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The volume 1821-2021. The Bicentennial of the Revolution led by Tudor Vladimirescu, coordinated by Sevastian Cercel and Georgeta Ghionea, brings together 22 papers signed by representatives of the academic and university environment which belong to some prestigious institutions in Romania (“C.S. Nicolăescu-Plopşor” Institute for Research in Social Studies and Humanities from Craiova, of the Romanian Academy, University of Craiova, University of Bucharest, “George Baritiu” Institute of History, of the Romanian Academy from Cluj-Napoca, “Ovidius” University from Constanța, Valahia University from Târgoviște). The volume is the result of the National Symposium dedicated to Vladimirescu (1821-2021. The Bicentennial of the Revolution led by Tudor Vladimirescu), initiated by the researchers from institute from Craiova, held on May 14-15, 2021. The volume is structured in three chapters and all the papers are subordinated to the maine topic.

The volume Nowe dwudziestolecie (1989–2009): Rozpoznania, hierarchie, perspektywy [The New Twenties (1989–2009): Recognitions, Hierarchies, Perspectives] reflects on the twenty years of Polish literature and literary change between 1989 and 2009, and compares and contrasts this period with the twenty years between the two world wars. The two twentyyear periods are linked by the fact that their starting point is associated with a date of immense importance for Polish history: 1918 is the year when Poland was returned on the map of Europe, and 1989 is also the year of the change of regime in Poland. The period between the two world wars is also regarded as a separate period in Polish literary history, while the second twenty years covered in this volume are questionable as a literary unit, a question which the essays in this book seek to answer. The volume is divided into three large sections, the first focusing primarily on theory, the second on Polish characteristics and themes that characterised Polish literature after 1989, and the third large section on the genre characteristics that have characterised Polish literature since the fall of communism to this day but were also important between the two world wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article retraces the history of an engraved portrait of Emperor Pedro I, produced between 1824 and 1831, in Brazil’s first years as an independent nation. The analysis of the engraving has three parts: it starts relating its visual elements to the contradictions of Brazilian political emancipation; it mobilizes written sources to track its production and circulation as an artifact; and finally it describes the threshold of a new patrimonial cycle of this image in the late 1800s. The hypothesis is that the setbacks faced by the portrait followed the nation-state formation process.

Corruption is one of Peru's main social problems. Therefore, through practices, symbols and discourses, citizens express their rejection of it. In this framework, the objective of this research is to analyze the causes, consequences and transgression of a Peruvian patriotic symbol, which would account, precisely, for such rejection: the black and white flag raised and waved in various marches and protests in the last two years in Peru. Methodologically, we analyze images in various audiovisual media in which the black and white flag flag appears, and analyze the discourse of Peruvians on the social network Twitter about its use and relevance in the context of protest. It is concluded that Peruvians problematize the practices of patriotism and propose new meanings and new practices (of use, denunciation, discourse) to rethink a more just society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Asociacion Aragonesa de Criticos de Arte is the property of Asociacion Aragonesa de Criticos de Arte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the results of the initiative "200 years of republican history, 200 Colombian literary works" in which an important group of readers - conformed mostly by specialists and connoisseurs of Colombian literature- selected the 'most important' literary books in Colombian history. The Technological University of Pereira (Master and Doctorate in Literature, the University of Caldas (Manizales Book Fair, in association with La Patria from Manizales and Colombia National Radio in 2019, call this project to celebrate the bicentennial of Colombia's national independence. In the selection, the image of literature in the midst of globalization is projected, that is, that articulates local production with modern practices of cultural production, a vision that faces, at the same time, the risk of ignoring authors and homogenizing evaluations of literary practice, which do not adjust to certain 'stereotypical' forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Confluenze. Rivista di Studi Iberoamericani is the property of Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Moderne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The entrepreneurial competencies and access to markets to generate economic income by women as promoters of entrepreneurship in times of COVID-19 pandemic are still not clearly defined; for such considerations, the present research aims to establish the characteristics of the aforementioned competencies of women as entrepreneurs in the framework of the Peruvian Bicentennial, in times of crisis. The research is framed within the methodology of qualitative approach; and, of hermeneutic phenomenological design. We interviewed 15 women entrepreneurs from different fields; and the results show that women must share a role in the household while they seek to undertake to improve their economy and face the crisis. It is concluded that women entrepreneurs have difficulties due to their limitations in terms of financing, their social role and gender stereotypes. Entrepreneurship is her main fear linked to the neglect of her home. The identification of opportunities through an analysis of the environment is not a planned practice, so the culture and capacities for medium-and long-term planning should be strengthened. They have adapted to technology to manifest their entrepreneurship and assert their creative skills, knowledge and innovation in products and services, discovering a diversity of possible activities to develop in their free time. It is essential to strengthen gender equality in entrepreneurship in order to overcome the problem of inequality in relation to men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Espacio is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Most of the heroes we meet are extraordinary beings with magical powers and a cape fluttering from their shoulders. But there are also flesh and blood heroes, as human as you and me, who are sometimes wrong and sometimes right big. Florence Nightingale was one of them. His powers were a great interest in helping sick people, an iron will to improve their care, and an incredible desire to learn. Thanks to them, she became the first nurse in history and showed the world that good care for the sick contributes to better and faster healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores girls' participation in 1976 American Revolution Bicentennial celebrations through their national organizations. Members of the Girl Scouts and the Camp Fire Girls were deeply involved in the nation's displays of civic pride. Girls' organizations linked their ordinary service projects to the Bicentennial and created new projects as they caught the national bandwagon. To some extent, these efforts emphasized unquestioning patriotism, but each organization, propelled by second-wave feminism and social history, also absorbed and advanced efforts to recover multiple perspectives. Girls' organizations became public history spaces and girls in them saw the understanding of and dissemination of history as an important part of female citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Constitucional is the property of Revista Historia Constitucional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper studies the historical relationship between education and society based on a problematic element -- inclusion. The commemoration of independence in American countries is addressed to show that different forms of educational inclusion seen today must be analyzed from the perspective of the form of power that made them possible and necessary for the last two hundred years, that is, the liberal power. The concepts of biopolitics and governance are used theoretically and methodologically. It is showed that educational inclusion is not an altruistic contingency of power but a condition of possibility of its constant validity. Additionally, its inherent obligation to impose exclusion and promote inclusion is part of the current logic according to which ruling also entails letting others live and facilitating death for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociohistórica: Cuadernos del CISH is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The commemoration of Singapore's bicentenary in 2019 attracted scholarly and public attention that included questions about whether the start of colonial rule was a cause for celebration. The 150th anniversary of the arrival of Stamford Raffle, celebrated as part of the country's National Day in 1969, received much less attention. This article explores how that Singapore marked that anniversary as part of the country's fourth National Day celebration. Two years earlier, the Ministry of Culture had decided not to mark the event on a large scale, but a Cabinet meeting in February 1968 reversed that decision. This article argues that the new approach was driven both by an effort to use the event to build a national identity and bolster national confidence, and a wish to express goodwill towards the British and signal openness to them and the world. The article argues that differences in the way the two anniversaries were marked are emblematic of how Singapore's self-conception as a nation has changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to discuss the transformations crossed by the memory of the French Revolution on the occasion of the celebrations of its Bicentennial, in 1989. To this end, it brings to the debate the theoretical reflections of authors such as Pierre Nora and Andreas Huyssen, using sources such as newspapers and documents from the Bicentennial Mission Collection. Challenged at the end of the century by intense changes in social conceptions of time and space, that until then they gave it stability, it will be up to that memory to open up to important redefinitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the Colombian economic history from the 18th to the 21st century, identifying booms in the export of commodities and their relationship with the structural transformation of the economy. For this, coffee growing was a determining factor since it represented the primary basis for this development; this activity not only streamlined an incipient manufacturing sector in the context of import substitution but also established the domestic market. Using secondary sources, it is concluded that after a fairly unpopular internal development model, with trade liberalization in the 1990s the new economic development model has relied on mining exports and oil & gas --which favor deindustrialization-- and focused the country's economy on the production of export commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article carries out an academic exercise around the public policy for primary and secondary education that has been implemented by the Republic for over 200 years. It focuses on the variables of objectives, coverage and quality, which are examined from primary and secondary government sources and public figures interested in the subject. Under such policy, education was intended to reach the largest possible number of people and to be solid, relevant, and in tune with the cultural, social and ideological dynamics that characterized a liberal, democratic nation entering capitalism. The explanation for all this historical path is divided into three parts. The first one deals with the independence period between 1810-1821, highlighting the enormous effort made by enlightened Criollos to organize the foundations of an educational system amid the political instability of the time. The second part takes place between the enactment of a law on August 6, 1821 and Decree 429 of January 20, 1893, conceived from the search for the appropriate structural formula to build a useful quality education. The third and last part covers the 20th century, from Law 39 of 1903 until the promulgation of Law 115 of 1994 and its effects to this day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of the activities to commemorate the bicentennial of independence and liberation wars that have been carried out in Colombia in 2019. It aims at analyzing the characteristics, evolution, and contributions of Colombian constitutionalism from independence to these days. The method used is qualitative with a descriptive, explanatory, and interpretative scope, using primary and secondary sources of information and applying desk research and direct observation techniques. It is concluded that Colombian constitutionalism has made important contributions to world constitutionalism such as the right of petition (Tunja, 1811), the female vote (Vélez, 1853), the unconstitutionality action (1910), and the writ for the protection of constitutional rights (1991), which are available to anyone. Furthermore, the republican model, reinforced presidentialism, centralism and reformism seem to be forward-looking bicentennial features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the Colombian constitutional history taking an approach from American legal realism called law and society as a theoretical model. It intends to identify the processes that have resulted in the transformations of constitutional models --as referred to in this research-- and the reasons that led socio-political elites to make changes to such models. A temporary model is established from 1819 to date, approaching the forms of drafting those Colombian constitutions that have been enacted within the period concerned. It is concluded that the manifold constitutional models are a sample of failures in Colombian political institutions that are still evident due to circumstances that seek to affect the current constitutional structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies (Routledge) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores a group of texts focused on Martín García Island. Through readings of Domingo F. Sarmiento, Mariano Moreno, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Rubén Darío, and Lucrecia Martel, I examine the question of the transnational in nineteenth-century Latin America. Although it was conceptualized as the century of the nation, the nineteenth century also offers the opportunity to articulate multidirectional approaches. I argue that Martín García should be studied as a modernity experiment, a place where the main projects of modernity were tested. Among these projects, I include the modern forms of capitalist exploitation, biopolitical demands, and different ways of disciplining populations. In Lucrecia Martel's short film, Nueva Argirópolis, I analyze the idea of conspiracy, studying the resignification of the nineteenth century during the second centennial of Independence celebrations in 2010. I analyze the idea of conspiracy in her film. In doing so, I suggest that the twenty-first century revisits the legacy of modernity and reconfigures the idea of the nation. Focusing on main topics like gender, race, and language, Martel addresses the ideas of the founding fathers of the nation by introducing minor characters that foment conspiracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781-1826) landed on the shores of the island of Singapore in January 1819. With its growing commercial success, he was celebrated by the British colonial authorities and mercantile community as the visionary founder of an excellent entrepôt between East and West. Despite their participation in the anti-colonial struggles, Lee Kuan Yew and his People's Action Party, which led Singapore into self-government in 1959 and independence in 1965, allowed Raffles to remain crowned as the founder of modern Singapore in school history textbooks and the public psyche. However, the recent launching of Bicentennial planning has unleashed an exceptional wave of scholarly and public interest in the tensions and contradictions embedded in such a commemoration. The spirited discussion has included issues on whether such a moment should be commemorated, the island's state of being in the longue durée stretching back for 700 years, and comparisons of Raffles with Lee Kuan Yew. Underlying the politics and dilemmas of the Bicentennial is an on-going tussle about how the history of a young nation state should be scripted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of História da Historiografia is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Teoria e Historia da Historiografia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper looks into the ways in which the Movimiento Al Socialismo (MAS) rebuilt the historical memory during local ‘independence’ bicentennials in Bolivia. This is carried out by revisiting commemoration practices and speeches deployed by the so-called “Cultural and Democratic Revolution” during the country’s celebrations which took place on May 25, 2009 in El Villar (bicentennial of the “Revolution of Chuquisaca”) and on July 16, 2009 in La Paz (bicentennial of the Junta Tuitiva revolutionary government). The need to unify and democratize a territory suffering from economic, social, regional and ethnic flecking and fragmentation in order to turn it into a strong, articulated Nation implied – for MAS – a dispute for the senses and representations of Bolivianity with the dominant sectors of society. In this respect, describing the ways in which the national past was refreshed as well as the controversies and ambiguities arising from this action during the ‘independence’ bicentennials provide us with the entry point to the analysis of the political identity of the MAS and their national project.

This article is an analysis of the portrayal of the Mexican Bicentennial on the Internet. Specifically, I look into the use of virtual social networking as a portal into national history, and the virtual images and other web presentations of the controversial and ultimately abandoned Torre Bicentenario project of the D.F. as revealing the gaps between global and local perspectives on the event.