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Cytosolic invertase (CIN) in plants hydrolyzes sucrose into fructose and glucose, influencing flowering time and organ development. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Through expressional, genetic, and histological analyses, we identified a substantially role of SlCIN2 (localized in mitochondria) in regulating flowering and pollen development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The overexpression of SlCIN2 resulted in increased hexose accumulation and decreased sucrose and starch content. Our findings indicated that SlCIN2 interacts with Sucrose transporter2 (SlSUT2) to inhibit the sucrose transport activity of SlSUT2, thereby suppressing sucrose content in flower buds and delaying flowering. We found that higher levels of glucose in SlCIN2-overexpressing anthers result in the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby disrupting programmed cell death (PCD) in anthers and delaying the end of tapetal degradation. Exogenous sucrose partially restored fertility in SlCIN2-overexpressing plants. This study revealed the mechanism by which SlCIN2 regulates pollen development and demonstrated a strategy for creating sugar-regulated gene male sterility lines for tomato hybrid seed production., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement. The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Sugar signal mediated by Cell wall invertase (CWIN) plays a central role in seed development. In higher plants, invertase inhibitors (INHs) suppress CWIN activities at a post-translational level. In Litchi chinensis cultivar 'Nuomici', impaired CWIN expression is associated with seed abortion. Here, the expression of LcINH1 was significantly higher in the funicle of seed-aborting cultivar 'Nuomici' than big-seeded cultivar 'Heiye'. Promoter analyses found LcINH1 contained a 404 bp repeat fragment with an endosperm regulatory element of Skn-1_motif. LcINH1 and LcCWIN2/5 were located in plasma membrane. LcINH1 was able to interact with LcCWIN5, but not with LcCWIN2. In vitro enzyme activity assay demonstrated that LcINH1 could inhibit CWIN activity. Silencing LcINH1 in 'Nuomici' resulted in normal seed development, paralleled increased CWIN activities and glucose levels. Transcriptome analysis identified 1079 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LcINH1-silenced fruits. KEGG analysis showed significant enrichment of DEGs in pathways related to transporters and plant hormone signal transduction. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis indicated that the turquoise module was highly correlated with fructose content, and LcSWEET3b was closely associated with early seed development. These findings suggest that LcINH1 regulate LcCWIN5 activity at the post-translational level to alter sucrose metabolism, thereby affecting early seed development in litchi., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are leading prebiotics that help keep the gut healthy and aid wellness by stimulating the growth and activity of beneficial intestinal bacteria. The best-studied FOS are inulin-type FOS, mainly oligosaccharides with β-Fruf-(2→1)-Fruf linkages, including 1-kestose [β-Fruf-(2→1)-β-Fruf-(2↔1)-α-Glcp] and nystose [β-Fruf-(2→1)-β-Fruf-(2→1)-β-Fruf-(2↔1)-α-Glcp]. However, the properties of other types of FOS-levan-type FOS with β-Fruf-(2→6)-Fruf linkages and neo-type FOS with β-Fruf-(2→6)-Glcp linkages-remain ambiguous because efficient methods have not been established for their synthesis. Here, using site-saturation mutation of residue His79 of β-fructofuranosidase from Zymomonas mobilis NBRC13756, we successfully obtained a mutant β-fructofuranosidase that specifically produces neo-type FOS. The H79G enzyme variant loses the native β-Fruf-(2→1)-Fru-transfer ability (which produces 1-kestose), and instead has β-Fruf-(2→6)-Glc-transfer ability and produces neokestose. Its hydrolytic activity specific to the β-Fruf-(2↔1)-α-Glcp bond of neokestose then yields blastose [β-Fruf-(2→6)-Glcp]. The enzyme produces 0.4 M blastose from 1.0 M sucrose (80 % of the theoretical yield). The production system for blastose established here will contribute to the elucidation of the physiological functions of this disaccharide., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Invertases (INVs) are key enzymes in sugar metabolism, cleaving sucrose into glucose and fructose and playing an important role in plant development and the stress response, however, the INV gene family in passion fruit has not been systematically reported., Results: In this study, a total of 16 PeINV genes were identified from the passion fruit genome and named according to their subcellular location and chromosome position. These include six cell wall invertase (CWINV) genes, two vacuolar invertase (VINV) genes, and eight neutral/alkaline invertase (N/AINV) genes. The gene structures, phylogenetic tree, and cis-acting elements of PeINV gene family were predicted using bioinformatics methods. Results showed that the upstream promoter region of the PeINV genes contained various response elements; particularly, PeVINV2, PeN/AINV3, PeN/AINV5, PeN/AINV6, PeN/AINV7, and PeN/AINV8 had more response elements. Additionally, the expression profiles of PeINV genes under different abiotic stresses (drought, salt, cold temperature, and high temperature) indicated that PeCWINV5, PeCWINV6, PeVINV1, PeVINV2, PeN/AINV2, PeN/AINV3, PeN/AINV6, and PeN/AINV7 responded significantly to these abiotic stresses, which was consistent with cis-acting element prediction results. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose are main soluble components in passion fruit pulp. The contents of total soluble sugar, hexoses, and sweetness index increased significantly at early stages during fruit ripening. Transcriptome data showed that with an increase in fruit development and maturity, the expression levels of PeCWINV2, PeCWINV5, and PeN/AINV3 exhibited an up-regulated trend, especially for PeCWINV5 which showed highest abundance, this correlated with the accumulation of soluble sugar and sweetness index. Transient overexpression results demonstrated that the contents of fructose, glucose and sucrose increased in the pulp of PeCWINV5 overexpressing fruit. It is speculated that this cell wall invertase gene, PeCWINV5, may play an important role in sucrose unloading and hexose accumulation., Conclusion: In this study, we systematically identified INV genes in passion fruit for the first time and further investigated their physicochemical properties, evolution, and expression patterns. Furthermore, we screened out a key candidate gene involved in hexose accumulation. This study lays a foundation for further study on INV genes and will be beneficial on the genetic improvement of passion fruit breeding., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Microbial secretions, such as metabolic enzymes, are often considered to be cooperative public goods as they are costly to produce but can be exploited by others. They create incentives for the evolution of non-producers, which can drive producer and population productivity declines. In response, producers can adjust production levels. Past studies suggest that while producers lower production to reduce costs and exploitation opportunities when under strong selection pressure from non-producers, they overproduce secretions when these pressures are weak. We challenge the universality of this trend with the production of a metabolic enzyme, invertase, by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which catalyses sucrose hydrolysis into two hexose molecules. Contrary to past studies, overproducers evolve during evolutionary experiments even when under strong selection pressure from non-producers. Phenotypic and competition assays with a collection of synthetic strains - engineered to have modified metabolic attributes - identify two mechanisms for suppressing the benefits of invertase to those who exploit it. Invertase overproduction increases extracellular hexose concentrations that suppresses the metabolic efficiency of competitors, due to the rate-efficiency trade-off, and also enhances overproducers' hexose capture rate by inducing transporter expression. Thus, overproducers are maintained in the environment originally thought to not support public goods production., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in regulating the allocation of carbon between source and sink tissues in plants and in regulating their stress responses by changing the sucrose biosynthesis, transportation, and catabolism in plants. Invertase, a key enzyme for plant development, participates in the response of plants to drought stress by regulating sucrose metabolism. However, the detailed mechanisms by which INV genes respond to drought stress in mycorrhizal plants remain unclear. This study examined the sugar content, enzyme activity, and expression profiles of INV genes of Populus simonii × P. nigra (PsnINVs) under two inoculation treatments (inoculation or non-inoculation) and two water conditions (well-watered or drought stress). Results showed that under drought stress, AMF up-regulated the expressions of PsnA/NINV1, PsnA/NINV2, PsnA/NINV3, and PsnA/NINV5 in leaves, which may be related to the enhancement of photosynthetic capacity. Additionally, AMF up-regulated the expressions of PsnA/NINV6, PsnA/NINV10, and PsnA/NINV12 in leaves, which may be related to enhancing osmotic regulation ability and drought tolerance., (© 2024 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Cell wall invertase (CIN) is a vital member of plant invertase (INV) and plays a key role in the breakdown of sucrose. This enzyme facilitates the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose, which is crucial for various aspects of plant growth and development. However, the function of CIN genes in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is less studied. In this research, we used the blast-p of NCBI and TBtools for bidirectional comparison, and a total of 13 CIN genes (named SiCINs) were identified from foxtail millet by using Arabidopsis and rice CIN sequences as reference sequences. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the CIN genes can be categorized into three subfamilies: group 1, group 2, and group 3. Furthermore, upon conducting chromosomal localization analysis, it was observed that the 13 SiCINs were distributed unevenly across five chromosomes. Cis-acting elements of SiCIN genes can be classified into three categories: plant growth and development, stress response, and hormone response. The largest number of cis-acting elements were those related to light response (G-box) and the cis-acting elements related to seed-specific regulation (RY-element). qRT-PCR analysis further confirmed that the expression of SiCIN7 and SiCIN8 in the grain was higher than that in any other tissues. The overexpression of SiCIN7 in Arabidopsis improved the grain size and thousand-grain weight, suggesting that SiCIN7 could positively regulate grain development. Our findings will help to further understand the grain-filling mechanism of SiCIN and elucidate the biological mechanism underlying the grain development of SiCIN., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sucrose invertase is an important catalytic enzyme that is widely distributed in plants and can irreversibly hydrolyze sucrose into fructose and glucose. Daylily is an important perennial flower worldwide and a traditional vegetable in East Asia. Previous studies have suggested that sucrose invertase is involved in the aging of daylily flowers. However, knowledge about the number, physicochemical properties, and expression patterns of daylily sucrose invertases is still lacking. Identifying the daylily sucrose invertase family genes in the genome is highly important for understanding phylogenetic evolution and determining the genetic function of sucrose invertase., Methods: To obtain basic knowledge about the number, classification, sequence composition, and physicochemical properties of sucrose invertases in daylily, bioinformatics software was used to analyze the genome of Hemerocallis citrina ( H. citrina ), and the basic properties of sucrose invertase genes and proteins were obtained. Then, combined with transcriptome data from flower organs at different developmental stages, the expression patterns of each gene were clarified. Finally, the reliability of the transcriptome data was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)., Results: Through software analysis, 35 sucrose invertases were identified from the H. citrina genome and named HcINV1-HcINV35; these enzymes belong to three subfamilies: cell wall invertases, vacuolar invertases, and chloroplast invertases. The amino acid composition, motif types, promoter composition, gene structure, protein physicochemical properties, gene chromosomal localization, and evolutionary adaptability of daylily invertases were determined; these results provided a comprehensive understanding of daylily invertases. The transcriptome expression profile combined with fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT‒PCR) analysis suggested that almost all daylily invertase genes were expressed in flower organs, but even genes belonging to the same subfamily did not exhibit the same expression pattern at different developmental stages, suggesting that there may be redundancy or dissimilation in the function of daylily sucrose invertases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024 Ma et al.)

Background: The large-scale biocatalytic application of oxidoreductases requires systems for a cost-effective and efficient regeneration of redox cofactors. These represent the major bottleneck for industrial bioproduction and an important cost factor. In this work, co-expression of the genes of invertase and a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase from Burkholderia xenovorans to E. coli W ΔcscR and E. coli BL21 (DE3) enabled efficient biotransformation of cyclohexanone to the polymer precursor, ε-caprolactone using sucrose as electron source for regeneration of redox cofactors, at rates comparable to glucose. E. coli W ΔcscR has a native csc regulon enabling sucrose utilization and is deregulated via deletion of the repressor gene (cscR), thus enabling sucrose uptake even at concentrations below 6 mM (2 g L -1 ). On the other hand, E. coli BL21 (DE3), which is widely used as an expression host does not contain a csc regulon., Results: Herein, we show a proof of concept where the co-expression of invertase for both E. coli hosts was sufficient for efficient sucrose utilization to sustain cofactor regeneration in the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclohexanone. Using E. coli W ΔcscR, a specific activity of 37 U g DCW -1 was obtained, demonstrating the suitability of the strain for recombinant gene co-expression and subsequent whole-cell biotransformation. In addition, the same co-expression cassette was transferred and investigated with E. coli BL21 (DE3), which showed a specific activity of 17 U g DCW - 1 . Finally, biotransformation using photosynthetically-derived sucrose from Synechocystis S02 with E. coli W ΔcscR expressing BVMO showed complete conversion of cyclohexanone after 3 h, especially with the strain expressing the invertase gene in the periplasm., Conclusions: Results show that sucrose can be an alternative electron source to drive whole-cell biotransformations in recombinant E. coli strains opening novel strategies for sustainable chemical production., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The fecal microbiota of two healthy adults was cultivated in a medium containing commercial fructooligosaccharides [FOS; 1-kestose (GF 2 ), nystose (GF 3 ), and 1 F -fructofuranosylnystose (GF 4 )]. Initially, the proportions of lactobacilli in the two feces samples were only 0.42% and 0.17%; however, they significantly increased to 7.2% and 4.8%, respectively, after cultivation on FOS. Most FOS-utilizing isolates could utilize only GF 2 ; however, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain Lp02 could fully consume GF 3 and GF 4 too. The FOS operon (fosRABCDXE) was present in Lc. paracasei Lp02 and another Lc. paracasei strain, KCTC 3510 T , but fosE was only partially present in the non-FOS-degrading strain KCTC 3510 T . In addition, the top six upregulated genes in the presence of FOS were fosABCDXE, particularly fosE. FosE is a β-fructosidase that hydrolyzes both sucrose and all three FOS. Finally, a genome-based analysis suggested that fosE is mainly observed in Lc. paracasei, and only 13.5% (61/452) of their reported genomes were confirmed to include it. In conclusion, FosE allows the utilization of FOS, including GF 3 and GF 4 as well as GF 2 , by some Lc. paracasei strains, suggesting that this species plays a pivotal role in FOS utilization in the human gut., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

In plants, pollen-pistil interactions during pollination and fertilization mediate pollen hydration and germination, pollen tube growth, and seed set and development. Cell wall invertases (CWINs) help provide the carbohydrates for pollen development; however, their roles in pollination and fertilization have not been well established. In cucumber (Cucumis sativus), CsCWIN3 showed the highest expression in flowers, and we further examined CsCWIN3 for functions during pollination to seed set. Both CsCWIN3 transcript and CsCWIN3 protein exhibited similar expression patterns in the sepals, petals, stamen filaments, anther tapetum, and pollen of male flowers, as well as in the stigma, style, transmitting tract, and ovule funiculus of female flowers. Notably, repression of CsCWIN3 in cucumber did not affect the formation of parthenocarpic fruit but resulted in an arrested growth of stigma integuments in female flowers and a partially delayed dehiscence of anthers with decreased pollen viability in male flowers. Consequently, the pollen tube grew poorly in the gynoecia after pollination. In addition, CsCWIN3-RNA interference plants also showed affected seed development. Considering that sugar transporters could function in cucumber fecundity, we highlight the role of CsCWIN3 and a potential close collaboration between CWIN and sugar transporters in these processes. Overall, we used molecular and physiological analyses to determine the CsCWIN3-mediated metabolism during pollen formation, pollen tube growth, and plant fecundity. CsCWIN3 has essential roles from pollination and fertilization to seed set but not parthenocarpic fruit development in cucumber., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement. The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The β-fructofuranosidase enzyme from Aspergillus niger has been extensively used to commercially produce fructooligosaccharides from sucrose. In this study, the native and an engineered version of the β-fructofuranosidase enzyme were expressed in Pichia pastoris under control of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter, and production was evaluated in bioreactors using either dissolved oxygen (DO-stat) or constant feed fed-batch feeding strategies. The DO-stat cultivations produced lower biomass concentrations but this resulted in higher volumetric activity for both strains. The native enzyme produced the highest volumetric enzyme activity for both feeding strategies (20.8% and 13.5% higher than that achieved by the engineered enzyme, for DO-stat and constant feed, respectively). However, the constant feed cultivations produced higher biomass concentrations and higher volumetric productivity for both the native as well as engineered enzymes due to shorter process time requirements (59 h for constant feed and 155 h for DO-stat feed). Despite the DO-stat feeding strategy achieving a higher maximum enzyme activity, the constant feed strategy would be preferred for production of the β-fructofuranosidase enzyme using glycerol due to the many industrial advantages related to its enhanced volumetric enzyme productivity., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, a renowned traditional Chinese orchid herb esteemed for its significant horticultural and medicinal value, thrives in adverse habitats and contends with various abiotic or biotic stresses. Acid invertases (AINV) are widely considered enzymes involved in regulating sucrose metabolism and have been revealed to participate in plant responses to environmental stress. Although members of AINV gene family have been identified and characterized in multiple plant genomes, detailed information regarding this gene family and its expression patterns remains unknown in D. officinale, despite their significance in polysaccharide biosynthesis., Results: This study systematically analyzed the D. officinale genome and identified four DoAINV genes, which were classified into two subfamilies based on subcellular prediction and phylogenetic analysis. Comparison of gene structures and conserved motifs in DoAINV genes indicated a high-level conservation during their evolution history. The conserved amino acids and domains of DoAINV proteins were identified as pivotal for their functional roles. Additionally, cis-elements associated with responses to abiotic and biotic stress were found to be the most prevalent motif in all DoAINV genes, indicating their responsiveness to stress. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis of transcriptome data, validated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), revealed distinct organ-specific expression patterns of DoAINV genes across various tissues and in response to abiotic stress. Examination of soluble sugar content and interaction networks provided insights into stress release and sucrose metabolism., Conclusions: DoAINV genes are implicated in various activities including growth and development, stress response, and polysaccharide biosynthesis. These findings provide valuable insights into the AINV gene amily of D. officinale and will aid in further elucidating the functions of DoAINV genes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third most important food crop in the world. Potato tubers must be stored at cold temperatures to minimize sprouting and losses due to disease. However, cold temperatures strongly induce the expression of the potato vacuolar invertase gene (VInv) and cause reducing sugar accumulation. This process, referred to as "cold-induced sweetening," is a major postharvest problem for the potato industry. We discovered that the cold-induced expression of VInv is controlled by a 200 bp enhancer, VInvIn2En, located in its second intron. We identified several DNA motifs in VInvIn2En that bind transcription factors involved in the plant cold stress response. Mutation of these DNA motifs abolished VInvIn2En function as a transcriptional enhancer. We developed VInvIn2En deletion lines in both diploid and tetraploid potato using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9)-mediated gene editing. VInv transcription in cold-stored tubers was significantly reduced in the deletion lines. Interestingly, the VInvIn2En sequence is highly conserved among distantly related Solanum species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other non-tuber-bearing species. We conclude that the VInv gene and the VInvIn2En enhancer have adopted distinct roles in the cold stress response in tubers of tuber-bearing Solanum species., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement. None declared., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society of Plant Biologists.)

Difructose anhydride I (DFA-I) can be produced from inulin, with DFA-I-forming inulin fructotransferase (IFTase-I). However, the metabolism of inulin through DFA-I remains unclear. To clarify this pathway, several genes of enzymes related to this pathway in the genome of Microbacterium flavum DSM 18909 were synthesized, and the corresponding enzymes were encoded, purified, and investigated in vitro. After inulin is decomposed to DFA-I by IFTase-I, DFA-I is hydrolyzed to inulobiose by DFA-I hydrolase. Inulobiose is then hydrolyzed by β-fructofuranosidase to form fructose. Finally, fructose enters glycolysis through fructokinase. A β-fructofuranosidase (MfFFase1) clears the byproducts (sucrose and fructo-oligosaccharides), which might be partially hydrolyzed by fructan β-(2,1)-fructosidase/1-exohydrolase and another fructofuranosidase (MfFFase2). Exploring the DFA-I pathway of inulin and well-studied enzymes in vitro extends our basic scientific knowledge of the energy-providing way of inulin, thereby paving the way for further investigations in vivo and offering a reference for further nutritional investigation of inulin and DFA-I in the future.

Benefiting from our discovery that β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) could enhance the catalytic activity of invertase through hydrogen bonding to improve detection sensitivity, a highly sensitive and convenient biosensor for the detection of miR-21 was proposed, which is based on the simplicity of reading signals from a personal glucose meter (PGM), combined with self-assembled signal amplification probes and the performance of β-CD as an enhancer. In the presence of miR-21, magnetic nanoparticle coupled capture DNA (MNPs-cDNA) could capture it and then connect assist DNA/H1-invertase (aDNA/H1) and self-assembled signal amplification probes (H1/H2) in turn. As a result, a "super sandwich" structure was formed. The invertase on MNPs-cDNA could catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and this catalytic process could be enhanced by β-CD. The PGM signal exhibited a linear correlation with miR-21 concentration within the range of 25 pmol L -1 to 3 nmol L -1 , and the detection limit was as low as 5 pmol L -1 with high specificity. Moreover, the recoveries were 103.82-124.65% and RSD was 2.59-6.43%. Furthermore, the biosensor was validated for the detection of miR-21 in serum, and the results showed that miR-21 levels in serum samples from patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) ( n = 12) were significantly higher than those from healthy controls ( n = 12) ( P < 0.001). Therefore, the ingenious combination of PGM-based signal reading, self-assembled signal amplification probes and β-CD as an enhancer successfully constructed a convenient, sensitive and specific biosensing method, which is expected to be applied to clinical diagnosis.

The phenomenon of cooperation is prevalent at all levels of life. In one such manifestation of cooperation in microbial communities, some cells produce costly extracellular resources that are freely available to others. These resources are referred to as public goods. Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretes invertase (public good) in the periplasm to hydrolyze sucrose into glucose and fructose, which are then imported by the cells. After hydrolysis of sucrose, a cooperator retains only 1% of the monosaccharides, while 99% of the monosaccharides diffuse into the environment and can be utilized by any cell. The non-producers of invertase (cheaters) exploit the invertase-producing cells (cooperators) by utilizing the monosaccharides and not paying the metabolic cost of producing the invertase. In this work, we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of this cheater-cooperator system. In a co-culture, if cheaters are selected for their higher fitness, the population will collapse. On the other hand, for cooperators to survive in the population, a strategy to increase fitness would likely be required. To understand the adaptation of cooperators in sucrose, we performed a coevolution experiment in sucrose. Our results show that cooperators increase in fitness as the experiment progresses. This phenomenon was not observed in environments which involved a non-public good system. Genome sequencing reveals duplication of several HXT transporters in the evolved cooperators. Based on these results, we hypothesize that increased privatization of the monosaccharides is the most likely explanation of spread of cooperators in the population.IMPORTANCEHow is cooperation, as a trait, maintained in a population? In order to answer this question, we perform a coevolution experiment between two strains of yeast-one which produces a public good to release glucose and fructose in the media, thus generating a public resource, and the other which does not produce public resource and merely benefits from the presence of the cooperator strain. What is the outcome of this coevolution experiment? We demonstrate that after ~200 generations of coevolution, cooperators increase in frequency in the co-culture. Remarkably, in all parallel lines of our experiment, this is obtained via duplication of regions which likely allow greater privatization of glucose and fructose. Thus, increased privatization, which is intuitively thought to be a strategy against cooperation, enables spread of cooperation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Inulin is widely used as a prebiotic and emerging as a priming compound to counteract plant diseases. We isolated inulin-degrading strains from the lettuce phyllosphere, identified as Bacillus subtilis and Priestia megaterium , species hosting well-known biocontrol organisms. To better understand their varying inulin degradation strategies, three intracellular β-fructofuranosidases from P. megaterium NBRC15308 were characterized after expression in Escherichia coli : a predicted sucrose-6-phosphate (Suc6P) hydrolase (SacAP1, supported by molecular docking), an exofructanase (SacAP2), and an invertase (SacAP3). Based on protein multiple sequence and structure alignments of bacterial glycoside hydrolase family 32 enzymes, we identified conserved residues predicted to be involved in binding phosphorylated (Suc6P hydrolases) or nonphosphorylated substrates (invertases and fructanases). Suc6P hydrolases feature positively charged residues near the structural catalytic pocket (histidine, arginine, or lysine), whereas other β-fructofuranosidases contain tryptophans. This correlates with our phylogenetic tree, grouping all predicted Suc6P hydrolases in a clan associated with genomic regions coding for transporters involved in substrate phosphorylation. These results will help to discriminate between Suc6P hydrolases and other β-fructofuranosidases in future studies and to better understand the interaction of B. subtilis and P. megaterium endophytes with sucrose and/or fructans, sugars naturally present in plants or exogenously applied in the context of defense priming.

Key Message: Sucrose invertase activity is positively related to osmotic and salt stress resistance in peanut. Sucrose invertases (INVs) have important functions in plant growth and response to environmental stresses. However, their biological roles in peanut are still not fully revealed. In this research, we identified 42 AhINV genes in the peanut genome. They were highly conserved and clustered into three groups with 24 segmental duplication events occurred under purifying selection. Transcriptional expression analysis exhibited that they were all ubiquitously expressed, and most of them were up-regulated by osmotic and salt stresses, with AhINV09, AhINV23 and AhINV19 showed the most significant up-regulation. Further physiochemical analysis showed that the resistance of peanut to osmotic and salt stress was positively related to the high sugar content and sucrose invertase activity. Our results provided fundamental information on the structure and evolutionary relationship of INV gene family in peanut and gave theoretical guideline for further functional study of AhINV genes in response to abiotic stress., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: The mechanisms that control the accumulation of woody biomass are of great interest to the study. Invertase and sucrose synthase are enzymes that are vital for distributing carbon in various biosynthetic pathways. Karelian birch ( Betula pendula var. carelica ) is a form of silver birch ( B. pendula Roth) and is characterized by disruption of the differentiation of cambium derivatives towards both the xylem and phloem, which leads to a change in the proportion of the conducting tissues' structural elements and the figured wood formation. We researched the expression profiles of genes encoding sucrose-cleaving enzymes ( CWINV and SUS gene families) and genes encoding CVIF protein, which is responsible for the post-translational regulation of the cell wall invertase activity., Objective: In our study, 16-year-old common silver birch ( Betula pendula var. pendula ) and Karelian birch were used for sampling non-figured and figured trunk section tissues, respectively. Samples were selected for the research based on the radial vector: non-conductive, conductive phloem, cambial zone - differentiating xylem - mature xylem., Methods: The enzyme's activity was investigated by biochemical methods. RT-PCR method was used to determine the level of gene expression. Anatomical and morphological methods were used to determine the stage of differentiation of xylem cambial derivatives., Results: Our research revealed a shift in the composition of xylem components in figured Karelian birch, characterized by increased parenchymatization and reduced vessel quantity. In all studied trunk tissues of Karelian birch, compared with common silver birch, an increase in the expression of the CWINV gene family and the SUS3 gene and a decrease in the expression of SUS4 were shown., Conclusion: Therefore, the increase in parenchymatization in figured Karelian birch is linked to a shift in sucrose metabolism towards the apoplastic pathway, indicated by a higher cell wall invertase activity and gene expression. The expression of the SUS4 gene correlates with the decrease in xylem increments and vessel proportion. The research findings will enhance our understanding of how sucrose breaking enzymes regulate secondary growth in woody plants and aid in developing practical timber cultivation methods., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Invertases, or β-fructofuranosidases, are metabolic enzymes widely distributed among plants and microorganisms that hydrolyze sucrose and release fructose from various substrates. Invertase was one of the earliest discovered enzymes, first investigated in the mid-nineteenth century, becoming a classical model used in the primary biochemical studies on protein synthesis, activity, and the secretion of glycoproteins. However, it was not until 20 years ago that a member of this family of enzymes was structurally characterized, showing a bimodular arrangement with a β-propeller catalytic domain, and a β-sandwich domain with unknown function. Since then, many studies on related plant and fungal enzymes have revealed them as basically monomeric. By contrast, all yeast enzymes in this family that have been characterized so far have shown sophisticated oligomeric structures mediated by the non-catalytic domain, which is also involved in substrate binding, and how this assembly determines the particular specificity of each enzyme. In this chapter, we will review the available structures of yeast invertases to elucidate the mechanism regulating oligomer formation and compare them with other reported dimeric invertases in which the oligomeric assembly has no apparent functional implications. In addition, recent work on a new family of invertases with absolute specificity for the α-(1,2)-bond of sucrose found in cyanobacteria and plant invertases is highlighted., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Dendrobium huoshanense, a traditional Chinese medicine prized for its horticultural and medicinal properties, thrives in an unfavorable climate and is exposed to several adverse environmental conditions. Acid invertase (AINV), a widely distributed enzyme that has been demonstrated to play a significant role in response to environmental stresses. However, the identification of the AINV gene family in D. huoshanense, the collinearity between relative species, and the expression pattern under external stress have yet to be resolved. We systematically retrieved the D. huoshanense genome and screened out four DhAINV genes, which were further classified into two subfamilies by the phylogenetic analysis. The evolutionary history of AINV genes in D. huoshanense was uncovered by comparative genomics investigations. The subcellular localization predicted that the DhVINV genes may be located in the vacuole, while the DhCWINV genes may be located in the cell wall. The exon/intron structures and conserved motifs of DhAINV genes were found to be highly conserved in two subclades. The conserved amino acids and catalytic motifs in DhAINV proteins were determined to be critical to their function. Notably, the cis-acting elements in all DhAINV genes were mainly relevant to abiotic stresses and light response. In addition, the expression profile coupled with qRT-PCR revealed the typical expression patterns of DhAINV in response to diverse abiotic stresses. Our findings could be beneficial to the characterization and further investigation of AINV functions in Dendrobium plants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To investigate the mechanism for drought promoting soluble sugar accumulation will be conducive to the enhancement of citrus fruit quality as well as stress tolerance. Fruit sucrose mainly derives from source leaves. Its accumulation in citrus fruit cell vacuole involves in two processes of unloading in the fruit segment membrane (SM) and translocating to the vacuole of fruit juice sacs (JS). Here, transcript levels of 47 sugar metabolism- and transport-related genes were compared in fruit SM or JS between drought and control treatments. Results indicated that transcript levels of cell wall invertase genes (CwINV2/6) and sucrose synthase genes (SUS2/6) in the SM were significantly increased by the drought. Moreover, transcript levels of SWEET genes (CsSWEET1/2/4/5/9) and monosaccharide transporter gene (CsPMT3) were significantly increased in SM under drought treatment. On the other hand, SUS1/3 and vacuolar invertase (VINV) transcript levels were significantly increased in JS by drought; CsPMT4, sucrose transporter gene 2 (CsSUT2), tonoplast monosaccharide transporter gene 2 (CsTMT2), sugar transport protein gene 1 (CsSTP1), two citrus type I V-PPase genes (CsVPP1, and CsVPP2) were also significantly increased in drought treated JS. Collectively, the imposition of drought stress resulted in more soluble sugar accumulation through enhancing sucrose download by enhancing sink strength- and transport ability-related genes, such as CwINV2/6, SUS2/6, CsSWEET1/2/4/5/9, and CsPMT3, in fruit SM, and soluble sugar storage ability by increasing transcript levels of genes, such as CsPMT4, VINV, CsSUT2, CsTMT2, CsSTP1, CsVPP1, and CsVPP2, in fruit JS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

As a key enzyme in the starch and sugar metabolic pathways in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), the vacuolar invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) IbβFRUCT2 is involved in partitioning and modulating the starch and sugar components of the storage root. However, the post-translational regulation of its invertase activity remains unclear. In this study, we identified three invertase inhibitors, IbInvInh1, IbInvInh2, and IbInvInh3, as potential interaction partners of IbβFRUCT2. All were found to act as vacuolar invertase inhibitors (VIFs) and belonged to the plant invertase/pectin methyl esterase inhibitor superfamily. Among the three VIFs, IbInvInh2 is a novel VIF in sweet potato and was confirmed to be an inhibitor of IbβFRUCT2. The N-terminal domain of IbβFRUCT2 and the Thr39 and Leu198 sites of IbInvInh2 were predicted to be engaged in their interactions. The transgenic expression of IbInvInh2 in Arabidopsis thaliana plants reduced the starch content of leaves, while its expression in the Ibβfruct2-expressing Arabidopsis plants increased the starch content of leaves, suggesting that the post-translational inhibition of IbβFRUCT2 activity by IbInvInh2 contributes to the regulation of the plant starch content. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel VIF in sweet potato and provide insights into the potential regulatory roles of the VIFs and invertase-VIF interaction in starch metabolism. These insights lay the foundation for using VIFs to improve the starch properties of crops., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Fusarium crown rot (FCR) and sharp eyespot (SE) are serious soil-borne diseases in wheat and its relatives that have been reported to cause wheat yield losses in many areas. In this study, the expression of a cell wall invertase gene, TaCWI-B1, was identified to be associated with FCR resistance through a combination of bulk segregant RNA sequencing and genome resequencing in a recombinant inbred line population. Two bi-parental populations were developed to further verify TaCWI-B1 association with FCR resistance. Overexpression lines and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutants revealed TaCWI-B1 positively regulating FCR resistance. Determination of cell wall thickness and components showed that the TaCWI-B1-overexpression lines exhibited considerably increased thickness and pectin and cellulose contents. Furthermore, we found that TaCWI-B1 directly interacted with an alpha-galactosidase (TaGAL). EMS mutants showed that TaGAL negatively modulated FCR resistance. The expression of TaGAL is negatively correlated with TaCWI-B1 levels, thus may reduce mannan degradation in the cell wall, consequently leading to thickening of the cell wall. Additionally, TaCWI-B1-overexpression lines and TaGAL mutants showed higher resistance to SE; however, TaCWI-B1 mutants were more susceptible to SE than controls. This study provides insights into a FCR and SE resistance gene to combat soil-borne diseases in common wheat., (© 2023 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.)

Sugar is crucial for grape berry, whether used for fresh food or wine. However, berry enlargement treatment with forchlorfenuron (N-(2-chloro4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea) (CPPU, a synthetic cytokinin) and gibberellin (GA) always had adverse effects on sugar accumulation in some grape varieties, especially CPPU. Therefore exploring the molecular mechanisms behind these adverse effects could provide a foundation for improving or developing technology to mitigate the effects of CPPU/GA treatments for grape growers. In the present study, invertase (INV) family, the key gene controlling sugar accumulation, was identified and characterized on the latest annotated grape genome. Their express pattern, as well as invertase activity and sugar content, were analyzed during grape berry development under CPPU and GA 3 treatment to explore the potential role of INV members under berry enlargement treatment in grapes. Eighteen INV genes were identified and divided into two sub-families: 10 neutral INV genes (Vv-A/N-INV1-10) and 8 acid INV genes containing 5 CWINV (VvCWINV1-5) and 3 VIN (VvVIN1-3). At the early development stage, both CPPU and GA 3 treatment decreased the hexose level in berries of 'Pinot Noir' grape, whereas the activity of three types inverstase (soluble acid INV, insoluble acid INV, and neutral INV) increased. Correspondingly, most of INV members were up-regulated by GA 3 /CPPU application at least one sampling time point during early berry development, including VvCWINV1, 2, 3, 4, 5, VvVIN1, 2, 3 and Vv-A/N-INV1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10. At maturity, the sugar content in CPPU-treated berries is still lower than that in the control. Soluble acid INV and neutral INV, rather than insoluble acid INV, presented lower activity in CPPU-treated berries. Meanwhile, several corresponding genes, such as VvVIN2 and Vv-A/N-INV2, 8, 10 in ripening berries were obviously down-regulated by CPPU treatment. These results suggested that most of INV members could be triggered by berry enlargement treatment during early berry development, whereas VvVINs and Vv-A/N-INVs, but not VvCWINVs, could be the limiting factor resulting in decreased sugar accumulation in CPPU-treated berries at maturity. In conclusion, this study identified the INV family on the latest annotated grape genome and selected several potential members involving in the limit of CPPU on final sugar accumulation in grape berry. These results provide candidate genes for further study of the molecular regulation of CPPU and GA on sugar accumulation in grape., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

During yeast dough fermentation, such as the high-sucrose bread-making process, the yeast cells are subjected to considerable osmotic stress, resulting in poor outcomes. Invertase is important for catalyzing the irreversible hydrolysis of sucrose to free glucose and fructose, and decreasing the catalytic activity of the invertase may reduce the glucose osmotic stress on the yeast. In this study, we performed structural design and site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase (ScInV) in an Escherichia coli expression system to study the catalytic activity of ScInV mutants in vitro. In addition, we generated the same mutation sites in the yeast endogenous genome and tested their invertase activity in yeast and dough fermentation ability. Our results indicated that appropriately reduced invertase activity of yeast ScInV can enhance dough fermentation activity under high-sucrose conditions by 52%. Our systems have greatly accelerated the engineering of yeast endogenous enzymes both in vitro and in yeast, and shed light on future metabolic engineering of yeast., (© 2022. Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.)

There is an ever-increasing demand for industrial enzyme, necessitating a constant search for its efficient producers. The isolation and characterization of invertase producer yeasts from natural palm wine is reported in this study. Yeasts were isolated from fresh palm wine obtained from Abagboro community Ile-Ife, Nigeria following standard methods. A total of six yeast strains were isolated from the palm wine. The strains were screened for their ability to produce invertase and the most efficient invertase producer was characterized and identified using phenotypic and molecular methods. Isolate C showed the highest invertase activity (34.15 µmole/ml/min), followed by isolate B (18.070 µmole/ml/min) and isolate A (14.385 µmole/ml/min). The identity of isolate C was confirmed by genotypic methods to be Saccharomyces cerevisiae (OL629078.1 accession number on NCBI database). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain fermented galactose, arabinose, maltose, glucose, sucrose and raffinose, grew in 50% and 60% glucose and at 25-35 °C. The newly isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain is an efficient producer of invertase and can be exploited for commercial biosynthesis of the enzyme for use in biotechnological applications., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

In this study, we performed expression analysis of genes associated with cold-induced sweetening in potato tubers: vacuolar invertase (Pain-1), sucrose synthase (SUS4), and invertase inhibitor (InvInh2). Potato varieties Nikulinsky, Symfonia, and Nevsky were used. All three varieties were found to accumulate sugars at low temperatures; the maximum accumulation of reducing sugars was observed at 4°C. It was found that the expression pattern of genes associated with cold-induced sweetening differs depending on the variety and storage duration. The increased expression of vacuolar invertase and its inhibitor is more pronounced at the beginning of storage period, whereas the increased expression of sucrose synthase is more pronounced after 3 months of storage. At early storage periods, high expression of invertase and low expression of inhibitor is observed in the Dutch variety Symfonia, and vice versa in the Russian varieties Nikulinsky and Nevsky. The involvement of the studied genes in the process of cold-induced sweetening is discussed.

Invertases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the unalterable cleavage of sucrose into glucose and fructose, and are crucially involved in plant growth, development and stress response. In this study, a total of 17 putative invertase genes, including 3 cell wall invertases, 3 vacuolar invertases, and 11 neutral invertases were identified in apple genome. Subcellular localization of MdNINV7 and MdNINV11 indicated that both invertases were located in the cytoplasm. Comprehensive analyses of physicochemical properties, chromosomal localization, genomic characterization, and gene evolution of MdINV family were conducted. Gene duplication revealed that whole-genome or segmental duplication and random duplication might have been the major driving force for MdINVs expansion. Selection index values, ω, showed strong evidence of positive selection signatures among the INV clusters. Gene expression analysis indicated that MdNINV1/3/6/7 members are crucially involved in fruit development and sugar accumulation. Similarly, expression profiles of MdCWINV1, MdVINV1, and MdNINV1/2/7/11 suggested their potential roles in response to cold stress. Furthermore, overexpression of MdNINV11 in apple calli at least in part promoted the expression of MdCBF1-5 and H 2 O 2 detoxification in response to cold. Overall, our results will be useful for understanding the functions of MdINVs in the regulation of apple fruit development and cold stress response., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The importance of uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose (UDP-G) synthesis and degradation on carbon (C) partitioning has been indicated in several studies of plant systems, whereby the kinetic properties and abundance of involved enzymes had a significant effect upon the volume of C moving into the hemicellulose, cellulose and sucrose pools. In this study, the expression of 136 genes belonging to 32 gene families related to UDP-G metabolism was studied in 3 major sugarcane organs (including leaf, internode and root) at 6 different developmental stages in 2 commercial genotypes., Results: Analysis of the genes associated with UDP-G metabolism in leaves indicated low expression of sucrose synthase, but relatively high expression of invertase genes, specifically cell-wall invertase 4 and neutral acid invertase 1-1 and 3 genes. Further, organs that are primarily responsible for sucrose synthesis or bioaccumulation, i.e., in source organs (mature leaves) and storage sink organs (mature internodes), had very low expression of sucrose, cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis genes, specifically sucrose synthase 1 and 2, UDP-G dehydrogenase 5 and several cellulose synthase subunit genes. Gene expression was mostly very low in both leaf and mature internode samples; however, leaves did have a comparatively heightened invertase and sucrose phosphate synthase expression. Major differences were observed in the transcription of several genes between immature sink organs (roots and immature internodes). Gene transcription favoured utilisation of UDP-G toward insoluble and respiratory pools in roots. Whereas, there was comparatively higher expression of sucrose synthetic genes, sucrose phosphate synthase 1 and 4, and comparatively lower expression of many genes associated with C flow to insoluble and respiratory pools including myo-Inositol oxygenase, UDP-G dehydrogenase 4, vacuolar invertase 1, and several cell-wall invertases in immature internodes., Conclusion: This study represents the first effort to quantify the expression of gene families associated with UDP-G metabolism in sugarcane. Transcriptional analysis displayed the likelihood that C partitioning in sugarcane is closely related to the transcription of genes associated with the UDP-G metabolism. The data presented may provide an accurate genetic reference for future efforts in altering UDP-G metabolism and in turn C partitioning in sugarcane., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

To cope with cold stress, plants have developed antioxidation strategies combined with osmoprotection by sugars. In potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers, which are swollen stems, exposure to cold stress induces starch degradation and sucrose synthesis. Vacuolar acid invertase (VInv) activity is a significant part of the cold-induced sweetening (CIS) response, by rapidly cleaving sucrose into hexoses and increasing osmoprotection. To discover alternative plant tissue pathways for coping with cold stress, we produced VInv-knockout lines in two cultivars. Genome editing of VInv in 'Désirée' and 'Brooke' was done using stable and transient expression of CRISPR/Cas9 components, respectively. After storage at 4°C, sugar analysis indicated that the knockout lines showed low levels of CIS and maintained low acid invertase activity in storage. Surprisingly, the tuber parenchyma of vinv lines exhibited significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and reduced H 2 O 2 levels. Furthermore, whole plants of vinv lines exposed to cold stress without irrigation showed normal vigor, in contrast to WT plants, which wilted. Transcriptome analysis of vinv lines revealed upregulation of an osmoprotectant pathway and ethylene-related genes during cold temperature exposure. Accordingly, higher expression of antioxidant-related genes was detected after exposure to short and long cold storage. Sugar measurements showed an elevation of an alternative pathway in the absence of VInv activity, raising the raffinose pathway with increasing levels of myo-inositol content as a cold tolerance response., (© 2022 The Authors. The Plant Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Invertase (INV) irreversibly catalyzes the conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose, playing important role in plant development and stress tolerance. However, the functions of INV genes in wheat have been less studied. In this study, a total of 126 TaINV genes were identified using a genome-wide search method, which could be classified into five classes (TaCWI-α, TaCWI-β, TaCI-α, TaCI-β, and TaVI) based on phylogenetic relationship. A total of 101 TaINVs were collinear with their ancestors in the synteny analysis, and we speculated that polyploidy events were the main force in the expansion of the TaINV gene family. Compared with TaCI, TaCWI and TaVI are more similar in gene structure and protein properties. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that TaINVs expressed in multiple tissues with different expression levels. Among 19 tissue-specific expressed TaINVs , 12 TaINVs showed grain-specific expression pattern and might play an important role in wheat grain development. In addition, qRT-PCR results further confirmed that TaCWI50 and TaVI27 show different expression in grain weight NILs. Our results demonstrated that the high expression of TaCWI50 and TaVI27 may be associated with a larger TGW phenotype. This work provides the foundations for understanding the grain development mechanism.

Background: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important multiuse crop grown for economic and energy purposes. Its vegetative organs are storage roots, in which the main storage material is starch. The accumulation characteristics of starch in cassava roots can directly affect the yield, starch content and maturation of cassava storage roots. In this study, we used a cassava sexual tetraploid (ST), which showed early maturation heterosis in previous work, as the main test material. We analyzed the sucrose metabolism and starch accumulation characteristics of the ST and its parents from the leaf "source" to the storage root "sink" during different developmental stages and explored the regulatory mechanisms of ST storage root early maturation by combining the transcriptome data of the storage roots during the expansion period., Results: The results showed that the trends in sucrose, glucose and fructose contents in the ST leaves were similar to those of the two parents during different stages of development, but the trends in the ST storage roots were significantly different from those of their parents, which showed high sucrose utilization rates during the early stage of development and decreased utilization capacity in the late developmental stage. Transcriptome data showed that the genes that were expressed differentially between ST and its parents were mainly involved in the degradation and utilization of sucrose in the storage roots, and four key enzyme genes were significantly upregulated (Invertase MeNINV8/MeVINV3, Sucrose synthase MeSuSy2, Hexokinase MeHXK2), while the expressions of key enzyme genes involved in starch synthesis were not significantly different., Conclusions: The results revealed that the pattern of sucrose degradation and utilization in the cassava ST was different from that of its parents and promoted early maturation in its tuberous roots. Starch accumulation in the ST from sucrose mainly occurred during the early expansion stage of the storage roots, and the starch content during this period was higher than that of both parents, mainly due to the regulation of invertase and hexokinase activities during sucrose metabolism. This study provides a basis for further genetic improvements to cassava traits and for breeding varieties that mature early and are adapted well to provide starch supply requirements., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Faithful meiotic progression ensures the generation of viable gametes. Studies suggested the male meiosis of plants is sensitive to ambient temperature, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we characterized a maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) dominant male sterile mutant Mei025, in which the meiotic process of pollen mother cells (PMCs) was arrested after pachytene. An Asp-to-Asn replacement at position 276 of INVERTASE ALKALINE NEUTRAL 6 (INVAN6), a cytosolic invertase (CIN) that predominantly exists in PMCs and specifically hydrolyses sucrose, was revealed to cause meiotic defects in Mei025. INVAN6 interacts with itself as well as with four other CINs and seven 14-3-3 proteins. Although INVAN6 Mei025 , the variant of INVAN6 found in Mei025, lacks hydrolytic activity entirely, its presence is deleterious to male meiosis, possibly in a dominant negative repression manner through interacting with its partner proteins. Notably, heat stress aggravated meiotic defects in invan6 null mutant. Further transcriptome data suggest INVAN6 has a fundamental role for sugar homeostasis and stress tolerance of male meiocytes. In summary, this work uncovered the function of maize CIN in male meiosis and revealed the role of CIN-mediated sugar metabolism and signalling in meiotic progression under heat stress., (© 2022 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2022 New Phytologist Foundation.)

Background: Zalaria sp. Him3 was reported as a novel fructooligosaccharides (FOS) producing yeast. However, Zalaria spp. have not been widely known and have been erroneously classified as a different black yeast, Aureobasidium pullulans. In this study, de novo genome assembly and analysis of Zalaria sp. Him3 was demonstrated to confirm the existence of a potential enzyme that facilitates FOS production and to compare with the genome of A. pullulans., Results: The genome of Zalaria sp. Him3 was analyzed; the total read bases and total number of reads were 6.38 Gbp and 42,452,134 reads, respectively. The assembled genome sequence was calculated to be 22.38 Mbp, with 207 contigs, N50 of 885,387, L50 of 10, GC content of 53.8%, and 7,496 genes. g2419, g3120, and g3700 among the predicted genes were annotated as cellulase, xylanase, and β-fructofuranosidase (FFase), respectively. When the read sequences were mapped to A. pullulans EXF-150 genome as a reference, a small amount of reads (3.89%) corresponded to the reference genome. Phylogenetic tree analysis, which was based on the conserved sequence set consisting of 2,362 orthologs in the genome, indicated genetic differences between Zalaria sp. Him3 and Aureobasidium spp., Conclusion: The differences between Zalaria and Aureobasidium spp. were evident at the genome level. g3700 identified in the Zalaria sp. Him3 likely does not encode a highly transfructosyl FFase because the motif sequences were unlike those in other FFases involved in FOS production. Therefore, strain Him3 may produce another FFase. Furthermore, several genes with promising functions were identified and might elicit further interest in Zalaria yeast., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Main Conclusion: VInv gene editing in potato using CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in knockdown of expression and a lower VInv enzymatic activity resulting in a decrease in post-harvest cold-storage sugars formation and sweetening in potatoes. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockdown of vacuolar invertase (VInv) gene was carried out using two sgRNAs in local cultivar of potato plants. The transformation efficiency of potatoes was found to be 11.7%. The primary transformants were screened through PCR, Sanger sequencing, digital PCR, and ELISA. The overall editing efficacy was determined to be 25.6% as per TIDE analysis. The amplicon sequencing data showed maximum indel frequency for potato plant T12 (14.3%) resulting in 6.2% gene knockout and 6% frame shift. While for plant B4, the maximum indel frequency of 2.0% was found which resulted in 4.4% knockout and 4% frameshift as analyzed by Geneious. The qRT-PCR data revealed that mRNA expression of VInv gene was reduced 90-99-fold in edited potato plants when compared to the non-edited control potato plant. Following cold storage, chips analysis of potatoes proved B4 and T12 as best lines. Reducing sugars' analysis by titration method determined fivefold reduction in percentage of reducing sugars in tubers of B4 transgenic lines as compared to the control. Physiologically genome-edited potatoes behaved like their conventional counterpart. This is first successful report of knockdown of potato VInv gene in Pakistan that addressed cold-induced sweetening resulting in minimum accumulation of reducing sugars in genome edited tubers., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

In this work, personal glucose meter (PGM) as a portable electrochemical device was utilized for sensitive detection of non-glucose targets: N-gene and PCB77, respectively. DNA hydrogel, which can respond to CRISPR/Cas system, was prepared for label-free encapsulating invertase. In the presence of targets, the repeated sequence for the activation of Cas12a was obtained due to the performance of RCA. Unlike "one-to-one" recognition, activated Cas12a can efficiently cleave multiple single-stranded linker DNAs on DNA hydrogels, thus releasing many invertase that can be used for PGM detection. With the amplification of RCA and CRISPR/Cas system, high detection sensitivity can be obtained even using portable PGM. The detection limits for N-gene and PCB77 were 2.6 fM and 3.2 × 10 -5  μg/L, respectively, with high specificity and good practical application performance. The developed biosensor can be used for online monitoring with the merit of low cost, easy operation and can be used for various targets analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Sugar synthesis from photosynthesis and its utilization through sugar metabolism jointly determine leaf sugar content, and in contrast, excess sugar represses leaf photosynthesis. Although plant photosynthesis is affected by leaf sugar metabolism, the relationship between sugar metabolism and photosynthetic capacity of different grape genotypes remains unclear. In this study, two grape (Vitis vinifera L.) genotypes 'Riesling' (RI, high sugar content in leaf) and 'Petit Manseng' (PM, low sugar content in leaf) were used to evaluate the relationship between sugar metabolism and photosynthesis. Sugar content, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters, enzyme activity, and gene expression related to sucrose metabolism in leaves were measured, and the correlations between photosynthesis and sugar metabolism were assessed. The contents of sucrose and glucose were significantly higher in RI leaves than in PM leaves, while the fructose content pattern was reversed. Cell wall invertase activity for sucrose hydrolysis and the transcript levels of VvCWINV, VvHTs, VvTMT1, VvFKs, and VvHXK2 were also higher in RI leaves than in PM leaves, whereas that of VvHXK1 mediating glucose phosphorylation, was lower in RI leaves than in PM leaves. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll content were lower in RI leaves than in PM leaves and negatively correlated with glucose content, and the transcript levels of VvCWINV, VvHTs, VvTMT1, and VvHXK2. In conclusion, this study indicates that leaf sugar metabolism and transport are related to photosynthesis in Vitis vinifera L., which provides a theoretical basis for improving grape photosynthesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

BmSuc1 , a novel animal-type β-fructofuranosidase (β-FFase, EC 3.2.1.26) encoding gene, was cloned and identified for the first time in the silkworm, Bombyx mori . BmSuc1 was specifically and highly expressed in the midgut and silk gland of Bombyx mori . Until now, the function of BmSuc1 in the silk gland was unclear. In this study, it was found that the expression changes of BmSuc1 in the fifth instar silk gland were consistent with the growth rate of the silk gland. Next, with the aid of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, the BmSuc1 locus was genetically mutated, and homozygous mutant silkworm strains with truncated β-FFase (BmSUC1) proteins were established. BmSuc1 mutant larvae exhibited stunted growth and decreased body weight. Interestingly, the molecular weight of part of Sericin1 (Ser1) in the silk gland of the mutant silkworms was reduced. The knockout of BmSuc1 reduced the sericin content in the silkworm cocoon shell, and the mechanical properties of the mutant line silk fibers were also negatively affected. These results reveal that BmSUC1 is involved in the synthesis of Ser1 protein in silk glands and helps to maintain the homeostasis of silk protein content in silk fibers and the mechanical properties of silk fibers, laying a foundation for the study of BmSUC1 regulation of silk protein synthesis in silk glands.

Fructans such as inulin and levan accumulate in certain taxonomic groups of plants and are a reserve carbohydrate alternative to starch. Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a typical plant species that accumulates fructans, and it synthesizes inulin-type and inulin neoseries-type fructans in the bulb. Although genes for fructan biosynthesis in onion have been identified so far, no genes for fructan degradation had been found. In this study, phylogenetic analysis predicted that we isolated a putative vacuolar invertase gene (AcpVI1), but our functional analyses demonstrated that it encoded a fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH) instead. Assessments of recombinant proteins and purified native protein showed that the protein had 1-FEH activity, hydrolyzing the β-(2,1)-fructosyl linkage in inulin-type fructans. Interestingly, AcpVI1 had an amino acid sequence close to those of vacuolar invertases and fructosyltransferases, unlike all other FEHs previously found in plants. We showed that AcpVI1 was localized in the vacuole, as are onion fructosyltransferases Ac1-SST and Ac6G-FFT. These results indicate that fructan-synthesizing and -degrading enzymes are both localized in the vacuole. In contrast to previously reported FEHs, our data suggest that onion 1-FEH evolved from a vacuolar invertase and not from a cell wall invertase. This demonstrates that classic phylogenetic analysis on its own is insufficient to discriminate between invertases and FEHs, highlighting the importance of functional markers in the nearby active site residues., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Levan-type fructooligosaccharides (FOS) exhibit enhanced health-promoting prebiotic effects on gut microbiota. The wild type (WT) of β-fructofuranosidase Fru6 could mainly yield 6-ketose. Semirational design and mutagenesis of Fru6 were exploited to promote the transfructosylating capacity for FOS. The promising variants not only improved the formation of 6-kestose but also newly produced tetrasaccharides of 6,6-nystose and 1,6-nystose (a new type of FOS), and combinatorial mutation boosted the production of 6-kestose and tetrasaccharides (39.9 g/L 6,6-nystose and 4.6 g/L 1,6-nystose). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation confirmed that the mutated positions reshaped the pocket of Fru6 to accommodate bulky 6-kestose in a reactive conformation with better accessibility for tetrasaccharides formation. Using favored conditions, the variant S165A/H357A could yield 6-kestose up to 335 g/L, and tetrasaccharides (6,6-nystose and 1,6-nystose) reached a high level of 121.1 g/L (134.5 times of the mutant S423A). The β-(2,6)-linked FOS may show the potential application for the prebiotic ingredients.

Salmonella enterica is one of the most important food-borne pathogens, whose motility and virulence are highly related to flagella. Flagella alternatively express two kinds of surface antigen flagellin, FliC and FljB, in a phenomenon known as flagellar phase variation. The molecular mechanisms by which the switching orientation of the Hin-composed DNA segment mediates the expression of the fljBA promoter have been thoroughly illustrated. However, the precise regulators that control DNA strand exchange are barely understood. In this study, we found that a putative response regulator, STM0347, contributed to the phase variation of flagellin in S. Typhimurium. With quantitative proteomics and secretome profiling, a lack of STM0347 was confirmed to induce the transformation of flagellin from FliC to FljB. Real-time PCR and in vitro incubation of SMT0347 with the hin DNA segment suggested that STM0347 disturbed Hin-catalyzed DNA reversion via hin degradation, and the overexpression of Hin was sufficient to elicit flagellin variation. Subsequently, the Δ stm0347 strain was outcompeted by its parental strain in HeLa cell invasion. Collectively, our results reveal the crucial role of STM0347 in Salmonella virulence and flagellar phase variation and highlight the complexity of the regulatory network of Hin-modulated flagellum phase variation in Salmonella .

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are compounds possessing various health properties and are added to functional foods as prebiotics. The commercial production of FOS is done through the enzymatic transfructolysation of sucrose by β-fructofuranosidases which is found in various organisms of which Aureobasidium pullulans and Aspergillus niger are the most well known. This study overexpressed two differently codon-optimized variations of the Aspergillus fijiensis β-fructofuranosidase-encoding gene (fopA) under the transcriptional control of either the alcohol oxidase (AOX1) or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoters. When cultivated in shake flasks, the two codon-optimized variants displayed similar volumetric enzyme activities when expressed under control of the same promoter with the GAP strains producing 11.7 U/ml and 12.7 U/ml, respectively, and the AOX1 strains 95.8 U/ml and 98.6 U/ml, respectively. However, the highest production levels were achieved for both codon-optimized genes when expressed under control of the AOX1 promoter. The AOX1 promoter was superior to the GAP promoter in bioreactor cultivations for both codon-optimized genes with 13,702 U/ml and 2718 U/ml for the AOX1 promoter for ATUM and GeneArt ® , respectively, and 6057 U/ml and 1790 U/ml for the GAP promoter for ATUM and GeneArt ® , respectively. The ATUM-optimized gene produced higher enzyme activities when compared to the one from GeneArt ® , under the control of both promoters., (© 2022. Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.)

Invertases are key enzymes for carbon metabolism, cleaving sucrose into energy-rich and signaling metabolites, glucose and fructose. Invertases play pivotal roles in development and stress response, determining yield and quality of seed production. In this context, the repertoire of invertase gene families is critically scarce in legumes. Here, we performed a systematic search for invertase families in 16 Fabaceae genomes. For instance, we identified 19 invertase genes in the model plant Medicago and 17 accessions in the agronomic crop Pisum sativum. Our comprehensive phylogenetic analysis sets a milestone for the scientific community as we propose a new nomenclature to correctly name plant invertases. Thus, neutral invertases were classified into four clades of cytosolic invertase (CINV). Acid invertases were classified into two cell wall invertase clades (CWINV) and two vacuolar invertase clades (VINV). Then, we explored transcriptional regulation of the pea invertase family, focusing on seed development and water stress. Invertase expression decreased sharply from embryogenesis to seed-filling stages, consistent with higher sucrose and lower monosaccharide contents. The vacuolar invertase PsVINV1.1 clearly marked the transition between both developmental stages. We hypothesize that the predominantly expressed cell wall invertase, PsCWINV1.2, may drive sucrose unloading towards developing seeds. The same candidates, PsVINV1.1 and PsCWINV1.2, were also regulated by water deficit during embryonic stage. We suggest that PsVINV1.1 along with vacuolar sugar transporters maintain cellular osmotic pressure and PsCWINV1.2 control hexose provision, thereby ensuring embryo survival in drought conditions. Altogether, our findings provide novel insights into the regulation of plant carbon metabolism in a challenging environment., (© 2022 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)

Tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia L. is a difficult-to-root species, and is vegetatively propagated through stem cuttings. Limited information is available regarding the adventitious root (AR) formation of dark-pretreated micro-shoot cuttings. Moreover, the role of specific miRNAs and their targeted genes during dark-pretreated AR formation under in vitro conditions has never been revealed. The dark pretreatment has successfully promoted and stimulated adventitious rooting signaling-related genes in tissue-cultured stem cuttings with the application of auxin (0.2 mg L -1 IBA). Histological analysis was performed for AR formation at 0, 12, 36, 48, and 72 h after excision (HAE) of the cuttings. The first histological events were observed at 36 HAE in the dark-pretreated cuttings; however, no cellular activities were observed in the control cuttings. In addition, the present study aimed to uncover the role of differentially expressed (DE) microRNAs (miRNAs) and their targeted genes during adventitious root formation using the lower portion (1-1.5 cm) of tetraploid R. pseudoacacia L. micro-shoot cuttings. The samples were analyzed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology for the identification of miRNAs at the mentioned time points. Seven DE miRNA libraries were constructed and sequenced. The DE number of 81, 162, 153, 154, 41, 9, and 77 miRNAs were upregulated, whereas 67, 98, 84, 116, 19, 16, and 93 miRNAs were downregulated in the following comparisons of the libraries: 0-vs-12, 0-vs-36, 0-vs-48, 0-vs-72, 12-vs-36, 36-vs-48, and 48-vs-72, respectively. Furthermore, we depicted an association between ten miRNAs (novel-m0778-3p, miR6135e.2-5p, miR477-3p, miR4416c-5p, miR946d, miR398b, miR389a-3p, novel m0068-5p, novel-m0650-3p, and novel-m0560-3p) and important target genes (auxin response factor-3, gretchen hagen-9, scarecrow-like-1, squamosa promoter-binding protein-like-12, small auxin upregulated RNA-70, binding protein-9, vacuolar invertase-1, starch synthase-3, sucrose synthase-3, probable starch synthase-3, cell wall invertase-4, and trehalose phosphatase synthase-5), all of which play a role in plant hormone signaling and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the relative expression of these miRNAs and their targeted genes. These results provide novel insights and a foundation for further studies to elucidate the molecular factors and processes controlling AR formation in woody plants.

Aims: This study aimed at obtaining a novel fructooligosaccharides (FOS)-producing yeast, which was different from conventional FOS producers, Aureobasidium spp., Methods and Results: Strain Him3 was newly isolated from a Japanese dried sweet potato as a FOS producer. The strain exhibited yeast-like cells and melanization on the potato dextrose agar medium, and formed very weak pseudomycelia on the yeast extract polypeptone dextrose agar medium. Based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and a partial β-tubulin gene sequences, the strain Him3 was identified as Zalaria sp. The β-fructofuranosidase (FFase) produced by strain Him3 was localized on the cell surface (CS-FFase) as well as in the culture broth (EC-FFase). The FOS production yields by CS-FFase and EC-FFase from 50% sucrose were 63.8% and 64.6%, respectively, to consumed sucrose after the reaction for 72 h., Conclusions: We successfully isolated a novel black yeast, Zalaria sp. Him3, with effective capacity for FOS production. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain Him3 was distantly related with the conventional FOS producers, Aureobasidium spp., Significance and Impact of the Study: Since FFase of strain Him3 demonstrated high production yields of FOS, it could be applied to novel industrial production of FOS, which is different from conventional methods., (© 2021 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)

Reproductive development is critical for completion of plant life cycle and realization of crop yield potential. Reproductive organs comprise multiple distinctive or even transgenerational tissues, which are symplasmically disconnected from each other for protection and better control of nutrition and development. Cell wall invertases (CWINs) and sugar transporters are often specifically or abundantly expressed in these apoplasmic interfaces to provide carbon nutrients and sugar signals to developing pollens, endosperm and embryo. Emerging evidence shows that some of those genes were indeed targeted for selection during crop domestication. In this Opinion paper, I discuss the functional significance of the localized expression of CWINs and sugar transporters in reproductive organs followed by an analysis on how their spatial patterning may be regulated at the molecular levels and how the localized CWIN activity may be exploited for improvement of reproductive output., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Main Conclusion: The sorghum soluble acid invertase gene SbSAI-2 was cloned and the function verified in Pichia pastoris and rice, showing the SbSAI-2 affects composition and content of sugar in stem juice. Sugar metabolism is one of the most important metabolic processes in plants, in which soluble acid invertase plays a key role. However, the structure and function of the soluble acid transferase gene in sorghum are still fully unclear. In this study, SbSAI-2 was cloned from the sorghum variety BTx623, and two transcripts were found through sequence analysis, with only one transcript translated into an active protein. There is 72% homology between SbSAI-2 and OsVIN2. The construction of Osvin2 mutant lines and SbSAI-2-1 overexpression lines in Oryza sativa L. japonica. cv. Nipponbare were produced to clarify the invertase functionality. While the invertase activity in the stem of the Osvin2 mutant line was reduced, with no significant difference (P  > 0.05), and the contents of fructose and glucose in stem tissue did not change significantly (P  > 0.05), and the content of sucrose increased by 38.89% (P  < 0.01). In SbSAI-2-1 overexpression lines, the invertase activity in stem was increased by more than 20 times (P  < 0.01). The contents of glucose and fructose in stem tissues were increased by two and three times, respectively (P  < 0.01), while the content of sucrose was significantly decreased, which was below the detection limit (P  < 0.01). This study indicated that SbSAI-2 is a key enzyme related to sucrose metabolism and affects the composition and content of sugar in stems. The result provided further the gene function verification and laid a foundation for the development of molecular markers., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)