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Antivirulence strategies have emerged as next-generation therapies that are now becoming refractory to the use of traditional antimicrobial approaches. Considering the global medical burden associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, there is a pressing need to explore therapeutic alternatives. In this direction, the current study was aimed at investigating the combinational effects of α-terpineol (α-T) and terpinen-4-ol (T-4-ol), the principal bioactive components of tea tree oil, against P. aeruginosa. The phytochemical combination was examined for synergistic interaction and various biological properties, including antibacterial, quorum quenching (QQ), and antivirulence potential. α-T and T-4-ol displayed synergism and harbored profuse antibacterial properties against P. aeruginosa. The phytochemicals inhibited quorum sensing (QS) in biosensor strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Chromobacterium violaceum by suppressing lacZ and diminishing violacein production, respectively. Moreover, α-T and T-4-ol, independently and in combination, extended antivirulence response by significantly reducing hemolysin, pyocyanin, pyochelin, and total protease production in P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14. Hence, this study suggests that the phytochemical combination of α-T and T-4-ol can be used as a potent antivirulence elixir over antibiotics to combat P. aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: As societies undergo shifts in dietary patterns, there is often an increase in nutrition‐related issues. This is particularly evident in the case of wheat bakery products, which have evolved in an unsustainable way. The fortification of wheat flour with vegetables has emerged as a strategy to mitigate the imbalanced composition of white bread. The objective of this study is to address existing knowledge gaps regarding nutritional quality and technological characteristics of food‐to‐food fortified bakery products. A blend of Beta vulgaris powder (up to 5% of the total weight) was incorporated into commercial wheat white flour, and the resulting composition and technological parameters were analysed throughout the bread‐making process, using standard methods (e.g., AAAC, ISO). The sensory assessment of the tested fortified baking products formulations was conducted. The 178 volunteer consumers noted the differences conveyed by B. vulgaris, but scored the taste and colour as acceptable (6 out of 9). Formulations containing moderate amounts of chard (e.g., 2%) were most appreciated. This study demonstrates that B. vulgaris can be employed to enrich white bread, particularly in minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and iron, in a readily actionable manner that is well accepted by consumers. Furthermore, the use of flour blends contributes to mitigate the impact of fluctuations in wheat availability, thereby enhancing food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammatory diseases pose a substantial health challenge globally, significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality. Addressing this issue requires the use of effective anti-inflammatory strategies with fewer side effects than those provoked by currently used drugs. In this study, a range of phytochemicals (phenolic di-caffeoylquinic acid (Di-CQA), flavonoid cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside (Cy3,5DiG), aromatic isothiocyanate sinalbin (SNB) and aliphatic isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN)) sourced from vegetables and fruits underwent assessment for their potential anti-inflammatory activity. An in vitro model of human macrophage-like cells treated with a low dose of LPS to obtain a low degree of inflammation that emulates a chronic inflammation scenario revealed promising results. Cell viability and production of the key pro-inflammatory cytokines were assessed in the presence of various phytochemicals. The compounds Di-CQA and Cy-3,5-DiG, within low physiologically relevant doses, demonstrated notable anti-inflammatory effects by significantly reducing the production of key pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 without affecting cell viability. These findings underscore the potential of plant-derived bioactive compounds as valuable contributors to the prevention or treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. These results suggest that these compounds, whether used individually or as part of natural mixtures, hold promise for their inclusion in nutritional interventions designed to mitigate inflammation in associated pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Fish can justify a healthy human diet. Spoilage is caused due to microbial degradation and oxidative rancidity. Herbs and spices (H&S) are common ingredients in fish marination to improve quality and appeal to consumers globally. The given review delves into the potential of H&S to extend the freshness of fish while also addressing challenges in maximising their effectiveness for preservation and proposing innovative solutions. H&S with antimicrobial (AM) and antioxidative (AO) effects reduce biogenic amine (BA) formation by inhibiting the decarboxylation of free amino acids through microbial reduction and retarding lipid oxidation of free fatty acids by countering free radicals. Combining organoleptically standardised H&S with diverse microbial hurdle techniques supports extensive domestic utilisation, extending the shelf life of fish significantly compared to using them alone. The present findings recommend that H&S can maintain fish quality for 6–20 days, depending on the fish species, packaging, and AO/AM potential in refrigeration conditions. Thyme, garlic, ginger, stevia, turmeric, laurel, sage, cinnamon, cumin, mint, and rosemary are found to be the most potent preservatives that could be utilised commercially to increase fish's shelf life. Variations in H&S extracts and fish muscle composition pose challenges in optimising the effectiveness of bioactive compounds in fish preservation. Innovative approaches for utilising H&S essential oils (EOs) and advanced delivery techniques offer solutions to these challenges, leading to improved fish quality and limited shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's Disease, characterized by a progressive cognitive decline, is rising worldwide. Despite the considerable efforts to unveil the neuropsychological bases of these diseases, there is still an unmet medical need for effective therapies against cognitive deficits. In recent years, increasing laboratory evidence indicates the potential of phytotherapy as an integrative aid to improve cognitive functions. In this review, we describe the data of plant whole extracts or single compounds' efficacy on validated preclinical models and neuropsychological tests, aiming to correlate brain mechanisms underlying rodent behavioral responses to human findings. After a search of the literature, the overview was limited to the following plants: Dioscorea batatas, Ginkgo biloba, Melissa officinalis, Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, Panax ginseng, Punica granatum, and Vitis vinifera. Results showed significant improvements in different cognitive functions, such as learning and memory or visuospatial abilities, in both humans and rodents. However, despite promising laboratory evidence, clinical translation has been dampened by a limited pharmacological characterization of the single bioactive components of the herbal products. Depicting the contribution of the single phytochemicals to the phytocomplex's pharmacological efficacy could enable the comprehension of their potential synergistic activity, leading to phytotherapy inclusion in the existing therapeutic package against cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zika virus infection is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has become a global health concern recently. Zika virus belongs to the Flavivirus genus and is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Prevention of Zika virus infection involves avoiding mosquito bites by using repellent, wearing protective clothing, and staying in screened areas, especially for pregnant women. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with rest, fluids, and acetaminophen, with close monitoring for pregnant women. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for the Zika virus, highlighting the importance of prevention strategies to control its spread. Therefore, in this study, the Zika virus non-structural protein NS3 was targeted to inhibit Zika infection by identifying the novel inhibitor through an in silico approach. Here, 2864 natural compounds were screened using a machine learning-based QSAR model, and later docking was performed to select the potential target. Subsequently, Tanimoto similarity and clustering were performed to obtain the potential target. The three most potential compounds were obtained: (a) 5297, (b) 432449, and (c) 85137543. The protein–ligand complex's stability and flexibility were then investigated by dynamic modelling. The 300 ns simulation showed that 5297 exhibited the steadiest deviation and constant creation of hydrogen bonds. Compared to the other compounds, 5297 demonstrated a superior binding free energy (ΔG = −20.81 kcal/mol) with the protein when the MM/GBSA technique was used. The study determined that 5297 showed significant therapeutic potential and justifies further experimental investigation as a possible inhibitor of the NS2B-NS3 protease target implicated in Zika virus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing impact of climate change and growing consumer interest in healthful foods have forced a reconsideration of indigenous plants as sustainable food resources. Parinari curatellifolia, popularly known as Mobola plum, is a prominent African underutilized plant whose natural habitat stretches from West to Southern Africa. It is an important source of food and ethnomedicines across Africa, a status boosted by the rich content of nutrients and phytochemicals in its different plant parts. Extracts from the different parts of the P. curatellifolia plant, which include leaves, pulp, seed, and whole fruit, have exhibited a broad range of health benefits, promoting its valorization into value-added products that are being marketed globally. This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on P. curatellifolia, critically discussing its nutritional composition, bioactive phytochemicals, biological activities, safety and allergenicity, application in ethnomedicine, and value-added food and cosmetic products. To incite further research on this plant and its consideration as a vital resource that can be sustainably utilized to improve food and nutrition security and human health, the knowledge gaps and prospects of P. curatellifolia are highlighted.

Herbs rich in secondary metabolites may possess beneficial properties in livestock nutrition and health. 49 Polygonaceae species of European mountain regions were included in a qualitative systematic review based on the methodological framework of the PRISMA statement. 174 relevant publications were identified. They comprised 231 in vitro and 163 in vivo experiments with cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, pigs, and rodents. For 16 Polygonaceae species no reports were found. Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum showed potential as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and metabolic modifying herbs and feeds improving intake and nitrogen conversion in broiler as well as milk quality and ruminal biotransformation in dairy cows. Polygonum aviculare was promising as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drug or feed, improving performance and affecting ruminal biotransformation in sheep, and Polygonum bistorta as an anti-inflammatory drug or feed, improving performance in broiler and mitigating methane emissions in ruminants. Rumex obtusifolius showed potential as an antibacterial drug or feed improving ruminal biotransformation and preventing bloating in cows, while Rumex acetosa and Rumex acetosella had antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, Polygonum minus, Polygonum persicaria, Rumex crispus and Rumex patientia possess interesting anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. In conclusion, some Polygonaceae species show relevant properties that might be useful to prevent and treat livestock diseases, combined with nutritional benefits in performance, product quality, lowering ruminal methane and ammonia formation and transferring omega-3 fatty-acids from feed to tissue. The potential of such multifunctional plants for a holistic integration of veterinary, nutritional and ecological perspectives under a one-health approach of livestock management is discussed.

Myrtaceae is one of the most important plants families, being regarded as the eighth largest flowering plant family. It includes many genera of utmost ecological and economical importance distributed all over the world. This review aimed to report the latest studies on this family focusing on certain widely used plants including Eucalyptus sp., Eugenia sp. (Eugenia uniflora, Eugenia sulcata), Syzygium sp. (Syzygium aromaticum and Syzygium cumini), Psidium sp., Pimenta dioica, Myrtus sp. (Myrtus communis), Myrciaria sp. and Melaleuca alternifolia. The extraction of bioactive compounds has been evolving through the optimization of conventional methods and the use of emerging technologies. Supercritical CO2 was applied for essential oils and ultrasound for polyphenols leading to extracts and essential oils rich in bioactive compounds. Advances in the field of encapsulation and delivery systems showed promising results in the production of stable essential oils nanoemulsions and liposomes and the production of plant extracts in the form of nanoparticles. Moreover, a significant increase in the number of patents was noticed especially the application of Myrtaceae extracts in the pharrmacuetucal field. The applications of ceratin plants (Pimenta dioica, Melaleuca alternifolia, Syzygium aromaticum essential oils or Myrciaria cauliflora peel extract) in food area (either as a free or encapsulated form) also showed interesting results in limiting microbial spoilage of fresh meat and fish, slowing oxidative degradation in meat products, and inhibiting aflatoxin production in maize. Despite the massive literature on Myrtaceae plants, advances are still necessary to optimize the extraction with environmentally friendly technologies and carry out risk assessment studies should be accomplished to harness the full potential in food, industrial and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lamiaceae family: valued in medicine, the food industry and cosmetics. • Salvia officinalis (SO): aromatic oils and various bioactive components. • Phenolic diterpenes in SO prevent obesity, diabetes and cancer. • Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of flavonoids and phenolic acids of SO. • SO as a potential natural food additive that extends the shelf life of food. The botanical family Lamiaceae, which comprises around 230 genera and 7100 species worldwide, is of great importance for medicine, cooking, cosmetics, and the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants. Notable members include Sage, Mint, and Sideritis. This review focuses on S. officinalis L. (S. officinalis), commonly known as sage, and in particular its bioactive constituents and their potential medicinal applications. Extensive searches of databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were conducted. The research emphasizes the antioxidant properties of S. officinalis due to its flavonoids and phenolic acids. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate its effectiveness against bacterial infections. Recent research also suggests that S. officinalis has the potential to extend the shelf life of various foods by reducing lipid oxidation, making it an important ingredient in the food industry as a natural food additive. The findings underscore the potential medicinal applications of S. officinalis , including its pharmacological, antioxidant and antibacterial properties, as well as its role in food preservation. Despite existing controversies, S. officinalis proves to be a natural and healthier alternative for various applications, in line with today's consumer preferences for natural and sustainable products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Fruit is a crucial component of our diet, and breeding to produce nutrient‐rich cultivars necessitates a thorough examination of their metabolite composition. Fruit contains hundreds of different chemicals, including both primary and secondary (or specialised) metabolites. The structural diversity of health promoting and sensory attributes imparting metabolites and their complex interactions during fruit growth and developments were uncovered by high‐throughput metabolomics. Both targeted and non‐targeted metabolomics approach are used for the comprehensive analysis of small molecules from various complex matrices, addressing genetic, environment effect, metabolic programming, etc. With advances of mass spectrometer (MS), targeted metabolomics with non‐targeted metabolomics, MS‐based fingerprinting, profiling or imaging strategies and pseudo‐targeted are being employed to elucidate novel bioactive compounds. The exemplary reports cover a wide range of fruit metabolic implications, addressing the impact of processing on fruit flavour quality, the identification of sensory and nutraceutical biomarkers in fruits, metabolic alterations in fruits during post‐harvesting and future prospects. The examination of metabolomics profiles of multiple fruit species is anticipated to be benefitted for the expansion of fruits in terms of nutritional and health benefits aspects in the upcoming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agave angustifolia (AA) and Agave sisalana (AS) are used by local communities for medicinal purposes to treat skin conditions. Small companies add Agave leaf extracts to their cosmetic products, claiming calming and skin-rejuvenating qualities. Aim: The study aimed to assess the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of AA and AS verifying the traditional therapeutic claims about the species and accordingly establishing the assertions of cottage industries. Setting: The AA leaves were collected from the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, while AS leaves were sourced from the iLembe district municipality. Methods: The phytochemical extracts were obtained by gradient solvent maceration of the leaves. Qualitative phytochemical screening established the presence of bioactive phytochemicals in the extract. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and the ferric reducing and/or antioxidant power (FRAP) methods measured the bioactive phytochemicals’ antioxidant activity. Results: Qualitative phytochemical evaluation confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites in both plants. AS extracts also contained alkaloids. The DPPH antioxidant activity indicated that Agave extracts had 20% to 80% scavenging activity. AS methanol extract had the maximum antioxidant activity among all the extracts. AA methanol and AS hexane extracts had no antioxidant activity. AA ethyl acetate extract had higher antioxidant activity (64%) than AS (52%). AA hexane extract had 70% activity while AS hexane extract had 30%. Conclusion: The detected phytochemicals indicate potential use for emulsifying, antioxidant, anti-ageing, anti-inflammatory, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Contribution: This study contributes to the existing knowledge of the therapeutic properties of AA and AS plants.

This study explores the bioactive secondary metabolite profiles of the peels of three major cultivars of bananas (Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana). These cultivars are primarily grown in Southeast Asia and are widely consumed due to their rich nutritional and fiber content. The research utilizes advanced analytical techniques, specifically HPLC-DAD-q-TOF-MS/MS, in conjunction with both univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, to analyze the ethanolic extracts of the banana peels. This study identifies phenolic acids, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as significant contributors to the differentiation of the cultivars. The secondary metabolites rutin, chlorogenic acid, and gentisic acid are pinpointed as the key discriminants. Moreover, the research demonstrates a synergistic contribution of certain phytochemicals to the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the banana peel extracts. The fingerprint profiling tools introduced in this study offer a reliable method for identifying metabolite biomarkers for the discrimination of banana cultivars.

Thevetia peruviana (T. peruviana; Family: Apocynaceae), commonly known as Lucky Nut, is a traditionally and medicinally important plant, and the barks of the plant are traditionally used as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antibacterial remedies. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate bioactive phytochemicals and in-vitro biological activities from the bark of T. peruviana using methanolic (TPM) and dichloromethane (TPD) extracts. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 54 and 39 bioactive compounds in TPM and TPD, respectively. The TPM extract has a higher level of total polyphenolic contents (TPC: 70.89 ± 1.08 and 51.07 ± 0.78 mg GAE/g extracts, while TFC: 56.89 ± 1.16 and 44.12 ± 1.76 Qu.E/g extracts for TPM and TPD, respectively). Herein, the results of antioxidant activities were also found in correlation with the total polyphenolic contents i.e., depicting the higher antioxidant potential of TPM compared to TPD. The significant inhibitory activities of extracts were observed against tyrosinase (TPM; 59.43 ± 2.87 %, TPD; 53.43 ± 2.65 %), lipoxygenase (TPM; 77.1 ± 1.2 %, TPD; 59.3 ± 0.1 %), and α-glucosidase (TPM; 71.32 ± 2.44 %, TPD; 67.86 ± 3.011 %). Furthermore, in comparison to co-amoxiclave, the antibacterial property against five bacterial strains was significant assayed. The compounds obtained through GC-MS analysis were subjected to in-silico molecular docking studies, and the phyto-constituents with maximum binding scores were then subjected to ADME analysis. The results of in-silico studies revealed that the binding affinity of several phyto-constituents was even greater than that of the standard inhibitory ligands. ADME analysis showed bioavailability radars of phyto-constituents having maximum docking scores in molecular docking. The results of this study indicated that T. peruviana has bioactive phytochemicals and therapeutic potential and may provide a basis for treating metabolic disorders (inflammatory diseases like rheumatism and diabetes), bacterial infections, and skin-related problems.

Azanza garckeana is a tropical African plant commonly used for food and medicine. This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant, phytochemicals and the bioactive compounds present in n-hexane, ethylacetate and methanol fractions of the methanolic extract of Azanza garckeana leaves. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant assayed were carried out using standard methods, while bioactive compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The phytochemical compositions revealed considerable level of tannins and saponins with moderate concentration of flavonoids and steroids in the methanol fraction; whereas n-hexane fraction also showed considerable amount of tannins followed by saponins and a low concentration of steroids. However, ethylacetate fraction had the highest yield of tannins, steroids, and terpenoids which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than methanolic fraction and n-hexane fraction respectively. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic crude extract of A. garckeana leaves showed that the % DPPH radical scavenging activity of the crude extract increased with decreased in concentration when compared with the standard antioxidant (ascorbic acid). The result of GC-FID analysis revealed the presence of nineteen constituents in n-hexane fraction, while ethylacetate and methanol fractions each have twenty constituents. This result showed that Azanza garckeana leaves contain health-promoting bioactive compounds with potent antioxidants.

Zika virus infection is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has become a global health concern recently. Zika virus belongs to the Flavivirus genus and is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Prevention of Zika virus infection involves avoiding mosquito bites by using repellent, wearing protective clothing, and staying in screened areas, especially for pregnant women. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with rest, fluids, and acetaminophen, with close monitoring for pregnant women. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for the Zika virus, highlighting the importance of prevention strategies to control its spread. Therefore, in this study, the Zika virus non-structural protein NS3 was targeted to inhibit Zika infection by identifying the novel inhibitor through an in silico approach. Here, 2864 natural compounds were screened using a machine learning-based QSAR model, and later docking was performed to select the potential target. Subsequently, Tanimoto similarity and clustering were performed to obtain the potential target. The three most potential compounds were obtained: (a) 5297, (b) 432449, and (c) 85137543. The protein–ligand complex’s stability and flexibility were then investigated by dynamic modelling. The 300 ns simulation showed that 5297 exhibited the steadiest deviation and constant creation of hydrogen bonds. Compared to the other compounds, 5297 demonstrated a superior binding free energy (ΔG = −20.81 kcal/mol) with the protein when the MM/GBSA technique was used. The study determined that 5297 showed significant therapeutic potential and justifies further experimental investigation as a possible inhibitor of the NS2B-NS3 protease target implicated in Zika virus infection.

Abstract In this study, the hepatoprotective effect of alkali extract (NE) of water bamboo shoot (WBS) against acute alcoholic liver injury (ALI) in mice was evaluated, and its underlying mechanisms were explored. Animal experiment demonstrated that NE exhibited hepatoprotective effect on alcoholic intake‐induced ALI via significantly enhancing the hepatic activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and catalase (CAT), whereas significantly attenuated hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). The potential molecular mechanism and bioactive compounds of NE against ALI were explored by bioinformatics analysis and isosinensetin was found to be the major bioactive compounds in NE against ALI. The western blot analysis showed that NE inhibited phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα to suppress the NF‐κB pathway. Overall our result indicated that WBS possesses potential hepatoprotective effects against ALI.

A biofilm is a natural form of a surface-attached community of bacterial cells bound to each other by an extracellular matrix. The challenge of biofilm-linked infections is the noteworthy resistance of bacterial cells to both host immune responses and available antibiotics. Moreover, the misuse of antibiotics led to the emergence and widespread occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among different pathogens, consequently, increasing the chronicity of biofilmassociated infections and threatening human lives. Natural products like plant-derived antibiofilm agents could offer more therapeutic efficiency with fewer adverse effects than conventional antimicrobials. Agro-food wastes are an abundant resource of antimicrobial phytoconstituents that can modulate different biofilm formation and development mechanisms. The accumulation of food biowaste in huge amounts results in adverse economic and environmental consequences. Therefore, valorization and recycling of this bio-waste have captured the attention and sparked the research interest of scientists all over the world. The main aim of the present review is to shed light on recent studies that delve into the antibiofilm potential of agro-food by-products as a sustainable resource of innovative and promising candidates. The latest articles from various databases such as the Egyptian Knowledge Bank, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier databases, and Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases were screened over the period from 2017 to 2023. The major keywords for searching were biofilm inhibition, agro-food waste, natural origins, environmental sustainability, quorum-sensing mechanisms, and industrial by-products. In conclusion, agro-food waste is considered a sustainable resource of several precious bioactive compounds that could offer new promising antibiofilm candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercus species have been widely used in traditional medicine, and recently, researchers' attention has focused on galls of the genus Quercus as a source of health-promoting phytochemicals. This review presents a summary of the most recent findings on the phytochemistry and bioactivity of oak galls, following the screening of scientific papers published in two relevant databases, PubMed and Embase, between January 2018 and June 2023. The oak galls are rich in active compounds, mostly gallotannins and phenolic acids. Due to these secondary metabolites, the reviewed studies have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, antimicrobial properties, tissue-protective effects, and antitumor, anti-aging, and hypoglycemic potential. Thus, oak galls are a promising natural matrix, to be considered in obtaining pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations used in anti-aging strategies and, together with medications, in the management of age-related diseases. In further evaluations, the valuable functional properties of oak galls, reported mostly in preclinical studies, should be confirmed with clinical studies that would also take into account the potential health risks of their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Domestication of novel crops from the wild is a key process that ensures food security by addressing adaptability to changing environments. These wild plants offer broader and unique health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Salinization resulted in a drastic reduction of arable land and freshwater intended for cultivation. Thus, the global food production is currently under a risk of meeting the demands. Salt‐tolerant plants (i.e., halophytes) are potential food candidates that can be used to increase the productivity of salinized land and also to enhance the diversification of food production. Salicornia can survive under hypersaline and extreme climatic conditions and deliver tender shoots and dried seeds that can be used as a food with a unique taste, texture, and therapeutic benefits. Although Salicornia is not equally popular among all the food cultures globally, it has been consumed over centuries, and it is now making its way to the shelves of supermarkets in some countries such as the United States, UAE, South Korea, and Mexico. Despite being an underutilized crop, Salicornia possesses an array of chemical compounds or basic derivatives that can enhance antioxidant, anti‐obesity, antidiabetes, anti‐inflammatory, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties of human nutrition. The presence of considerable amounts of nutritional elements and various functional bioactive phytochemicals have opened up avenues of using Salicornia as a functional food. The present paper reviews the recognition of Salicornia as a functional food and a potential cash crop in saline agriculture to enhance agricultural productivity and also to diversify the current food supply chain.

Summary: Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) belongs to the Rosaceae family. The fruit is very beneficial, with a delicious taste, attractive colour, and high vitamin and mineral content. The effect of chitosan on juice's transparency and phytochemical properties from the Camarosa cultivar was evaluated. Using chitosan as a clarifying agent for strawberry juice significantly reduced turbidity, phenolic content, flavonoids, protein and antioxidant properties. In contrast, the quantity of soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, folate, vitamin C, anthocyanin and carbohydrates showed no significant changes. Changes were also observed in the colour‐related parameters of the juice. In order to assess potential contamination in strawberry fruit, the levels of heavy metals and pesticide residues were analysed separately using ICP and GC–MS techniques. There was a significant reduction in the levels of Cu, As, Co, Pb and Cd in strawberry juice after treatment with chitosan. Reducing heavy metals in fruit juice using chitosan helps improve the fruit juice's safety, nutritional properties and health benefits. It can be posited that chitosan affords the production of a more nutritious and healthier fruit juice as compared to natural strawberry fruit. Using chitosan as a clarifying agent produces a juice with extraordinary clarity, improves the safety, health benefits and nutritional value, and produces a consumer‐friendly product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytogenically synthesised nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems have promising potential in the field of biopharmaceuticals. From the point of view of biomedical applications, such systems offer the small size, high surface area, and possible synergistic effects of NPs with embedded biomolecules. This article describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using extracts from the flowers and leaves of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), which is known as a remedy for many health problems, including cancer. The reducing power of the extracts was confirmed by total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant tests. The Ag-NPs were characterised by various analytical techniques including UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and a dynamic light scattering (DLS) system. The obtained Ag-NPs showed higher cytotoxic activity than the initial extracts against both human cervical cancer cell lines HeLa (ATCC CCL-2) and human melanoma cell lines A375 and SK-MEL-3 by MTT assay. However, the high toxicity to Vero cell culture (ATCC CCL-81) and human fibroblast cell line WS-1 rules out the possibility of their use as anticancer agents. The plant-mediated Ag-NPs were mostly bactericidal against tested strains with MBC/MIC index ≤4. Antifungal bioactivity (C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis) was not observed for aqueous extracts (MIC > 8000 mg L−1), but Ag-NPs synthesised using both the flowers and leaves of tansy were very potent against Candida spp., with MIC 15.6 and 7.8 µg mL−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chokeberry, a type of berry fruit, has garnered attention in recent years due to its remarkable antioxidant properties. The rich bioactive components found in its fruits have been found to exert positive effects on human health. In this research, the growth, yield, and quality of two chokeberry cultivars ('Nero' and 'Viking') were evaluated, along with detailed biochemical parameters of the fruits, across different harvest dates ranging from mid-August to mid-September. During the experiment, it was observed that the 'Viking' cultivar exhibited more upright and taller plant growth than 'Nero'. There were no significant differences observed between the cultivars in terms of yield, total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolic content (TPC), total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA), and antioxidant activity. However, 'Nero' demonstrated superiority in phenolic acids (excluding ferulic acid), glucose, citric acid, quinic acid, and ascorbic acid content. As the harvest progressed from August 31 to September 15, there was an increase in the accumulation of fruit TSS, TPC, TMA, sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol, epicatechin, neo-chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid. Harvest dates did not impact antioxidant activity and anthocyanin compound values. Among the taste-related compounds, sorbitol was determined to be the most abundant, while sucrose exhibited a positive correlation with all individual sugars. Additionally, malic acid and quinic acid showed a positive correlation. The combination of the 'Nero' cultivar and the September 15th harvest date stood out as the most prominent in superior fruit bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, Cajanus cajan cell suspension cultures (CCSCs) were elicited by living GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) fungi to enhance the production of bioactive phenolic compounds. Under the inoculum size of mycelia (0.5 %), the optimal fungus Aspergillus oryzae Y-29 (AO Y-29) could achieve the enhanced production of cajaninstilbene acid (5.79-fold increase) in 49-day-old CCSCs at 8 h. Also, AO Y-29 could promote the production of flavonoid aglycones including luteolin (2.25-fold increase), genistein (2.04-fold increase), apigenin (1.96-fold increase), isorhamnetin (1.43-fold increase), and biochanin A (6.48-fold increase) in CCSCs at 12 h. Moreover, the levels of genistein and cajaninstilbene acid in culture media after fungal elicitation increased by 3.58- and 18.02-fold over control, respectively. AO Y-29 mycelia was found to trigger the oxidative stress thus activating the expression of pathogenesis-, biosynthesis-, and ABC transport-related genes, which contributed to the accumulation and secretion of flavonoid aglycones and cajaninstilbene acid in CCSCs. Furthermore, ABCB11 was likely to be correlated with the transport of genistein and cajaninstilbene acid, which was important for systematic metabolic engineering to increase their productivity. Overall, the elicitation of CCSCs with AO Y-29 was attractive for obtaining high yields of valuable flavonoid aglycones and cajaninstilbene acid in pharmaceutical/nutraceutical fields. [Display omitted] • Cajanus cajan cell suspension cultures (CCSCs) elicited by living fungi was to enhance phenolic production and secretion. • Yields of high-value flavonoid aglycones and cajaninstilbene acid (CSA) increased upon fungal elicitation. • CCSCs augmented CSA productivity 5.79-fold when elicited by Aspergillus oryzae Y-29 mycelia. • Expression of pathogenesis-, biosynthesis-, and transport-related genes was activated. • ABCB11 was likely to be correlated with the transport of genistein and CSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangifera indica L. is an important tropical fruit having a high nutrient composition of dietary fiber, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and enzyme-assisted ultrasound extraction (EAUE) were used to optimize bioactive molecule extraction from the agro-industrial waste of mango peels. Both extraction strategies were adopted to deal with the extraction yield and environmental compatibility aspects. The mango peel extracts were pretreated using a combination of enzymes and ultrasound irradiation and used to extract bioactive phytochemicals. Results revealed that the highest total phenolic contents (33.56 ± 1.04 mg GAE/g fresh weight) were detected in mango peel extracts pretreated with 3.3% alcalase enzyme, pH 5.5 at 63 °C for 110 min and 90 Watt (UP) in EAUE, while the same set of optimized extraction conditions for UAE yielded the highest polyphenolics (25.64 ± 0.98 mg GAE/g). Mango peel extract pretreated under predefined optimized conditions (EAUE-1 coded extract) showed the highest trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value (215.42 ± 1.21 mM TE/g). Likewise, the DPPH-scavenging capacity (1C50: 11.38 μg/mL) was also higher than the control. Characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography corroborated the abundant presence of vanillic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acids (phenolic acids) in mango peel extract. In conclusion, EAUE appears as an efficient technique with broad-spectrum applications in extracting and recovering bioactive compounds from natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chokeberry, a type of berry fruit, has garnered attention in recent years due to its remarkable antioxidant properties. The rich bioactive components found in its fruits have been found to exert positive effects on human health. In this research, the growth, yield, and quality of two chokeberry cultivars (‘Nero’ and ‘Viking’) were evaluated, along with detailed biochemical parameters of the fruits, across different harvest dates ranging from mid-August to mid-September. During the experiment, it was observed that the ‘Viking’ cultivar exhibited more upright and taller plant growth than ‘Nero’. There were no significant differences observed between the cultivars in terms of yield, total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolic content (TPC), total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA), and antioxidant activity. However, ‘Nero’ demonstrated superiority in phenolic acids (excluding ferulic acid), glucose, citric acid, quinic acid, and ascorbic acid content. As the harvest progressed from August 31 to September 15, there was an increase in the accumulation of fruit TSS, TPC, TMA, sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol, epicatechin, neo-chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid. Harvest dates did not impact antioxidant activity and anthocyanin compound values. Among the taste-related compounds, sorbitol was determined to be the most abundant, while sucrose exhibited a positive correlation with all individual sugars. Additionally, malic acid and quinic acid showed a positive correlation. The combination of the ‘Nero’ cultivar and the September 15th harvest date stood out as the most prominent in superior fruit bioactive compounds.

Due to growing consumer interest in fitness and wellbeing, foods and beverages with therapeutic and functional qualities are in higher demand. In addition to being significant staple crops and major providers of nutrition and energy, cereals are rich in bioactive phytochemicals with health benefits. Cereal grains offer a lot of promise for processing into functional beverages since these include a wide variety of bioactive phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, dietary fibres, phytosterols, tocols, gamma-oryzanol, and phytic acid. Despite the fact that a wide variety of beverages made from cereal grains are produced globally, they have received very little technological and scientific attention. The beverages confer replacements for milk made from cereal grains, roasted cereal grain teas and fermented non-alcoholic cereal grain drinks. This review emphasizes on the three primary kinds of functional beverages made from cereal grains. Further, the potential applications and directions for the future related to these beverages are discussed with elaborated processing methods, health benefits and product attributes. Cereal grain-based beverages may represent a promising new class of healthy functional beverages in our daily lives as the food industry gets more diverse.

Nowadays, mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is getting more attention from researchers because of the rich source of bioactive phytochemicals in its fruit shell including xanthones, anthocyanins, benzophenones, etc. The bioactivity of these phytochemicals cannot be achieved fully during the application as/in functional materials due to their physicochemical and physiological instability. Therefore, encapsulation of mangosteen-based phytochemicals (MPC) using promising carriers could be one of the possible ways to overcome these limitations as well as to ensure controlled release properties and enhanced bioactivity. This review first highlights the physicochemical properties and biological potentials of mangosteen. Thereafter, our review comprehensively focuses on the controlled delivery of MPC using advanced carrier systems. Encapsulation of mangosteen-based phytochemicals (MPC) using lipid-based particles (e.g. liposomes, solid-lipid particles, and niosomes), polymeric particles (nanocapsules and nanospheres), β-cyclodextrin-based inclusion complexes, ethyl-cellulose and methyl-cellulose blends, poly(ethylene glycol)-based polymeric particles, emulsions-based particles could improve the physicochemical stability, controlled release properties, and bioactivities. Only a single study has been found on MPC-loaded nanofiber mats, bacterial cellulosic nanofiber film, nanomicelles, and nanosponges with improved bioactivity. Thus, more research is required on these promising carriers to develop MPC-based functional materials with improved effects. In conclusion, encapsulating MPC in promising micro/nanocarriers could allow us to develop some unique functional materials with exceptional bio-efficacy. [Display omitted] • Mangosteen is a tropical fruit available in Southeast Asian countries. • Physicochemical properties and biological potentials of mangosteen are discussed. • Mangosteen shell is the potential source of mangosteen-based phytochemicals (MPC). • Micro and nanoencapsulation of MPC in advanced carrier systems are broadly studied. • The delivery and bioactivities of MPC are improved after encapsulation in carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercus species have been widely used in traditional medicine, and recently, researchers’ attention has focused on galls of the genus Quercus as a source of health-promoting phytochemicals. This review presents a summary of the most recent findings on the phytochemistry and bioactivity of oak galls, following the screening of scientific papers published in two relevant databases, PubMed and Embase, between January 2018 and June 2023. The oak galls are rich in active compounds, mostly gallotannins and phenolic acids. Due to these secondary metabolites, the reviewed studies have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, antimicrobial properties, tissue-protective effects, and antitumor, anti-aging, and hypoglycemic potential. Thus, oak galls are a promising natural matrix, to be considered in obtaining pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations used in anti-aging strategies and, together with medications, in the management of age-related diseases. In further evaluations, the valuable functional properties of oak galls, reported mostly in preclinical studies, should be confirmed with clinical studies that would also take into account the potential health risks of their use.

The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has become a major threat due to the increasing global caseload and the ongoing multi-country outbreak in non-endemic territories. Due to limited research in this avenue and the lack of intervention strategies, the present study was aimed to virtually screen bioactive phytochemicals against envelope proteins of MPXV via rigorous computational approaches. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, and MM/PBSA analysis were used to investigate the binding affinity of 12 phytochemicals against three envelope proteins of MPXV, viz., D13, A26, and H3. Silibinin, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid were computationally identified as potential phytochemicals that showed strong binding affinity toward all the tested structural proteins of MPXV through molecular docking. The stability of the docked complexes was also confirmed by MD simulations and MM/PBSA calculations. Results from the iMODS server also complemented the findings from molecular docking and MD simulations. ADME analysis also computationally confirmed the drug-like properties of the phytochemicals, thereby asserting their suitability for consumption. Hence, this study envisions the candidature of bioactive phytochemicals as promising inhibitors against the envelope proteins of the MPXV, serving as template molecules that could further be experimentally evaluated for their efficacy against monkeypox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), assisted by LED light, using the aqueous extracts of agroindustrial waste products, such as avocado seeds (ASs), cocoa pod husks (CPHs), and orange peels (OPs), is presented. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed faster and complete NP formation when irradiated with blue LED light. Green and red light irradiation showed non- and limited nanoparticle formation. TEM analyses confirmed the semispherical morphology of the synthesized AgNPs, with the exception of OP–AgNPs, which showed agglomeration during the light irradiation. For AS–AgNPs and CPH–AgNPs, the average particle diameter was about 15 nm. Interestingly, the CPH extract demonstrated faster nanoparticle formation as compared to the AS extract (100 min vs. 250 min irradiation time, respectively). FTIR spectroscopy assessed the involvement of diverse functional groups of the bioactive phytochemicals present in the plant extracts during nanoparticle photobiosynthesis. The antioxidant activity, as determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, varied from 1323.72 µmol TE/mL in the AS aqueous extract to 836.50 µmol TE/mL in the CPH aqueous extract. The total polyphenol content was determined according to the Folin–Ciocalteu procedure; the AS aqueous extract exhibited a higher polyphenol content (1.54 mg GAE/g) than did the CPH aqueous extract (0.948 mg GAE/g). In vitro antibacterial assays revealed that the AS–AgNPs exhibited promising antibacterial properties against pathogenic bacteria (E. Coli), whereas the CPH–AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. The green synthesis of AgNPs using AS, CPH, and OP aqueous extracts reported in this work is environmentally friendly and cost-effective, and it paves the way for future studies related to agroindustrial waste valorization for the production of advanced nanomaterials, such as antibacterial AgNPs, for potential biomedical, industrial, and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbs rich in secondary metabolites may possess beneficial properties in livestock nutrition and health. 49 Polygonaceae species of European mountain regions were included in a qualitative systematic review based on the methodological framework of the PRISMA statement. 174 relevant publications were identified. They comprised 231 in vitro and 163 in vivo experiments with cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, pigs, and rodents. For 16 Polygonaceae species no reports were found. Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum showed potential as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and metabolic modifying herbs and feeds improving intake and nitrogen conversion in broiler as well as milk quality and ruminal biotransformation in dairy cows. Polygonum aviculare was promising as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drug or feed, improving performance and affecting ruminal biotransformation in sheep, and Polygonum bistorta as an anti-inflammatory drug or feed, improving performance in broiler and mitigating methane emissions in ruminants. Rumex obtusifolius showed potential as an antibacterial drug or feed improving ruminal biotransformation and preventing bloating in cows, while Rumex acetosa and Rumex acetosella had antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, Polygonum minus, Polygonum persicaria, Rumex crispu s and Rumex patienti a possess interesting anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. In conclusion, some Polygonaceae species show relevant properties that might be useful to prevent and treat livestock diseases, combined with nutritional benefits in performance, product quality, lowering ruminal methane and ammonia formation and transferring omega-3 fatty-acids from feed to tissue. The potential of such multifunctional plants for a holistic integration of veterinary, nutritional and ecological perspectives under a one-health approach of livestock management is discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare to have no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors.)

The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has become a major threat due to the increasing global caseload and the ongoing multi-country outbreak in non-endemic territories. Due to limited research in this avenue and the lack of intervention strategies, the present study was aimed to virtually screen bioactive phytochemicals against envelope proteins of MPXV via rigorous computational approaches. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, and MM/PBSA analysis were used to investigate the binding affinity of 12 phytochemicals against three envelope proteins of MPXV, viz., D13, A26, and H3. Silibinin, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid were computationally identified as potential phytochemicals that showed strong binding affinity toward all the tested structural proteins of MPXV through molecular docking. The stability of the docked complexes was also confirmed by MD simulations and MM/PBSA calculations. Results from the iMODS server also complemented the findings from molecular docking and MD simulations. ADME analysis also computationally confirmed the drug-like properties of the phytochemicals, thereby asserting their suitability for consumption. Hence, this study envisions the candidature of bioactive phytochemicals as promising inhibitors against the envelope proteins of the MPXV, serving as template molecules that could further be experimentally evaluated for their efficacy against monkeypox.

Fruits contain natural compounds which are useful for therapeutic effects. Phytochemicals are secondary metabolites created by plants during their biosynthetic pathways with a wide range of antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, and antibacterial activities. This research was carried out to examine the antioxidant properties and bioactive phytochemicals of Terminalia ferdinandiana, as well as to investigate its anticancer processes using a network pharmacology strategy. Several phytochemicals were found during GC-MS and LC-MS/MS investigation of non-hydrolyzed samples (with SPE, without SPE), and hydrolyzed (with SPE, without SPE) fractions. The GC-MS-based analysis identified the furoic acid, pentanoic acid, levulinic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, gallic acid, and ellagic acid in the pulp extract. Moreover, LC-MS/MS-based investigation explored the presence of ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, resveratrol, catechin, p-coumaric acid, epicatechin, and gallic acid in the extract. By using the network pharmacology strategy, 100 target genes, including top hub genes associated with cancer-associated pathways were predicted. These targeted genes are mainly associated with cancer, cellular signaling, metabolism, and immunity-associated pathways. Based on the molecular docking approach, we revealed the bioactive phytochemicals that interact with hub target proteins, including AKT1, VEGFA, STAT3, SRC, and ESR1. Identification of bioactive phytochemicals and their predicted target genes may play crucial roles in the exact field of nutrigenomics, functional foods, and nutraceuticals from this natural fruit.

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous reproductive disorder and the most common endocrinopathy that leads to anovulatory infertility. PCOS is associated with wide spectrum of complications in various health aspects including anovulation, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism, infertility and menstrual disturbance. Metabolic dysfunctions like obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk and changes in psychological feature such as mood disorders and decreased quality of life are also associated with PCOS. Disruption in secretion rates and metabolism of androgens, estrogens and other reproductive hormones is the major characteristic of PCOS. Balancing the disrupted hormone levels is therefore an effective treatment strategy in managing PCOS. Materials and Methods: PCOS was induced in female Sprague Dawley rats with body weights between 180-200g by administrating oral doses of letrozole for 21 days. After PCOS induction, different combinations of mimosine, ß-sitosterol and diosgenin along with clomiphene citrate were administered for 15 days. Body weight, food intake, water intake and cage side observations were recorded during the study. Serum testosterone, FSH, LH, estrogens and progesterone, oxidative enzymes and lipid profile were measured to determine the efficacy of treatments. Ovarian histopathological features were also examined by light microscopy. Results: Rats after letrozole induced PCOS showed significant aberrations in hormonal levels (p=0.001, 0.01) compared with the normal control group indicating induction of PCOS. The treatment with combinations of phytochemicals was found to be effective in resolving and normalizing the disrupted levels of hormones and other biochemical parameters caused due to PCOS. Significant histological changes in ovarian histology after PCOS induction was found to have resolved among all treatment groups, indicating the ovarian recovery following therapy. Conclusion: Results indicate the effectiveness of treatment with a combination of bioactive phytochemicals for balancing reproductive hormone levels. The results suggest that abnormality in hormonal level and changes in ovarian histoarchitecture due to PCOS may be reversed with treatment regimen of administering bioactive phytochemicals as an adjunct with clomiphene citrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, Brassica species are widely used in traditional medicine, human food, and animal feed. Recently, special attention has been dedicated to Brassica seeds as source of health-promoting phytochemicals. This review provides a summary of recent research on the Brassica seed phytochemistry, bioactivity, dietary importance, and toxicity by screening the major online scientific database sources and papers published in recent decades by Elsevier, Springer, and John Wiley. The search was conducted covering the period from January 1964 to July 2022. Phytochemically, polyphenols, glucosinolates, and their degradation products were the predominant secondary metabolites in seeds. Different extracts and their purified constituents from seeds of Brassica species have been found to possess a wide range of biological properties including antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective activities. These valuable functional properties of Brassica seeds are related to their richness in active compounds responsible for the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, and COVID-19. Currently, the potential properties of Brassica seeds and their components are the main focus of research, but their toxicity and health risks must also be accounted for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various herbs, plants and spices have been used for many decades as natural valuable remedies for prevention and/or treatment of diverse diseases and health problems. Chili peppers (Capsicum spp.), one of the oldest domesticated and utilized crops, are bestowed with a wide range of natural bioactive phytochemicals making the plant a very valuable spice with the health beneficial aspects. Carotenoids (apocarotenoids), ascorbic acid (and other vitamins), phenolic compounds, capsaicinoids and capsinoids belong to the main bioactive substances of nutritional and secondary metabolite composition of Capsicum fruits. Due to their presence, chili peppers possess various health-promoting functional attributes (such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, pain relief properties, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal benefits, antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects, antimicrobial and antifungal activities) which are summarized and characterized in the current review. Taking into account not only the pungency, color and aroma but also the medicinal potential, the enormous quantities of various Capsicum fruits have been consumed worldwide, particularly in China. Attributing to the existence of several cultivars showing significant intra-specific, as well as inter-specific chemical variability, there is still a growing number of scientific researches screening the chemical composition and exploring potential phytopharmacy (including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities) of chili peppers. Such observations provide a helpful insight into the ability of the various Capsicum cultivars as natural agents in the prevention of diverse, mainly free radical- and microbial-related human diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytogenically synthesised nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems have promising potential in the field of biopharmaceuticals. From the point of view of biomedical applications, such systems offer the small size, high surface area, and possible synergistic effects of NPs with embedded biomolecules. This article describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using extracts from the flowers and leaves of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), which is known as a remedy for many health problems, including cancer. The reducing power of the extracts was confirmed by total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant tests. The Ag-NPs were characterised by various analytical techniques including UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and a dynamic light scattering (DLS) system. The obtained Ag-NPs showed higher cytotoxic activity than the initial extracts against both human cervical cancer cell lines HeLa (ATCC CCL-2) and human melanoma cell lines A375 and SK-MEL-3 by MTT assay. However, the high toxicity to Vero cell culture (ATCC CCL-81) and human fibroblast cell line WS-1 rules out the possibility of their use as anticancer agents. The plant-mediated Ag-NPs were mostly bactericidal against tested strains with MBC/MIC index ≤4. Antifungal bioactivity (C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis) was not observed for aqueous extracts (MIC > 8000 mg L−1), but Ag-NPs synthesised using both the flowers and leaves of tansy were very potent against Candida spp., with MIC 15.6 and 7.8 µg mL−1, respectively.

Yogurt is a popular dairy product due to its distinct taste and health-promoting effects. Nevertheless, yogurt has been fortified with different natural functional products, such as dietary fiber, micronutrients, probiotics, and bioactive phytochemicals, to improve the physicochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of the product. Numerous studies have explored yogurt fortification with unencapsulated functional ingredients over the last decade, but it affects yogurt quality and the stability of fortificants. Moreover, yogurt has precipitation issues with hydrophobic functional components. In recent years, researchers have shown a strong interest in micro and nano-encapsulation techniques to address these concerns about yogurt fortification. Micro and nano-encapsulation technologies have been discovered as a viable strategy for supplementing yogurt with essential nutrients, bioactive phytochemicals, probiotics, or a mixture of these. Therefore, this review focused on the impact of yogurt fortification using various micro and nano-encapsulated functional ingredients to improve product quality and prospective health advantages. Pickering emulsion, nanocomplexes, coated microbead, coated liposome, emulgel, emulsion bead, and multi-particulate dried microcapsule, were promising for the fortification of yogurt with natural products and improving the yogurt properties. The yogurt fortified with encapsulated natural products provided enhanced protection to encapsulated compounds during storage and gastrointestinal digestion and revealed better performance in the management of gut inflammation, anemia, obesity, tumorigenesis, and certain types of cancer. Recent studies explored that synbiotic microcapsule-fortified yogurts might show greater potential in maintaining the gut microenvironment through synergistic effects. To verify the effectiveness of fortified yogurts, more in vivo studies predominantly human clinical trials are recommended. [Display omitted] • Yogurt is one of the most popular dairy products due to its unique taste. • Yogurt fortified with encapsulated natural products enhances product quality. • Multi-particulate capsule provides greater protection to encapsulated fortificants. • Synbiotic microcapsule-fortified yogurt may show greater health-promoting effects. • More in vivo studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of capsulated fortificants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lettuce is one of the most famous leafy vegetables worldwide with lots of applications from food to other specific uses. There are different types in the lettuce group for consumers to choose from. Additionally, lettuce is an excellent source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and chlorophyll with related health benefits. At the same time, nutrient composition and antioxidant compounds are different between lettuce varieties, especially for green and red lettuce types. The benefit of lettuce consumption depends on its composition, particularly antioxidants, which can function as nutrients. The health benefits rely on their biochemical effect when reaching the bloodstream. Some components can be released from the food matrix and altered in the digestive system. Indeed, the bioaccessibility of lettuce is measuring the quantity of these compounds released from the food matrix during digestion, which is important for health-promoting features. Extraction of bioactive compounds is one of the new trends observed in lettuce and is necessarily used for several application fields. Therefore, this review aims to demonstrate the nutritional value of lettuce and its pharmacological properties. Due to their bioaccessibility and bioavailability, the consumer will be able to comprehensively understand choosing a healthier lettuce diet. The common utilization pattern of lettuce extracted nutrients will also be summarized for further direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]