and Dubovsky pink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review integrates information on the component composition and biological activity of some Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) species from studies reported over the past 5–7 years. The aerial and underground parts of 34 Astragalus species contain triterpene saponins, flavonoids, polysacharides, tannins, free organic acids, higher fatty acids, vitamins, trace elements, and other constituents. Among the Astragalus species, A. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge is the best studied in terms of component composition and biological activity. Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anticancer, cardioprotective, and hepathoprotective activities have been experimentally detected in total bioactive substances, fractions, and individual compounds extracted from various parts of A. membranaceus and A. membranaceus var. mongholicus in vitro and in vivo. The composition and biological effects of other Astragalus species are still poorly understood. The review summarizes the recent advances in studying new compounds extracted from Astragalus species and their biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the large number of biologically active substances contained in the fruits of Sophora japonica L., the extraction of flavonoids, substances of medium polarity, is particularly important. The process of extracting them with vegetable oil from fruits is quite complicated. The object of research is the kinetics of the process of extracting flavonoids from Sophora japonica L. fruits with sunflower oil. The influence of temperature, duration, and hydraulic modulus on the extraction process, as well as on the derivation of the equation of the mathematical model, is studied. Mathematical modeling methods are used in the research. Processing of experimental data for the study of extraction kinetics in the vegetable oil:vegetable raw material system is carried out using the Statistica statistical package. In order to derive the equation of the mathematical model of the process of extracting flavonoids from Sophora japonica L. with sunflower oil, the influence of temperature, duration and hydromodulus on the process of transition of the target component – flavonoids to the extract – is investigated. A mathematical model of the dependence of flavonoids on the hydromodulus (H= 10–25), temperature (t= 25–45 °С) and the duration of the extraction process of Sophora japonica L. (τ = 2–10 h) is obtained, which makes it possible to calculate the content of flavonoids with an average relative with an error within 5 %. On the basis of the conducted experimental studies, basic technological schemes for obtaining unrefined sunflower oil of increased biological value are developed, which includes the following stages: preparation of raw materials, treatment of prepared raw materials with sunflower oil during dilution and mixing, separation of oil from raw materials by filtering. The proposed technology is promising, as its implementation is possible not only in food industry enterprises, but also in restaurant establishments, as it does not require expensive equipment, additional production premises and special training of personnel. The mathematical models of the extraction process of Sophora japonica L. with unrefined sunflower oil proposed in the work allow to select the extraction parameters with a high degree of probability and offer the consumer flavonoid-enriched sunflower oil of increased biological value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In three consecutive experiments, natural yogurt (NY) and fruit yogurt (FY) fortified with 5 and 10% skimmed milk powder (SMP) and 10% jam from black currant (BC), elderberry (EB), and their mixture of 1:1 (BCEB) were analyzed, and consumer acceptance was assessed. In Experiment 1, the effect of SMP (0, 5, and 10%) on selected physicochemical parameters of the NY was evaluated. With the increasing addition of SMP, a decrease in fat content (up to −19%) and, conversely, an increase in protein content (up to +82%) and viscosity were noted. Analyses of fruits and jams intended for yogurt fortification revealed a significantly higher vitamin C content in BC than in EB and higher anthocyanins in EB than in BC. In Experiment 2, NY with 5 and 10% SMP was fortified with 10% jams (BC or EB). A joint effect of SMP and the type of fruit jam was evaluated. The same trends in fat and protein contents as in Experiment 1 were detected. The sensory evaluation showed better acceptance of FY with 10% SMP and no differences between BC and EB perception. Thus, for Experiment 3, FY was prepared with only 10% SMP and 10% jam (BC, EB, BCEB). Significant differences were detected in active acidity and color measured in the CIELab system. These results were also confirmed in sensory evaluation. The overall acceptability showed that FY with different types of jam did not significantly differ. The launching of innovative fortified yogurt onto the market represents a promising way to increase the diversity of fermented dairy products with nutritionally desirable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Diseases of the peripheral nervous system account for more than 50 % of all outpatient neurological pathology, and since inflammatory diseases are one of the main problems of medicine, it is important now to develop new methods of anti-inflammatory therapy based on the action of biologically active substances contained in natural products, as well as in many mammalian tissues, particularly in the placental tissue, which is an endocrine gland during pregnancy. Therefore, the issue of using cryopreserved placenta preparations is of great practical importance in the treatment of inflammatory processes and requires further research. The purpose of the work was to investigate the morphometric and morphological features of the trigeminal ganglion of rats in the experimental model of aseptic inflammation and the introduction of cryopreserved placenta. Materials and methods. The work was carried out on 50 sexually mature male rats. The control group consisted of 5 animals who received a single injection of physiological saline solution. Using standard research methods, paraffin blocks were made from which a series of semi-thin sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histological sections were studied in a light Biorex 3 microscope with a digi­tal camera using software adapted for research. Statistical data processing was performed using Microsoft Office Excel. Results. The morphometric study of rats from the control group revealed that the cytoplasm volume of the bodies of the trigeminal ganglion neurons was 3489.89 ± 37.59 μm3, the volume of the nucleus was 247.68 ± 4.30 μm3. In the experimental model of inflammation and introduction of cryopreserved placenta, destructive phenomena are observed until the seventh day, with marked swelling of the stroma, disruption in the structure of neurons with signs of cytoplasmic swelling, which is confirmed by the data of a morphometric study, namely a reliable increase in the cytoplasm volume by 30.78 % compared to the control group of animals (p

At present, the issue of obtaining a complex of biologically active substances with antioxidant activity from psychrophilic Psychrophilic microalgae and cyanobacteria are a prospective source of biologically active antioxidant substances. New antioxidant complexes could expand the scope of their industrial application. The research objective was to identify psychrophilic microalgae and cyanobacteria from the Baltic Sea in order to study their antioxidant properties. The research featured psychrophilic microalgae and cyanobacteria obtained from the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Bay in the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad Region, Russia, in March – May 2022. The authors used the Pasteur method and the flow cytometry method to isolate pure cultures of psychrophilic microalgae and cyanobacteria. The method of spectrophotometry made it possible to study the antioxidant activity by analyzing radical scavenging, reducing ability, and chelating. The psychrophilic microalga Skeletonema pseudocostatum demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity in all three methods: 17.62 μmol/g trolox equivalents according to the ABTS method, 58.16 μmol/g trolox equivalents according to the DPPH method, and 3.91 μmol/g trolox equivalents according to the FRAP method. The psychrophilic microalga Thalassiosira pseudonana exhibited the following values of antioxidant activity: 12.08, 12.42, and 3.13 μmol/g trolox equivalents, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the psychrophilic microalgae Fragilariopsis kerguelensis was 13.53, 11.84, and 1.09 μmol/g trolox equivalents, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the psychrophilic cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile was 15.73, 19.89, and 2.47 μmol/g trolox equivalents, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the psychrophilic cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica was 12.62, 13.16, and 2.16 μmol/g trolox equivalents, respectively. The samples of psychrophilic microalgae and cyanobacteria obtained from natural environment in the Russian Baltic Sea demonstrated good antioxidant properties, which makes them a potential raw material for new pharmaceutical substances.

Introduction. Aronia Мitschurinii (Aronia × mitschurinii A.K. Skvortsov & Maitul) is a species obtained by crossing chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott) and mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.). This plant is more widely known in the literature as chokeberry. Mitschurin сhokeberry is actively cultivated in the Russian Federation (RF) and neighboring countries to obtain the main raw material – fruits. Aronia should not be confused with chokeberry, which does not grow wild and is practically not cultivated in the Russian Federation due to the inedibility of the fruit and the low decorative value of the plant. The leaves, unlike the fruits, of Mitschurin chokeberry are not yet used as medicinal plant raw materials (MPR). However, according to preliminary studies, they are a promising source of biologically active substances (tannins, flavonoids, leukoanthocyanins, vitamins, a complex of microelements, etc.), exhibiting astringent, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, an urgent task is to develop indicators of the authenticity of raw materials based on the presence of the main groups of biologically active substances, as well as methods and standards for their quantitative content for the formation of draft regulatory documentation for Michurin chokeberry leaves.Aim. The purpose of the study was to study the profile of biologically active substances of Michurin chokeberry leaves, growing in the territory of the Central Black Earth Region of the Russian Federation, to determine the target groups that determine the pharmacological activity of this raw material.Materials and methods. Leaves of Michurin chokeberry for research were harvested during the period of technical maturity of the fruit (August – September 2023) from a plant cultivated in the city of Michurinsk (Tambov region) and dried. Primary screening was carried out for the presence of individual groups of biologically active substances in the leaves of Michurin chokeberry, using known qualitative reactions. The composition of flavonoids was determined by thin layer chromatography. Quantitative determination of the main groups of biologically active substances was carried out according to known methods using modern physicochemical methods of spectrophotometry and capillary electrophoresis.Results and discussion. Tannins, flavonoids, alcohol-soluble saponins, leukoanthocyanins, amino acids, ascorbic acid and polysaccharides in the form of mucilage were found in the leaves of Aronia mitschurinii. No alkaloids were found. TLC analysis of flavonoids revealed at least 4 adsorption zones with yellow-green fluorescence, one of which was identified as rutin. The thiamine content in the leaves was 0.99 ± 0.084 mg/kg; riboflavin – 0.43 ± 0.025 mg/kg; choline – 44.4 ± 3.9 mg/kg; extractives – 31.52 ± 0.22 %; the amount of flavonoids in terms of rutin – 3.48 ± 0.21 %; the amount of tannins in terms of catechin – 8.63 ± 0.32 %; the amount of anthocyanins in terms of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside – 11.62 ± 0.69 %. In the leaves of Aronia mitschurinii, 17 amino acids were identified (total content 5.88 %), 7 of them are essential (2.71 %). The predominant amino acids are leucine and glutamic acid – 18.37 and 10.88 % of the total amino acid content, respectively. The quantitative content of eight free organic acids was also determined (total content 0.49 %). The predominant acids are citric, malic and sorbic.Conclusion. As the target groups of biologically active substances responsible for the pharmacological activity of Aronia mitschurinii leaves, it is most rational to consider a complex of polyphenols (flavonoids, anthocyanin compounds and tannins), the content of which is quite high. According to the spectral characteristics, the dominant biologically active substances in the sum of flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins are rutin, catechin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, respectively. This type of raw material can be considered as a promising source of biologically active substances for the purpose of further obtaining herbal plants preparations with antioxidant, capillary-protective, astringent and anti-inflammatory effects.

Background. The study of the influence of "social" stress on biogenic elements involved in mineral metabolism and playing an important role in the life of the human body, the search for agents that have a leveling effect on their content, is an urgent problem of modern pharmacological science. Purpose. To study changes in the content of biogenic elements in the course of mineral metabolism in the blood serum of rats under conditions of "social" stress and under the influence of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract. Materials and methods. Experimental studies were carried out on 96 mature male non-linear rats weighing 295±12.17 g at the age of 7-9 months. The first stage of the experiment involved the study of mineral metabolism in the norm. Individuals of the first group of animals were injected with water; the second was an extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (100 mg/kg/day); the third – medicinal product (MP) "Mebicar®" (25 mg/kg/day) and the fourth - MP "Phezam®" (45 mg/kg/day). At the second stage of the experiment, “social” stress was reproduced on animals, in groups of which aggressors and victims were identified after the formation of inter-male confrontations for 21 days. These individuals received the solutions used earlier (stage I) for two weeks. The content of sodium and potassium ions in plasma was determined by flame photometry; the level of total calcium - by the photometric method; the concentration of phosphorus and magnesium - by biochemical analysis; the amount of chloride ions - by mercurimetric titration. Statistical data processing was performed using the Statistica 10 package. Results. It was found that the introduction of the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, MP "Mebikar®" and "Phezam®" normally does not affect the content of minerals in plasma. It has been shown that modeling of "social" stress in control animals with both dominant and submissive types of character contributes to a significant decrease in the concentration of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium ions compared with individuals of the intact group. A statistically significant difference in the content of chloride ions was proved only in the case of a group of victims. Comparable values of mineral metabolism parameters of the group that received the extract under stress conditions were obtained with the first stage of the experiment in the norm of both intact and experimental animals, as a result of which the leveling effect of the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi was substantiated. Statistically significant differences in the concentration of magnesium ions in the group of victims exposed to "social" stress under the influence of the type of behavior were determined. Conclusion. The analysis of the data obtained forms an idea of the mineral composition of blood plasma in normal conditions and under conditions of "social" stress. The results of the study characterize the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi as a remedy that has a leveling effect in conditions of anxiety-depressive state caused by inter-male confrontations.

In the feeding of highly productive agricultural animals and poultry, an important role belongs to the quality and safety of compound feed products, for the production of which premixes or preparations of biologically active substances are used. Increasingly, probiotic supplements based on live microorganisms are used in the feeding of farm animals and poultry, which, among other things, provide stable immunity to infectious diseases without using antibiotics in the diet. As a result, the general condition improves and the productivity of animals and the quality of livestock products increase. Today, one of the urgent issues is the stabilization of probiotic microorganisms. Thus, the microencapsulation technology allows you to cover the particles of the probiotic supplement with an individual shell to obtain a product with a directed effect and an adjustable time of release of the constituent substance. The article deals with protein metabolism during feeding of highly productive breeds of cattle. Methods of cell stabilization and advantages of stabilized forms of probiotics are presented. Technologies and types of shell materials widely used for microencapsulation of probiotics are analyzed. The use of a specific microencapsulation technology or material depends on the properties of the specific probiotic strain. Organic and inorganic substances, synthetic materials and natural biodegradable polymers are used to stabilize the cells of microorganisms. The most popular biopolymers used for microencapsulation are considered in detail - alginates, carrageenans, chitosan, starch, gum arabic, pectin, gelatin, whey protein. The structural composition, production methods, functional characteristics, volumes of global production of the considered biopolymers are given. The use of microencapsulation of probiotic microorganisms with natural biopolymers for the purpose of stabilizing probiotics in animal feed is an innovative approach.

Convenient synthesis of phosphorus-containing derivatives of succinic acid, which contain functionalized phosphonous, phosphonic, and phosphinic acid moieties have been developed. The nucleophilic addition of bis(trimethylsiloxy)phosphine to diesters of maleic, itaconic, and acetylenedicarboxylic acids proceeds regioselectively to give a number of functionalized phosphonites. Further aminomethylation of these compounds affords various target acid derivatives. The resulting compounds are of interest as promising biologically active substances and water-soluble ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the study is the production of the national fermented milk product “Gatyg” based on sprouts of buckwheat varieties grown in Azerbaijan. Buckwheat is one of the most important grain food crops, contains protein of high nutritional value and a significant amount of dietary fiber, vitamins B1, B2 and E, as well as minerals. Rutin and quercetin are the main antioxidants in buckwheat. Due to the high rutin content, buckwheat is used to maintain the functional capabilities of the vascular system. The biological value of buckwheat proteins is more than 90 %. A recipe and technology for the fermented milk product “Gatyg” based on buckwheat varieties grown in Azerbaijan were developed. The conducted studies allowed determining the best parameters of BAS extraction to achieve extractive substances in the extracts up to 20–25 %. The yield of flavonoids is 93 %. The content of BAS and flavonoids during the germination of buckwheat seeds, as well as the conditions for their extraction from sprouts of buckwheat grown in Azerbaijan, were studied. The quality indicators of the obtained product, enriched with sprouted buckwheat seeds, are distinguished by high taste and aromatic characteristics. It was found that it is advisable to include 7 % buckwheat sprouts in the composition of a product for therapeutic and prophylactic nutrition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of new agents for indicating practical biodiversity in local varieties of strawberry is a promising area in terms of obtaining both new variant for health diet and culture in general for local consumption. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the possibilities of variability of different varieties of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch) in terms of the content of valuable food elements people consumption. Five varieties of strawberry Honey, Rusanivka, Asia, Alba, Clary were studied by biochemical analysis methods by contents of macro-, micro- and biologically-active elements. Comprehensively, the variety Clary prevailed in terms of the content of valuable food substances, which is recommended for more intensive production implementation due to its high value in satisfying nutritional needs. Local diversity of older varieties is a good source of hidden polymorphism for use in improving glucose and dietary fiber content. Local varieties also have a high level of content of relevant valuable minerals and vitamins for use in schemes for the genetic improvement of modern varieties of this crop. These characteristics are determined mainly genetically and are weakly dependent on environmental conditions in their formation. In the future, it is planned to study the variability in biochemical parameters of berries for more modern varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient synthesis of functionalized aminoalkyl organophosphorus compounds bearing 3-, 4- or 5-coordinated phosphorus atom is based on readily available enamines and trivalent phosphorus acid esters. Radical addition of bis(trimethylsiloxy)phosphine to enamines proceeds regioselectively to give aminoalkylphosphonites, and their subsequent functionalization affords various derivatives of the target acids. The nucleophilic addition of hydrospirophosphorane to enamines also proceeds regioselectively to furnish α-aminoalkyl spirophosphoranes containing five-coordinated phosphorus atom. The resulting compounds are of interest as promising biologically active substances and water-soluble ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Diseases of the peripheral nervous system account for more than 50 % of all outpatient neurological pathology, and since inflammatory diseases are one of the main problems of medicine, it is important now to develop new methods of anti-inflammatory therapy based on the action of biologically active substances contained in natural products, as well as in many mammalian tissues, particularly in the placental tissue, which is an endocrine gland during pregnancy. Therefore, the issue of using cryopreserved placenta preparations is of great practical importance in the treatment of inflammatory processes and requires further research. The purpose of the work was to investigate the morphometric and morphological features of the trigeminal ganglion of rats in the experimental model of aseptic inflammation and the introduction of cryopreserved placenta. Materials and methods. The work was carried out on 50 sexually mature male rats. The control group consisted of 5 animals who received a single injection of physiological saline solution. Using standard research methods, paraffin blocks were made from which a series of semi-thin sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histological sections were studied in a light Biorex 3 microscope with a digital camera using software adapted for research. Statistical data processing was performed using Microsoft Office Excel. Results. The morphometric study of rats from the control group revealed that the cytoplasm volume of the bodies of the trigeminal ganglion neurons was 3489.89 ± 37.59 μm3, the volume of the nucleus was 247.68 ± 4.30 μm3. In the experimental model of inflammation and introduction of cryopreserved placenta, destructive phenomena are observed until the seventh day, with marked swelling of the stroma, disruption in the structure of neurons with signs of cytoplasmic swelling, which is confirmed by the data of a morphometric study, namely a reliable increase in the cytoplasm volume by 30.78 % compared to the control group of animals (p < 0.05). After the seventh day of observation, the stimulating effect of components of the fetoplacental complex led to the acceleration of intracellular reparative processes. The change in the number of lymphoid cells had a wave-like nature, with a significant increase in the number of macrophages until the fifth day, which was 8.07 times higher than in the control group (p < 0.05) that indicated the activation of the humoral link of the immune response accelerated by the introduction of cryopreserved placenta. Conclusions. An increase in the number of mast cells was observed until the fifth day of observation, with a significant increase in their average number, which is associated with enhanced regulation of the state of the intercellular substance in response to an alterative factor. By the end of the experiment, there was a significant decrease in the average number of mast cells due to an increased regulatory effect of components of the fetoplacental complex of cryopreserved placenta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is known that 60-80% of the population affected by various diseases, such as heart attack, stroke, and oncological diseases is associated with selenium (Se) deficiency. Therefore, enriching agricultural crops with Se is considered a current issue. Objective: This study investigates Se enrichment of Lycium barbarum (Lb) and its effectiveness in hydroponic and soil conditions in the Ararat Valley. The research focuses on the impact of adding exogenous Se on plant productivity, Se accumulation, and the content of biologically active substances (BAS) in Lb berries and leaves. Methods: The experiments were conducted from 2021 to 2023 using hydroponic and soil cultivation methods with varying Se concentrations in nutrient solutions and foliar nutrition. Results: The results demonstrate that Se enrichment significantly increased Se and BAS levels in both leaves and berries of Lb, with hydroponic cultivation exhibiting higher accumulation compared to soil conditions. Foliar feeding with a 0.005% Se solution and exogenous Se addition to nutrient solutions at 1.0 mg/L resulted in notable improvements in Se content and plant productivity. Furthermore, the analyses revealed significant differences between hydroponically and soil-grown Lb, emphasizing the potential of hydroponic cultivation for producing Seenriched plant material with enhanced BAS content. Conclusion: Hydroponic cultivation supplemented with Se and foliar nutrition is recommended for obtaining Se-rich Lb plant material, which is suitable for medicinal and functional food purposes. These findings contribute to the development of biotechnologies for Se -enriched plant production and addressing health and nutritional needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Almaty Technological University is the property of Almaty Technological University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Almaty Technological University is the property of Almaty Technological University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Convenient methods for the synthesis of a series of organophosphorus analogs of glycine containing aminomethyl groups as well as azaheterocyclic and amino acid moieties have been developed. Aminomethylation of phosphinic acid esters with chloro-, alkoxy- and amino-substituted methyl(dialkyl)amines affords various new functionalized aminomethylphosphonites and bis(aminomethyl)phosphinates. The resulting compounds are of interest as promising biologically active substances, extractants, and water-soluble ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural producers are increasingly using plant-based feed additives in the diets of livestock and poultry as a way to increase animal productivity and stabilize the protective functions of the body. The purpose of the research was to study the effectiveness of using Astragalus cicer feed supplement in the diets of laying hens of the Lohmann Brown-Light cross at the age of 25-51 weeks. The composition of the compound feed included a phytoadditive made from Astragalus cicer in the volume: I experimental group – 3.60 %, II experimental – 7.20 % by the weight of the compound feed. The duration of the scientific and production experiment was 183 days. The analysis of the content of biologically active substances in the Astragalus cicer phytoadditive has revealed a high content of dihydroquercetin – 336.25 mg/100g of absolutely dry substance.image As the result of the research, it was found that laying hens of the II experimental group, which received 7.20 % of Astragalus cicer phytoadditive in the compound feed, had more intensive metabolic processes in the body, which contributed to obtaining a greater effect from them. Laying hens of the II experimental group compared with the control and I experimental groups had 2.19 and 2.18 % higher values of nitrogen utilization out of taken feed, egg production was higher by 2.81 and 1.10 %, the cost of compound feed decreased by 10 pcs. eggs, that was by 4.76 and 2.38 %, respectively. The profitability level of egg production in the II experimental group was higher compared with the control and I experimental groups by 3.83 and 5.16%, respectively.

People are constantly exposed to adverse environmental factors that affect their health. If combined with hereditary predisposition, they may lead to gerontological changes that reduce healthy and working life expectancy. Some measures can prevent premature aging, e.g., a balanced diet or biologically active anti-aging substances also called geroprotectors. This article reviews biologically active geroprotectors with a view to select promising components for novel biologically active additives and functional foods. The review covered five years of Russian research articles and patents on biologically active anti-aging agents indexed in the National Center for Biotechnology Information, ScienceDirect, eLIBRARY.RU, and the database of the Federal Institute of Industrial Property. The domestic market demonstrates a growing demand for biologically active supplements: in 2023, it increased by 10% in value terms as consumers’ interest in a healthy and long life continues to grow. The review also included quality criteria for biologically active anti-ageing agents, e.g., such plant metabolites as vitamins, polyphenols, antioxidants, adaptogens, peptides, etc. Thymalin, epithalamin, dasatinib, and epithalon are available on the domestic market. The list of potential anti-aging agents includes ethylamine, carnosine, glutathione, ubiquinone, curcumin, rutin, quercetin, resveratrol, senolytics, and sirutins. These biologically active substances prevent oxidative stress, accumulation of lipofuscin, and senescent cells. The most effective anti-aging agents come from Vitis amurensis, Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Galega officinalis, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Withania somnifera, and Panax ginseng.

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the value of Taraxacum officinale for fodder production is extremely limited, although it is one of the most common species on natural and sown fodder lands. The purpose of this study was to experimentally establish the biological value and possibilities of introducing Taraxacum officinale into the culture, its technological suitability for cultivation in pure sowings and mixtures with cereal-legumes. The study employed the following methods: field, laboratory, analytical, and statistical. The study found possibilities of sowing Taraxacum officinale in the grass stand and ways of using it with green and roughage, best sowing methods and productivity, content of biologically active substances, etc. It was proved that sowing of Taraxacum officinale in the grass stand ensures its content in green and roughage at 2-4%, which is an insufficient amount of active ingredient for use as fodder additives. It is more promising to sow Taraxacum officinale in pure crops. The yield of dry mass and roots of Taraxacum officinale without irrigation was 1.5-2.4 t/ha. Under irrigation, the yield of dry weight of its leaves increased. The best method of sowing is wide-row sowing with row spacing of 25-35 cm. The main biologically active substances are flavonoids, polysaccharides, bitters, vitamins, pectin substances, and hemicellulose. Taraxacum officinale contains nutrients that are typical for fodder and are fully analysed for zootechnical purposes. Specifically, it has a high crude protein content (22.3% in leaves and 18.4% in leaves and roots). According to other indicators of the full zootechnical analysis, the feed from Taraxacum officinale meets the zootechnical requirements. The inclusion of Taraxacum officinale in the feeding ration can ensure the production of organic livestock products that meet the current requirements of the European Green Deal strategy

Tribulus terrestris L. is an annual herb, known worldwide as a noxious weed or as medicinal plant. Phytochemicals from Tribulus terrestris are well known in area of fitness suplements for muscle gain, in medicine, where those phytochemicals are used to treat cancer, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, inflammatory diases and especially fertility in both women and man. Animal studies showed an increase in ovulation, an improvement in spermatogenesis and increase in the number of sperm, lowering serum glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol in diabetic mice.

Considering it contains a variety of physiologically active compounds, including flavonoids, common phenols, and essential oils (EOs), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is a common plant in Bulgaria that is predominantly used in folk medicine to cure various disorders. Determining the chemical makeup of St. John’s wort inflorescences that were gathered from northern Bulgaria was the purpose of this investigation. The antioxidant activity of H. perforatum L. extracts was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) tests on methanol extract. The amount of EO obtained by water distillation was 0.08%, with its main components (over 3%) being n-nonane (27.46%), β-sesquiphellandrene (11.17%), heptanal dimethyl acetal (5.94%), ethyl hexyl ketone (5.93%), undecane (3.75%), sabinene (3.3%), and tridecyl alcohol (3.1%). Methanol extracts were obtained from the inflorescences, with the total flavonoid content determined as 8.66 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/mg and total phenolic content as 271.33 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g. The FRAP assay yielded 493.07 µmol/L of antioxidant activity, while the TEAC assay yielded 106.39 µmol/L, respectively. Our findings enable a comprehensive characterization of H. perforatum from Bulgaria and an assessment of its oil suitability for potential industrial applications. Additionally, the results could guide the selection of specimens for future targeted breeding efforts.

The article presents studies of the quality of cow colostrum. To date, a promising direction in the development of food functional products technology is the processing of cow colostrum as an additional source of protein, immunoglobulins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and other biologically active substances. It has been established that the physico-chemical composition of colostrum depends on the time elapsed since the calving of the cow. According to the conducted studies, it was found that the protein content is significantly higher in colostrum obtained immediately after calving than in colostrum collected after 24 hours and 36 hours after calving. The article provides data on the study of dry cow colostrum obtained by freeze-drying. In this regard, the authors of the article investigated the chemical composition of dry colostrum, namely, the concentration of protein, fat and ash was determined depending on the time of collection of colostrum. The authors found that colostrum obtained immediately after calving also has low humidity, which makes it possible to increase the shelf life. The article substantiates the ways of its subsequent use in the production of food products with high nutritional and biological value and possible immunomodulatory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient synthesis of pyrrolidones substituted with functionalized phosphonous, phosphonic, and phosphinic acid residues has been developed. The radical addition of bis(trimethylsiloxy)phosphine to N-vinylpyrrolidone proceeds regioselectively to give 2-pyrrolidone-substituted ethylphosphonite, and its subsequent functionalization affords the target products. The resulting compounds are of interest as promising biologically active substances and water-soluble ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The porcine pancreas contains various enzymes, structural, regulatory, secretory, receptor and other biologically active substances that ensure both the functioning of the organ and its biological role in the organism. The aim of this work was to study the influence of pH changes in 0.9% sodium chloride solution used as an extractant on the efficiency of bioactive protein isolation from the porcine pancreas. The extraction was carried out with the 0.9% NaCl, 0.9% NaCl pH=4 and 0.9% NaCl pH= 8.5 with a stirring speed of 400 rpm for 150 min at 4 ºC; the ratio of pancreas: extractant was 1:5, the supernatant was separated by centrifugation. The protein concentration was measured by a biuret reaction on a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer Biochem SA. The proteomic composition of extracts and native pancreas was evaluated by 10% SDS-PAGE according to Laemmli method in the “VE10” chamber. Digital images of electrophoregrams were obtained using a Bio-5000 Plus scanner, edited in a graphic editor and analyzed using ImageJ software. When determining the intensity of protein fractions, it was noted that the use of 0.9% NaCl contributed to a greater yield of proteins with molecular weights of 200 kDa, 150 kDa, 69 kDa, 52 kDa and 33 kDa into the extractant; a pH shift to the acidic area stimulated the yield of fractions with molecular weights of 130 kDa, 50 kDa, 49 kDa, 45 kDa, 40 kDa, 30 kDa and 27kDa, and a pH shift to the alkaline area — only 47 kDa and 42 kDa. Most pancreas proteolytic enzymes have a molecular weight in a range of 34–23kDa, excepting the immature form of carboxypeptidases with MW 45–47kDa. The greatest intensity of protein bands was observed in the region with MW less than 33kDa on the obtained electrophoregrams. The presence of intense protein fractions in the region of molecular weights of less than 50–52kDa and 40kDa was also noted, which may correspond to enzymes such as pancreatic lipase and phospholipase A2, and the presence of protein fractions with MW above 130 kDa corresponding to various types and isoforms of collagen and laminin. In addition, such processes as protein aggregation and proteolysis can also influence the molecular weight distribution of protein fractions.

Introduction. Currently, the search for new antibacterial substances is an urgent task due to the growing resistance of pathogens to existing antibiotics. One of the key directions in this area is the expansion of scientific research of medicinal plants, as new sources of therapeutic agents. This article examines the possibility of using highly sensitive bioluminescent test bacteria for these purposes, which can quickly detect non-specific antimicrobial activity and can be adapted to highly effective pharmaceutical screening technologies.Aim. To study the applicability of bioluminescent bacteria for the analysis of the antibacterial activity of biologically active substances (BAS) of plant origin.Materials and methods. BAS quercetin, 8-hydroxyquinoline, gallic acid and thymoquinone, which are often found in medicinal plant raw materials and with which its antibacterial properties are associated, were used in the work. Bacteria with constitutive bioluminescence Aliivibrio fischeri F1 and Escherichia coli (pXen7), as well as recombinant bioreporter strains with inducible luminescence were used as test-objects: E. coli (pRecA-lux), E. coli (pColD-lux), reacting to nucleic acid damage; E. coli (pKatG-lux) and E. coli (pSoxS-lux), sensitive to oxidative stress.Results and discussion. It was found that the nonspecific antimicrobial activity of the studied BAS is manifested in the inhibition of bacterial bioluminescence of test-strains with constitutive glowing. It was noted that the marine test-bacteria A. fischeri F1 have significantly greater sensitivity to the action of BAS, compared with the recombinant strain of E. coli (pXen7). It has been shown that their inhibitory effect begins at concentrations of 2 mcg/ml, and bactericidal activity occurs at concentrations of more than 20 mcg/ml. The results obtained are compared with the data on MIC and MBC of gram(+) and gram(–) pathogens. The study of the induction of bioluminescence of recombinant bioreporter strains showed that the antibacterial effect of the BAS is accompanied by oxidative stress. Also, quercetin caused activation of luminescence in E. coli (pRecA-lux) and E. coli (pColD-lux), which may indicate its participation in damage to nucleic acids. Analysis of the induction factors of bioreporter strains indicates that the revealed mechanisms of antibacterial activity are not major, but may be of a secondary nature.Conclusion. It has been shown that the intensity of the glow of natural and recombinant bioluminescent bacteria can be an indicator of the antibacterial activity of BAS of natural origin. The high sensitivity of A. fischeri F1 bacteria to the action of substances such as quercetin, 8-hydroxyquinoline, gallic acid and thymoquinone has been shown. Considering that bioluminescence analysis is a quantitative instrumental method, it can be easily adapted for high-throughput pharmaceutical screening. It has been shown that the luminescence intensity of natural and recombinant bioluminescent bacteria can be an indicator of the antibacterial activity of BAS of natural origin. The high sensitivity of A. fischeri F1 to the action of substances such as quercetin, 8-hydroxyquinoline, gallic acid and thymoquinone has been established. Taking in an account that bioluminescent analysis is a quantitative instrumental method, it can be easily adapted for high-throughput pharmaceutical screening.

Numerous adverse factors may violate the human immune system and trigger various diseases. Immune-response modulating agents, or immunomodulators, help the immune system to function properly. Biologically active substances extracted from medicinal plants are especially promising in this respect. The article reviews traditional and novel methods for extracting biologically active immune-response modulating agents from plant raw materials. The review covered articles published in English and Russian in 2019–2023 and indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and eLIBRARY. Extraction efficiency depends on such factors as solvent, temperature, and particle size, but the method is the most important one. Traditional extraction methods include percolation, maceration, Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, and decoction. However, they are solvent-consuming and expensive. Modern extraction methods rely on carbon dioxide, microwave treatment, ultrasonic processing, and pressure. They proved quite efficient in extracting biologically active substances from ginseng (Panax gin- seng). Carbon dioxide, or supercritical, extraction was able to isolate polyphenol quercetin from quince fruit (Cydonia oblonga) and other biologically active substances from alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Maceration with methanol was applied to meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) while Soxhlet extraction proved especially effective with smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria), moorland spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza maculata), and greater butterfly-orchid (Platanthera chlorantha). Both traditional and novel extraction methods find their application in medicine and food science, where they yield plant extracts of biologically active immune-response modulating agents.

4-Substituted 5-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)dihydrofuran-2,3-diones were synthesized by the reaction of 5-substituted 4,4,4-trifluoroacetylfuran-2,3-diones with aromatic amines. The synthesized compounds exhibited the antibacterial and antinociceptive activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal asparagus contains unique compounds that can stop the development of cancerous tumors and even destroy cancer cells. However, there is still insufficient information about the features of the biosynthesis of these compounds and the conditions for their production. In this paper, the influence of an inorganic nitrogen source on the growth of a suspended culture of medicinal asparagus, the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the culture and culture liquid, and the synthesis of saponins is studied. A callus and suspension culture of medicinal asparagus Asparagus officinalis L. were obtained under in vitro conditions. For further research, concentrations of growth regulators 1 mg/L kinetin and 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D were selected. The fastest growth of the suspension culture was established on the medium with a concentration of potassium nitrate of 1900 mg/L and ammonium sulfate of 250 mg/L. Individual explants demonstrated spontaneous differentiation of callus tissue that affected the increase in callus mass and the ratio of the concentration of exophenols to the total mass of the explant. The highest concentrations of endo- and exophenols were obtained on a medium without ammonium nitrogen sources. A positive effect of the medium with a concentration of ammonium sulfate of 500 mg/L on the synthesis of the main steroidal saponins of Asparagus officinalis L. was determined. As a result of the study, a modified MS medium was developed that promotes the accumulation of steroid saponins in a suspension culture of medicinal asparagus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal preparations made from plant materials have been widely used for many years due to their high pharmacological efficacy and safety of use. Therefore, a study of white mulberry fruits (Morus alba L.) for the content of substances is very important for the pharmaceutical industry such as flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and amino acids. White mulberry has a wide distribution area around the world, including in Kazakhstan, especially in the southern regions of the country (Almaty, Zhambyl, and Turkestan regions). The composition of the fruits of this plant is significantly influenced by the area where the trees grow, and therefore, the establishment of a specific composition of biologically active substances is very important. In the course of this study, such methods as gas chromatography were used—mass spectrometry of an extract obtained using carbon dioxide under subcritical conditions, atomic absorption, gravimetric, and spectrophotometric methods. As a result, for the first time in Kazakhstan, the composition of white mulberry fruits (Morus alba L.), namely, biologically active substances, has been identified, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, vitamins, macro- and microelements, and amino acids and fatty acids; in addition, the percentage composition of the above compounds has been determined. The results of the study show a comparative analysis of the component composition of white mulberry fruits (Morus alba L.) in various areas of tree growth, including outside of Kazakhstan. The obtained data testify to the great possibilities of using this raw material in medicine, pharmacology, and the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tomatoes are a valuable source of biologically active substances (vitamin C, lycopene, lutein, macro- and microelements) and can be used to produce functional foods. Objective: Nine varieties of tomato fruits, featuring a spectrum of colors such as red, yellow, and dark hues (brown, burgundy), were examined. These tomatoes were cultivated in open ground in both the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. Methods: The mineral composition of tomato fruit samples was determined using an atomic emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma, mass fractions of vitamin C and carotenoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The highest vitamin C content was observed in the fruits of tomato varieties Viagra and Chocolate, cultivated in the villages of Khokhol and Nikonovo in the Voronezh Region, Russia, and in the variety Budenovka, grown in Nikonovo. Additionally, the highest lycopene content was identified in the fruits of The Black Prince, cultivated in the agro-town Samokhvalovichi, Belarus; Volgogradskiy skorospelyi, grown in Nikonovo; Bull's Heart, cultivated in Khokhol in the Voronezh Region, Russia; and Black Heart of Bull, cultivated in Khokhol and Nikonovo respectively. Notably, tomatoes of the varieties The Black Prince (agro-town Samokhvalovichi, Belarus), Chocolate, Black Heart of Bull, and Bull's Heart (Khokhol, Russia) exhibited a significant amount of lutein. Furthermore, tomatoes of the variety Budenovka, grown in Khokhol, Russia, displayed high mineral saturation. Varieties Bull's Heart and Black Heart of Bull, grown in the same region, were found to be rich in macro- and trace elements (K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Fe). The optimal calcium-to-phosphorus ratio (1:1.5) was observed in varieties Bull's Forehead, Black Heart of Bull, and Budenovka, while the optimal calcium-tomagnesium ratio (1:0.7) was present in the fruits of tomato varieties Volgogradskiy skorospelyi, Bull's Forehead, Budenovka, Black Heart of Bull, Bull's Heart, and Orange, grown in various regions of the Russian Federation. Conclusion: The inclusion of biologically active substances, notably lycopene, lutein, Vitamin C, and essential minerals (Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus), positions tomatoes as valuable sources for developing functional foods and those designed to prevent cardiovascular diseases. The composition of tomatoes varies significantly based on the fruit's color and the cultivation location. This variability underscores the importance of considering these factors to achieve the desired level of functional ingredients in the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of plant raw materials application for functional food design is due to the wide range of biologically active substances included in its composition. A promising direction of functional dairy product technology development is the enrichment of plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, hepatoprotective, and capillarystrengthening effects. Whey is a source of a wide range of biologically active substances (BAS). The beneficial effect of using a combination of plant raw materials with secondary dairy raw materials containing valuable whey proteins has been proven. The introduction of whey into the beverage formulations in combination with plant extracts allows the resulting product to add nutritional value, as well as original organoleptic characteristics. This research aimed to study the efficiency of whey application as an extractant for BAS recovery from plant raw materials. Targets of research were cheese whey, plant raw materials (milk thistle, peppermint, sage, purple coneflower), their water, and whey extracts. The research was carried out in the scientific laboratory of "Food and Industrial Biotechnology" of North Caucasus Federal University and the scientific laboratory of "Applied Issues of Biology" of Belarussian State University. ABTS radical antioxidant activity and total concentration of phenolic compounds of plant extracts were determined using spectrophotometric methods (reducing power method and Folin-Denis technique respectively). The quantitative and qualitative composition of extracts was studied by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detector method. The following parameters of the BAS extraction process from plant raw materials were established: temperature: 55 - 60 °C; duration - 2 hours; the oscillation amplitude of the thermoshaker (RM) = 70 min-1. The optimal values of the ratio of solid and liquid phases for studied types of plant raw materials have been established: milk thistle and peppermint - 1 : 8; sage and purple coneflower - 1 : 10. It was found that the antioxidant activity of whey extracts of plant BAS is greater in comparison with water extracts. The analysis of experimental data allows us to conclude that the application of whey as an extractant for BAS extraction from plant raw materials is promising in terms of its organoleptic and physicochemical parameters and the possibility of additional enrichment of extracts with valuable components. The results of the study allow us to recommend the use of plant extracts for fermented dairy products technology development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The results of 3 years of research on the development of a biological biocidal preparation for the control of harmful arthropods based on ethanol extracts of biologically active substances of Lobel's hellebore are presented. The first experimental samples of the drug were tested on a number of arthropod phytophagous species. In laboratory experiments, the most effective and promising samples of the preparation for further research were determined. It has been established that their biological effectiveness depends on the technology of manufacturing preparations, the content of the active composition of substances, the concentration of the working solution, and the species of phytophages. Individual samples were comparable in effectiveness with traditional insecticides from the avermectin group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of phenolic compounds (flavonols, flavans (catechins), tannins), polysaccharides (pectins, protopectins), and tetraterpenes (carotenoids), as well as the antioxidant activity of Cichorium intybus L., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Arnica iljinii (Maguire) Iljin., and Echinops sphaerocephalus L. cultivated in conditions of Western Siberia were studied. A significant part of the biologically active substances is represented by tannins (up 28.25%) and protopectins (up 11.11%). The content of flavonoids in the studied samples of C. intybus plants agree with the values of this indicator for the chicory herb from other regions of the Russian Federation, including its commercial growing regions. The inflorescences and leaves of the studied samples of T. officinale are characterized by approximately identical contents of flavonols (1.02–1.43%), pectins (0.80–1.08%), and protopectins (7.94–8.87%). The leaves and inflorescences of A. iljinii are distinguished by fairly high contents of flavonols (up to 4.23%) and tannins (up to 28.25%). The leaves of E. sphaerocephalus are significantly superior to the inflorescences in terms of the content of tannins (8.34%), catechins (36.3 mg%), protopectins (10.06%), and carotenoids (64.60 mg%); flavonols are present in equal proportions in the leaves (0.68%) and inflorescences (0.64%). The indicators of the total content of phenolic antioxidants in the leaves and inflorescences of C. intybus, T. officinale, A. iljinii, and E. sphaerocephalus do not differ significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review summarizes published information and presents the authors' data on the chemical composition, as well as on the antioxidant and pharmacological activities of an aqueous extract of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica L.). Fir is widely used in folk medicine as a source of raw materials for the preparation of a general tonic, anti-cold, bactericidal, and antiscorbutic agent. Much promise from the perspective of study and use as a herbal medicine is offered by an aqueous extract of Siberian fir, obtained by steam distillation of fir boughs, on which basis a number of drugs possessing a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities were obtained. The review presents results from studies of the chemical composition of the aqueous extract of Siberian fir, demonstrating its complex and multicomponent nature. The main biologically active substances contained in the aqueous extract of fir are maltol, anthocyanins, terpenes, tannins, and some other compounds. The authors found that concentrating the aqueous extract of Siberian fir causes increases in the content of tannins in its composition and in its antioxidant activity. Published and authors' data on the pharmacological activity of the aqueous extract of Siberian fir provide evidence of its adaptogenic, antihypoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiradiation, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. The information presented in the review demonstrates that, owing to the feedstock availability and the successful experience of use for treatment and prevention of a broad range of diseases, the aqueous extract of Siberian fir holds promise as a subject of further study and a basis for development of new effective medicinal and parapharmaceutical agents, as well as of other products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convenient syntheses of functionalized phosphonous and phosphinic acids containing hydrolysis-resistant triethylgermyl moieties have been developed. Radical addition of bis(trimethylsiloxy)phosphine to (triethyl)(vinyl)germane occurs regioselectively to give novel germanium-containing ethylphosphonites, the subsequent functionalization of which affords various target acids. The resulting compounds are of interest as promising biologically active substances and water-soluble ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The search for natural adaptogens is promising due to the possibility of expanding the range of drugs that contribute to the adaptation of the body to adverse environmental factors. Purpose. To study the stress-protective and anxiolytic action of the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi under conditions of "social" stress. Materials and methods. We used an extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. The study of the stress-protective and anxiolytic effects of the extract was carried out on 84 male non-linear rats aged 7-9 months. The first stage of the experiment involved the study of pharmacological actions in the absence of stress, and at the second stage, under conditions of “social” stress, the expected effects were determined on animals, in the groups of which individuals of dominant and submissive types of behavior were identified. Determination of the content of corticosterone, adrenaline and noradrenaline (nmol/l) was carried out by enzyme immunoassay. Results. It was established that in the norm, the experimental groups that received the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, medicinal products "Mebikar®" and "Phezam®" showed a significant decrease in the level of corticosterone compared with the control group. At the second stage of the study in groups when modeling "social" stress, it was found that there were significant differences between the concentration of stress hormones in animals of dominant and submissive types. Administration of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract reduced hormone levels for both aggressors and victims relative to the stressed control group. We observed a decrease in the concentration of corticosterone by 1.5 and 1.5 (p

Microbial biomass is a promising source of essential macro- and micronutrients to be used in the food industry, e.g., protein, vitamins, essential amino acids, polysaccharide, etc. This article reviews scientific publications on the properties and composition of microbial biomass as a source of functional ingredients, its biological effectiveness, production methods, and composition. The review covered research articles published in 2005–2021 and indexed in eLIBRARY.RU, Google Scholar, Scopus, Elsevier, and PubMed. It relied on such general scientific methods as analysis, generalization, and systematization. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and Aspergillus mycelial fungi appeared to be the most popular research objects. Most studies concentrated on the chitin-glucan-mannan complex of cell walls and protoplasmic biovaluable protein. Others featured the biocatalytic conversion of microbial polymers with the transfer of biologically valuable components into an enzyme-accessible state. Bioactive ingredients of microbial origin could be divided into sorbents, immunomodulators, neurotransmitters, antioxidants, and anticarcinogenics. Microbial fermentolysates are a potential source of bioactive compounds for functional foods. However, the medical and biological properties of their minor bioactive components remain understudied while fermentolysates can yield new functional products fortified with essential amino acids and low-molecular bioactive peptides.

There have been studied the influence of feeding plant raw material obtained from Hungarian sainfoin having an immunostimulating effect on the growth rate of dairy calves, as well as on morphological and biochemical blood parameters and natural resistance of the animal organism. Calves of the I and II experimental groups in addition to the main diet were fed a phyto supplement made of Hungarian sainfoin mixed with concentrates in doses of 150 and 300 g per head per day during 92 days. The use of herbal supplements in feeding calves ensured an increase in live weight in the animals of experimental groups by 11.0 kg (6.55 %) and by 11.7 kg (6.96 %) (p

Plants are constantly exposed to a variety of stressors during their lives. One of such stressors is contamination of the environment with heavy metals. Lead is one of highly toxic metals and it significantly inhibits normal plant growth. The study aimed at the assessment of the degree of relieving the stress caused by 1 mM Pb(NO3)2 via different biologically active substances (AsA, GSH, PP, α-Toc, SA) on the basis of the measurement of morphological (root length, coleoptile length, fresh weight), biochemical (Pro, MDA, CAT, POX) and physiological (Chl a+b, Car) traits in 10-day leaves of spring barley of the cultivar Eunova under laboratory conditions. Pb-stress reduced the fresh weight, root length and coleoptiles of the barley tested. Lead increased lipid peroxidation and Pro content, enhanced CAT and POX activity, and significantly suppressed the photosynthetic pigments content. Among the substances used in the experiment, PP, α-Toc and GSH generally relieved the toxic effect of lead to the barley seedlings to the greatest degree.

The potential of antioxidant properties of blueberry leaves extract (vaccínium myrtíllus) that grows in the Trans-Baikal region has been studied in this work. In order to increase the efficiency of extraction of biologically active substances with antioxidant properties, this extract was obtained with the help of microwave field. The optimal parameters for the extraction of active substances from the blueberry leaves with the help of electromagnetic microwave field have been defined. The influence of the power of the electromagnetic field and the duration of the process of blueberry leaves extraction on the efficiency of extraction of biologically active polyphenolic substances has been studied. The following parameters of the technology for blueberry leaves extraction were obtained: extraction with a water-alcohol solution with a concentration of 40% in the ratio of raw materials to extractant as 1 to 5, with duration of stirring as long as 30 minutes, then the application of an electromagnetic field of microwave heating with a power of 850W for 8–10 minutes long. Blueberry leaves extract is a clear liquid with a high content of polyphenols, of rich brown color, tart taste, without bitterness. The antioxidant potential of the obtained extract has been studied. To do this, the extract has been added into the finely ground animal fat and left for storage in a closed dark container. During storage, the dynamics of the peroxide number has been measured, as this value characterizes the degree of lipid oxidation. It has been found that blueberry leaves extract inhibits the process of animal fat oxidation due to the action of biologically active substances that feature antioxidant properties.

The relevance of the research lies in the need to involve in the feed production of grass species containing biologically active substances for use as natural animal growth stimulants. The purpose of the study was to experimentally establish the economic and biological value of medicinal and fodder grass species, their technological suitability for growing in clean crops, obtaining raw materials and forming phyto-mixtures from them for use as organic feed additives. In the course of conducting research, the following methods were used: field, laboratory, analytical, and statistical. The economic and biological value for the growth of the following types of medicinal herbs in the feed production was determined: hyssop, fennel, white horehound, Moldavian dragonhead, coriander, yarrow, purple coneflower, dandelion, milk thistle, anise hyssop, St. John’s wort, sneezeweed, sweet wormwood. It was established that annuals in the year of sowing, and perennial species in the second or fourth years of use provided a dry mass of grasses – 1.7-5.0 t/ha and seeds – 0.3-1.8 t/ha. These types of herbs contain biologically active substances (polysaccharides, essential oils, flavonoids, organic acids, mainly vitamins, and trace elements) that have a positive effect on the animal body. The technological suitability for harvesting raw materials and forming phyto-mixtures of the following species is also proved: milk thistle, Moldavian dragonhead, coriander, hyssop, fennel, purple coneflower, anise hyssop, white horehound, and yarrow. As a result of the research, a database was created on the selection of medicinal herbs, their technological suitability for cultivation, and optimal harvesting times for harvesting raw materials with subsequent use in feed production. The inclusion of medicinal and feed species in feeding rations can ensure the production of organic livestock products that meet the requirements of the European Green Deal strategy

Articular cartilage injury is a frequent worldwide disease, while effective treatment is urgently needed. Due to lack of blood vessels and nerves, the ability of cartilage to self-repair is limited. Despite the availability of various clinical treatments, unfavorable prognoses and complications remain prevalent. However, the advent of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has generated considerable interests in using biomaterials for articular cartilage repair. Nevertheless, there remains a notable scarcity of comprehensive reviews that provide an in-depth exploration of the various strategies and applications. Herein, we present an overview of the primary biomaterials and bioactive substances from the tissue engineering perspective to repair articular cartilage. The strategies include regeneration, substitution, and immunization. We comprehensively delineate the influence of mechanically supportive scaffolds on cellular behavior, shedding light on emerging scaffold technologies, including stimuli-responsive smart scaffolds, 3D-printed scaffolds, and cartilage bionic scaffolds. Biologically active substances, including bioactive factors, stem cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and cartilage organoids, are elucidated for their roles in regulating the activity of chondrocytes. Furthermore, the composite bioactive scaffolds produced industrially to put into clinical use, are also explicitly presented. This review offers innovative solutions for treating articular cartilage ailments and emphasizes the potential of biomaterials for articular cartilage repair in clinical translation.