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In order to increase the yield of biodiesel and reduce its cost, it is appropriate to apply a process of interesterification of vegetable oil with carboxylate esters. No glycerol is formed during this process, and the triacylglycerols formed during the process improve the low-temperature properties of biodiesel. The aim of the study was to investigate the interesterification process of rapeseed oil with methyl formate using a biotechnological method. The 15 enzyme preparations were tested and Lipozyme RM IM was found to be more effective. The optimal conditions of enzymatic interesterification were determined. Molar ratio of methyl formate to rapeseed oil, process duration, and amount of catalyst were optimized. The yield of rapeseed oil methyl esters increases with increasing duration and excess of methyl formate. Optimal catalyst concentration in the process of interesterification of rapeseed oil with methyl formate is 15%. A yield of rapeseed oil methyl esters of 67.9% at a process temperature of 20 °C was obtained with a molar ratio of methyl formate to oil of 32:1 and a process time of 40 h. As the duration of the process increases, the amount of triformylglycerol in the reaction mixture increases, and 4.86% of the desired reaction product, triformylglycerol, is formed within 40 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport structure of any company includes marine transport, whose engines use marine fuel and fleet fuel oil. Both types of fuel contain heavy oil fractions, the use of which causes environmental problems: high emissions of pollutants during engine operation, carbon dioxide emissions, accidents and pollution of water with oil products, etc. At the same time, each of these fuels contains a diesel fraction. This article proposes to replace the petroleum diesel fraction with biodiesel fuel obtained from renewable resources, since its characteristics are as close as possible to the quality indicators of the petroleum diesel fraction. This reduces harmful emissions when large amounts of fuel are burned in marine engines. In the event of an accident or a spill, unlike petroleum products, biodiesel fuel decomposes on its own within a few months. The cost of environmentally friendly marine fuel will be lower than the cost of low-viscosity marine fuel made from petroleum components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study is the process of operation of a diesel engine in a wheeled tractor on methyl ether of spent frying sunflower oil. The task being solved is to improve the environmental performance of a diesel engine in a wheeled tractor during the operation of its diesel on such biodiesel fuel and its mixtures with mineral diesel fuel. The characteristics of the diesel D-243 were determined by the experimental method with the measurement of the toxicity of the waste gases during its operation on the methyl ether of the spent sunflower oil, mineral fuel, and their mixtures. A decrease in the content of soot in diesel exhaust gases and a slight increase in the types of nitrogen oxides was registered. The theoretical method using a mathematical model determined the indicators of a wheeled tractor during its movement with a trailer for the accepted driving cycle and the operation of its diesel on different fuels. To that end, the characteristics of a specific diesel engine were described by polynomial models. The adequacy of the mathematical model of the movement of a tractor with a trailer over a driving cycle was tested. By means of a mathematical model, the total road emissions of harmful substances of a diesel engine were calculated when the tractor is running with a trailer over the accepted driving cycle. Calculations were performed for two types of fuel: mineral diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel. Biofuel consumption increases by almost 10 % compared to diesel fuel. The total emissions of harmful substances are 1.1 times lower in a diesel engine running on biofuel than when using mineral fuel. The results could be used in the operation of technological transport in the industry and agriculture provided there is a sufficient volume of raw materials for the production of biofuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One way to reduce the amount of harmful emissions from diesel fuel could be the replacement of part of the fuel with biofuel. Research is related to the production of biodiesel fuel in three ways: transesterification of vegetable oils; esterification of fat acids extracted from vegetable oil; and hydroprocessing of vegetable oils using catalysts in the diesel hydrotreatment process. Food and non-food oils, monatomic and diatomic alcohols were used to produce biodiesel fuel. Optimal parameters of vegetable oil transesterification have been determined: temperature; raw material ratio (oil/alcohol); mixing speed; time; type of process catalyst. The characteristics of the obtained biodiesel fuel samples were studied and compared with each other as well as with the requirements of EN 14214 “Automotive fuels. Fat acid methyl ethers for diesel engines. General technical requirements” and EN 590:2009 “EURO diesel fuel. Technical specifications”. With regard to the physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel fuel, the best way to produce it is by transesterification of vegetable oils. However, all fuels can be used as components of a blended environmentally friendly diesel fuel.

The synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester from soybean oil was examined. A microreactor was used as a reactor, and the results were compared with those by batch reaction. In a batch reaction experiment, the concentration of by-product glycerol was large when methanol/soybean oil ratio was low, which inhibited the mass transfer between methanol and oil, and as a result, reduced fatty acid methyl ester yield. On the other hand, when the reaction was conducted under an emulsion state using a microreactor, the initial reaction rate was significantly increased, achieving a specific interfacial area about 7 times larger than that of the batch reaction. Furthermore, the decrease in reaction rate was suppressed and the space-time fatty acid methyl ester yield was successfully increased. When the reaction was conducted under a segmented flow state, the initial reaction rate decreased because of the smaller specific interfacial area. However, the mass transfer coefficient increased about 30-fold, and furthermore, the phase separation was completed immediately after the reaction. Finally, the high temperature and high-pressure flow operation was conducted using a microreactor, which enabled an efficient fatty acid methyl ester production from soybean oil at 2 – 3 times higher space-time yield with less amount of catalyst and/or methanol use compared to the conventional batch production method.

The requirements of the MARPOL international convention on ensuring the environmental performance of marine diesel engines in relation to the emission of sulfur oxides, as well as marine fuels during navigation passages of sea transport vessels in special ecological areas, are given. The use of scrubber cleaning of exhaust gases and the use of fuel mixtures, which include biodiesel fuel, are considered as methods that meet these requirements. The research was carried out on ships of the Bulker Carrier class with deadweight of 63,246 tons during the navigation transition between the ports of Northern Europe. One of the vessels used scrubber cleaning of exhaust gases as a method of environmental safety management. The other is the use of fuel mixtures, which include biodiesel fuel. Both vessels are equipped with a 5S60ME-C8.2 MAN-Diesel&Turbo marine diesel engine as the main engine, and three 6EY18ALW Yanmar diesel engines as auxiliary engines. The ratio of sulfur oxides to carbon oxides – SO²/CO² – was chosen as an indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of environmental safety management methods. This value was monitored and regulated by an automatic monitoring system. It was found that both methods meet the requirements of the MARPOL convention, namely, they will support the SO²/CO² ratio in the range of 2.29–4.17 (when in special environmental control zones) and in the range of 6.46–20.83 (when in outside the zone of special environmental control). The use of environmental safety management methods increases energy costs for ensuring this process. When using exhaust gas scrubbing, additional power losses reach 237–278 kW. In the case of using a fuel mixture that includes biodiesel fuel, power losses amount to 18–20 kW. It has been experimentally confirmed that the use of a fuel mixture that includes biodiesel fuel is characterized by a lower level of environmental sustainability. At the same time, compared to the use of scrubber cleaning of exhaust gases, this method requires less energy consumption and is also characterized by simpler additional equipment. In this regard (and also taking into account that all the requirements of Annex VI MARPOL are provided), it is recommended as the main one to ensure the environmental safety of navigation passages of sea transport vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE PURPOSE. The purpose of the work was to systematize the results of the work of domestic and foreign authors on the thermophysical properties of media and substances involved in the process of obtaining biodiesel fuel. METHODS. To measure the isobaric heat capacity, the predominant use is given to the methods of heat-conducting and scanning calorimeters, the measurement of the thermal conductivity by the heated filament method. Kinematic and dynamic viscosities are measured, respectively, on standard glass viscometers at atmospheric pressure and by the drop weight method. RESULTS. The results of a study of a wide range of thermophysical properties of thermodynamic systems involved in the process of obtaining biodiesel fuel under supercritical fluid conditions are presented. Attention is paid to the density, isobaric heat capacity, thermal conductivity, dynamic and kinematic viscosity of both the feedstock and the resulting biodiesel fuel, presented in a wide range of temperature and pressure changes, including nearcritical, as well as taking into account the thermal effects caused by the dissolution and change in the structures of substances under the influence of fluid reagent. CONCLUSION. The presented data will be necessary at the stages of designing and scaling a particular technology for the production of biodiesel fuel, both on a laboratory scale and at an industrial level.

THE PURPOSE. The presented work aims to analyze the realities and prospects for the use of working media in the production of biodiesel fuel, including the supercritical fluid state. METHODS. Methods for obtaining biodiesel fuel are considered, including the method of transesterification, as the most common, as well as methods of pyrolysis and the combined process of hydrolysis and esterification. RESULTS. Traditional (industrially used methods for producing biodiesel fuel), as well as methods involving supercritical fluid media at their core, are considered. Along with a description of the state of affairs on the issues under discussion in the world, the results of our own research carried out by the team of authors of this article are also presented. Attention is drawn to the prospects of ultrasonic emulsification of the reaction mixture and the use of heterogeneous catalysts in order to mitigate supercritical fluid conditions for the process of obtaining biodiesel fuel and save energy. The conditions for obtaining biodiesel fuel without free glycerol and converting it into a fuel component are also discussed. CONCLUSION. Transesterification carried out under supercritical fluid conditions provides significant advantages over the traditional process and, especially in terms of the possibility of using a variety of raw materials, including low-quality ones, facilitates the procedure for isolating the final product and, finally, makes it possible to switch from relatively small-scale implementations with batch reactors to high-performance plants with flow reactors.

Liquid fuel has been the main source of energy in internal combustion engines (ICE) for decades. However, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have replaced ICE for environmentally friendly vehicles and reducing fossil fuel dependence. This paper focuses on the comparative analysis of battery thermal management system (BTMS) to maintain a working temperature in the range 15–35 °C and prevent thermal runaway and high temperature gradient, consequently increasing LIB lifecycle and performance. The proposed approach is to use biodiesel as the engine feed and coolant. A 3S2P LIB module is simulated using Ansys-Fluent CFD software tool. Four selective dielectric biodiesels are used as coolants, namely palm, karanja, jatropha, and mahua oils. In comparison to the conventional coolants in BTMS, mainly air and 3M Novec, biodiesel fuels have been proven as coolants to maintain LIB temperature within the optimum working range. For instance, the use of palm biodiesel can lightweight the BTMS by 43%, compared with 3M Novec, and likewise maintain BTMS performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodiesel fuel synthesis process is implemented in a batch plant by the transesterification of shea (Karite) and palm oils in an ethanol medium under supercritical fluid conditions in the temperature range 623–673 K and an alcohol-to-oil molar ratio range of 30 to 42 at a pressure of 30 MPa for 30 min. Data on the determination of the kinematic viscosity and composition of the resulting products and the feedstock conversion are obtained; and the optimal reaction conditions are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi is a promising triacylglycerol (TAG) producer for biodiesel fuel. However, it is necessary to further improve TAG productivity in L. starkeyi from a mixed sugar of glucose and xylose. This study aimed to construct an L. starkeyi mutant with increased TAG productivity from glucose/xylose mixed-sugar and to elucidate the causes underlying increased lipid productivity. Ultra-violet (UV) mutagenesis combined with enrichment culture with ethanol and H 2 O 2 and selection of low-density cells was applied to L. starkeyi to obtain the L. starkeyi mutant strain UMP47, which exhibited higher TAG production from glucose/xylose. Transcriptome analysis revealed high expression of genes involved in transporter activity and carbohydrate metabolism, whereas genes involved in DNA replication exhibited lower expression in the mutant strain UMP47 than in the wild-type strain. Altogether, the lipid productivity of L. starkeyi was successfully improved by UV mutagenesis. Transcriptome analysis suggested the importance of previously unidentified genes in TAG production. This study provides information on potential target genes for improving TAG production through the genetic modification of oleaginous yeast., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ethanol-blended biodiesel fuel can reduce smoke emissions by over 50% on both a single-cylinder engine and a four-cylinder engine. The average single primary particle size of biodiesel blended diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol blended biodiesel soot are approximately 30, 27, and 29 nm, respectively. The maximum graphene fringe length of biodiesel blended diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol blended biodiesel CI engine's soot are approximately 5.2, 4.6, and 4.5 nm. The carbon atom density of soot particles emitted from the diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol blended biodiesel CI engines are approximately 102, 91, and 88 atoms/nm3.

Biodiesel has recently gained popularity due to its environmental issues and the fact that it is generated from renewable resources. However, the cost of the synthesis of biodiesel is the major impediment to commercialization. The utilization of leftover cooking oils as raw material, the adaptation of a continuous transesterification process, and the use of cheap catalysts are the major possibilities for investigating the cost of biodiesel. In this work, a dolomite catalyst was prepared from natural dolomite rocks and used for the evaluation of continuous transesterification of biodiesel from oleic acid as a model compound of waste cooking oil (WCO). The dolomite catalyst was prepared by activation under vacuum at a surface area of 34.5 m2/g. The characterization tests showed good thermal stability of the catalyst and evolution of the CaO and MgO compounds at high concentrations. A kinetic study was conducted to obtain kinetic parameters of catalytic transesterification of the WCO. The kinetic experiments were carried out at 298–333 K, and residence time up to 80 min. The results presented that the catalytic transesterification is the first‐order reaction, and the activation energy was 43 kJ/mol. The oscillatory baffled reactor (OBR) was used to evaluate the dolomite catalyst for the continuous production of biodiesel via transesterification. The evaluation study was conducted at a methanol: oil mole ratio of 6:1 and the effect of different operation variables on oleic acid conversion to biodiesel was studied. These variables were temperature (323, 333, and 343 K), residence times (5–40 min), the amplitude of oscillation (2–8 mm), and frequency of oscillation (1, 2, 3, 4, and 4.3 Hz). The results showed an outstanding performance and stable activity of the dolomite catalyst as a conversion of 96% was obtained at 333 K, 4.3 Hz, 8 mm amplitude, and 40 min residence time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A procedure is described for compounding petroleum diesel fuel and the 180-240°C fraction obtained from a liquid bioproduct from the pyrolysis of plant materials. The physicochemical properties and group chemical composition of the plant matter were studied. We present the physicochemical properties of the diesel fuel mixtures obtained. The permissible concentrations of the biocomponent in the preparation of these mixed biodiesel fuels were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Energy Policy Journal / Polityka Energetyczna is the property of Mineral & Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Great attention is directed towards the study of the spray phenomenon theoretically and experimentally due to its dramatic effect on the combustion process that occurred in an internal combustion engine, in particular, the diesel engine. The spray macroscopic characteristic of diesel engines fueled with two different biodiesel fuels in addition to nominal diesel under various injection pressures has been investigated numerically in this work. The selected biofuels are rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME). The Russian simulation software Diesel-RK is used in this work. Four different injection pressures are used, which are 200, 500, 800, and 1000 bar, respectively. It is found that RME has higher spray penetration with a narrow spray angle due to high viscosity and large momentum compared to diesel fuel. The results reported that biodiesels have greater Sauter mean diameter (SMD) compared to pure diesel because of their higher viscosity and surface tension. Promising reduction in SMD comes with WCOME as the injection pressure increases. Cylinder pressure along with heat release is reduced in the case of biodiesel due to the reduction in heating values. The lowest ability to produce smoke is recorded for WCOME, where 93% reduction is achieved followed by a 57% reduction for RME as compared to diesel. The obtained results are compared with the results of other researchers, and the convergence between them is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of using Na2В4O7 and Na2В4O7∙10H2O as catalysts for transesterification of triacyl glycerides (with sunflower oil as example) with methanol to obtain biodiesel fuel was examined. At the molar ratio of sunflower oil to methanol of 1 : 12, temperature of 65°С, reaction time of 2 h, and catalyst concentration of up to 5 wt %, the maximal yield of the methyl esters of the fatty acids was 65 and 95% with Na2В4O7∙10H2O and Na2В4O7, respectively. Na2В4O7 can be used as a triglyceride transesterification catalyst no less than three times without appreciable change in the yield of fatty acid methyl esters. Na2В4O7 can be recommended as a catalyst for transesterification involving other esters and alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid fuel has been the main source of energy in internal combustion engines (ICE) for decades. However, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have replaced ICE for environmentally friendly vehicles and reducing fossil fuel dependence. This paper focuses on the comparative analysis of battery thermal management system (BTMS) to maintain a working temperature in the range 15–35 °C and prevent thermal runaway and high temperature gradient, consequently increasing LIB lifecycle and performance. The proposed approach is to use biodiesel as the engine feed and coolant. A 3S2P LIB module is simulated using Ansys-Fluent CFD software tool. Four selective dielectric biodiesels are used as coolants, namely palm, karanja, jatropha, and mahua oils. In comparison to the conventional coolants in BTMS, mainly air and 3M Novec, biodiesel fuels have been proven as coolants to maintain LIB temperature within the optimum working range. For instance, the use of palm biodiesel can lightweight the BTMS by 43%, compared with 3M Novec, and likewise maintain BTMS performance.

Copyright of Issues of Chemistry & Chemical Technology / Voprosy Khimii & Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii is the property of Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. To identify environmental climatic impacts resulting from the biodiesel fuel use for vehicles (Vs). Methodology. The methods are based on computation of natural resource consumption and toxic emission with the help of environmental footprint calculator being a software program. Findings. The results of integral assessment of the environmental impact (namely, consumption of water, power, natural resources, and emission of greenhouse gases СО2, and NOx in terms of such base traction trucks as VOLVO FM, FH, FE, and FL) were computed for biodiesel fuel types В0, В7, В30, В100 depending upon different standards of EURO propellants. Both positive and negative environmental impact factors have been determined for consuming biofuels during full lifecycle of Vs. It has been defined that minor decrease in СО2 emission owing to the use of standard modern biodiesel fuel is followed by significant increase in NOx emission as well as power and water consumption in terms of first-generation biodiesel fuel utilization. VOLVO FЕ Vs were applied for comparative analysis of environmental impact by first-generation biodiesel fuel (i. e. В7, В30, В100) and second-generation fuel being hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Similar tendencies were recognized. Moreover, opportunity to apply biodiesel fuels along with other measures decreasing СО2 emission was analyzed. Originality. Originality is stipulated by the use of the integrated assessment of impact of vehicles on climate change as well as use of natural resources while applying biodiesel fuel for vehicles. Practical value. It is possible to forecast environmental consequences resulting from the use of various biodiesel fuels for Vs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Optimal route for African star apple seed oil base methanolysis is presented. • Temperature was found to be the most significant parameter. • ANN and RSM showed adequate prediction of the production conditions. • ANN-GA showed superior prediction capability with 1.86% more biodiesel yield than RSM. • ANN-GA gave 9.40% faster,15.88% less energy and 16.82% less catalyst than RSM. Efficient and sustainable commercial production of biodiesel requires process optimization and modeling using artificial intelligence techniques. Artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to predict the optimal process conditions for biodiesel synthesis from novel chrysophyllium albidum seed oil. Application of Levenberg -Marquardt algorithm and full factorial central composite design-desirability function analysis were carried out for ANN and RSM respectively. The biodiesel obtained at the optimum conditions was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), AOAC and ASTM D standard methods. The ANN and RSM correlation coefficients were 0.98 and 0.95 respectively. The best RSM fitted model was second order polynomial while the ANN best architecture topology consists of three layers: input layer with four input variables, hidden layer with ten hidden neurons and an output layer with single output variable. Optimization of the process shows that: RSM optimum conditions for biodiesel yield of 85.91wt% validated at 86.85wt% were 65.62°C, 2.14wt% catalyst concentration, 62.04 min and 5.88 methanol: oil molar ratio with overall desirability of 1.00. ANN-GA gave 9.40% faster reaction time and required 15.88% less energy, 3.76% more alcohol and 16.82% less catalyst with 1.86wt% more biodiesel yield than RSM optimized conditions. Ascertained fuel properties, GC–MS and FTIR characterizations confirmed unsaturation and good cold-flow qualities of the biodiesel. Overall results presented ANN-GA as better than RSM and a reliable modeling and optimization technique for viable and sustainable production of biodiesel from chrysophyllum albidum seed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm oil is comparable to traditional diesel fuel in terms of calorifi c value, stoichiometric ratio, and cetane number. However, its increased kinematic viscosity and pour point make it diffi cult to use in pure form in diesel engines. (Research purpose) To study specifi c features of burning: diesel fuel with various additives of palm oil (biodiesel fuel); pure 100-percent palm oil; biodiesel fuel with various additives of palm oil and hydrogen peroxide, as well as to develop a method to control its combustion process. (Materials and methods) To determine the ignition time lag, the authors chose a method of kinetic modeling of self-ignition of biodiesel fuel in the air. The self-ignition process was simulated using the Chemical Workbench software package. An adiabatic calorimetric bomb model was used to perform calculations. To describe the process of self-ignition, a universal kinetic mechanism was used, which was verifi ed to calculate self-ignition of diesel and biodiesel fuel surrogates, as well as the formation of toxic substances and soot in the combustion processes. (Results and discussion) It is shown that adding palm oil to diesel fuel increases its ignition time lag, especially at low and medium temperatures of 750-950 kelvin. It was determined that with addition of 10 percent palm oil, the ignition time lag of biodiesel fuel is almost the same as that of diesel fuel no more than 5 percent. Increasing the amount of palm oil additive up to 30 percent and more signifi cantly increases the ignition time lag of the fuel. When using only palm oil as a fuel, the ignition time lag in the temperature range of 800-950 kelvin increases in two times. The study determined the optimal amount of hydrogen peroxide to be used for each composition of biodiesel fuel with various additives of palm oil. (Conclusions) It is shown that additives of hydrogen peroxide can infl uence the reactivity of biodiesel fuel and thereby regulate its ignition time lag.

Fuel atomization in diesel compression ignition engines is significantly affected on the performance, evaporation, self-ignition, and emissions of the engine. Therefore, the quality of the spray atomization has to study at first. Algae-Derived renewable diesel fuel in a single hole nozzle atomizer has been chosen as an alternative fuel for diesel. The differences in physical properties of algae-derived renewable diesel, biodiesels (from palm and cooked oil) and pure diesel are effected on both spray characteristics and the internal nozzle flow. Numerical simulations are presented in this study using Eulerian-Eulerian technique to model the spray- gas interaction. The spray moments model has been used to characterize the spray parameters. First, the model is validated against the spray tip penetration of diesel spray characteristics obtained from the experimental data conducted in house-code using constant volume spray chamber and the results show a good agreement. Then, comparisons were made among the selected fuels. The numerical simulations show that the algae-derived renewable diesel is very similar to pure diesel and can be used as an alternative fuel.

• A template-free synthesis of nanoporous titanosilicates is developed. • The materials contain loosely packed nanoparticles and show high nanoporosity. • They exhibit suitable Lewis acidity for BDF production from Jatropha oil. • They can be reused without significant activity loss and Si leaching. • The resulting high-quality BDFs meet specifications of international standards. The biodiesel fuel (BDF) derived from non-edible oils is regarded as the most promising alternative fuel to diesel fuel. In this study, a template-free synthesis was developed to prepare nanoporous titanosilicate materials as cost-effective, highly active and reusable solid acid catalysts to convert non-edible Jatropha oil into high-quality BDF. The synthesis involved the cocondensation of sodium silicate and triethanolamine-stabilized titanium species induced by a rapid drop of solution pH. The prepared materials exhibited high nanoporosity and adequate Lewis acidity and could effectively catalyze the simultaneous esterification/transesterification of Jatropha oil while showing extremely low leaching of silicon. The catalytic activity remained high after repeated use. The high-quality Jatropha BDF prepared under optimum conditions met the specifications of international standards, suggesting that the materials are promising for practical BDF production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fractal dimension of the flame front is an important parameter that quantifies the degree of flame folding and twisting as well as the instantaneous mass burning rate. Due to the geometric nature of flame surface folding, the fractal approach is also considered one of the most appropriate methods in power law modelling. Although biodiesel fuel is an important renewable fuel, studies on the fractal dimension of the flame during the combustion of biodiesel and its blends are limited. To address this research gap, combustion assays of biodiesel-diesel mixtures were systematically conducted within a coaxial diffusion burner and a diesel engine. High-resolution images of the evolving combustion flames were captured using a high-speed video camera. Digital image processing was applied to facilitate the extraction of key features from these images. Through the differential box counting (DBC) method, the fractal dimensions of the flame fronts were derived. A comprehensive analysis was carried out, revealing the influence of various parameters on the flame's fractal dimensions, including the biodiesel-diesel blend proportion, blend temperature, engine operational speed, and air flow rate. The results highlight that the fractal dimension undergoes a non-monotonic variation as biodiesel content increases. Specifically, the combustion of B25 blend exhibited the minimum fractal dimension, while the B100 blend showed the maximum. Further, in engine environments, peak fractal dimensions were observed to occur earlier at higher speeds (2200 r/min) with an increase in the biodiesel ratio. These insights not only bridge a critical knowledge gap in power-law modeling for biodiesel combustion but also offer a quantitative understanding of how blend ratios and engine conditions affect flame fractal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study of the process of obtaining biodiesel fuel by reaction of transesterification of rapeseed oil in an ethanol medium in supercritical fluid conditions in the temperature range 623 - 653 K, pressure 30 MPa, molar ratios "ethyl alcohol-rapeseed oil" 12: 1, 18: 1. The influence of heterogeneous catalysts on the amount of product obtained is established.

This paper describes how to produce a biodiesel fuel (BDF) from the waste soup of ramen noodles, especially focusing on the recovery process of the oil (triglycerides) from a large amount of waste soup or the oily wastewater disposed of by pouring it down the sink by a ramen restaurant. By combining a semi-transparent bucket (~6 L) with a cock and solvent extraction, it is shown that oil can be recovered easily from 300 or more bowls of ramen noodle waste soup, with an energy profit ratio (EPR) of more than 5.2. The initial cost of the bucket is about 1600 yen, so it has little effect on the price of the BDF produced from the oil in the ramen noodle waste soup, and it is shown that the increase in running cost to produce BDF by this method is about 2.3 yen/L if the rate of recovery of hexane (solvent) is over 99%, which is approximately equivalent to the production cost of waste-cooking-oil BDF production by previously reported methods. Furthermore, in the case of applying the proposed method based on the solvent extraction to the recovery of oil from the oily wastewater disposed of by a ramen noodle restaurant, it is shown that oil can be recovered from the waste soup of ramen noodles just after disposal as well as from the oily wastewater that spent one day in the grease trap. In the former case, EPR is 5.0, and the estimated amount of BDF is greater than 100 L/month for one restaurant. However, in the case of using the oily wastewater from the grease trap, EPR is less than 2.0 because of the reduction of yield of BDF due to a greater oxidation deterioration of the recovered oil, when the alkyl catalyst method is used. Therefore, it is desirable to recover oil from the oily wastewater at the drain pipe just after the sink.

Using biodiesel fuel in diesel engines for heavy-duty transport is important to meet the stringent emission regulations. Biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel and its physical and chemical properties are close to diesel fuel, yet there is still a need to analyze and tune the fuel injection parameters to optimize the combustion process and emissions. A four-injections strategy was used: two pilots, one main and one post injection. A highly advanced SOI decreases the NOx and the compression work but makes the combustion process less efficient. The pilot injection fuel mass influences the combustion only at injection close to the top dead center during the compression stroke. The post injection has no influence on the compression work, only on the emissions and the indicated work. An optimal injection strategy was found to be: pilot SOI 19.2 CAD BTDC, pilot injection fuel mass 25.4%; main SOI 3.7 CAD BTDC, main injection fuel mass 67.3% mg; post SOI 2 CAD ATDC, post injection fuel mass 7.3% (the injection fuel mass is given as a percentage of the total fuel mass injected). This allows the indicated work near the base case level to be maintained, the pressure rise rate to decrease by 20% and NOx emissions to decrease by 10%, but leads to a 5% increase in PM emissions.

The possibility of using anhydrous sodium pyrophosphate and its decahydrate in transesterification of triacyl glycerides (with sunflower and rapeseed oils as examples) with methanol to obtain biodiesel fuel was examined. As shown by gas-chromatographic analysis, at the vegetable oil to methanol ratio of 1: 12, temperature of 65°C, reaction time of 2 h, and catalyst concentration of no less than 6 wt %, the maximal yield of methyl esters of fatty acids (biodiesel) was 93 and 69% when using Na4P2O7 and Na4P2O7·10H2O, respectively. The catalytic effect of sodium pyrophosphate in the transesterification of triacyl glycerides was attributed to its methanolysis with the formation of sodium methylate. Water present in sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate causes hydrolysis of the formed sodium methylate; therefore, the yield of methyl esters of fatty acids is lower than with anhydrous pyrophosphate. Anhydrous sodium pyrophosphate can be used repeatedly no less than five times without significant decrease in the yield of methyl esters of fatty acids. Sodium pyrophosphate can be recommended for use in transesterification with other esters and alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is a determining factor for the global economy blossom. Nowadays, near 80% of the entire energy obtained from fossil fuel is principally applied for transportation area. Exhaustion of fossil fuel sources and greenhouse gases discharge inspire to the search of alternative fuels such as biodiesel. Due to the similar fuel attributes, biodiesel can be regarded as a replacement for diesel. In this study, it is aimed at producing four different biodiesel blends using sunflower oil, corn oil, canola oil, and restaurant waste oil by employing the Transesterification method. Energy and exergy analyses for pure diesel and four extracted biodiesel fuels were conducted operating a direct injection and four-cylinder in-line diesel engine with 3970 c.c. At 50%, and 100% engine load for the speed of 1700 and 2400 rpm. Brake specific fuel consumption, Energy parameters (Input energy, Brake thermal efficiency of the engine, Combustion efficiency, and Energy losses), and exergy parameters (Exergy destruction and exergy efficiency) were assessed. It was found that by increases in brake thermal efficiency, the brake-specific fuel consumption lowers. At 1700 rpm, B20 canola biodiesel blend has the lowest brake-specific fuel consumption and has the best efficiency. At 2400 rpm, B10 canola biodiesel blend presents the lowest fuel consumption and the highest efficiency. In the case of exergy analyses, B10 canola biodiesel shows the highest exergy efficiency in both engine speeds. And the canola biodiesel blends present the lowest exergy destruction in all engine states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradation of liquid petroleum motor fuels and fuel mixtures containing biodiesel fuel (methyl ethers of rapeseed fatty acids) by aerobic acidophilic actinobacteria Mycobacterium sp. AGS10 was studied. Strain AGS10 was found to be able to grow on aviation kerosene Jet A-1 as the sole carbon and energy source under highly acidic conditions. After 21 days of cultivation at 30°C and pH 2.5, bacterial numbers increased from 4.2 × 106 to 7.0 × 108 cells/mL, while the hexane-soluble part of the fuel was degraded by 90.4%. The strain also utilized components of the winter diesel fuel, including С8–С20n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, and aromatic compounds. Overall hydrocarbon consumption under the same conditions was 99.4%. The ratio of (iso-С19 (pristane) + iso-С20 (phytane))/(n-С17 + n-С18) changed from 1.21 in the control to 2.39 in the experiment with bacterial degradation, which indicated preferable utilization of n-alkanes, rather than isoprenoids. Over 90% of diesel fuel hydrocarbons were consumed from day 4 to day 12 of cultivation, while abundance of the bacterial population increased by three orders of magnitude. Strain AGS10 consumed both hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing (plant-derived) components of the fuel mixtures with biodiesel fuel. Bacteria preferentially consumed hydrocarbons, and the ratio between oil diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel in the mixture changed in the course of incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel atomization in diesel compression ignition engines is significantly affected on the performance, evaporation, self-ignition, and emissions of the engine. Therefore, the quality of the spray atomization has to study at first. Algae-Derived renewable diesel fuel in a single hole nozzle atomizer has been chosen as an alternative fuel for diesel. The differences in physical properties of algae-derived renewable diesel, biodiesels (from palm and cooked oil) and pure diesel are effected on both spray characteristics and the internal nozzle flow. Numerical simulations are presented in this study using Eulerian-Eulerian technique to model the spraygas interaction. The spray moments model has been used to characterize the spray parameters. First, the model is validated against the spray tip penetration of diesel spray characteristics obtained from the experimental data conducted in house-code using constant volume spray chamber and the results show a good agreement. Then, comparisons were made among the selected fuels. The numerical simulations show that the algae-derived renewable diesel is very similar to pure diesel and can be used as an alternative fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Biodiesel is an important alternative fuel produced by blending biofuels with petroleum diesel. Biofuel production is usually carried out by catalytic interesterification of animal fats or vegetable oils, followed by the removal of by-products and catalysts through washing with water. Residual amounts of water and catalysts can accelerate fuel biodegradation and contribute to the corrosion of metal surfaces. Considering the need to control the quality of biodiesel fuel, a simple and environmentally friendly analytical approach was first developed for the determination of water and metals (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium as catalysts, and iron, copper, tin, zinc, lead as feedstock elements) using a deep eutectic solvent. The technique involved microextraction of analytes from biodiesel into a new three-component deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride, lactic acid, and cobalt chloride) using a laboratory vortex, followed by impregnating the filter paper with the obtained extract to determine the analytes. The colorimetric determination of water is based on a change in the color of the deep eutectic solvent, which goes from blue to pink due to the formation of cobalt aqua complexes. The detection of water on the filter paper was carried out using a conventional scanner. The content of metals on the filter paper was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Under optimal conditions, the detection limit was 100 mg kg−1 for water and 0.03–3 mg kg−1 for metals. The technique enabled multicomponent analysis to be carried out without the use of dangerous Karl Fischer reagents (for water determination) and microwave mineralization of samples (for elemental analysis). The enrichment factor ranged from 290 to 330, and the RSD was less than 15%. [Display omitted] • A new DES based on choline chloride, cobalt chloride and lactic acid. • Three-component DES for microextraction and colorimetric determination of water. • Three-component DES for microextraction and XRF determination of metals. • Impregnated filter paper technique using DES for the determination of water and metals. • Simultaneous determination of water and metals in biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies of the influence of properties of biodiesel fuel compositions to change indicator parameters of diesel compared with those obtained when using oil fuel. The effect of these changes on the fuel efficiency and environmental performance of a diesel engine when switching on the power binary fuel.

The combustion performance of a conventional rail diesel engine was investigated by measuring the exhaust gas with the respect to the number of injector holes, fuel type, and the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), to provide a detailed reduction of environmental pollutants. It was found that a six- or seven-hole injector was more effective than a five-hole injector for reducing the exhaust gas. In addition, the mixing of 20% biodiesel oil with diesel most effectively reduced the HC and NOx contents. The technology generally reduced the NOx and CO contents of the exhaust, but had no significant effect on the HC and CO2 contents.

The ways of decreasing the toxicity of exhaust gases produced by the biodiesel engine are determined analitically. Optimization of the corner of advancing the fuel supply and the coefficient of air surplus is offered as the action of adjusting character, providing the improvement of ecological indexes of the biodiesel engine.

Abstract Biodiesel is evolving to be one of the most employed biofuels for partial replacement of petroleum based diesel fuel, especially in recent years. The most widely used feedstocks for biodiesel production are vegetable oils. In this work, biodiesel production from castor oil has been synthesized by homogenous alkaline transesterification. The influence of catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time in the methyl ester content reached by castor oil transesterification have been evaluated. A yield of 95 wt% biodiesel was achieved at 1 wt% KOH, 60 °C, 9:1 methanol:oil ratio and 30 min reaction time. Transesterification at temperature 30 °C gave a yield compatibles with that obtained at 60 °C. The composition of the fatty acid methyl ester was determined by Gas Chromatography. The castor oil biodiesel produced was blended with different concentrations of petrodiesel to obtain B5, B10 and B20. The biodiesel properties and its blends were determined according to the standard test methods of analysis. The results showed that Castor oil biodiesel in the blends could lower the cloud point value, but simultaneously, increases the viscosity of the diesel–biodiesel blends. Thus, castor oil biodiesel with its very low cloud and pour points is suitable for using in extreme winter temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrafast gas chromatography (UFGC) along with supervised and unsupervised chemometric methods were utilized for evaluation of biodiesel-diesel blended fuels. A variety of biodiesel feedstocks (soybean, tallow, canola, safflower, sunflower, camelina, flaxseed, etc.) and concentrations (1–20%) were evaluated. The method, which uses a short nonpolar column, falls within ASTM D7798 requirements for diesel and extends the method to include biodiesel-diesel blended fuels. Using Principal Components Analysis (PCA), samples clustered based on concentration and diesel type, and differences in plant and animal feedstocks were apparent. Biodiesel concentration was accurately assessed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) on a training set for B0–B20, while predictions were made with some success on a set of commercial and lab unknowns. k Nearest Neighbors (kNN) was used to describe and predict concentration, plant versus animal feedstock, and to identify biodiesel blends. The combination of chemometric methods alongside UFGC proves an effective and fast technique for the analysis of biodiesel source and composition in biodiesel-diesel blended fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behaviors of a biofuel and a fossil fuel were evaluated by different techniques, namely thermal analysis (Thermogravimetry-TG and Differential Thermal Analysis-DTA) and engine performance tests. From TG and DTA curves, two decomposition phases were identified for diesel fuel with ignition temperature (IT) at 250 °C and three phases for biodiesel fuel with IT at 300 °C. Combining conversion ( α ) versus temperature and a model-free kinetics method, the range of activation energies ( E a ) values were determined for both diesel (from 48.5 kJ mol −1 up to 61.0 kJ mol −1 ) and biodiesel (from 58.6 kJ mol −1 up to 55.0 kJ mol −1 ) fuels. At the initial phase of combustion, diesel fuel presents lower E a and IT than biodiesel fuel. At the final phase of combustion, an opposite behavior is observed. These results provide subsides to predict that the behavior of diesel-biodiesel blends is the best option due to the lowering of E a along the entire combustion process. As regards the engine tests, the B20 blend showed improvements compared with diesel fuel. In average, B20 presented increases of 1.2% in power, 1.0% in torque and 1.2% in thermal efficiency. In terms of soot, B20 presented 8.9% lower emissions than diesel fuel. Although thermal analysis and engine performance tests are executed under very different conditions, the results from both techniques showed the same trend, i.e., the best option for the combustion performance is a diesel-biodiesel blend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]