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The growing demand of sustainable and environment friendly energy sources has spurred research and development efforts towards the integration of biofuels in various applications, particularly in internal combustion engines. Microemulsion technique is a new and innovative alternative to traditional fossil fuel that has gained a significant attention in recent years. This type of bio fuel is made by blending of small amount of biofuel and large amount of conventional diesel fuel. This review paper explores the potential of enhancing the performance of Compression ignition (CI) engines by incorporating additives into hybrid biofuels. The study focuses on the synergistic effects of combining traditional fossil fuels with bio‐derived components, such as ethanol, biodiesel, and other bio‐based additives. This review paper aim is to explore the performance of a 4‐stroke, single‐cylinder, direct injection Compression Ignition (CI) engine at different loads using different fuels blends like CNWEDB, BFNP150, PPNP150, and ME Diesel/Colza oil. The review outlines recent advancements in biofuel technology, including novel production methods and feedstock options, aiming to overcome limitations associated with conventional biofuels. The article aims to investigate the potential of vegetable oil in formulating MHBF, analyzing its performance and emissions in CI engines. The engine performance parameters viz., brake thermal efficiency brake specific fuel consumption have been reviewed and found that these values are comparable to the biodiesel blends with pure petrodiesel. At 60%, 80%, and full load condition the BTE of microemulsion diesel/colza oil is increasing while at 40%, 80%, and full load the BSFC is decreasing. Emissions reported by the various researchers, however, have a positive attribute with respect to NOx, CO, and UHC. At full load CO is decreasing and at all load conditions the value of UHC is decreasing. The paper concludes with a discussion on future research directions, emphasizing the need for continued innovation to address emerging issues and optimize the performance of CI engines for a sustainable and energy‐efficient future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim:To study clinico-demographic and lung spirometry profile between non-smoker and smoker COPD patients. Material & Methods: The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 200 clinically diagnosed COPD patients attending the Pulmonary Medicine Department at tertiary care centre, Bhopal, Madhyapradesh. Upon diagnosis of COPD, detailed past medical history and any previous exposures was recorded. Patients aged <18 years and patients who do not provide consent were excluded from the patients. Informed consent was taken from all the patients and ethical clearance was obtained form institutional ethical committee. Result: Out of 200 COPD patients, 134(67%) were non smokers and 66(33%) were smokers. Out of 200 COPD patients, 150 were male & 50 were female. Smokers experienced a higher frequency of acute exacerbations (3-5 times) compared to non-smokers, suggesting that smoking exacerbates the severity and recurrence of COPD episodes.(P=0.001) Smokers had a significantly higher mean CAT score compared to non-smokers, indicating more severe COPD symptoms and a greater impact on daily life for smokers.(P=0.001) Smokers had more severe shortness of breath (higher mMRC grades) compared to nonsmokers, indicating a greater impact of smoking on the severity of COPD symptoms. Conclusion: Present study found that an Environmental and occupational exposures are significant contributors to COPD among non-smokers, with biofuel smoke and second-hand smoke being primary risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of solar ethanol fuel making has energy savings also help in reducing the cost of Manufacturing. The solar ethanol fuel manufacturing also has environmental benefit and doesn’t involve fossil fuel for process which emits large amount of emission. This also helps to reduce our dependency on foreign country and help us in improving country economy too Current study is covering two promising Renewable energy sources viz. solar energy as a renewable source for Manufacturing of Ethanol as bio-fuel. Both are the thrust area for study worldwide.The performance panel depends on the environmental factors, which is solar radiation and operating temperature. These environmental factors will be reduced the effectiveness of Flat plate solar panel due to increase in operating temperature of Flat plate solar panel. To improve the performance of Flat plate solar panel by using different types of augmentation technique are used which include active passive and combine technique.. In passive technique use twisted tape or wire coil different type of insert's which is placed in flowing fluid in tube then turbulence will create. Then laminar flows gets convert in to turbulent flow which result increases in heat transfer rate is used to overcome the problem of low efficiency of Flat plate solar panelthis mechanism is one way for maintaining a low operating temperature during its operation period. The experimental results mentioned that the decrement of operating temperature and increase the power output of the Ethanol Production. . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of city park waste / open spaces will contribute to increase the number of city park waste. This study aims to predict waste generation and analyze city park waste's potential as biofuels. The observation was conducted on ten thematic parks in Bandung city. The waste generation model was developed based on the number of trees, season, and park area. The average waste generation is 0.44±0.24 tons/day/park. The seasonal changes' effect in parks had a significant impact with a P-value of 0.02 < 0.05. The most significant variable of the city park's waste generation is the number of trees in every park with a P-value = 0.0002 < 0.05 generation model = 0.5435(number of tree) - 0.6783. The characteristics of sulfur and moisture are 0.31% and 2.6% respectively, while carbon content is high as much as 40.45%. The heating value is 15.2 MJ/Kg, and fixed carbon is 72%, while the cellulose is 21.87%. The study concluded that the city parks' waste is potential as raw material for biofuel or transformed into other energy materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By 2030, the United States will consume over 300 million tons of forest and agricultural feedstocks for energy production. The supply chain necessary to provide unprecedented quantities of new “bioenergy crops,” however, is fraught with uncertainty. The vertically integrated model currently used by the nascent sector may have limited opportunity for expansion to meet renewable energy mandates. A hybrid structure is likely to emerge as the industry evolves, in which end-users closely cooperate with a large number of heterogeneous producers through long-term contracting rather than as direct owners or operators of biomass farms. This “vertically coordinated” industry model is dependent on a series of biomass supply contracts between end-user and farmer. The “take it or leave it” production contracts offered by end-users represent the archetypal cost- and risk-minimization perspectives common in the fossil fuel-based energy context (e.g., petroleum, coal). These initial offerings lack many of the considerations provided in agricultural-based contracting and are unlikely to engender the level of dedicated energy biomass cultivation needed to meet renewable energy mandates. In response, we propose an alternative Biomass Contract Framework, which incorporates three separate theoretical approaches to contract design with the objective of removing barriers to entry into the market. Incorporating a socioeconomic perspective into the more familiar risk- and cost-minimizing approaches found in contract theory literature will enhance producer ability to maintain existing social networks, while minimizing farmer disincentives to enter into production contracts for novel biomass crops. Our Framework also recognizes end-users’ needs to meet emerging environmental sustainability requirements, even perhaps facilitating “shed-level” coordination.

In recent years an active growth of renewable energy production in the world has been observed. The peculiarity of our country is the presence of a large number of natural energy resources which put Ukraine among the electricity exporting countries, on the one hand, and the availability of virtually all types of renewable energy production (solar energy, hydropower (large and small), wind, etc.), on the other one. So we made an analysis of possibilities of an introduction the renewal energy from 1% of total energy production we have now to a bigger number and proposes the steps to achieve this goal. Given the statistic and existing situation in energy market, the resource base for renewable energy sources and local fuels is large and sufficient for a significant increase in the energy efficiency and the reliability of Ukraine's energy supply, and can be the basis for the transition to clean energy for the future.

Pharmaceutical sector is one of the largest industrial sectors in India and has been a power intensive industry. In addition to this, it is one of the largest employments generating industry, having said so it is also one of the largest contributors to the Carbon emissions in the environment. With increase in global demand the production capacities have been increased but many of the sectors continue to operate on the similar model as they used to operate in the past decade, which is not the sustainable model in the long run especially in lieu of the global warming and deteriorating climatic conditions. In continuation to the earlier study carried out on "Market Analysis of Energy Management in Pharmaceuticals and Steel Industry in Maharashtra" - ISSN NO : 2249-7455. This article studies the possibilities for deployment of new and clean energy for bulk power consuming industry like Pharmaceuticals Sector, which can help them reduce carbon emission in addition to cost reduction of their power requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution 15% ethanol blend with 85% gasoline, and micro-emulsion fuel (90% gasoline, 8% ethanol, & 2% H2O) was compared with 100% conventional gasoline fuel on 3-cylinder Spark Ignition engine to check its performance and emission characteristics. The AVL Boost software was used for predicting the performance and emission characteristics of 3-cylinder SI engine. It was found that although power increases for conventional 100% gasoline as the fuel, as compared to 15% ethanol blends and micro-emulsion fuel, but emissions were reduced more for micro-emulsion used as an alternative fuel in SI engine, and it meets the standards of present emission norms Euro 6. Micro-emulsion fuel was prepared in the lab by blending gasoline, ethanol and H2O was used as an additive in the fuel for improving its physical & thermal properties. The H2O molecule present in the fuel helped in reducing the emissions from 3-cylinder SI engine. As H2O addition increases the oxygen concentration in the micro-emulsion fuel which helps in enhancing the combustion of fuel, and in build oxygen atom inside the ethanol fuel also helps in better combustion which ultimately gives less CO, HC, & NOx emissions. The vibe-2 zone model was used for the combustion analysis of the engine which involves both burnt and unburnt gases in the combustion chamber. The results showed that micro-emulsion fuel not only improves the performance but also reduces the emissions. All the emissions CO, HC, and NOx showed decrease for ethanol blended fuel and micro-emulsion as compared to 100% gasoline fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effects of hydrogen-blended LPG on performance, combustion, and emission behavior of mahua oil-fueled dual fuel engine were experimentally investigated and presented. Mahua oil (pilot fuel) was directly injected into the cylinder during compression stroke and gaseous fuels LPG and HLPG (primary fuel) was inducted into the intake manifold during suction stroke of the engine with variable flow rates such as 1,2,3, and 4 lpm (liter per minute) at 1-lpm interval. The investigation was carried out on diesel engine at speed of 1500 rpm with 3.7 kW rated power output. The following inferences were made from the experimental investigation. Brake thermal efficiency of the engine decreases for alternate fuel (neat mahua oil) mode of operation compared to conventional diesel fuel operation. On the other hand, brake thermal efficiency of neat mahua oil increases from 28% with single fuel operation to 29.3% under 5 lpm LPG dual fuel operation. Further improvement in brake thermal efficiency is noted when 1 lpm hydrogen is mixed with LPG flow. Eighty-three percent reduction in HC emission is observed for 11 lpm HLPG compared with 10 lpm LPG. Massive reduction in smoke formation is perceived for both LPG and HLPG flow rates. But NO emission is increased for both LPG and HLPG fuels compared to neat mahua oil. As a final point, the study abstracts that performance of the neat mahua oil-based compression ignition engine has been increased under dual mode by adding LPG and hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Countries around the world are looking for an appropriate, stable, and affordable replacement for the natural energies. Therefore, the waste is considered as an available resource to produce energy, which by controlling, its effects on the environment could be minimized. Materials and Methods: To conduct this review article, the scientific data related to the topic were gathered from scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, Springer, Magiran, and SID using waste to energy, Biogas, Incinerator, Landfill, and Pyrolysis as the keywords. In addition, 53 articles were used for this research (from 1993 until 2016). Results: The results indicated that from a technical point of view, according to Iran’s current environment and the properties of the produced waste, most methods mentioned in the study are applicable. However, the important issue is to choose the best technologies with the best functionality in Iran, based on the composition of the municipal solid waste, proved technologies, and the municipal solid waste management strategies. Conclusion: This study recommends construction of incineration plants with an appropriate location for processing municipal, household, and industrial hazardous wastes, as well as energy recovery. In addition, promoting application of household biogas reservoirs in villages and use of pyrolysis for some industries to converse industrial waste into fuel, are further suggested.

The aim of the work was investigation of the effect of the explosive autohydrolysis on lignocellulosic biomass (saving, switchgrass biomass) for consequent use as a substrate to produce biofuels such as butanol. Butanol-producing strains, switchgrass Panicum virgatum L. biomass and its components after autohydrolysis were used in study. The thermobaric pressure pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass was carried out using specially designed equipment. The effect of explosive autohydrolysis on lignocellulosic biomass for further use in producing biofuels using microbial conversion was studied. Components of lignocellulosic biomass were fractionated after undergoing thermobaric treatment. The possibility of using different raw material components after using explosive autohydrolysis processing to produce biobutanol was found. Products of switchgrass biomass autohydrolysis were shown to need further purification before fermentation from furfural formed by thermobaric pretreatment and inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. The ability of strains of the genus Clostridium to use cellulose as a substrate for fermentation was proved. It was found that using explosive autohydrolysis pretreatment to savings allowed boosting the butanol accumulation by 2 times.

Lombok island faces agriculture waste and energy security problems. The processing of agricultural commodities produces agriculture waste, which can caused serious environmental pollution, but also can be a potential energy source for producing renewable fuel. There is a solution to solve the problems in Lombok Island in term of waste and energy security problems with utilize agriculture waste become bio-oil via pyrolysis process. The bio-oil production potential from agriculture waste such as cashew shell, coconut shell, corn cobs, corn stover, rice husk, rice straw and peanuts shell on Lombok island is investigated in this paper. Based on the collected agriculture waste data from five regencies in Lombok Island, Lombok island can potentially produce 1.813.685,4 ton/year of bio-oil and remove 4.818.510,00 ton/year of agriculture waste every year via pyrolysis process. Maize and paddy rice are the most favorable bio-oil production source in Lombok Island. Based on this investigation, it was concluded that the production of bio-oil from agriculture waste is suitable to apply in Lombok Island. For reaching the goal, the government must support these type of projects and provide some good policies for renewable fuel production. Keywords: agriculture, bio fuel, waste

Copyright of Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iasi, Seria Horticultura is the property of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (Editura Ion Ionescu de la Brad) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effect of fuel composition and ignition timing on combustion parameters of spark ignition (SI) port fuel injection (PFI) engine had been studied experimentally. The engine was fuelled with an ethanol and ethanol-gasoline blend E85. The engine was operated at steady speed at 1,500 min-1 and four load points have been used. Minimal ignition timing advance for maximal brake torque (MBT) at stoichiometric air/ fuel ratio for the tested fuels were found. The fuels were tested at their respective MBT timing and gasoline MBT timing. MBT timing was retarded by 8-11% for ethanol and 5-10% for E85 fuel, comparing to gasoline MBT timing. Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) was not affected by ignition timing in tested conditions. Maximal cylinder pressure was increased and flame development phase was extended, when gasoline MBT was used with fuels with high ethanol content at tested conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) is a herbaceous perennial plant in the vegetable, artichoke, wild or garden, which belongs to the Compositae family (Asteraceae Compositae-and more precisely Cynara species) and is grown specifically for the production of biomass (solid bio fuel as a pellet, or solid and liquid bio fuel, bio diesel). In this paper I have tried to highlight the profitability and economic efficiency of growing of this plant. Production capacity exceeding 2 tonnes dry matter/1000mp. The yield depends on climatic conditions, adequate soil moisture, soil nutrients, and range from 1 to 3 t/1000mp, dry. Cardoon seed contains on average 24% oil (category: 19-32%), with the same qualities as the sunflower. Quantity of seed production to 480 kgs/1000mp, while ordinary productivities range 70 to 330 kg/1000mp, always depending on the total biomass production. Growing cardooncan replace traditional crops, partly by ensuring a good profit for the farmer (double the wheat and rapeseed) and bio fuel production with high energy content. Solid bio fuels (pellets, briquettes, artichokes, etc.) can reach the enduser, at prices up to 30-40% lower than the price of oil. Because cardoon is a perennial plant which grows once every 10-12 years, and preparing the ground and sowing it will be carried out at intervals so large (this plant is harvested annually),it is remarkable cost reduction efficiency of growing this plant.In addition to the obvious environmental advantages by producing green energy, growing artichokes garden preserves the soil covered for the most part of the year, thereby minimizing the risk of soil erosion and limit the pollution of soil and groundwater with agrochemical products, especially in areas with intensive agriculture, because it does not require additional fertilization and/or with the use of chemical fertilizers or pesticides.

This paper investigates online moisture measurement of biofuel employing a strip line cavity resonator at approximately 366 MHz, attached above and below the conveyor belt. An existing sensor design is modified for the factory assembly, and the correct operation has been tested prior to this paper with a small number of measurement points and collected reference samples (n = 67). The purpose is now to concentrate on the accuracy of the measurement and increase the number of measurement points (n = 367). The measurements were made in 5 different lots, and the thickness and moisture properties of the biomaterial mat were varied between minimum and maximum levels by adjusting the settings of the belt filter press that presses pulp slush into a mat. In order to further reduce inaccuracy, at the maximum one standard deviation was allowed from the average height of the equivalent water layer for each dataset, and consequently the number of samples was reduced to 235. A linear fit and a parabola fit were determined for thickness of the equivalent water layer vs. the relative resonant frequency shift: R2 = 0.82 and R2 = 0.78.

False flax [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz.], as low cost feed stock for biofuels purpose belongs to Brassicacea family, has recently drawn the attention, resulting in the planning of large cultivation in India and other countries and hence the need to optimize its production. An experiment was conducted for two consecutive years in winter seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 at Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research, Field Station-Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India. Field trials were designed in split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were nitrogen (N) (Urea, 46% N) including 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha and sub-plots were sulphur (S) (Gypsum, 16% S) including 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha. Statistical interpretation at P<0.05 revealed that different levels of N and S significantly affected the Camelina productivity. Both the N and S at lower dose increased the yield components viz., branches/plant, pods/plant, seeds/pod, test seed weight, yield and oil content. The combination of N with S fertilization significantly affected the pods/plant, 1000-seed mass, yield and oil content as well as oil recovery. Thus, the combined fertilization of 40 kg N/ha and 20 kg S/ha was found considerably superior and produced the highest seed yield of 795.45 kg/ha, oil yield of 314.962 l/ha of Camelina and was recommended for higher production and oil enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing requirement of food neutral biofuels demands the detection of alternative sources. The use of non-arable land and waste water streams is widely discussed in this regard. A Cyanobacterium was isolated on the area of a possible algae production side near a water treatment plant in the arid desert region al-Wusta. It was identified as Cyanobacterium aponinum PB1 and is a possible lipid source. To determine its suitability of a production process using this organism, a set of laboratory experiments were performed. Its growth behavior was examined in regard to high temperatures and increasing NaCl concentrations. A productivity of 0.1 g L per day was measured at an alga density below 0.75 g L. C. aponinum PB1 showed no sign of altered growth behavior in media containing 70 g L NaCl or less. Detection of a negative effect of NaCl on the growth using Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation chlorophyll fluorescence analysis was not more sensitive than optical density measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science / Revista Brasileira de Tecnologia Aplicada nas Ciências Agrárias is the property of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to apply low heat rejection to an engine to improve engine performance using Eucalyptus oil and diesel fuel blend as a fuel. For this purpose a direct injection diesel engine was converted into a low heat rejection engine, and its performance, emission, and combustion characteristics were investigated experimentally. The experiment has been carried out on two phases. In the first phase, the blends of Eucalyptus oil and diesel fuel were injected at various loads in a direct injection four stroke TV1 Kirloskar make diesel engine. In the second phase, instead of using a single-property yttria stabilized zirconia coating to achieve the thermal barrier for the piston crown, cylinder head, and valves, a functionally graded material having a variety of properties and a layer of aluminum oxide coating was used. Thus, a thermal barrier was produced for the elements of the combustion chamber. From the results, it is observed that there will be a significant decrease in specific fuel consumption and an increase in brake thermal efficiency. Also, there is a significant reduction in carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen except unburned hydrocarbon emission, and smoke density for all test fuels used in the coated engine as compared to the uncoated engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) is a herbaceous perennial plant in the vegetable, artichoke, wild or garden, which belongs to the Compositae family (Asteraceae Compositae-and more precisely Cynara species) and is grown specifically for the production of biomass (solid bio fuel as a pellet, or solid and liquid bio fuel, bio diesel). In this paper I have tried to highlight the profitability and economic efficiency of growing of this plant. Production capacity exceeding 2 tonnes dry matter/1000mp. The yield depends on climatic conditions, adequate soil moisture, soil nutrients, and range from 1 to 3 t/1000mp, dry. Cardoon seed contains on average 24% oil (category: 19-32%), with the same qualities as the sunflower. Quantity of seed production to 480 kgs/1000mp, while ordinary productivities range 70 to 330 kg/1000mp, always depending on the total biomass production. Growing cardoon can replace traditional crops, partly by ensuring a good profit for the farmer (double the wheat and rapeseed) and bio fuel production with high energy content. Solid bio fuels (pellets, briquettes, artichokes, etc.) can reach the end-user, at prices up to 30-40% lower than the price of oil. Because cardoon is a perennial plant which grows once every 10-12 years, and preparing the ground and sowing it will be carried out at intervals so large (this plant is harvested annually),it is remarkable cost reduction efficiency of growing this plant.In addition to the obvious environmental advantages by producing green energy, growing artichokes garden preserves the soil covered for the most part of the year, thereby minimizing the risk of soil erosion and limit the pollution of soil and groundwater with agrochemical products, especially in areas with intensive agriculture, because it does not require additional fertilization and/or with the use of chemical fertilizers or pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of current energy scenario, major research is focused on sustainable energy solution with major emphasis on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources. Diesel engines have proven their utility in the transportation and power sectors due to their higher efficiency and ruggedness. Depending upon the availability and production capabilities, biodiesel is derived from a large variety of oilseed. Sterculia bio fuel is identified and proved to be the best alternative to the diesel engine. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the properties like specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, cloud point, pour point, flash point, fire point and calorific value of the fuels used. The overall performance and emission tests have given good results except for the NOX component of the emission, which is a potential cause for smog and acid rain. This paper also focuses on the reduction of this component to a great extent with the implementation of a technique called Exhaust Gas Recirculation. In this method the water cooled exhaust of the engine is circulated back to the inlet manifold to crack the harmful NOX. This makes the bio diesel a completely emission free alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first article in a series meant to identify secondary effects of fuel production and consumption. The article presents, th synthesis, the main ideas and contributions of the paper "Economic effects of bio fuels production and consumption in Romania" written by the authors in 2009 within the research programme of the Institute of National Economy: Economic- social mechanisms and policies of increasing environmental factors in accordance with the European and world programs for diminishing the effects of the world resources crisis. The paper pursues the adjustment process of fossil fuel consumption to the rigors of an economy aiming to diminish carbon-composites emissions in atmosphere. At the same time, it is a warning regarding the secondary effects that might occur from the overblown consumption and production of first-generation bio fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Etudes en Agriculture et Environnement is the property of Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates online moisture measurement of biofuel employing a strip line cavity resonator at approximately 366 MHz, attached above and below the conveyor belt. An existing sensor design is modified for the factory assembly, and the correct operation has been tested prior to this paper with a small number of measurement points and collected reference samples (n = 67). The purpose is now to concentrate on the accuracy of the measurement and increase the number of measurement points (n = 367). The measurements were made in 5 different lots, and the thickness and moisture properties of the biomaterial mat were varied between minimum and maximum levels by adjusting the settings of the belt filter press that presses pulp slush into a mat. In order to further reduce inaccuracy, at the maximum one standard deviation was allowed from the average height of the equivalent water layer for each dataset, and consequently the number of samples was reduced to 235. A linear fit and a parabola fit were determined for thickness of the equivalent water layer vs. the relative resonant frequency shift: R2 = 0.82 and R2 = 0.78. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]