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ABSTRACT Certain carotene components, such as lycopene and beta‐carotene, are found in tomatoes, carrots, sweet potatoes, etc. and are good for human health. It gives plants their distinctive red color. A class of lipid‐soluble natural pigments known as carotenoids is the precursor of vitamin A and is vital for antioxidant defense against peroxides in cells and tissues. This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge and research on the sources, structures, physiochemical properties, absorption and metabolism, functional advantages, and prevention of many diseases associated with lycopene and beta‐carotene. These antioxidants have been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and they also help draw pollinators to flowers. Carrots and sweet potatoes are also rich sources of beta‐carotene, which strengthens the immune system and improves eye health. The vivid color of many plants reproductive organs, including flowers and fruits, is caused by carotenoid, a secondary metabolite that is produced in plastids. The distinctive red color and many other health advantages are attributed to lycopene. When ingested through food or supplements, lycopene and beta‐carotene help manage and prevent a number of diseases, including cancer, metabolic, inflammatory, cardiovascular, hepatic, ophthalmic, skeletal, and infertility disorders. The main point is that toxicity is uncommon, and these carotenoids are generally accepted to be safe at different doses. Including these nutrients in your diet can improve your general health and provide illness prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Published analyses of prostate cancer nested case–control and survival data in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study cohort suggested that men with higher baseline vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations have both (i) increased prostate cancer risk and (ii) decreased prostate cancer-specific fatality. Methods To investigate possible factors responsible for a spurious association with prostate cancer fatality, we reanalysed baseline serum vitamin D associations with prostate cancer risk and prostate cancer-specific fatality in case–control data nested within the ATBC Study (1000 controls and 1000 incident prostate cancer cases). Conditional logistic regression and Cox proportion hazard models were used, respectively, to estimate odds ratios for risk and hazard ratios for prostate cancer-specific fatality, overall and by disease aggressiveness. We replicated these case–control analyses using baseline serum measurements of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), beta-carotene and retinol (vitamin A), and used the entire ATBC Study cohort (⁠ n  = 29 085) to estimate marginal associations between these baseline vitamins and prostate cancer incidence and fatality following blood collection. Results Vitamin D analyses agreed closely with those originally published, with opposite risk and fatality associations. By contrast, the analyses of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol yielded concordant associations for prostate cancer incidence and prostate cancer-specific fatality. Conclusions We found evidence of neither artefacts in the nested prostate cancer case–control data set nor detection or collider biases in the fatality analyses. The present findings therefore support a valid inverse (i.e. beneficial) association between vitamin D and prostate cancer-specific survival that warrants further evaluation, including possibly in controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMaterial and MethodsResultsConclusionThis study aimed to demonstrate the protective effect of beta-carotene against STZ-induced DN in rats and explore the possible underlying mechanisms that may have mediated such condition.Wistar rats were allocated into four groups. Normal group received distilled water for 3 weeks. The other three groups were rendered diabetic by an intraperitoneal dose of STZ (50 mg/kg), 48 h later, group 2: received the vehicle and served as control, groups (3 &4) received orally beta-carotene in doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively for 3 weeks. Then serum and renal tissue were collected for biochemical, molecular, immunohistopathological, and histopathological examination.Beta-carotene ameliorated the reduction in body weight, reduced blood glucose, elevated serum insulin, reduced blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels. Beta-carotene elevated phosphorylated 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK)/AMPK, alleviated phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR)/mTOR, reduced interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), increased Beclin 1, LC3II/LC3I, and reduced p62 renal contents. Moreover, it elevated renal SIRT1 gene expression and reduced renal tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 protein expressions.Beta-carotene exerted renoprotective effect against STZ-induced DN and histopathological alterations through alleviating hyperglycemia, attenuating inflammation, activating AMPK/SIRT1/autophagy pathway, and combating apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perinatal nutrition exerts a profound influence on adult metabolic health. This study aimed to investigate whether increased maternal vitamin A (VA) supply can lead to beneficial metabolic phenotypes in the offspring. The researchers utilized mice deficient in the intestine-specific homeobox (ISX) transcription factor, which exhibits increased intestinal VA retinoid production from dietary β-carotene (BC). ISX-deficient dams were fed a VA-sufficient or a BC-enriched diet during the last week of gestation and the whole lactation period. Total retinol levels in milk and weanling livers were 2- to 2.5-fold higher in the offspring of BC-fed dams (BC offspring), indicating increased VA supplies during late gestation and lactation. The corresponding VA-sufficient and BC offspring (males and females) were compared at weaning and adulthood after being fed either a standard or high-fat diet (HFD) with regular VA content for 13 weeks from weaning. HFD-induced increases in adiposity metrics, such as fat depot mass and adipocyte diameter, were more pronounced in males than females and were attenuated or suppressed in the BC offspring. Notably, the BC offspring were protected from HFD-induced increases in circulating triacylglycerol levels and hepatic steatosis. These protective effects were associated with reduced food efficiency, enhanced capacity for thermogenesis and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in adipose tissues, and increased adipocyte hyperplasia rather than hypertrophy in the BC offspring. In conclusion, maternal VA nutrition influenced by genetics may confer metabolic benefits to the offspring, with mild increases in late gestation and lactation protecting against obesity and metabolic dysregulation in adulthood. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: A genetic mouse model, deficient in intestine-specific homeobox (ISX) transcription factor, is used to show that a mildly increased maternal vitamin A supply from β-carotene feeding during late gestation and lactation programs energy and lipid metabolism in tissues and protects the offspring from diet-induced hypertrophic obesity and hepatic steatosis. This knowledge may have implications for human populations where polymorphisms in ISX and ISX target genes involved in vitamin A homeostasis are prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This parametric study aimed to analyze the effects of increased magnetic field exposure (MFE) on the growth and production of the bioactive compounds of Chlorella (C.) vulgaris. With the intent of studying the effect of an increased MFE, the magnetic field typically experienced by life on Earth was amplified by an order of magnitude. In the increased-MFE environment, six treatments of C. vulgaris with two repetitions for each treatment were exposed to a magnetic field of 5 Gauss (500 µT) about each axis, which was generated in a state-of-the-art Helmholtz cage. The treatments and the control were characterized by the duration of exposure, which was varied from 0 min to 120 min with a step increment of 20 min. The treatments were repeated for six days (TR1) and twelve days (TR2) in two separate experiments. From the first day of the treatment, the specimens in both the experiments were propagated for twenty-one days. For parametric analysis, the overall growth, protein, and beta-carotene content were measured every three days for twenty-one days. For TR1 in general, the samples treated with the increased MFE demonstrated a higher growth rate than the control. Specifically, for the specimen treated with 40 min of the increased MFE, the growth on the 21st day was measured to be 38% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 120 min of the increased MFE, the protein content on the 15th day was measured to be 15.6% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 40 min of the increased MFE, the beta-carotene content on the 15th day was measured to be 20.4% higher than the control. For TR2 in general, the results were inferior compared to TR1 but showed higher production than the control specimen. Specifically, for the specimen treated with 80 min of the increased MFE, the protein content on the 21st day was measured to be 4.3% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 100 min of the increased MFE, the beta-carotene content on the 15th day was measured to be 17.1% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 100 min of the increased MFE, the growth on the 21st day was measured to be 5% higher than the control. Overall, the treated specimens in TR1 exhibited significantly higher production compared to the control specimen. The treated specimen in TR2 demonstrated some adverse impacts, but still exhibited higher production compared to the control specimen.

This in vivo study performed in rat adjuvant arthritis aims to advance the understanding of astaxanthin's therapeutic properties for the possible treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in monotherapy and along with the standard RA treatment, methotrexate (MTX), in combination therapy. The main goal was to elucidate astaxanthin's full therapeutic potential, evaluate its dose dependency, and compare its effects in monotherapy with other carotenoids such as β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin (KXAN). Moreover, potential differences in therapeutic activity caused by using different sources of astaxanthin, synthetic (ASYN) versus isolated from Blakeslea trispora (ASTAP), were evaluated using one-way ANOVA (Tukey-Kramer post hoc test). KXAN was the most effective in reducing plasma MMP-9 levels in monotherapy, significantly better than MTX, and in reducing hind paw swelling. The differences in the action of ASTAP and ASYN have been observed across various biometric, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative parameters. In combined therapy with MTX, the ASYN + MTX combination proved to be better. These findings, especially the significant anti-arthritic effect of KXAN and ASYN + MTX, could be the basis for further preclinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides its sensory characteristics, campolay fruit has the potential to be functional food. The yellow color of campolay fruit indicates the presence of carotenoids. One highly beneficial group of carotenoids is beta-carotene, which is abundantly available in agricultural products and makes this compound one of the most advantageous components in the prevention and treatment of various types of eye diseases. HPLC, which stands for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, is a chemical analysis technique used to separate, identify, and measure the components in a solution mixture. The beta-carotene testing process in campolay fruit is conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) equipment with a visible light detector at a wavelength of 446 nm. From the HPLC analysis, the regression equation obtained is y = 366032x - 6388. From the standard beta-carotene solution, a linear relationship between absorbance and concentration was obtained with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9996. The peak area of the campolay fruit extract was obtained. The sample concentration is calculated by comparing the peak area of the sample with the peak area of the standard beta-carotene, resulting in the beta-carotene concentration of the campolay fruit extract using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Based on the beta)carotene concentration of the campolay fruit obtained from this study, it can be concluded that the beta-carotene concentration of the campolay fruit is 0.15 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta-carotene is an antioxidant compound that benefits health by boosting immunity and preventing chronic diseases. However, beta-carotene has low solubility (practically insoluble in water) and bioavailability, so it will produce a poor beneficial effect. An alternative candidate that may overcome this problem is a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). SNEDDS can enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble active compounds by increasing the solubility and stability of active compounds in oil droplets. This study aims to develop beta-carotene SNEDDS by determining the optimum composition of SNEDDS. The low-energy method and simplex lattice design (SLD) were combined to determine the optimum formula. Based on the results, the solubility of beta-carotene in sesame oil, polysorbate 80, and PEG 400 as components of SNEEDS were 0.455 mg/mL, 1.538 mg/mL, and 0.667 mg/mL, respectively. The optimum formula of beta-carotene SNEDDS had a mixing ratio of sesame oil and surfactant mixture in 1:15.2 (v/v), emulsification time of 38.48 ± 0.70 seconds, the droplet size of 13.13 ± 0.50 nm, and size distribution (PdI) of 0.133 ± 0.06. The optimum formula of beta-carotene SNEDDS had good stability in the artificial gastric fluid after 4 hours of incubation. Moreover, the optimum beta-carotene SNEDDS formula had high stability during storage at room temperature and 40oC ± 2oC/75%RH±5%RH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension stands as a pervasive global health challenge, contributing significantly to mortality rates worldwide. Various factors, including lifestyle choices and dietary habits, contribute to the development of hypertension. In recent years, oxidative stress has garnered significant attention as a factor influencing hypertension risk, prompting a shift in research focus towards exploring it as a potential target for prevention and treatment. Antioxidants found in our diet, such as vitamins C, E and carotenoids exhibit the ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. In addition, Vitamin A has an antioxidant effect despite not being an antioxidant itself. Consequently, supplementation or increased intake of these antioxidants has been hypothesized to potentially lower blood pressure levels and aid in the management of hypertension, thereby potentially prolonging life expectancy. Research findings regarding this effect have been diverse. This paper examines the existing literature demonstrating favorable outcomes associated with antioxidant supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to prepare a multilayer complex of polysaccharides for encapsulation of β-carotene for delivery into aqueous media. β-carotene, a highly beneficial carotenoid for human health, can be effectively combined with three polysaccharides that serve as prebiotics in the human gut microbiota. The process of preparing the β-carotene-polysaccharides complex involved a three-step method. Firstly, β-carotene was encapsulated using xylan. Subsequently, the encapsulated β-carotene was complexed with chitooligosaccharides. Finally, the resulting double-layer complex was mixed with fucoidan to form a three-layer complex that readily dissolves in aqueous media. The formation of the complex was verified through SEM and spectroscopic analyses. The complex exhibited a favourable loading capacity ranging from 0.144 to 0.293 mg/mL, with sizes varying between 205 and 297 nm. The solubility of the complex ranged from 26.84 to 29.04 mg/mL. Notably, the complex demonstrated antioxidant activity as observed by DPPH and FRAP methods. These remarkable properties make the new complex a potential candidate for incorporation into the food and beverage industries, thanks to its antioxidant capabilities and advantageous features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: This study aims to contribute to the fundamental understanding of the effect of increased magnetic field exposure (MFE) on the growth and production of Chlorella (C.) vulgaris, a species of green microalga. To study the effects of an increased MFE, the magnetic field typically experienced by life on Earth was amplified by an order of magnitude. In this study, six treatments of C. vulgaris with two repetitions for each treatment were exposed to a magnetic field of 5 Gauss (500 µT) about each axis, which was generated in a precision state-of-the-art calibrated Helmholtz cage. The treatments and the control were characterized by the duration of exposure, which was varied from 0 min to 120 min with a step increment of 20 min. The treatments were repeated for six days and twelve days in two separate experiments. For the parametric study of the outcomes, the treated species were analyzed for overall growth, protein, and beta-carotene content. It was largely observed that the increased MFE had a significant impact on the overall growth and to a lesser extent on the protein and beta-carotene production. This parametric study aimed to analyze the effects of increased magnetic field exposure (MFE) on the growth and production of the bioactive compounds of Chlorella (C.) vulgaris. With the intent of studying the effect of an increased MFE, the magnetic field typically experienced by life on Earth was amplified by an order of magnitude. In the increased-MFE environment, six treatments of C. vulgaris with two repetitions for each treatment were exposed to a magnetic field of 5 Gauss (500 µT) about each axis, which was generated in a state-of-the-art Helmholtz cage. The treatments and the control were characterized by the duration of exposure, which was varied from 0 min to 120 min with a step increment of 20 min. The treatments were repeated for six days (TR1) and twelve days (TR2) in two separate experiments. From the first day of the treatment, the specimens in both the experiments were propagated for twenty-one days. For parametric analysis, the overall growth, protein, and beta-carotene content were measured every three days for twenty-one days. For TR1 in general, the samples treated with the increased MFE demonstrated a higher growth rate than the control. Specifically, for the specimen treated with 40 min of the increased MFE, the growth on the 21st day was measured to be 38% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 120 min of the increased MFE, the protein content on the 15th day was measured to be 15.6% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 40 min of the increased MFE, the beta-carotene content on the 15th day was measured to be 20.4% higher than the control. For TR2 in general, the results were inferior compared to TR1 but showed higher production than the control specimen. Specifically, for the specimen treated with 80 min of the increased MFE, the protein content on the 21st day was measured to be 4.3% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 100 min of the increased MFE, the beta-carotene content on the 15th day was measured to be 17.1% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 100 min of the increased MFE, the growth on the 21st day was measured to be 5% higher than the control. Overall, the treated specimens in TR1 exhibited significantly higher production compared to the control specimen. The treated specimen in TR2 demonstrated some adverse impacts, but still exhibited higher production compared to the control specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of beta‐carotene on cattle fertility has been investigated in various studies; however, consensus on this issue has not been reached. In the present study, we systematically reviewed and meta‐analysed 29 publications conducted between 1984 and 2022, focusing on seven fertility measures, clinical mastitis and milk yield in cows. We did not find statistically significant results in 8 out of 11 parameters (p >.05). Statistically significant results were observed for milk yield (MD: 216.25 kg in 305 days, p =.01, CI: 50.73–381.77), pregnancy at first service (OR: 1.38 CI: 1.08–1.76, p =.01) and clinical mastitis (OR: 0.59, CI: 0.44–0.80, p =.006) in favour of beta‐carotene supplementation. The meta‐regression revealed significant effects of 'plasma beta‐carotene levels' on 'service to per pregnancy' and dose on 'milk yield' (p =.04 and p = 0). In binary outcomes, 'dose × day' and 'plasma beta‐carotene concentration in the control group' positively influenced pregnancy at first service (p =.02 and.03). In conclusion, given the positive point direction observed for some variables and insignificant results for others, there is a need for more studies. We note the very high heterogeneity of outcomes and suggest caution in interpreting results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high rate of metabolic activity during breeding, pregnancy, parturition and lactation may lead to oxidative stress in sheep and goats. Antioxidant supplementation is proposed as a therapy for encountering resultant stress. In animals, β-carotene functions mainly as pro-vitamin A and as a scavenger of free radicals, especially against singlet-state oxygen. This raises the question of whether supplementing β-carotene as an antioxidant above the vitamin A requirement is beneficial. While a number of studies have been conducted on the effect of β-carotene supplementation as a tool to improve the production and reproduction performance of female goats and sheep, the findings are inconsistent. Some of the main reasons for this inconsistency could be attributed to the variation in the amount of β-carotene supplemented, the amount of β-carotene in the animal diet and the difference in the animal requirement for β-carotene. The objective of this review was to determine the effects of β-carotene supplementation on the production and reproductive performance of female sheep and goats fed on a diet deficient or not deficient in β-carotene. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed articles that were searched in the Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus databases. Thirteen peer-reviewed published articles were found on the subject under review. We estimated the animal requirement for β-carotene, the amount of β-carotene provided to the animal in the diet and the amount of β-carotene supplementation used in each study. These estimations were made to indicate whether the diet fulfilled the animal's requirement for β-carotene or not. The review revealed that β-carotene supplementation enhances the production and reproduction performance of the sheep when fed on a carotene-deficient diet. Additionally, β-carotene supplementation may increase the levels of some hormones such as progesterone in sheep and goats when fed on a diet that fulfils their requirements of β-carotene. However, the supplementation of β-carotene above the requirements seems to not affect the production and reproduction parameters such as body weight, milk production, estrus parameters, conception rate, pregnancy rate, and litter size. In conclusion, while β-carotene supplementation is essential for female sheep and goats fed β-carotene-deficient diets to attain optimal production and reproductive performance, supplementing β-carotene above the requirements does not appear to provide any further benefits to their overall performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a disease of the dental system, characterized by the development of an acute or chronic inflammatory process, destruction of periodontal tissue and atrophy of the bone tissue of the alveoli. Periodontitis is the sixth most common disease in the world and the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. The attention of internists to the problem of periodontitis and periodontal diseases is associated with the concept of “periodontal medicine,” which was formed at the beginning of the 21st century, and considers the bidirectional connection of periodontal pathology with systemic diseases of the body. Nutritional status is now widely recognized as a possible contributing factor in the development of many inflammatory conditions such as periodontal disease. We searched for publications devoted to the study of the influence of microelements selenium, zinc, vitamins A, E, C on the physiology and pathology of periodontal disease. The search was carried out in the PubMed and Scopus information databases; sources up to March 31, 2024 were included. The data presented in the review indicate a deficiency of the microelements selenium, zinc and vitamins A, C, E in periodontitis and suggest the advisability of their correction as part of the adjuvant therapy of periodontal diseases. A number of studies reviewed noted that increased levels of microelements and vitamins lead to clinical improvement in periodontal health. The most pronounced deficiency of microelements and vitamins is observed in patients with periodontitis in the presence of concomitant diabetes mellitus.

Carotenes, which simultaneously have the properties of natural dyes and biologically active substances that have a positive effect on human health and life expectancy, are becoming increasingly widespread in the food, pharmacological and cosmetic industries. This necessitates an increase in the production of carotenes on an industrial scale. For use in food technologies, an encapsulated form of carotenes is recommended, which requires their high purity. The purpose of this study is to analyze domestic and foreign scientific, technical and patent information on existing methods for obtaining carotenes from carotenoid concentrates to determine the direction of research for the development of technology for the production of carotenes, in particular lycopene, ensuring the production of high purity lycopene from carotenoid concentrates, as well as increasing release of lycopene. The issues of using chromatographic methods for isolating lycopene, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the use of non-polar and low-polar organic solvents for isolating lycopene from carotenoid concentrate are considered. The promising direction of research on the use of adsorption resins in the isolation of lycopene from carotenoid concentrates is noted.It has been concluded that the currently existing methods for obtaining carotenes from carotenoid concentrates, in particular lycopene, are quite technically complex and time-consuming. Some of the mallow the production of high purity lycopene, but the yield of lycopene is so low that their industrial scaling seems impractical. Taking this into account, research is being updated in the field of developing a technology for producing lycopene from a carotenoid concentrate, providing a high yield of high purity lycopene, with the possibility of its implementation on an industrial scale.

Diseases of the thyroid gland occupy one of the central places in clinical endocrinology. The main components for the synthesis of thyroid hormones are iodine and the amino acid tyrosine. Studies conducted in the 21st century indicate a certain effect on the metabolism and function of the thyroid gland and other microelements and vitamins. We searched the PubMed and Scopus information databases for publications devoted to the study of the influence of trace elements selenium, zinc, vitamins A, C, E on the physiology and pathology of the thyroid gland, including sources up to 29.02.2024. Adequate intake of selenium, zinc, along with two other important microelements (iodine and iron), as well as vitamins A, C, E, contributes to normal metabolism of the thyroid gland. Maintaining a physiological balance of micronutrients and vitamins through a sensible diet or taking nutraceuticals is essential to preventing thyroid disease and maintaining overall health. Basal analysis of microelements and vitamins seems appropriate for better selection of patients in need of replacement therapy using nutraceuticals

Currently, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) are considered to be the main causes of fibrosis. In turn, fibrosis may lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma or advanced cirrhosis, i.e., potentially life-threatening conditions. It is likely that therapy aimed at reducing the risk of developing hepatic steatosis and inflammation could be helpful in minimizing the threat/probability of organ fibrosis. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the influence of nutraceuticals in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the precise role of selected ingredients such as vitamin C, beta-carotene, omega-3 fatty acids, and curcumin. It is likely that the use of these ingredients in the treatment of patients with MASLD/MASH, along with behavioral and pharmacological therapy, may have a beneficial effect on combating inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and thereby preventing liver damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture in the 21st century faces many formidable challenges with the growing global population. Increasing demands on the planet's natural resources already tax existing agricultural practices. Today, many farmers are using biochemical treatments to improve their yields. Commercialized organic biostimulants exist in the form of pyroligneous acid generated by burning agricultural waste products. Recently, we examined the mechanisms through which a commercial pyroligneous acid product, Coriphol™, manufactured by Corigin Solutions, Inc., stimulates plant growth. During the 2023 growing season, outdoor studies were conducted in soybean to examine the effects of different Coriphol™ treatment concentrations on plant growth. Plant height, number of leaves, and leaf size were positively impacted in a dose-dependent manner with 2 gallon/acre soil treatments being optimal. At harvest, this level of treatment boosted crop yield by 40%. To gain an understanding of why Coriphol™ improves plant fitness, follow-up laboratory-based studies were conducted using radiocarbon flux analysis. Here, radioactive 11CO2 was administered to live plants and comparisons were made between untreated soybean plants and plants treated at an equivalent Coriphol™ dose of 2 gallons/acre. Leaf metabolites were analyzed using radio-high-performance liquid chromatography for [11C]-chlorophyll (Chl) a and b components, as well as [11C]-β-carotene (β-Car) where fractional yields were used to calculate metabolic rates of synthesis. Altogether, Coriphol™ treatment boosted rates of Chl a, Chl b, and β-Car biosynthesis 3-fold, 2.6-fold, and 4.7-fold, respectively, and also increased their metabolic turnover 2.2-fold, 2.1-fold, and 3.9-fold, respectively. Also, the Chl a/b ratio increased from 3.1 to 3.4 with treatment. Altogether, these effects contributed to a 13.8% increase in leaf carbon capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Stigma developmental stages revealed a bi-phase carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. While the synthesis of Lycopene peaks at S2 stage, β- carotene and apocarotenoids peaks at S3 and S4 stages, respectively. • CsPSY2, CsBCH and CsCCD2 genes play a pivotal role in apocarotenoid accumulation. • A gene complex (CsPIF1, CsHY5, CsPSY2) regulates stigma carotenoid biosynthesis. • The results indicate plastid development to S 1 & S 2 stigmas and chromoplast differentiation to S 3 and S 4 stigma stages. ORa gene correlates strongly with chromoplast biogenesis in stigmas. • Based on correlation networking, CsPIF1, CsHY5, and CsPSY2 likely form a complex to regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in stigmas. Integration of the apocarotenoid and transcriptome profiles in developing stigmas of saffron revealed a biphasic pattern of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. While the synthesis of lycopene peaks at S 2 stage that of β- carotene and Cs LCY-β, peaks at S 3 stage of stigma development. Cs ZCD, Cs GTF, Cs BGSD, Cs ADH and Cs VDE, responsible for the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids to produce apocarotenoids, showed highest expression in S 4 stage stigmas. Cs PSY2, Cs BCH and Cs CCD2 showed the highest correlation with apocarotenoid accumulation in the stigmas, indicating them to be the key genes in carotenoid biosynthesis. Our results indicate active plastid development in yellow and orange stigmas and active chromoplast differentiation in red (S 3) and scarlet (S 4) stigmas. The expression of the OR-a gene in the stigmas was found to be strongly related to chromoplast biogenesis. On the basis of correlation networking, we suggest the involvement of a repression-activation transcriptional complex comprised of the Cs PIF1, Cs HY5 and Cs PSY2 genes in regulating the biosynthesis of carotenoids in the saffron stigmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotenoids belong to one of the most common classes of biological pigments. They are observed in either free form (dissolved in hydrophobic media) or as stoichiometric complexes with protein (carotenoproteins). An interaction between a carotenoid and a protein environment is determined mainly by the molecular conformation and dynamic behavior of a cofactor pigment. In this study, using molecular modeling methods, we have analyzed the whole set of alternative conformational states of cyclic side groups of carotenoids and evaluated the energy effects of their interaction with the conjugated backbone chain. The performed theoretical study resulted in the energy-sorted catalogue of alternative conformational states for biogenic cyclic carotenoids and their optical isomers. Conformational states described in this study can be used for a correct selection of initial conditions for the molecular modeling of carotenoproteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrot or Daucus carota L. contains beta carotene which effectively reduces the corrosion rate. Ionic liquids (ILs) are also developed by a number of researchers because they have various abilities, especially in increasing the efficiency of corrosion inhibition. In this study, beta carotene (BC) and ILs in the form of 1-vinyl-3-methyl imidazolium (VMIM) are combined with the Diels Alder reaction so as to increase the ability of both compounds to protect metals from corrosion attack using ASTM A36 steel specimens in brackish water. EIS and Tafel methods are used in determining corrosion resistance. VMIM/BC is a mixed type inhibitor. The highest inhibition efficiency is 79% with the use of VMIM/BC at 100 ppm. Isothermal adsorption pattern following Langmuir adsorption equation.

Pumpkin is one of the most regularly consumed vegetables and it is also recognized for its nutritional, medicinal, and economic benefits. Pumpkins are low in calories yet high in nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium, and fiber. Pumpkin is a rich source of dietary fiber, which helps maintain healthy cholesterol levels. Pumpkins include antioxidants such as beta-carotene, which protect cells from oxidative stress. Though only the fleshy part of the pumpkin is used for consumption, about 18–21 % of the total fruit is left as waste, which, according to researchers, are potential sources of protein, fat, fibre, carbohydrate, and some bioactive compounds. The waste can efficiently be used for value addition as well as novel food product development. This review summarises the nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, pharmaceutical benefits, anti-nutrient composition, and food related value-added products from pumpkin fruit, seed, and peel. Various health benefits of different parts of pumpkin, in terms of in vivo study, have also been reviewed. These nutritional benefits make them a prominent source for the creation of food products and their fortification. This also helps for the development of products from it that can meet the expectations of the population demanding healthier diets.

The article discusses the possibility of using such plant raw materials as pumpkin varieties of Michurinskaya, Krasnaya Malyshka and hybrid Azhur medoviy F1, calendula flower powder, corn flour when designing new types of multicomponent chips ensuring the principle of resource saving due to the involvement of apple production pomace in the technological process juice. A comprehensive analysis of plant raw materials used in the production of chips was carried out for the total content of antioxidants, polyphenolic composition (flavonols, catechins, anthocyanins), the presence of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene. Among the varieties and hybrids of pumpkin, in terms of the total content of water-soluble antioxidants, Krasnaya Malyshka and Azhur Medoviy F1 stand out, then apple pomace, corn flour are ranked in increasing antioxidant value, and the leader here is calendula flower powder. The content of polyphenols in the hybrid Azhur medoviy F1 is higher than in the varieties of Michurinskaya and Krasnaya Malyshka by an average of 42%. The maximum content of ascorbic acid was found in Krasnaya Malyshka pumpkin, but at the same time this variety is inferior in beta-carotene content to two other varieties Michurinskaya and the hybrid Azhur medoviy F1 by 58 and 54%, respectively. Apple pomace can act as an additional source of ascorbic acid and flavonols, calendula flower powder – ascorbic acid, polyphenols and beta-carotene, and corn flour – flavonols, catechins and beta-carotene. All pumpkin varieties and hybrids studied in the work ensure that the finished multicomponent chips, taking into account the established recommended consumption rate – 30 g per day, contain functional ingredients – ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and flavonols at a level of more than 15% of the physiological consumption rate per day.

IntroductionSweet pepper is a rich source of essential vitamins and minerals. On the other hand, pepper fruit contains high levels of antioxidants and beneficial substances such as vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolic compounds. It also contains high concentrations of potassium. These compounds has nutritional and antioxidant capacity. Sweet pepper originated from the tropical region, which is sensitive to cold. Therefore, it is necessary to know the defense mechanism of the pepper plant against low temperatures. In this study, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and vermicompost on different cultivars of sweet pepper under cold stress has been studied.Materials and methodsThe experimental design was a factorial split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a greenhouse located in Mashhad in the crop year 1396 and 1397. Cultivation was performed hydroponically. The main factor of temperature treatment had two levels [9 ± 2°C (cold stress) and 23 ± 2°C (optimum)] and the sub factor consisting of two sweet pepper cultivars (green, yellow) and Different amounts of Salicylic acid (The dose of 0 μmol salicylic acid was used as control group, 200, 300 μmol) and vermicompost). Sampling of the plants at the end of the growing season, to measure the physiological characteristics and quality were randomly.Results and discussionThe results showed that there was no significant difference between different cultivars in most traits except vitamin C, beta-carotenoids and lycopene. Maximum dry matter (17.2g), TA (13.6 g l-1) in non-stress cold treatment, and soluble solids (5.03 brix),, carbohydrates(174.5 mg g-1), and anti-activity Oxidation (90.3%) were obtained in cold stress treatment. Damage due to cold stress destroyed the structure of many membrane lipids and resulted in an increase in the amount of antioxidant compounds. Soluble solids are known to be key components in increasing cold resistance. An increase in the amount of soluble solids in winter is part of the plant's adaptation mechanism to cold. The highest yield of fruit per plant(740 g) was obtained in non-cold stress treatment plus salicylic acid 300 μmol. Because salicylic acid in plants improves yield and yield components. Maximum of flavonoids (159.4 mg g-1) was obtained in salicylic acid 200 μmol. Flavonoids are a large group of phenolic compounds in plants that increase their production in environmental stresses by increasing the activity of PAL enzyme. On the other hand, the use of salicylic acid as a stressor causes the production of a wide range of flavonoids. The highest amount of beta-carotene and lycopene were obtained in cold stress treatment, yellow cultivar, and salicylic 300 μmol. Decreased content of carotenoids under stress can be due to oxidation by active oxygen and damage to their structure. Increased photosynthetic pigments under SA treatment indicate the protective effect of this growth regulator on photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments of stressed plants. Maximum vitamin C was obtained in cold stress treatment (140.7 mg 100 g-1, yellow cultivar (134.7 mg.100g-1), and salicylic 300 μmol (142.52 mg.100 g-1).ConclusionAccording to the results, the of the present study show that use of salicylic acid foliar application modulates the effect of cold stress on the physiological and functional parameters of sweet pepper so that SA can improve cold tolerance by regulating the activities of apoplastic antioxidative enzymes. Therefore, it is suggested that due to sudden changes in temperature due to climate change and the destructive effects of temperature stress, especially cold, on plants, more and more complete research should be done to identify the effects of these stresses and ways to deal with them.

In the daily diet, bread is an excellent carrier of nutrients to replenish the body. In this direction, as an additive, dog rose syrup (DRS) can be indispensable for the production of a wide range of bakery products. One of the factors limiting the widespread use of DRS in baking production is the insufficient knowledge of its biological value and changes in the share of nutrients in the technological process. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyze the nutritional value, vitamin and mineral composition of wheat flour “Azamatli-95” of the first grade (A95WF), DRS from the variety “R.canina”, and bread with the addition of DRS. It was found that with the addition of 5, 10 and 15 % DRS to A95WF in bread samples, the content in g/100 g significantly increases: glucose (0.09±0.05), fructose (0.15±0.08), sucrose (0.02±0.01) and phenolic compounds (0.38±0.1); in mg/100 g: beta-carotene (0.152±0.076), vitamin C (33.6±16.3), potassium (40.07±20.03), magnesium (36.49±18.25), phosphorus (20.94±10.47); in µg/100 g: iron (128.86±64.43) and zinc (18.95±9.47) and the content in g/100 g slightly increases: starch, proteins and raffinose (0.01±0.01), cellulose (0.04±0.02), pectin substances (0.03±0.01); in mg/100 g: thiamine (0.006±0.003), riboflavin (0.013±0.006), niacin (0.015±0.008), calcium (5.39±2.7), sodium (1.25±0.62), sulfur (5.99±2.99); in µg/100 g: iodine (0.42±0.21), cobalt (0.62±0.31) with deviation from the best bread with the addition of 10 % DRS to A95WF. The resulting regression equations (АЕ<7 %) make it possible to predict and establish a relationship between the shares of changes in significantly changing nutrients, vitamins and minerals in the technological process and the increase in their content in bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The physical properties of liposome (especially in terms of size, size distribution, and layering) depend on different preparation methods, type of lipid (charged, uncharged and neutral), lipid composition, surfactant, organic solvent and ionic strength of the suspension medium used in the preparation techniques. The common method used to produce liposome is thin-layer hydration. Aims: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of different ratios of lecithin-cholesterol on particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and stability of these two characteristics over time. Also, another goal of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of the combined method of thin layer hydration and sonication to solve the problems of large particle size and non-uniform distribution of particle size. Methods: Experimental treatments in this research include lecithincholesterol ratios (30-30, 40-20, 50-10 and 60-0). Due to the incompatibility of beta-carotene with water, nanoliposome formulations were produced using the combined method of thin-layer hydrationsonication. Results: The results showed that the effect of lecithin-cholesterol ratios on changes in particle size, particle size distribution (PDI), encapsulation efficiency and zeta potential was significant. By adding cholesterol at the ratio of 1:5 to lecithin, the particle size and particle size distribution decreased and the encapsulation efficiency increased; Also, the results of this research showed that the addition of cholesterol at a ratio of 1:5 to lecithin in the nanoliposome structure makes the particle size and encapsulation efficiency of beta-carotene more stable in 60 days compared to the nanoliposome structure without cholesterol. Also, the FTIR test determined that beta-carotene particles were well trapped in the structure of nanoliposomes. Conclusion: According to the tests examined in this research, it can be concluded that the combined method of thin layer hydration-sonication along with the limited use of cholesterol is a suitable solution to obtain nano-scale particles with high stability over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was undertaken to assess the effect of β-carotene supplementation on fertility in lactating Kankrej cows. Advanced pregnant cows (n=18) were randomly assigned into three groups. Experimental animals in Group I were fed on basal diet, while in Group-II and III were supplemented with 500 and 1000 mg of β-carotene/animal/day, respectively, for a period of 42 days, 21 days each before and after calving. All the cows were subjected to per-rectal and ultrasonographic observations at the 7th, 15th, 21st and 30th day postpartum. The gross uterine involution occurred at 28.50±1.50, 25.50±2.01 and 24±1.89 days in Group I, II and III, respectively. The diameter of the cervix was found to differ non-significantly between the groups on the 7th, 15th and 30th day in Group III from Group I and II. There was a highly significant reduction in the mean diameter of the gravid and non-gravid horn on the 7th day in Group II and III as compared to Group I, and also on the 21st and 15th day, respectively, within Group I and II. First service conception rate and overall conception rate were observed to be higher in Group III followed by Group II and I. It was concluded that β-carotene supplementation peripartum @ 1000 mg/animal/day for a period of 42 days accelerates uterine involution and improves postpartum fertility in dairy animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its high protein, fat, and mineral contents, fish contains trace amounts of carbohydrates and vitamins, notably vitamin A. The perishable nature of fresh fish makes it challenging to store for a prolonged time, necessitating the use of additives to enhance its shelf life, nutritional, and other quality aspects. Sweet potatoes are the preferred option to blend with fish due to their cost and abundance. This study aims to prepare fortified fish powder and make food products (chapatti) using it. Fish powder and sweet potato powder were prepared by drying them in an oven at 60°C and 45°C, respectively. The two dried samples were then ground and mixed in various ratios, followed by analyzing their nutritional and other parameters using standard methods. Vitamin A and beta‐carotene levels were analyzed using HPLC and UV–Vis spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The findings indicated that the outcomes displayed enhanced nutrition and extended storage capacity. The amount of beta‐carotene (876.12 ± 14.76 to 3182.4 ± 123.1 μg/100 g) and carbohydrates (4.49 ± 1.02 to 52.31 ± 0.21) increased. The packed fortified flour is safe for human consumption for up to 90 days, as per the International Commission for Microbiological Specifications for Foods. The chapatti made from fortified flour was also deemed acceptable by the panelists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant progressive decline in beta-carotene (βC) levels in the brain is associated with cognitive impairment and a higher prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated whether the administration of 9-cis beta-carotene (9CBC)-rich powder of the alga Dunaliella bardawil , the best-known source of βC in nature, inhibits the development of AD-like neuropathology and cognitive deficits. We demonstrated that in 3 AD mouse models, Tg2576, 5xFAD, and apoE4, 9CBC treatment improved long- and short-term memory, decreased neuroinflammation, and reduced the prevalence of β-amyloid plaques and tau hyperphosphorylation. These findings suggest that 9CBC has the potential to be an effective preventive and symptomatic AD therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin A deficiency is a global health problem that disproportionately affects people in developing nations. It can cause serious health issues, such as immune system weakness and eyesight impairment. Transgenic technology has emerged as a possible way to address this issue by increasing the beta-carotene content of staple crops like rice, maize, and potatoes. Rice, maize, and potatoes are significant staple crops globally but are deficient in essential nutrients like vitamin A. Because of this, scientists have successfully inserted the genes needed to enhance beta-carotene into these crops using various genetic engineering techniques like CRISPR-Cas gene editing, biolistic transformation, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, thereby providing a solution to vitamin A deficiency and malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several risk factors, including nutritional/lifestyle ones, play a role in gastric cancer etiology. Further interactions with mental health have also been emphasized. We hypothesized that individuals with mental disorders would exhibit compromised nutrient intake, increasing their risk of gastric cancer. The state of mental health was evaluated in 82 patients with gastric cancer and 95 healthy controls using the 21-item Depression–Anxiety–Stress Scale. The participants' dietary intakes were evaluated by a 168-item food frequency questionnaire. Based on fully adjusted logistic regressions, there was a significant association between depression (OR = 1.938, CI 95%: 1.009–3.723) and stress (OR = 2.630, CI 95%: 1.014–6.819) with increased odds of gastric cancer. According to fully adjusted multinomial regressions, vitamins A and B6, beta-carotene, and black tea decreased the odds of depression, based on comparing the control group with cases of depression, while sugar and salt increased its odds. The highest significant association was found for salt intake and anxiety in cases with present anxiety (OR = 4.899, 95% CI: 2.218–10.819), and the highest significant protective effect was found for vitamin B6 and depression in cases with present depression (OR = 0.132, 95% CI: 0.055–0.320). However, considering causal relationships and clarifying the underlying mechanisms is imperative and requires further investigation. Advising healthy dietary patterns, e.g., a Mediterranean diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals such as vitamin A, B6, beta-carotene, and fiber, is expected to reduce the odds of gastric cancer, possibly related to lower levels of anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grains of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) mainly accumulate the non-provitamin A carotenoid lutein-with low natural variation in provitamin A β-carotene in wheat accessions necessitating alternative strategies for provitamin A biofortification. Lycopene ɛ-cyclase (LCYe) and β-carotene hydroxylase (HYD) function in diverting carbons from β-carotene to lutein biosynthesis and catalyzing the turnover of β-carotene to xanthophylls, respectively. However, the contribution of LCYe and HYD gene homoeologs to carotenoid metabolism and how they can be manipulated to increase β-carotene in tetraploid wheat endosperm (flour) is currently unclear. We isolated loss-of-function Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) mutants of LCYe and HYD2 homoeologs and generated higher order mutant combinations of lcye-A, lcye-B, hyd-A2, and hyd-B2. Hyd-A2 hyd-B2, lcye-A hyd-A2 hyd-B2, lcye-B hyd-A2 hyd-B2, and lcye-A lcye-B hyd-A2 hyd-B2 achieved significantly increased β-carotene in endosperm, with lcye-A hyd-A2 hyd-B2 exhibiting comparable photosynthetic performance and light response to control plants. Comparative analysis of carotenoid profiles suggests that eliminating HYD2 homoeologs is sufficient to prevent β-carotene conversion to xanthophylls in the endosperm without compromising xanthophyll production in leaves, and that β-carotene and its derived xanthophylls are likely subject to differential catalysis mechanisms in vegetative tissues and grains. Carotenoid and gene expression analyses also suggest that the very low LCYe-B expression in endosperm is adequate for lutein production in the absence of LCYe-A. These results demonstrate the success of provitamin A biofortification using TILLING mutants while also providing a roadmap for guiding a gene editing-based approach in hexaploid wheat.

Abstract Background The characteristic pink-reddish color in the salmonids fillet is an important, appealing quality trait for consumers and producers. The color results from diet supplementation with carotenoids, which accounts for up to 20–30% of the feed cost. Pigment retention in the muscle is a highly variable phenotype. In this study, we aimed to understand the molecular basis for the variation in fillet color when rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish families were fed an Astaxanthin-supplemented diet. We used RNA-Seq to study the transcriptome profile in the pyloric caecum, liver, and muscle from fish families with pink-reddish fillet coloration (red) versus those with lighter pale coloration (white). Results More DEGs were identified in the muscle (5,148) and liver (3,180) than in the pyloric caecum (272). Genes involved in lipid/carotenoid metabolism and transport, ribosomal activities, mitochondrial functions, and stress homeostasis were uniquely enriched in the muscle and liver. For instance, the two beta carotene genes (BCO1 and BCO2) were significantly under-represented in the muscle of the red fillet group favoring more carotenoid retention. Enriched genes in the pyloric caecum were involved in intestinal absorption and transport of carotenoids and lipids. In addition, the analysis revealed the modulation of several genes with immune functions in the pyloric caecum, liver, and muscle. Conclusion The results from this study deepen our understanding of carotenoid dynamics in rainbow trout and can guide us on strategies to improve Astaxanthin retention in the rainbow trout fillet.

Orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) is a sustainable and inexpensive source of vitamin A that contributes to food and nutritional security in developing countries. Its adoption is low due to unconformity of the variety with community food culture, limited cultivar selection and breeding studies. The current study aimed at breeding of promising OFSP genotypes in Benin using three parental lines. Two hundred and seventy-four seeds and one hundred and six genotypes were obtained through biparental crosses of Tio-joe (imported orange-fleshed variety), Vobodouaho (local white-fleshed variety) and ACAB220 (local orange-fleshed variety). The phenotypic diversity of genotypes was assessed using 10 leaf characters and storage root flesh colour through multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The results indicated cross-compatibility between Tio-joe and ACAB220 when ACAB220 was used as female. Reciprocal cross-compatibility was found between ACAB220 and Vobodouaho. The genotypes could be separated into two main populations and classified into five cluster groups. Promising intermediate and pale orange genotypes were obtained indicating possibilities to incorporate beta-carotene into the white background of the Vobodouaho variety through further backcrossing.

According to the World Health Organization, acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) account for 70–85% of all cases of infectious diseases in the world. High prevalence rates of ARVIs, influenza and COVID-19 require the search for new methods to prevent, treat, and control epidemics. Furthermore, there are significant economic losses due to high incidence and temporary disability rates. ARVIs constitute a heterogenous group of the infectious respiratory tract disorders caused by numerous viruses, such as influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, coronavirus, and many other viruses. Symptoms of various ARVIs have much in common and include fever, cough, chest pain, headache, myalgia, asthenia, anosmia, etc. The paper discusses the features of diagnostic search and treatment tactics in seasonal ARVIs, as well as feasibility of preventive measures. The data of meta-analyses and systematic reviews are used to explore the role and potential of zinc, selenium, vitamin C, vitamin A, and vitamin E for prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary diseases in adults.

Sweet potato (SP), Ipomoea batatas Lam, belongs to the Convolvulaceae family. It produces edible storage roots. Currently, orange varieties contribute to improving food systems and managing vitamin A deficiency. Processing of this food crop into flour allows better conservation. However, nutrition health data regarding SP flour obtained by green extraction remains scarce. In this study, we therefore explored its phytochemistry and its associated bioactivity potential for human health. We analyzed the nutritional composition of orange flesh sweet potato (OFSP) flour and assessed the antioxidant (free radical scavenging) and immunomodulatory (on inflammatory murine macrophages) properties of the extract. More specifically, we measured the impact of OFSP flour extract on mediators such as Nitric Oxide (NO) and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), and Prostaglandin-E2 (PGE-2). Our results indicated significant fiber, mineral, beta-carotene, and polyphenols content in the extracts, and antioxidant and immunomodulatory bioactivities were also demonstrated with a concentration-dependent inhibition of cytokine production. Taken together, our results suggest that Ipomoea batatas flour could, in addition to being a good source of energy and beta-carotene provitamin A, constitute a food of interest for the prophylaxis of metabolic diseases associated with an underlying low-grade inflammatory state.

Gelatin is a material produced from the partial hydrolysis of collagen sourced from the skin and bones of farm animals such as cows and pigs. Gelatin has been used for coatings because it has high permeability and dissolves in warm conditions, so the matrix cross-links are strong. The red snapper fillet processing industry produces 11.2-15% of waste, such as bone which has not been utilized optimally. The objective of this study was to determine the characterization of red snapper bone gelatin as a source of halal gelatin and measure its ability as a coating material for β-carotene pigment microencapsulation. Results showed the characteristics of red snapper bone gelatin with a yield of 10.71%, water content of 9.63%, protein content of 34.06%, ash content of 7.62%, gelatin fat content of 0.28%, and color intensity (L: 62.6). ; a+: 13.3 and b+: 30). The obtained halal gelatin was applied as a coating material for β-carotene pigment microencapsulation through the foam-mat method. It resulted in encapsulation with a yield of 16.75%, water content 9.25%, total carotenoid content 145.49 mg/g, surface carotenoid content 2.04%, solubility 78%, encapsulation efficiency 98.22%, color intensity (L: 50; a+: 29.9 and b+: 14.6), the particle size of 1004.04 μm and irregular shape.

The development of an effective technology for obtaining lycopene-containing dry powder from pomace of zoned tomato varieties, for the purpose of enriching food products, has novelty and significance for the country, since lycopene is not produced in Kazakhstan. This technology has the potential to have a beneficial effect on people's health, labor productivity and the development of the state's economy. As a result of the study, the quantitative yield of tomato powder from tomato pomace was determined, drying modes were compiled, including temperature and drying time. The obtained samples of lycopene-containing tomato powder were analyzed for nutritional value, including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, micro- and macroelements. At the same time, special attention was paid to the content of lycopene, a strong antioxidant present in tomatoes. The aim of the study was to develop a technology for obtaining lycopene-containing dry powder from the pomace of zoned tomato varieties for food purposes with a natural health effect and to study its qualitative indicators. During the work, the yield of dry lycopenecontaining tomato powder from tomato pomace was determined in the samples, which was at the level of: 6.0-6.1 ± 1.0%. The drying modes (drying temperature, drying time) of tomato pomace have been worked out. In the resulting tomato powder, nutritional values were determined: proteins – 15.83 g / 100g, fats – 9.3 g / 100g, carbohydrates – 51.89 g /100g. The study showed that tomato powder contains a significant amount of lycopene, along with other important vitamins and trace elements such as vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B2 and beta-carotene. It is also noted that toxic substances in tomato powder do not exceed the permissible norm, which confirms its ecological purity. Based on the results obtained, an optimal technology for obtaining lycopene-containing dry powder from tomato pomace, suitable for enriching food products with a natural health effect, has been developed.

Orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) is a sustainable and inexpensive source of vitamin A that contributes to food and nutritional security in developing countries. Its adoption is low due to unconformity of the variety with community food culture, limited cultivar selection and breeding studies. The current study aimed at breeding of promising OFSP genotypes in Benin using three parental lines. Two hundred and seventy-four seeds and one hundred and six genotypes were obtained through biparental crosses of Tio-joe (imported orange-fleshed variety), Vobodouaho (local white-fleshed variety) and ACAB220 (local orange-fleshed variety). The phenotypic diversity of genotypes was assessed using 10 leaf characters and storage root flesh colour through multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The results indicated cross-compatibility between Tio-joe and ACAB220 when ACAB220 was used as female. Reciprocal cross-compatibility was found between ACAB220 and Vobodouaho. The genotypes could be separated into two main populations and classified into five cluster groups. Promising intermediate and pale orange genotypes were obtained indicating possibilities to incorporate beta-carotene into the white background of the Vobodouaho variety through further backcrossing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed the potential protective effects of curcumin (CUR) and beta-carotene (BC) against cisplatin (CIS)-induced ovarian damage using histological and immunohistochemical methods. Materials and Methods: We used 56 female Wistar albino rats, divided randomly into seven groups. Control rats did not receive any treatment; the sham group was administered 1 ml/kg sesame oil by gavage; the CIS group 5 mg/kg CIS; the CUR group 200 mg/kg CUR; the BC group 100 mg/kg BC; the CUR + CIS group, CIS after administration of CUR; the BC + CIS group was pretreated with BC, then administered CIS. The ovaries of all groups were excised five days after the last application. We assessed histopathology and counted and classified follicles. Expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was detected immunohistochemically. Apoptosis was evaluated using the TUNEL method. Results: CUR and BC are protective against decreased numbers of primordial, primary, preantral, secondary, and tertiary follicles caused by CIS. Both Cur and BC reduced ovarian NF-κB levels in comparison to the control group, and AMH immunoreactivity was almost identical for the control and CUR + CIS groups. Apoptotic cell counts indicated that CUR exerts a stronger anti-apoptotic effect than BC. Conclusion: CUR has a protective effect against ovarian damage brought on by CIS and greater antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties than BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) attracts great attention of the growers owing to its good taste, ample antioxidant potential and high nutriotional value. Potassium (K) plays vital role in many biochemical and physiological processes. Potassium application and its proper application time was tested in field experimenet for tomato yield and nutritional quality. The experiment site was the farm area of Biocemistry Section, Post Harvest Research Centre, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, during the year 2022. Seven treatments were applied on two tomato varieties (Nadir and Nagina) with 4 K-levels i.e. without any K (0-K), 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1. Potassium was applied as single basal dose at transplanting, as well as in two splits. Recommended nitrogen and phosphorus (150 and 90 kg ha-1, respectively) were applied to all the treatments. The highest yield (24.80 t ha-1 ) and fresh fruit weight (86.3 g fruit-1) resulted in response of 90 kg of K ha-1 in two splits, albeit firmness (8.48 kg), total soluble solids (7.28 %), acidity (0.84%), total invert sugars (6.65 %), ascorbic acid (31.28 mg 100 g-1), mineral matter (1.99 %), lycopene (5.73 mg 100 g-1) and beta-carotene (237 µg 100 g-1) were recorded the highest with the application of 120 kg ha-1 potassium in two splits. Nadir was superior to Nagina with improved total invert sugars (6.31 %), mineral matter (1.89 %), lycopene (5.36 mg 100 g-1) and beta-carotene (229 µg 100 g-1). So, it is concluded that Nadir was a better variety than Nagina and 120 kg of K ha-1 showed good results with both the varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Carrot pomace is a by-product of the juice industry, which quickly spoils due to its high moisture content and is usually considered waste. However, it is a valuable product containing a significant amount of bioactive compounds, particularly carotenoids. Context and purpose of this study: In this study, we aimed to develop a technology for obtaining carrot powder from carrot pomace with an increased availability of beta-carotene. The unique aspect of the technology involved the use of enzymatic and impact-disintegration-activation processing (IDAP) of the raw material to enhance the release of betacarotene from plant cells. Objective of this study: To achieve the goal, we have set objectives to compare various dosages of enzyme preparation and to evaluate devices for grinding carrots that can be used to make powder. At all stages, it was necessary to measure the amount of beta-carotene in the samples. Results: It has been found that the yield of carotenoids from carrot pomace is 185% higher compared to whole carrots. Moreover, the application of enzymatic and impact-disintegration-activation processing significantly increases the carotenoid yield in the powder by 17 times compared to carrots (200% in terms of dry matter). This remarkable result was achieved through the described processing method and the selection of the enzyme preparation. Additionally, the mechanoactivation obtained by using the Desi-15 disintegrator played a crucial role. It was also observed that the use of impact-disintegration-activation processing for further grinding of dried carrots can increase the beta-carotene yield by 8 times. Conclusions: The carrot pomace was processed, resulting in a fine-dispersed carrot powder that shows promising applications in the food or agricultural industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The characteristic pink-reddish color in the salmonids fillet is an important, appealing quality trait for consumers and producers. The color results from diet supplementation with carotenoids, which accounts for up to 20–30% of the feed cost. Pigment retention in the muscle is a highly variable phenotype. In this study, we aimed to understand the molecular basis for the variation in fillet color when rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish families were fed an Astaxanthin-supplemented diet. We used RNA-Seq to study the transcriptome profile in the pyloric caecum, liver, and muscle from fish families with pink-reddish fillet coloration (red) versus those with lighter pale coloration (white). Results: More DEGs were identified in the muscle (5,148) and liver (3,180) than in the pyloric caecum (272). Genes involved in lipid/carotenoid metabolism and transport, ribosomal activities, mitochondrial functions, and stress homeostasis were uniquely enriched in the muscle and liver. For instance, the two beta carotene genes (BCO1 and BCO2) were significantly under-represented in the muscle of the red fillet group favoring more carotenoid retention. Enriched genes in the pyloric caecum were involved in intestinal absorption and transport of carotenoids and lipids. In addition, the analysis revealed the modulation of several genes with immune functions in the pyloric caecum, liver, and muscle. Conclusion: The results from this study deepen our understanding of carotenoid dynamics in rainbow trout and can guide us on strategies to improve Astaxanthin retention in the rainbow trout fillet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta-carotene and lycopene are important carotenoids present in carrots (Daucus carota). In this study, a fast and efficient HPLC method was developed for the determination of beta-carotene and lycopene from Daucus carota. The method involved extraction of the carotenoids from the vegetable with acetone, followed by separation on a C30 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanolwater. The detection was carried out at 470 nm for beta-carotene and lycopene. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. The developed method was found to be sensitive, specific, and precise, with a limit of detection of 0.05 µg/mL for beta-carotene and lycopene. The highest concentration of beta-carotene content is found in the Atomic Red variety (8.5 mg/100g) and the lowest in the Purple Haze F1 hybrid (2.2 mg/100g). On the other hand, the content of lycopene in the tested samples ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 mg/100 g, with the highest content found in the Atomic Red variety and the lowest in the Danvers variety. The method was successfully applied to the determination of beta-carotene and lycopene in Daucus carota samples.

Carotenoids are widely used and demanded as natural dyes in food technologies due to their biologically active properties. Due to antioxidant properties, carotenoids are widely used for the prevention and treatment of various human diseases, including oncological, cardiovascular, diabetes, etc. In addition, carotenoids are the main sources of vitamin A, which is not produced by the human body, but has a great influence on eye-sight, growth, development and reproductive function of the body. The purpose of the research is to analyze scientific and technical literature to determine the physiological function of carotenoids and the possibilities of their use in food technologies. Carotenoids enter the human body with food and their presence in sufficient quantities in the human diet ensures the normal functioning of the body. The issues of using lycopine and beta-carotene as food dyes and food additives in food technologies have been considered, as well as biologically active components when creating food products, including specialized, functional and personalized ones.The analysis of scientific information has shown that, due to their biological properties, carotenoids perform an important physiological function in a person’s life. The expansion of the area of their use determines the increase in the production of carotenoids and food using them. In accordance with this, studies in the field of improving existing technologies for obtaining carotenoids and expanding the raw material base are relevant, including the use of secondary resources of processing carotene -containing raw materials.

ABSTRACT: This experiment investigated the effects of feeding low and high supplies of vitamin A (VA) during the transition period on plasma metabolites, prevalence of ketosis, and early milk production. In a randomized complete block design, 42 prefresh Holstein cows and 21 heifers were blocked by parity and calving date and assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (n = 21 per treatment unless noted): CON, a transition diet with supplemental VA (75,000 IU/d) to meet the requirement; LVA, a transition diet with no supplemental VA; or HVA, a transition diet receiving supplemental VA (187,500 IU/d) 2.5 times greater than the requirement. Experimental periods were prepartum (−14 d prepartum), postpartum (1 to 30 d in milk), and carryover period (31 to 58 d in milk; common lactating diet with adequate VA was fed). Differences in dry matter intake in the pre- and postpartum periods and milk yield were not detected among treatment. Milk fat, protein, and lactose yields were similar among treatments and not affected by VA. Somatic cell count increased linearly with increasing VA. Body weight and body condition score decreased postpartum, but no VA effect was observed. Plasma retinol concentrations (n = 10 per treatment) decreased at d 2 postpartum and increased as lactation progressed, but the concentrations were unaffected by treatment. Plasma β-carotene (n = 10 per treatment) had a treatment by time interaction and its concentration decreased after parturition and remained low for 2 wk. Plasma fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate did not differ among treatments. Milk retinol concentration and yield (n = 10 per treatment) increased as VA supply increased. Segmented neutrophils (%) decreased, and lymphocytes (%) increased in blood with increasing VA supply. In conclusion, providing different supplies of VA did not affect production, mobilization of body fat, and risk of ketosis; however, excessive VA supply may have negatively affected the immune response, in part contributing to increased milk somatic cell counts during early lactation.