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Context: Soil acidity constrains crop production in Australia. The practice of liming can reduce soil acidity but produces greenhouse gas emissions. Aims: By examining land use sequences over three decades at a range of locations in Western Australia, this study aims to identify firstly where and when liming might boost farm profits and secondly, what emissions and land use management flexibilities are generated by liming. Methods: Bioeconomic simulation modelling is used to identify the gross margins and emissions associated with liming in land use sequences at 14 locations in Western Australia. Three intensities of cropping and three different rotational sequences are considered. The simulations account for price and weather–year variations across a 30-year period of analysis. Key results: Liming is profitable at almost all locations and across all rotation sequences examined. Where problematic soil acidity is a feature or is poised to soon become a problem at a location, liming is a profitable ameliorative practice that enables greater diversity in land use. For most situations assessed, liming increases emissions. The exceptions are at locations where liming prevents a switch away from a crop-dominant system, due to soil acidity reducing crop yields, into additional sheep production that increases emissions. Conclusions: Liming is profitable in most acidic soil situations and preserves land use flexibility, although additional greenhouse gas emissions are often generated. Implications: Liming acidic soils bolsters land use profitability and helps sustain biologically diverse land use sequences, despite often increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Increased soil acidification is a challenge in modern farming. Liming can be an effective, yet expensive soil ameliorant. This research finds that liming is often profitable yet mostly increases emissions, but it does help sustain more diverse land use sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountains cover 24% of the land surface area and are home to 12% of the population of the world. The mountains within the Indian Himalayan region account for 16.2% (500, 000 km2) of India's total land area and while there is an age-old tradition of biodiversity conservation in this region, the area is under stress due to human population growth and climate change. Therefore, this region requires conservation management activities, however, our study has shown a substantial decrease in publications in this area between 2004 and 2019. In this study, we completed a bibliometric analysis to explore biodiversity protection in the Himalayas. The analysis revealed valuable information regarding current research trends as well as research gaps. This study uses bibliometric analysis to examine the changing landscape of biodiversity protection in the Himalayas. The study analysed 425 journal papers published from 2004 to 2023. This article contributes to understanding studies on Himalayan management challenges, including endangered species conservation, environmental protection, ecosystem dynamics, and conservation management. We hope this paper inspires scientists to complete research in the areas lacking data such that a baseline can be established and policies can be developed to support biodiversity conservation in the Indian Himalayas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AtD) is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disease characterized by itching, chronic recurrent course and age-related features of lesions. AtD pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated yet. An important factor for AtD emergence and progression is the imbalance in symbiotic microbiota. The research publications provide a few studies about a role for oropharyngeal microorganisms in AtD immunopathogenesis. The aim of the study is to analyze biological diversity of oropharyngeal microbial communities in varying AtD severity. 97 male patients, aged from 16 to 19 years, with different AtD severity were included in the study. Culture study of oropharyngeal discharge was also performed. Biological material was seeded on the expanded list of growth media and incubated for 5 days at the 37°С. To assess the biological diversity of the oropharyngeal microbiota, the coefficient of constancy (C) was used, in order to classify individual microorganisms as permanent, additional or transient. Statistical data processing was performed using the Stat Tech software (version 4.0.0, Stattech LLC, Russia). While examining biological diversity of the oropharyngeal microbiota in AtD patients, 58 microbial species were isolated and identified. After statistical analysis the significant differences in frequency of isolation, depending on different AtD severity were observed for microbes such asStreptococcus vestibularisandRothia dentocariosa. WhenR. dentocariosais isolated from the oropharynx, the chances of AtD exacerbation emergence decreased by 6 times, whereas in case ofS. vestibularis, on the contrary, it increased by 5 times. Therefore, identification of transitions of individual microbes from transient to additional and permanent microbiota and vice versa, depending on the AtD stage and severity, allows to analyze an influence of specific microorganisms in AtD pathological processes and to establish definite new microbiological predictors of AtD exacerbation and remission.

One of the efforts to improve the quality of education in Indonesia is through learning by integrating environmental culture. Environmental culture can be packaged in more meaningful learning through biological literacy. This study aims to assess the biological literacy skills of high school students using local potential-based biodiversity question sets. This study includes research with quantitative descriptive methods that aim to describe the biological literacy skills of high school tenth grade students. Biological literacy research data consists of 4 indicators, namely nominal, conceptual, multidimensional and functional. The number of participants was 60 high school students. The initial stage used expert judgment for content validation which was tested by 3 expert validators. Construct validation was carried out based on data collection with the results of 12 question sets that were declared valid. Data analysis of the percentage of students who answered correctly on biological literacy indicators were all at a high level, namely on nominal indicators of 69.37%, conceptual indicators of 70%, functional indicators of 66.87%, and multidimensional indicators of 70%. It is concluded that the local wisdom-based biodiversity question set can be used to measure students' biological literacy skills in schools.

Byline: H. Meydan, F. S. Rashaydeh, R. M. Al-Atiyat and B. I. Yildiz Key words: Genetic diversity, Awassi Sheep, Fertile Crescent, Genetic Markers. INTRODUCTION Livestock, in diversified farming systems, perform [...]

The soil nematode communities in typical tundra soils of southern Chukotka have been analyzed. Five types of shrub and grass-shrub biotopes on Cryosols, Fluvisols, Histosols, Gleysols, and Cambisols were examined. The animals were extracted from the soil by the Baermann technique with subsequent determination of taxonomic diversity, total and relative abundance, and trophic groups. The highest number (7044 individuals/100 g of soil) and biomass (12.15 mg) of nematodes were found in the Histosol, and the minimum one (1000 individuals/100 g of soil; 1.96 mg) of nematodes in the Cryosol. Bacterivorous nematodes dominated in all soil types. The maximum percentage of bacterivorous nematodes (94%) were found in the Cambisol. The percentages of fungivorous nematodes in the studied soils ranged from 1 to 42%. Predatory and omnivorous nematodes were present in all soils except for the litter of the Cambisol. Their percentage ranged from 2 to 32%. Phytonematodes were few, their highest number was found in the Gleysol (18%). The nematode fauna of the soils under analysis differed significantly. The greatest diversity of nematodes was found in the peat horizon of the Fluvisol, and the smallest diversity of nematodes was recorded in the litter of the Cambisol. The values of Sigma Maturity Index ranged between 2 and 3. The Enrichment Index had low and moderate (1.40–41.02) values, and the Structure Index had high values (59.51–84.07). The Eudorylaimus and Plectus genera were eudominants in all soil types. The soil food webs formed in the biocenoses under consideration can be characterized as stable and structured except for the alder biocenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex systematics of the genus Sedum, the difficulties of its classification and the ambiguity of the concrete identification of the taxa brought about the need to implement a measurement system adaptable to field conditions, so as to facilitate the accuracy of data collection, avoiding the etiolation of samples and, therefore, the deterioration of the morphological structures subject to analysis. Thus, our study describes a digitization of the classic method of making measurements using millimeter paper, thus facilitating the subsequent statistical processing of quantifiable values. Depending on the number of pixels in the photos taken and the pixel/millimeter ratio, a variable measurement scale can be created depending on the size of the analyzed taxomes. The method used adds to the classic taxonomy, which is based on the analysis of morphological characteristics to determine the species of these succulent plants. The applicability of our method is shown by means of the example of an analysis performed on the flowers of the native species of the genus Sedum in the territory of Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite occupying only a small portion of the Earth's surface, tropical rainforests are some of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. Given the hyperdiversity of tropical rainforests, these ecosystems are considered essential for the preservation of global biodiversity. However, many of them are located in economically marginalized countries, which frequently suffer from uncontrolled exploitation of their natural resources. In this sense, biodiversity information can help in planning conservation strategies and designing protection measures. Despite this, recording biodiversity is a challenging and time-consuming task that usually requires the involvement of important financial and manpower resources. So, any strategy to facilitate or accelerate this labor could be of significant interest for ecological and conservation purposes. In this review, we highlight why we consider that routinely incorporating metabarcoding strategies can facilitate biodiversity surveillance in tropical rainforests. As insects are key players in tropical ecosystems and are a threatened, hyperdiverse group, here we used them to exemplify the main challenges that the implementation of metabarcoding approaches faces in these complex environments, discussing some methodological obstacles for their implementation. We also emphasize the significant gap between the number of published studies using metabarcoding for biodiversity monitoring in tropical regions with respect to other (often less diverse) regions of the planet. We consider that acknowledging and addressing this disparity will encourage the adoption of these strategies in tropical ecosystems, as these regions are in need—possibly more than any other—of innovative approaches to assess their diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redd construction by spawning salmon disturbs patches of unconsolidated benthic substrate; their cumulative impact can decimate the benthos. Juvenile salmon residing in the water column and incubating eggs buried in the streambed, may be eliminated by floods. Based on summertime surveys, these contrasting impacts were used to build knowledge of the dynamics of disturbance-recovery and long-term succession in Wolf Point Creek, Glacier Bay (WPC). Pink salmon (Onchorynchus gorbuscha) first colonized WPC in 1989, with populations gradually increasing to 15,000 fish in 2005. Although redd disturbance decimated benthic macroinvertebrates, recovery was rapid (<1 year) and demonstrated remarkable assemblage fidelity. In contrast, the impact of a November flood appeared less extreme, yet changes in community structure endured for several years. Wash-out of eggs reduced the salmon count to 500 individuals in 2007, however, populations recovered within a generation. Exacerbated by prior redd disturbance (presenting a streambed of loosely packed substrate) this unexpectedly destructive flood transformed the habitat template at the sampling site to recast macroinvertebrate succession. An alteration in source-sink dynamics contributed to species turnover. Meanwhile, at the catchment-scale, the rebound of salmon populations indicated benthic conditions remained largely unchanged. Combined with the long-term study, these data portray succession as a spatio-temporal process of ecological differentiation where intrinsic and extrinsic community disturbance promotes development of an expanding spectrum of habitats within a dynamically integrated system. This emphasizes the importance of habitat heterogeneity and connectivity in underpinning ecological resilience against global change and highlights the potential catalytic role of salmon for ecosystem restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maintenance of biological diversity is frequently enhanced in a heterogenous landscape by some level of disturbance. Thus, when a landscape becomes stabilized and homogenized through the spread of an invasive plant species, there may be consequences for native biodiversity, particularly for those biotas that depend on the pre‐existing, natural disturbance regime of that landscape. At Long Point, Ontario, Canada, a sandspit in Lake Erie, the community of anuran amphibians experienced the co‐incidence of 2 major disturbance events, 1 anthropogenic and 1 natural: an intervention to remove the invasive form of the common reed (Phragmites australis australis) and a spate of extensive dune washouts caused by high water levels and storms. As a result of the unequal distribution of disturbance in the landscape, different areas were affected by only the dune washouts, only the common reed treatment, both disturbances, or neither disturbance. From May to August 2021, we explored how the disturbances affected the resident frog and toad species habitat associations in the 4 different disturbance conditions in the landscape. By means of minnow traps, acoustic surveys, and visual surveys, we determined that the dune washouts had a greater influence on resident anurans than the common reed treatment. Ranid frogs (Ranidae) tended to inhabit non‐washout sites, whereas Fowler's toads (Anaxyrus fowleri) congregated in the newly formed, sand flats and shallow, de‐vegetated pools resulting from the washouts. Neither ranid frogs nor Fowler's toads demonstrated avoidance of the sites affected by the herbicide treatment and mechanical rollover of the common reed. This evidence of species sorting, which enables multiple species to persist in a dynamic and heterogeneous landscape, suggests that wildlife management in aid of threatened species recovery may find success by encouraging natural disturbance regimes in dynamic landscapes. Future management endeavors should consider refraining from complete dune stabilization in these landscapes to allow the natural washouts to occur at a higher frequency, while ensuring the continued effectiveness of the invasive common reed eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different fungal agents on the bacterial community structure and biodiversity in the rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum) infected with cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera avenae) were analyzed. Field experiments were conducted on plots with severe wheat cyst nematode disease. The control group (X1) was not treated with bacteria. The fungi Trichoderma viride, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Aspergillus niger and T. spinosum were applied to the experimental treatments (X2~X4). The experimental group (X6) was treated with the nematicide abamectin. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to monitor the changes in bacterial community structure and metabolic types in the wheat rhizosphere soil in the six experimental groups. The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that the wheat rhizosphere soil bacteria that are pathogens were primarily concentrated in 13 phyla, 26 classes and 98 genera. Among them, the dominant bacteria primarily included Proteus, Actinomyces, Acetobacter and Bacteroides. The analysis of bacterial community metabolic type showed that the bacteria in the wheat rhizosphere soil could fix nitrogen, perform nitrification, reduce nitrate, and photosynthesize when the four groups of fungal agents were added at much higher levels than those of the control group. These metabolic activities contributed to promoting the cycle between nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen to increase soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Many industries continuously produce large volumes of alkaline residues. After recultivation, former landfills can be an important element providing ecosystem services in highly urbanised areas. Materials and methods: We studied the relationship between vegetation and soil bacterial characteristics using Biolog® ECO plates on recultivated areas of the Solvay heaps, and participation of invasive species in plant community in progressive succession. Results and discussion: Bacterial activity and functional diversity indices were correlated with soil physicochemical properties (soil organic matter content, water holding capacity, total phosphorus content, and soil pH). Plots with a higher total number of vascular plant species, including forest floor species, and a higher Shannon–Wiener index of vegetation diversity H'plant, were characterised by a higher amino acid utilisation by soil bacteria. Soil bacteria CLPP (community-level physiological profiles) were most influenced by soil physical and chemical properties, but also by the proportion of invasive species in the total number of plant species. In conclusion, soil physical and chemical properties dominate vegetation characteristics in shaping the functional diversity of soil bacteria. Invasive species may be an influential component of ecosystems during spontaneous succession of degraded soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protection of biological diversity in nature and in agriculture, including the production of ornamental crops, has become increasingly important in Poland as well as worldwide. The Convention on Biological Diversity, signed in 1992 at the Earth Summit of the UN in Rio de Janeiro and ratified by the Polish government in 1995, imposed new regulations related to the protection of nature and the genetic resources of cultivated crops in Poland. The conservation of the genera, varieties and cultivars of ornamental geophytes—a group of plants of great interest from a botanical and physiological, but also a horticultural point of view—takes place in situ (both in nature and in the places of cultivation) and through the establishment of ex situ gene banks and collections. The natural genetic resources of ornamental geophytes include species from the genera Allium, Fritillaria, Gladiolus, Iris, Leucojum, Lilium and Muscari, among others, and more than a dozen species are protected by law due to varying degrees of threats. Botanical gardens play an essential role in the conservation of endangered species. Their activities focus on genus monitoring, managing ex situ gene banks (including National Collections), developing propagation methods and carrying out their reintroduction. In order to protect the national genetic resources of cultivated plants, the National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources at the Plant Breeding and Acclimatisation Institute—National Research Institute, under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, was established. Concerning ornamental geophytes, the National Centre coordinates two field collections of cultivars of the genera Gladiolus, Lilium, Narcissus and Tulipa, which are of great economic importance and have a long tradition of breeding in Poland. The first one is located at the National Institute of Horticultural Research in Skierniewice (central Poland), and the second one is at the Experimental Substation of Variety Testing in Lisewo (northern Poland). The history of tulip collections in Poland dates back to the 1960s. At that time, the first breeding work for this species began. The collection of bulbous crops in Skierniewice is currently one of the largest in Poland, with a total of 934 accessions. Most of them are tulips (522) and lilies (222). Other plants in the collection in Skierniewice are gladiolus and narcissus. The most valuable accessions are grown under special protection (tunnels with dense nets) to guard against insects and maintain a mild climate inside. The genetic resources of the ornamental bulb plant collection in Lisewo currently consist of 611 accessions, mainly tulips (358), daffodils (121) and gladioli (132). All bulbous crops in both collections (Skierniewice and Lisewo) are grown in accordance with all principles of agrotechnics (negative field selection, fertilisation, soil maintenance). A particularly important task of botanical gardens, universities, research institutes and the National Centre is leading research on the methods of storage for survival organs, in vitro cultures and cryopreservation. We have discovered that the various activities for the species conservation of ornamental geophytes require a great deal of constantly deepening knowledge and extraordinary measures, including frequent monitoring of the effects of the applied measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on recent collecting and a synthesis of ~100 years of historical data, 219 caddisfly species are reported from the state of Indiana. Seventeen species are reported herein from the state for the first time, including two previously thought to be endemic to the southeastern USA. Species records are also presented herein organized by drainage basin, ecoregion, glacial history, and waterbody type for two distinct time periods: before 1983 and after 2005. More species were reported from the state before 1983 than after 2005, despite collecting almost 3× the number of occurrence records during the latter period. Species occurrence records were greater for most families and functional feeding groups (FFGs) for the post-2005 time period, although the Limnephilidae, Phryganeidae, Molannidae, and Lepidostomatidae, particularly those in the shredder FFG , instead had greater records before 1983. This loss of shredders probably reflected the ongoing habitat degradation within the state. While species rarefaction predicts only a few more species to be found in Indiana, many regions still remain under-sampled and 44 species have not been collected in >40 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculated on plants has shown that it can increase the success of reforestation and accelerate soil recovery by improving soil microbial diversity. Three PGPR isolated from natural pine populations were selected for their metabolic capabilities and taxonomic affiliation (Z4.3; Bacillus sp., Z5.4; Arthobacter sp., and Z7.15; and Pseudomonas sp.) when inoculated alone or in combination (consortium) on stone pine seedlings before transplanting to the field. Before transplanting and after nine months, rhizospheric soil samples were collected for structural and functional metagenomic studies. First, the data were analyzed using EasyMAP. Neither alpha nor beta diversity showed significant differences between the samples, although unique taxa representative of each sample were detected. The predominant phylum in all cases was Proteobacteria, followed by Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) found significantly over-represented taxa in some samples, highlighting different representatives of the order Sphingomonadales in several of them. Functional inference performed with PICRUSt also showed significantly over-represented functions in some samples. The study demonstrates that PGPR have a positive effect on plants and cause detectable changes in microbial communities in terms of both structure and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the bryophyte flora of Maltepe University Central Campus, with samples collected between March 2023 and March 2024. Approximately 150 moss samples were collected from the study area, and through taxonomic identification, a total of 42 moss taxa belonging to 10 families and 26 genera were identified. Among these taxa, 19 represent new records for the province of Istanbul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Craniofacial morphology plays an important role in many aspects of the masticatory function and the oral health of individuals, and as such should be considered a baseline for studies that aim to integrate anthropological and dentistry practices that can improve oral health, dental hygiene, and care practices in populations from different biological and cultural backgrounds. This article presents a synthesis of our current understanding of the craniofacial and dental variation among native populations of North, Central, and South America, as part of the special volume on “Anthropology meets Dentistry in Central America: Research and education in oral biology”. The article presents an overview of the history of the human occupation of the American continents, with special focus on how early and recent past events have contributed to the craniofacial morphological diversity observed in these continents. However, there is limited information about native Central American populations, and current inferences about them depend largely on extrapolating from what is known about North and South America. Given the current state of knowledge, this article argues that modern Central Americans share a facial morphological pattern distinct from other populations worldwide, which means that applying models developed for other groups may not be appropriate in this context. Therefore, understanding regional variation in craniofacial morphological patterns is an important priority of study, which must consider the different cumulative factors (genetics, developmental, cultural, and historical) that have differently influenced the biological and cultural history of the populations in the region.

Parasitic plants have evolved independently in 12 Angiosperm orders. Nine of them (Boraginales, Cucurbitales, Ericales, Lamiales, Laurales, Malvales, Santalales, Solanales, and Zygophyllales) are represented in Colombia by 17 families, 44 genera and 246 species, including facultative (37) and obligate (187) hemiparasites, holoexoparasites (19) and holoendoparasites (3). Cladocolea coriacea (Loranthaceae) is reported for the first time in Colombia. One genus (Sanguisuga, Cytinaceae) and 69 species (28.04%) are endemic to the country. Endemism decreases with elevation, ranging from 26 species (37.68%) below 1000 m, to one species (1.44%) above 4000 m. Speciation in Aetanthus, Psittacanthus and Tristerix (Loranthaceae), Dendrophthora and Phoradendron (Viscaceae), and Castilleja and Neobartsia (Orobanchaceae) was likely prompted by the Andean uplift. The highest number of species (169) are found in the Andean Region, whereas the Orinoco Region contains the lowest number (29). Dry forests and thickets, and coastal vegetation of the Caribbean Region are the preferred ecosystems for Krameria (Krameriaceae), Sanguisuga, Acanthosyris (Cervantesiaceae), Maracanthus (Loranthaceae), Ximenia (Ximeniaceae), Lennoa (Ehretiaceae), and Anisantherina (Orobanchaceae). Orobanche minor, recently introduced to the country, is the only potential weed for crops between 2500 and 3200 m in the Eastern Cordillera. Convergent lifeforms include: the obligate, twining stem holoparasitic Cassytha (Lauraceae) and Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae); the root holoexoparasitic Sanguisuga, Mitrastemon (Mitrastemonaceae), all Balanophoraceae, and Lennoa', and the root obligate hemiparasitic Krameria, Gaiadendron (Loranthaceae), and all Cervantesiaceae, Opiliaceae, Schoepfiaceae, Strombosiaceae and Ximeniaceae. Holoendoparasitism occurs only in Apodanthaceae, whereas root facultative hemiparasitism is restricted to the Orobanchaceae. Keywords Andean flora * Amazonian flora * Colombia's biodiversity * Dry forests Parasitic Angiosperms Las plantas parasitas han evolucionado independientemente en 12 ordenes de angiospermas. Nueve de estos (Boraginales, Cucurbitales, Ericales, Lamiales, Laurales, Malvales, Santalales, Solanales y Zygophyllales) estan representadas en Colombia por 17 familias, 44 generos y 246 especies, entre hemiparasitas facultativas (37) y obligadas (187), holoexoparasitas (19) y holoendoparasitas (3). Cladocolea coriacea (Loranthaceae) se reporta por primera vez en Colombia. Un genero (Sanguisuga, Cytinaceae) y 69 especies (28,04%) son endemicas del pals. El endemismo disminuye con la elevation, desde 26 especies (37,68%) por debajo de los 1000 m, hasta una especie (1,44%) por encima de los 4000 m. La especiacion en Aetanthus, Psittacanthus y Tristerix (Loranthaceae), Dendrophthora y Phoradendron (Viscaceae), y Castilleja y Neobartsia (Orobanchaceae) esta correlacionada con la orogenia Andina. El mayor numero de especies (169) se encuentra en la Region Andina, y el menor (29) en la Region Orinoquia. Los bosques y matorrales secos y la vegetation costera del Caribe son los ecosistemas preferidos por Krameria (Krameriaceae), Sanguisuga, Acanthosyris (Cervantesiaceae), Maracanthus (Loranthaceae), Ximenia (Ximeniaceae), Lennoa (Ehretiaceae) y Anisantherina (Orobanchaceae). Orobanche minor, recientemente introducida, es la unica maleza potencial en cultivos entre 2500 y 3200 m de la Cordillera Oriental. Las formas de vida convergentes incluyen: el holoparasitismo caulinar obligado de las trepadoras Cassytha (Lauraceae) y Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae); el holoexoparasitismo de ralces en Sanguisuga, Mitrastemon (Mitrastemonaceae), todas las Balanophoraceae, y Lennoa\ y el hemiparasitismo obligado de ralz en Krameria, Gaiadendron (Loranthaceae), y todas las Cervantesiaceae, Opiliaceae, Schoepfiaceae, Strombosiaceae y Ximeniaceae. El holoendoparasitismo ocurre solo en Apodanthaceae, mientras que el hemiparasitismo radicular facultativo esta restringido a las Orobanchaceae. Palabras clave Angiospermas parasfticas * Biodiversidad de Colombia * Bosques secos * Flora Amazonica * Flora Andina, Introduction Parasitism, one of the most striking biological interactions across the tree of life, has driven numerous evolutionary and adaptive novelties in plants and animals. Nevertheless, parasitism has been more [...]

The changes in the biotope and in the spectrum of ecological coenotic groups of herb and dwarf shrub tiers of vegetation have been monitored over ten years following the clearcutting of the Piceetum myrtillosum (bilberry-rich spruce forest) considering on-site retention of aspen (Populus tremula L.) in the Babaevsky District of Vologda Oblast. During the first years after clearcutting, the vegetation cover is unstable, sparse, is characterized by pronounced species changes. The diverse ecotopes resulting from clearcutting contribute to the rapid emergence of new plants, including meadow and swamp species, in disturbed communities. Subsequently, tree tier with the dominance of small-leaved trees forms gradually at after clearcutting site. Additionally, the abundance of the shade-tolerant species increases, while that of the meadow species decreases.