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As one of the most important synthetic fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, benzaldehyde is widely used in pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs, fragrances and pesticides. It is still a difficult challenge to promote the conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde by photocatalysis with high selectivity and high conversion. In this paper, the content of the reactive substance ·O2− is regulated by constructing suitable oxygen vacancies in TiO2 nanotubes, thus improving the photocatalytic conversion and selectivity. Herein, we have prepared TiO2-X 1D nanotubes enriched with different concentrations of oxygen vacancies by template method, hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate and vacuum annealing. By constructing suitable concentrations of oxygen vacancies in the TiO2 material, we can increase its ability to adsorb oxygen to produce more ·O2− on the one hand, and help to construct defective energy levels to prevent the compounding of photogenerated charge carriers to enhance photocatalytic activity on the other. As a result, the best photocatalytic activity of TiO2-X nanotubes obtained by vacuum annealing at 300 °C was 78% for benzyl alcohol conversion and 88% for benzaldehyde production selectivity, which is 2.6 and 1.8 folds higher than that of pristine TiO2 nanoparticles. Our work may provide insights for designing efficient photocatalysts for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Solar-light driven oxidation of benzylic alcohols over photocatalysts endows significant prospects in value-added organics evolution owing to its facile, inexpensive and sustainable process. However, the unsatisfactory performance of actual photocatalysts due to the inefficient charge separation, low photoredox potential and sluggish surface reaction impedes the practical application of this process. Herein, we developed an innovative Z-Scheme Cs 3 BiBr 9 nanoparticles@porous C 3 N 4 tubes (CBB-NP@P-tube-CN) heterojunction photocatalyst for highly selective benzyl alcohol oxidation. Such composite combining increased photo-oxidation potential, Z-Scheme charge migration route as well as the structural advantages of porous tubular C 3 N 4 ensures the accelerated mass and ions diffusion kinetics, the fast photoinduced carriers dissociation and sufficient photoredox potentials. The CBB-NP@P-tube-CN photocatalyst demonstrates an exceptional performance for selective photo-oxidation of benzylic alcohol into benzaldehyde with 19, 14 and 3 times higher benzylic alcohols conversion rate than those of C 3 N 4 nanotubes, Cs 3 Bi 2 Br 9 and Cs 3 Bi 2 Br 9 @bulk C 3 N 4 photocatalysts, respectively. This work offers a sustainable photocatalytic system based on lead-free halide perovskite toward large scale solar-light driven value-added chemicals production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism and enantiochemistry of non-C2-symmetric BINOLate titanium (1 : 1) catalyzed cyanation of aldehydes have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Calculation results suggest that the mononuclear titanium–BINOLate complex might be the dominant catalyst structure of this cyanation reaction. Using benzaldehyde as the substrate, the cyanation reaction could be completed via the bifunctional LALB mechanism or the Ti-HCN mechanism. For the bifunctional LALB mechanism, HCN needs to be isomerized to HNC under the catalysis of the imine N atom of imidazole firstly, then it attacks the carbonyl C atom to form the C–C bond, followed by a hydrogen transfer step to yield product cyanohydrins. For the Ti-HCN mechanism, following the formation of catalyst–HCN complexes is a decomposition step of HCN, and then the decomposed HCN directs the aldehyde to generate the final product via a concerted transition state. Computational results demonstrate that both isomerization and decomposition of HCN are predicted as the rate-determining steps of two reaction mechanisms. The enantioselectivity of the title reaction is mainly controlled by the energetic performance of the C–C bond-forming transition states, which is influenced greatly by the solvent effects. The calculation results show that the (S)-configuration product would be the predominant product in CH2Cl2, which is consistent with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical investigation of the electrochemical reaction between β-nitrostyrene and benzaldehyde was conducted at the DFT M06-2X/def2-TZVP level of theory. The reaction mechanism was dissected into five proposed routes, via 3 pathways, concluding with 4 possible products (P1 to P4). To gain a comprehensive understanding, we explored these routes both in the gas phase and in solution using three solvents: dimethylformamide, methanol, and water. In the gas phase, the overall barriers of these five routes (the energy in parentheses refers to the relative G versus reactants in kcal/mol) are in this order: A2 (− 48.22) < A1 (21.29) < C1 (21.59) < B (29.81) < C2 (77.59). The ΔG for the formation of four products (the energy in parentheses refers to the relative G versus reactants in kcal/mol) are in this order: P2 (− 233.40) < P4 (− 82.13) < P3 (− 74.18) < P1 (− 46.97). Therefore, in the extra amount of both benzaldehyde and proton, P2 is the major product, in the extra amount of benzaldehyde and minimum amount of proton, P1 is preferred, and in the small amount of benzaldehyde and proton, P4 is preferred (only via C1 route). In the solvents, despite the gas phase data, path B and product P3 are a favorable path and products. Thermodynamically, the average relative G in three solvents for P3 is − 112.09 kcal/mol, for P2 is − 112.1, for P4 is − 118.46, and for P1 is − 60.25. Kinetically, the average relative G in three solvents for the transition states of P3 is − 8.25 kcal/mol, P2 is − 42.84, P4 is 34.16 via route C1 and 29.05 via route C2, and P1 is 95.81. Therefore, in the excess concentration of proton, P2 is the most favorable product by both kinetic and thermodynamic data and in low concentration of proton, P3 is the most favorable product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Among the three active aldehyde oxidases in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves (AAO1‐3), AAO3, which catalyzes the oxidation of abscisic‐aldehyde to abscisic‐acid, was shown recently to function as a reactive aldehyde detoxifier. Notably, aao2KO mutants exhibited less senescence symptoms and lower aldehyde accumulation, such as acrolein, benzaldehyde, and 4‐hydroxyl‐2‐nonenal (HNE) than in wild‐type leaves exposed to UV‐C or Rose‐Bengal. The effect of AAO2 expression absence on aldehyde detoxification by AAO3 and/or AAO1 was studied by comparing the response of wild‐type plants to the response of single‐functioning aao1 mutant (aao1S), aao2KO mutants, and single‐functioning aao3 mutants (aao3Ss). Notably, aao3Ss exhibited similar aldehyde accumulation and chlorophyll content to aao2KO treated with UV‐C or Rose‐Bengal. In contrast, wild‐type and aao1S exhibited higher aldehyde accumulation that resulted in lower remaining chlorophyll than in aao2KO leaves, indicating that the absence of active AAO2 enhanced AAO3 detoxification activity in aao2KO mutants. In support of this notion, employing abscisic‐aldehyde as a specific substrate marker for AAO3 activity revealed enhanced AAO3 activity in aao2KO and aao3Ss leaves compared to wild‐type treated with UV‐C or Rose‐Bengal. The similar abscisic‐acid level accumulated in leaves of unstressed or stressed genotypes indicates that aldehyde detoxification by AAO3 is the cause for better stress resistance in aao2KO mutants. Employing the sulfuration process (known to activate aldehyde oxidases) in wild‐type, aao2KO, and molybdenum‐cofactor sulfurase (aba3‐1) mutant plants revealed that the active AAO2 in WT employs sulfuration processes essential for AAO3 activity level, resulting in the lower AAO3 activity in WT than AAO3 activity in aao2KO. Significance Statement: The current study demonstrates that impairment of AAO2 causes enhancement of AAO3 activity and carbonyl aldehyde detoxification increase in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel synthetic routes to 4‐(N‐Boc‐N‐methylaminomethyl)benzaldehyde, an important pharmaceutical starting material, were developed using terephthaloyl chloride and terephthalaldehyde. In the first approach, terephthaloyl chloride was converted to an ester amide. The treatment of the ester amide with LiAlH4 followed by protection of the resulting amine with tert‐butoxycarbonyl anhydride yielded the corresponding benzyl alcohol. The benzyl alcohol was oxidized to the aldehyde completing the first‐generation synthesis. The second approach utilized a one‐step protocol mono‐selective reductive amination of terephthalaldehyde with N‐Boc‐methylamine using chlorodimethylsilane. Both methods were scalable to 50 mmol and provided the desired aldehyde in a synthetically useful yield, demonstrating their practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Selective oxidation is one of the primary methods used to synthesize high‐value‐added oxygen‐containing organic compounds from alkenes. In particular, the selective oxidation of natural cinnamaldehyde has gained prominence as one of the main routes to produce natural benzaldehyde, which is in short supply in the global spice market. In this study, FeSBA catalysts were synthesized by supporting Fe2O3 onto the surface of spherical SBA‐15 using pore‐induced deposition for the selective oxidation of cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde. The Fe2O3 supporting increased the specific surface area of SBA‐15 by approximately eightfold and significantly improved the utilization efficiency of the reaction sites on Fe2O3. Additionally, the formation of Fe−O−Si bonds by Fe2O3 and SBA‐15 promoted the generation of weak‐acidic sites on the catalyst surface, significantly increasing the oxygen‐physisorption capacity of Fe2O3. Furthermore, quenching experiments confirmed the generation of significant amounts of O2− and singlet‐oxygen species on the FeSBA surface. Theoretical calculations confirmed that the physisorption and chemisorption of cinnamaldehyde and oxygen, respectively, on the FeSBA surface promoted the formation of a tetrameric intermediate. These results contribute significantly to research on the selective oxidation theory of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes to aldehydes using oxygen and could guide future studies aimed at elucidating and improving the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, we developed an efficient one-pot method for the synthesis of 3-phenyl-1-(phenylthio)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine analogs starting from 2-aminomethylpyridines, benzaldehydes, and sodium benzenesulfinates, which constructed C-N and C-S bonds simultaneously. The method features mild reaction conditions, a wide range of substrates, high atom utilization, and convenient and easily accessible starting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as semiconductor‐like materials, are considered to be promising photocatalysts for heterogeneous phtotocatalytic oxidation of styrene. Herein, copper‐based MOFs and titanium dioxide composite bifunctional photocatalyst (Cu–benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate‐titanium dioxide, Cu‐BTC‐TiO2) wereas synthesized, and the selective oxidation of styrene was achieved under mild conditions of oxygen and water. Cu‐BTC‐TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited more than three times higher styrene conversion than Cu‐BTC and TiO2 individually under same condition, and the desired product benzaldehyde can be obtained with up to 82% yield. The improved performance may be attributed to the acid site of Cu‐BTC, which is conducive to the adsorption and activation of styrene. In addition, the formation of heterojunction between Cu‐BTC and TiO2 can regulate the band gap of photocatalyst, which is favorable for light absorption, and facilitate the separation, transportation and utilization of photogenerated electron holes. The present protocol features good functional group tolerance, mild reaction conditions, and the reusability of catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the intrinsic nature of the uniformed topologies and ultrasmall Zr6 nodes of Zr-MOFs, herein, we employed Zr-MOFs (UiO-66 and UiO-67), as opposed to the support of traditional ZrO2, to prepare the Pd catalysts for toluene degradation. Compared with the catalysts of Pd/UiO-66 and Pd/ZrO2, Pd/UiO-67 catalyst boosted an excellence catalytic performance for toluene degradation, giving the lowest T90% value of 235 °C with long-term stability. With the assisting of the cavity confinement of Zr-MOFs, Pd nanoparticles are prone to be encapsulated in the 3D frameworks of Zr-MOFs, and the bigger micropores of UiO-67 are more conducive to the formation of larger Pd nanoparticles. The in situ FT-IR results further declared that although the active sites are partly sacrificed due to the larger Pd nanoparticles formed in UiO-67, the stable adsorbed toluene on Pd/UiO-67 boosted the quick degradation of toluene in the reaction interval even without undergoing intermediate processes of benzoate and benzaldehyde. UiO-66, UiO-67 and ZrO2 were employed to prepare the Pd catalysts for toluene degradation, Pd/UiO-67 catalyst boosted an excellence catalytic performance with long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rise of antibiotic tolerance in bacteria harboring genetic elements conferring resistance to antibiotics poses an increasing threat to public health. However, the primary factors responsible for the emergence of antibiotic tolerance and the fundamental molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly comprehended. Here, we demonstrate that the commonly utilized food additive Benzaldehyde (BZH) possesses the capacity to induce a significant level of fluoroquinolone tolerance in vitro among resistant Escherichia coli. Our findings from animal models reveal that the pre-administration of BZH results in an ineffective eradication of bacteria through ciprofloxacin treatment, leading to similar survival rates and bacterial loads as observed in the control group. These results strongly indicate that BZH elicits in vivo tolerance. Mechanistic investigations reveal several key factors: BZH inhibits the formation of bacterial flagella and releases proton motive force (PMF), which aids in expelling antibiotics from within cells to reducing their accumulation inside. In addition, BZH suppresses bacterial respiration and inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, exogenous pyruvate successfully reverses BZH-induced tolerance and restores the effectiveness of antibiotics, highlighting how crucial the pyruvate cycle is in combating antibiotic tolerance. The present findings elucidate the underlying mechanisms of BZH-induced tolerance and highlight potential hazards associated with the utilization of BZH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 SCNs with over 85% {10–1} facets exposure and O defects were synthesized. • Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 SCNs exhibits excellent photocatalytic toluene oxidation activity under blue light. • The yield of benzaldehyde is 1876.66 μmol g−1 h−1, 21 times higher than the comparative sample. • Studies indicate that the O-deficient Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 {10–1} facets have exceptional adsorption for O 2. • The interaction between •O 2 – and the benzyl H initiates the activation of the C(sp3)-H bonds. Reactive radicals are crucial for activating inert and low-polarity C(sp3)-H bonds for the fabrication of high value-added products. Herein, novel single-crystal oxygen-rich bismuth oxybromide nanosheets (Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 SCNs) with more than 85 % {10–1} facets exposure and oxygen defects were synthesized via a facile solvothermal route. The Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 SCNs demonstrated excellent photocatalytic performance in the selective oxidation of toluene under blue light. The yield of benzaldehyde was 1876.66 μmol g−1 h−1, with a selectivity of approximately 90 %. Compared to that of polycrystalline Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 nanosheets (Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 PCNs), the activity of Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 SCNs exhibit a 21-fold increase. Experimental studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have demonstrated that the defect Bi 4 O 5 Br 2 (10–1) facets exhibits exceptional adsorption properties for O 2 molecules. In addition, the single-crystal structure in the presence of surface defects significantly increases the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers, resulting in the effective activation of adsorbed O 2 into superoxide radicals (•O 2 –). Subsequently, the positively charged phenylmethyl H is readily linked to the negatively charged superoxide radical anion, thereby activating the C H bond. This study offers a fresh perspective and valuable insights into the development of efficient molecular oxygen-activated photocatalysts and their application in the selective catalytic conversion of aromatic C(sp3)-H bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article describes the designing and aptness of diverse range of cerium-based catalysts for the oxidation of benzyl alcohols (Bz-OLs) in producing exclusively benzaldehydes (Bz-ALs) in the presence of eco-friendly oxidants. The discussion highlights the significance of surface and structural properties inherent to cerium-based catalysts, including the abundance of oxygen vacancies, the redox properties of Ce3+/Ce4+ couple, their acid-base characteristics and morphology influence, which play crucial roles in substrate adsorption, reorganization of bonding between substrate and oxidant in promoting selective oxidation reactions. The consolidated data tables (1-4) comprising the best conditions optimized with various ceria based heterogeneous reported so far between the years 2019-2024 is included in the following sections to assess the catalyst design and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The highly efficient photo-oxidation of alcohols has sparked significant potential to cope with environmental pollution and the ever-increasing energy crisis. This study reports a unique Ti 3 C 2 /BiOBr (TB) heterojunction with a rich inter-face based on in situ exfoliation of MXene and subsequently anchored onto BiOBr sheets. The TB nano-composites exhibited substantially improved photo-catalytic activity towards the photo-oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BA) to benzaldehyde and achieved a formation rate of 1.73 mmol g−1 h−1, greater than pristine BiOBr. The ultra-thin inter-facial contact boosted the oxygen vacancies (O v) and Ti3+ and possessed the most negative adsorption energy, which boosted the transfer and separation of inter-facial charge carriers and the adsorption and dissociation of BA. Overall, the successful synthesis of TB composite, along with its exceptional photo-catalytic performance, offers valuable insights for applications in green chemistry and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanide metal–organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) have unique advantages in sensing due to their excellent optical properties. In this study, we synthesized a dicarboxylic acid ligand with amide groups and successfully synthesized a novel two-dimensional (2D) MOF with the molecular formula C42H31EuN4O10 (Eu-MOF) by a solvothermal method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction showed that amide groups are exposed on the outside of the two-dimensional coordination layer, with the possibility of recognizing specific molecules through hydrogen bonding interactions. The ligand's "antenna effect" enables Eu-MOF to emit a strong luminescence characterized by the "f–f" transition. Further studies have revealed that Eu-MOF could be used as a bifunctional fluorescent probe for the selective detection of benzaldehyde and Fe3+. The sensing mechanism has been analyzed in detail through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime measurement, and density functional (DFT) theory calculation. This design and research can provide a reference for subsequent related work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanide metal–organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) have unique advantages in sensing due to their excellent optical properties. In this study, we synthesized a dicarboxylic acid ligand with amide groups and successfully synthesized a novel two-dimensional (2D) MOF with the molecular formula C42H31EuN4O10 (Eu-MOF) by a solvothermal method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction showed that amide groups are exposed on the outside of the two-dimensional coordination layer, with the possibility of recognizing specific molecules through hydrogen bonding interactions. The ligand's "antenna effect" enables Eu-MOF to emit a strong luminescence characterized by the "f–f" transition. Further studies have revealed that Eu-MOF could be used as a bifunctional fluorescent probe for the selective detection of benzaldehyde and Fe3+. The sensing mechanism has been analyzed in detail through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime measurement, and density functional (DFT) theory calculation. This design and research can provide a reference for subsequent related work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved, scalable, industrially feasible telescopic process for multigram synthesis of highly commercialized antidepressant drug, moclobemide has been developed. Unlike the conventional approaches, this process enjoys the privilege of being an economical, operationally simple, effectively scalable, and quantitative method for the synthesis of amide‐containing drug moclobemide, showcasing easy isolation and purification without the aid of column chromatography. An environmentally benign reagent combination of TBN and NHS very effectively converts the acyl source, 4‐chlorobenzaldehyde into its N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester intermediate, which simply affords the drug molecule after nucleophilic substitution with the amine source. The synthetic process has successfully been scaled‐up upto ~145 g scale with 75 % overall yield and >95 % first crop HPLC purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferulago nodosa (L.) Boiss. (Apiaceae) is a species occurring in the Balkan-Tyrrhenian area being present in Crete, Greece, Albania, and probably in Macedonia. Although the western disjointed population of Sicily has been classified as an endemic sub-species, F. nodosa subsp. geniculata (Guss.) Troia & Raimondo, its official acceptance is quite controversial. In order to verify the existence of two different sub-species, we investigated the chemical composition of the essential oil of F. nodosa, collected in Crete (Greece), not previously reported, and we compared it with the previously oil compositions reported in literature. Main constituents of the Cretan accessions of F. nodosa were trimethyl benzaldehyde derivatives (29.5%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (56.14%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde is one of the vital reactions because of the commercial application of benzaldehyde in various chemical and pharmaceutical industries. This work investigates a gentler method for creating NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) by a co-precipitation method combined with hydrothermal ageing in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of different molecular weights. The investigation findings reveal the formation of well-crystalline cube-shaped and a mixture of spherical and cube-shaped particles depending on the concentration of the additive. The formed particles are magnetically ordered exhibiting superparamagnetic behaviour at room temperature with saturation magnetization (Ms) values ranging from 41.0 to 43.0 emu g−1. The as-prepared NiFe2O4 NPs can selectively catalyze the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde at room temperature under sonochemical conditions in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Under the optimized conditions, 90% of benzaldehyde with 100% selectivity in 2.0 h at room temperature (25–30 °C) is recorded. The versatility of the current protocol has been extended to a variety of substituted benzyl alcohols with good to excellent performance under the optimized reaction conditions. The NiFe2O4 NPs are magnetically separable and can be reused for up to seven cycles without losing their catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper, iron–chloride ionic liquids (ILs) were immobilized on SBA-15 via N-methylimidazole grafting with C–Cl in chloropropylsilane pre-anchored on SBA-15, followed by FeCl3 and CuCl2 coordination to imidazolium chloride to generate a double metal IL-supported mesoporous composite (SIL-CuFe). The prepared composite exhibited an effective catalytic performance for the solvent-free oxidation of styrene to benzaldehdye (BzH) with H2O2 oxidant, offering 51% conversion, a turnover number (TON) of 330.5 mol molFe+Cu−1, and a selectivity of 71% at a reaction temperature of 70 °C. The composite catalyst can be easily recovered and effectively reused without a significant loss in activity and selectivity. The quenching experiments by adding tert-butanol (TBA), 1,4-benzoquinone (p-BQ) and L -histidine (L -HIS) in the reaction system were conducted to identify the type of reactive O species, specifically ˙OH, ˙O2−, and 1O2, produced by catalyst activation with H2O2 and played a main role in the oxidation. The reaction mechanism of the oxidation process is also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper, iron–chloride ionic liquids (ILs) were immobilized on SBA-15 via N-methylimidazole grafting with C–Cl in chloropropylsilane pre-anchored on SBA-15, followed by FeCl3 and CuCl2 coordination to imidazolium chloride to generate a double metal IL-supported mesoporous composite (SIL-CuFe). The prepared composite exhibited an effective catalytic performance for the solvent-free oxidation of styrene to benzaldehdye (BzH) with H2O2 oxidant, offering 51% conversion, a turnover number (TON) of 330.5 mol molFe+Cu−1, and a selectivity of 71% at a reaction temperature of 70 °C. The composite catalyst can be easily recovered and effectively reused without a significant loss in activity and selectivity. The quenching experiments by adding tert-butanol (TBA), 1,4-benzoquinone (p-BQ) and L -histidine (L -HIS) in the reaction system were conducted to identify the type of reactive O species, specifically ˙OH, ˙O2−, and 1O2, produced by catalyst activation with H2O2 and played a main role in the oxidation. The reaction mechanism of the oxidation process is also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective oxidation of benzylic C−H bonds is a pivotal transformation in organic synthesis. Undoubtedly, achieving efficient and highly selective aerobic oxidation of methylarenes to benzaldehydes has been highly challenging due to the propensity of benzaldehyde to undergo overoxidation under typical aerobic conditions. Herein, we propose an innovative approach to address this issue by leveraging electrocatalytic processes, facilitated by ion‐pair mediators [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]−. By harnessing the power of electrochemistry, we successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of our strategy, which enables the selective oxidation of benzylic C−H bonds in benzylic molecules and toluene derivatives. Notably, our approach exhibited high efficiency, excellent selectivity, and compatibility with various functional groups, underscoring the broad applicability of our methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective oxidation of toluene into high-value-added benzaldehyde is meaningful and challenging. In this study, a series of amorphous SiO2-supported bimetallic Cu–V oxides were prepared, showing excellent catalytic activity for the oxidation of toluene compared to their mono-metallic oxide catalysts. It was found that the best catalytic performance was observed with benzaldehyde selectivity of 87.3% and toluene conversion of 84.1% under mild reaction conditions, using peroxydisulfate (PDS) as the oxidant. The main by-product was benzoic acid. A strong synergistic interaction between Cu and V species has been revealed via a series of characterization techniques, which can boost the catalytic performance. This work may provide a green and cheap process for the selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of [Ru(dmso)4Cl2] with a potassium salt of four xanthate (RO–C(＝S)S−; R = Me, Et, iPr and tBu) ligands (depicted as Ln; n = 1–4) in hot methanol afforded a group of mixed-ligand complexes of type [Ru(Ln)2(dmso)2]. The crystal structures of all the four complexes have been determined, which show that the xanthate ligands are bound to the metal center forming four-membered chelates and dmso is coordinated through sulfur and they are mutually cis. The relative thermodynamic stability of this cis and the other possible trans-isomers of these complexes has been assessed with the help of DFT calculations, which have revealed that the cis-isomer is the more stable isomer. The coordinated dmso in the [Ru(Ln)2(dmso)2] complexes could be easily displaced by chelating bidentate ligands (depicted as L′) to furnish complexes of type [Ru(Ln)2(L′)], as demonstrated through isolation of two such complexes, viz. [Ru(L3)2(bpy)] and [Ru(L2)2(phen)] (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). The crystal structure of [Ru(L3)2(bpy)] has been determined and the structure of [Ru(L2)2(phen)] has been optimized by the DFT method. The electronic spectra of the four [Ru(Ln)2(dmso)2] complexes and the two derivatives ([Ru(Ln)2(L′)]; n = 3, L′ = bpy; n = 2, L′ = phen), recorded in dichloromethane solutions, show intense absorptions spanning the visible and ultraviolet regions, which have been analyzed by the TDDFT method. The [Ru(Ln)2(dmso)2] complexes are found to serve as efficient catalyst precursors for the acceptorless dehydrogenation of 2-propanol followed by crossed-aldol condensation with substituted benzaldehydes (and related aldehydes), using tert-butoxide as the co-catalyst, producing dibenzylideneacetone derivatives in good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective oxidation of toluene into high-value-added benzaldehyde is meaningful and challenging. In this study, a series of amorphous SiO2-supported bimetallic Cu–V oxides were prepared, showing excellent catalytic activity for the oxidation of toluene compared to their mono-metallic oxide catalysts. It was found that the best catalytic performance was observed with benzaldehyde selectivity of 87.3% and toluene conversion of 84.1% under mild reaction conditions, using peroxydisulfate (PDS) as the oxidant. The main by-product was benzoic acid. A strong synergistic interaction between Cu and V species has been revealed via a series of characterization techniques, which can boost the catalytic performance. This work may provide a green and cheap process for the selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesized a class of ligands that feature single (L1) and dual amine-bis(triazole) chelates (L2 with a 1,3-phenylene linker and L3 with a 1,5-naphthalene linker). Our findings which were derived from UV–Vis titrations, crystal structure analysis of relevant copper complexes, and DFT calculations indicate the formation of both mononuclear CuBr(L1) and dinuclear (μ-Ln)(CuBr)2 (Ln = L2 and L3) complexes. The catalytic activities of CuBr/Ln, in combination with TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl) co-catalyst and NMI (N-methylimidazole) for aerobic alcohol oxidation, reveal the following activity trend: CuBr/L3 > CuBr/L2 > CuBr/L1. Furthermore, electrochemical data from in-situ generated CuBr complexes suggest that the higher catalytic performance of CuBr/L3 is attributed to the presence of less stable mixed-valence and more reducible Cu(I)-L3-Cu(II) species compared to Cu(I)-L2-Cu(II). This difference is a result of weaker σ interactions between Cu–Namine, larger bridging π systems, and a longer Cu···Cu distance in the presence of L3. Additionally, the catalyst system, CuBr/L3/TEMPO/NMI, efficiently promotes the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde at room temperature in CH3CN with a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 38 h−1 at 1 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most dietary intake estimates used in the regulatory risk assessment of flavouring substances assume that the flavouring substance is present in all foods at a given concentration. They do not account for the use of alternate flavouring substances for the same taste modality, nor do they consider the use of differing concentrations within a particular food category. This highly conservative assumption leads to an over‐estimation of exposure. To refine this assumption in exposure models, the probability of addition can be utilised. In this study, a methodology to estimate the probability of addition was developed, using the volume of a flavouring substance sold for flavours created for a particular food category against its total volume sold for all flavouring use. The method was trialled, as a proof of principle, using historical data sets of two test flavouring substances, benzaldehyde (a large volume/use material) and bornyl acetate (a low volume/use material), and the impact on dietary exposure assessment was assessed. The resulting exposure estimates for both flavouring substances were shown to be significantly lower than those without the incorporation of probability of addition, demonstrating that current methods are overly conservative and that the use of probability of addition provides a more realistic estimate of exposure of flavouring substances present in foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of sodium tetrabenzylborate, a novel tetraalkoxyborate obtained via a direct mechanochemical reaction between benzaldehyde and sodium borohydride at room temperature. The molecular and crystal structures of this borate were investigated using 11B MAS NMR, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Crystalline sodium tetrabenzylborate exists in two different crystal structures, which were elucidated using powder- and single-crystal-XRD analyses. At a low temperature (e.g., −100 °C), sodium tetrabenzylborate crystallizes in the monoclinic system with the space group P21 (No. 4), but at room temperature, it displays a crystallization in the tetragonal system with the space group I 4 ¯ (No. 82). According to the DSC analysis, the phase transition occurs at −45 °C. Upon hydrolysis, sodium tetrabenzylborate undergoes direct transformation into benzyl alcohol, thereby confirming the ability of sodium borohydride to convert an aldehyde into its primary alcohol analog. The key findings from our analyses are presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presence of ethanol solvent and glacial acetic acids, triazole reacted with different aromatic aldehydes such as 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and benzaldehyde to form the imines group known as Schiff bases. Triazole Schiff bases are triazole hydrazone and their derivatives, VA, VB, and VC. The structures of these synthetic triazole hydrazone derivatives were characterized by means of FT-IR and mass spectrometry. The purities and quality of the compounds were evaluated using TLC. It was established, that the active ingredient in the synthesised triazole hydrazone was more effective against the infections than cefuroxime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of a magnetite nanoadsorbent was reported in the study. In this regard, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer (with generation 10)-functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2/APTES ((3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane) was prepared, modified by benzaldehyde (BZ), and characterized by fourier-transfer-infrared (FTIR), vibrating-sample-magnetometer (VSM), field-emission-scanning-electron-microscope (FE-SEM), X-Ray-diffraction (XRD), thermal-gravimetric-analysis (TGA), and elemental analysis. The nanoadsorbent with VSM value of 35.3 emu/g was used to investigate adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions and this process relied on the solution pH, lead concentration, nanoadsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature. The results revealed the maximum adsorption efficiency of 97.56% in pH = 6, initial lead concentration = 160 mg L−1, adsorbent dose of 15 mg, contact time = 60 min, and temperature = 45 °C. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic models of Pb(II) removal followed the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order, respectively. The adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous, which was exhibited by the thermodynamic parameters. This research suggests that the nanoadsorbent can be considered for the other metal ions removal from wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique physicochemical properties of PEG-400 were imparted to (L)-prolinamide to afford a homogeneous, solvent-free, recyclable organocatalyst for scalable enantioselective aldol reaction between acetone and benzaldehyde to afford (R)-4-hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one. The reaction was scaled up to afford 41 g of ketol in 95% yield and an ee of 91% using 30 mol% catalyst, 10 mol% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and 135 equivalent moles of acetone with respect to benzaldehyde. The catalyst was recycled 4 times with no obvious loss of activity. The role of PEG is discussed at the molecular level. This type of catalyst may provide new possibilities for the so-far-thwarted attempts at large-scale application of proline organocatalysis to asymmetric aldol reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A binary dumbbell MoS 2 tipped CdS NWs visible light driven photocatalytic system was successfully prepared using soft templates via the two-step hydrothermal method. The optimized MoS 2 tipped CdS NWs (20% MoS 2) photocatalyst exhibits the highest photocatalytic H 2 production efficiency of 13.55 mmol g-1h−1 with 99% selective oxidation of BO. The unique structure of MoS 2 flower at the tip of 1D CdS NWs offers separate active sites for adsorption and surface reactions such as H 2 production at the MoS 2 flower and subsequently the selective oxidation of BO at the stem of CdS NWs. Therefore, the amazing enhancement in the photocatalytic performance and selectivity of optimized MoS 2 tipped CdS NWs (20% MoS 2) photocatalyst is due to the spatial separation of their photoexcited charge carriers through the Schottky junction. [Display omitted] Photocatalytic H 2 production with selective oxidation of organic moieties in an aqueous medium is a fascinating research area. However, the rational design of photocatalysts and their photocatalytic performance are still inadequate. In this work, we efficiently synthesized the MoS 2 tipped CdS nanowires (NWs) photocatalyst using soft templates via the two-step hydrothermal method for efficient H 2 production with selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BO) under visible light illumination. The optimized MoS 2 tipped CdS NWs (20 % MoS 2) photocatalyst exhibits the highest photocatalytic H 2 production efficiency of 13.55 mmol g−1 h−1 with 99 % selective oxidation of BO, which was 42.34 and 2.21 times greater photocatalytic performance than that of pristine CdS NWs and MoS 2 /CdS NWs, respectively. The directional loading of MoS 2 at the tips of CdS NWs (as compared to nondirectional MoS 2 at CdS NWs) is the key factor towards superior H 2 production with 99 % selective oxidation of BO and has an inhibitory effect on the photo corrosion of pristine CdS NWs. Therefore, the amazing enhancement in the photocatalytic performance and selectivity of optimized MoS 2 tipped CdS NWs (20 % MoS 2) photocatalyst is due to the spatial separation of their photoexcited charge carriers through the Schottky junction. Moreover, the unique structure of the MoS 2 flower at the tip of 1D CdS NWs offers separate active sites for adsorption and surface reactions such as H 2 production at the MoS 2 flower (confirmed by Pt photo deposition) and subsequently the selective oxidation of BO at the stem of CdS NWs. This rational design of a photocatalyst could be an inspiring work for the further development of an efficient photocatalytic system for H 2 production with selective oxidation of BO (a strategy of mashing two potatoes with one fork). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the study is to analyze the structural behavior, NLO, and docking analysis of 4-ethoxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde (EMBA) by experimental and theoretical spectroscopic techniques. Its computational result is compared with experimental results. The optimized structural parameters of the title compound were computationally obtained at B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p) basis set. The fundamental modes of vibration were examined by experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman techniques. The distribution of the vibrational bands were performed with the help of normal coordinate analysis (NCA). The optical nature of the grown crystal was evaluated by using the UV-Vis optical transmittance spectrum. The lower wavelength absorption range and various optical constants, for instance, energy band gap, and Urbach energy values were evaluated. Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed to determine the intermolecular interactions and crystal packing of the title molecule. Natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) has been performed on the title compound in order to elucidate intermolecular hydrogen bonding, intermolecular charge transfer (ICT), and delocalization of electron density. The formation of C–H...O intermolecular interactions was analyzed using reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis. Besides frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), electron localization function (ELF), and localized orbital locator (LOL) analysis were performed. The emission behavior of EMBA was analyzed by fluorescence spectral analysis. Non-linear optical properties (NLO) such as electric dipole moment (μ), polarizability (α), and hyperpolarizability (β) values of the investigated molecules have been computed using B3LYP quantum chemical calculation. The molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the binding affinity of legend with target receptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metal‐free three‐component reaction for the direct synthesis of α‐sulfonamide phosphonates involving sulfonamide derivatives, benzaldehyde derivatives, and diethyl phosphite, has been achieved with high yields using ethanol as a green solvent. This efficient method reduces reaction time and minimizes the use of excess reagents. Hitherto, no reports have been found in the literature for the direct synthesis of α‐sulfonamide phosphonates from the readily available aldehydes, diethyl phosphite, and sulfonamides, emphasizing the novelty and significance of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the acid modification of natural zeolite clinoptilolite, focusing on the identification of acid site types and their catalytic activity in the Brønsted acid‐catalyzed acetalization of benzaldehyde with 1,3‐butanediol. Following calcination, the samples underwent acidification via ammonium‐ion exchange, resulting in approximately 45 % of the clinoptilolite cations being exchanged with ammonium ions. The investigation evaluates the structural, morphological, and textural alterations induced by this modification using XRD, FTIR, and nitrogen adsorption‐desorption measurements. Ammonia‐temperature‐programmed desorption (NH3‐TPD) analysis confirms the presence of medium to strong acidic protons, highlighting the acidity of the modified samples. Employing 27Al and 29Si magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy elucidated changes in the state and coordination of aluminum post‐sample activation. Specifically, the 27Al MAS NMR spectra indicate a partial dealumination, evidenced by the emergence of 5 and 6‐fold coordinated aluminum. Moreover, 29Si MAS NMR measurements tracked variations in the Si/Al ratio. The study probes the nature of these sites, their influence on catalytic activity, and the synergistic interplay between Brønsted acid sites and 5‐fold coordinated aluminum. The results showcase that the prepared acidic natural clinoptilolite catalysts augment acidity and porosity, fostering promising implications for catalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic transformations via photocatalysis in water medium, especially for alcohol oxidation, are highly attractive but remain challenging. Herein, we report an efficient and green alcohol oxidation strategy in water medium using metal-cocatalyst-free colloidal CdS QDs as photocatalysts. The production rate of benzaldehyde in water medium reaches up to 24.8 mmol g−1 h−1, which is one order of magnitude higher than that in acetonitrile solvent. Interestingly, we found that the conversion of benzyl alcohol is markedly increased when we add water to pure acetonitrile solvent, implying that water has a positive effect on the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Detailed experiments reveal that hydroxyl radicals, the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS), are derived from superoxide radicals which are responsible for accelerating the production of benzaldehyde via a radical pathway. Additionally, the adsorption strength between benzyl alcohol and CdS QDs is further enhanced after the pre-adsorption of water on the CdS QD surface, contributing to more efficient charge transfer. The high selectivity is favored by the superior adsorption of the reactant alcohol and the rapid desorption of the desired product. This photocatalytic reaction is eco-friendly with 100% atom utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart nanoassemblies degradable through the cleavage of acid‐labile linkages have attracted significant attention because of their biological relevance found in tumor tissues. Despite their high potential to achieve controlled/enhanced drug release, a systematic understanding of structural factors that affect their pH sensitivity remains challenging, particulary in the consruction of effective acid‐degradable shell‐sheddable nanoassemblies. Herein, the authors report the synthesis and acid‐responsive degradation through acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of three acetal and ketal diols and identify benzaldehyde acetal (BzAA) exhibiting optimal hydrolysis profiles in targeted pH ranges to be a suitable candidate for junction acid‐labile linkage. The authors explore the synthesis and aqueous micellization of well‐defined poly(ethylene glycol)‐based block copolymer bearing BzAA linkage covalently attached to a polymethacrylate block for the formation of colloidally‐stable nanoassemblies with BzAA groups at core/corona interfaces. Promisingly, the investigation on acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis and disassembly shows that the formed nanoassemblies meet the criteria for acid‐degradable shell‐sheddable nanoassemblies: slow degradation at tumoral pH = 6.5 and rapid disassembly at endo/lysosomal pH = 5.0, while colloidal stability at physiological pH = 7.4. This work guides the design principle of acid‐degradable shell‐sheddable nanoassemblies bearing BzAA at interfaces, thus offering the promise to address the PEG dilemma and improve endocytosis in tumor‐targeting drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrooxidation of organic compounds offers a promising strategy for producing value-added chemicals through environmentally sustainable processes. A key challenge in this field is the development of electrocatalysts that are both effective and durable. In this study, we grow gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on the surface of various phases of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as highly effective electrooxidation catalysts. Subsequently, the samples are tested for the oxidation of benzaldehyde (BZH) to benzoic acid (BZA) coupled with a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We observe the support containing a combination of rutile and anatase phases to provide the highest activity. The excellent electrooxidation performance of this Au-TiO2 sample is correlated with its mixed-phase composition, large surface area, high oxygen vacancy content, and the presence of Lewis acid active sites on its surface. This catalyst demonstrates an overpotential of 0.467 V at 10 mA cm−2 in a 1 M KOH solution containing 20 mM BZH, and 0.387 V in 100 mM BZH, well below the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential. The electrooxidation of BZH not only serves as OER alternative in applications such as electrochemical hydrogen evolution, enhancing energy efficiency, but simultaneously allows for the generation of high-value byproducts such as BZA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the quest to combat global warming, traditional thermal chemistry processes are giving way to selective photocatalysis, an eco-friendly approach that operates under milder conditions, using benign solvents like water. Benzaldehyde, a versatile compound with applications spanning agroindustry, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, serves as a fundamental building block for various fine chemicals. This study aims at enhancing benzaldehyde production sustainability by utilizing photooxidation of benzyl alcohol. Gold nanoparticle-based catalysts are renowned for their exceptional efficiency in oxidizing bio-based molecules. In this research, Au nanoparticles were anchored onto three distinct supports:  T i O 2 ,  Z r O 2 , and graphitic carbon nitride (g- C 3 N 4 ). The objective was to investigate the influence of the support material on the selective photocatalysis of benzyl alcohol. In the preparation of g- C 3 N 4 , three different precursors—melamine, urea, and a 50:50 mixture of both—were chosen to analyze their impact on catalyst performance. After 4 h of irradiation at 365 nm, operating under acidic conditions (pH = 2), the Au photocatalyst on graphitic carbon nitride support synthesized using urea precursor (Au@g- C 3 N 4 (u r e a) ) displayed the optimal balance between conversion (75%) and selectivity (85%). This formulation outperformed the benchmark Au@TiO2, which achieved a similar conversion rate (80%) but exhibited lower selectivity (55%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for skin sensitization is used to derive safe use levels of sensitising fragrance ingredients in products. Post‐marketing surveillance of the prevalence of contact allergy to these ingredients provides relevant data to help evaluate the performance of these measures. Objectives: To determine a suitable patch test concentration for five fragrance materials that had hitherto not been tested on a regular basis. These concentrations are then to be used in a surveillance study with patch testing consecutive patients over an extended monitoring period. Materials and Methods: Furaneol, CAS.3658‐77‐3; trans‐2‐hexenal, CAS.6728‐26‐3; 4,8‐dimethyl‐4,9‐decadienal, CAS.71077‐31‐1; longifolene, CAS.475‐20‐7; benzaldehyde, CAS.10052‐7, were patch tested with other fragrance allergens in four clinics. Patch testing was conducted in three rounds, starting with the lowest concentrations of the five ingredients. The doses were increased in the subsequent rounds if no late‐appearing positive reactions and virtually no irritant reactions were reported. Results: Overall, 373 patients were tested. No positive allergic reaction was reported to the five ingredients. Patch test results of other fragrance allergens are reported. Conclusions: The highest test concentrations are each considered safe for patch testing consecutive patients. Further surveillance based on these preparations will evaluate the hypothesis that QRA‐driven consumer product levels of these fragrances can prevent sensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol under atmospheric oxygen is a sustainable route for the synthesis of benzaldehyde. The development of low-cost metal catalysts is a challenging research topic. Herein, supported vanadia catalysts on carbon nitride were prepared using vanadyl acetylacetonate as a precursor through a wet-impregnation method. The synthesized VO/eg-C3N4 were characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption, TG, XRD, FT-IR, XPS, UV–Vis, SEM, and O2-TPD. The eg-C3N4 material could disperse the vanadia species, and the distributions of vanadium cations (V5+/V4+) were largely dependent on the preparation temperature. In the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol under atmospheric oxygen, the catalysts showed moderate catalytic activity. Under identical reaction conditions, the activity of VO/eg-C3N4 was higher than vanadia catalysts supported on SBA-15 and CNTs materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive vision has been promoted for straightforward oxidative amidation, deploying a majority of amines and aldehydes via a robust and novel nano-catalyst of W/Co@g-C3N4. This approach would yield the primary, secondary, and tertiary amides with excellent efficiency experiencing mild conditions, in which the environmentally benign oxidizing agent of TBHP was predominantly used, holding remarkable attributes such as cost-effectiveness as well as facile approachability. More specifically, simultaneously embedding of W and Co on the surface of g-C3N4 has been an integral part in effectually progressing direct operation of amidation reaction in comparison with pure g-C3N4. The most important point highlighted in this work is the productive contribution of materials choice in designing as well as manufacturing approaches with respect to new required products while giving the most extreme level of accessible quality and efficiency with the most reduced level of costs. Emphatically, a variety of extraordinary merits can be awarded to this as-prepared catalyst, such as notable activity, reasonable recyclability, sustainable nature, and easy work-up. Moreover, a simple process was conducted to synthesize W/Co@g-C3N4 evaluated by employing FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TGA. Highlights: Nano-W/Co@g-C3N4 was introduced for the first time as a robust and efficient catalyst. Employing of tungsten and cobalt revealed a considerable shift in the catalytic performance of g-C3N4. Short reaction time as well as high yield with respect to the reported literatures for formation of amide bond through direct oxidative amidation. W/Co@g-C3N4 could be used in five consecutive runs without any significant drop in activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium tert-butoxide mediated a direct one-pot synthesis of diversely substituted nitriles from aldehydes via the sequential addition of hydroxylamine and benzoyl chloride is reported. A wide range of aromatic, heteroaromatic, and vinyl aldehydes were converted into corresponding nitriles in good to excellent yields. Room temperature reactions, transition metal-free conditions, wide functional group tolerance, simple operation, and short reaction time are the salient features of the developed methodology. An efficient base-mediated a direct synthesis of aromatic and heteroaromatic nitriles from corresponding aldehydes was reported. As the starting ingredients for the synthesis, aldehyde, and hydroxylamine were combined with benzoyl chloride in a series of reactions. Notably, this process may be carried out at room temperature without the need for transition metal catalysts, making it a practical and effective process. A wide variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes gave the products in good to excellent yields. Broad substrate scope, easy operation, quick reactions, tolerance of different functional groups, and room temperature reactions are the important features of the developed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The one-pot template reaction between 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde, benzylamine and copper(I) iodide yields the dinuclear copper complex (P∩N)2Cu2I2, as revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Easy operation, readily accessible starting materials, and direct synthesis of iminotetrazoles via metal‐free aerobic oxidation were achieved in one‐pot Ugi‐azide multicomponent reactions. A study of the reactivity of 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (Salicylaldehyde) as single reactant replacement (SSR) in classical Ugi reaction has been carried out showing an outcome that differs by simply varying the ortho‐substituents of the benzaldehyde moiety. In doing so, various substituted imino tetrazole products could be obtained directly in one step by simple execution without oxidation step in good yields. Characterization of these new iminotetrazole products was confirmed by X‐ray analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigates the individual and cumulative effects of 12 aldehydes concentrations on cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: A total of 1529 individuals from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were enrolled. We assessed serum concentrations of 12 aldehydes, including benzaldehyde, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, decanaldehyde, heptanaldehyde, hexanaldehyde, isopentanaldehyde, nonanaldehyde, octanaldehyde, o-tolualdehyde, pentanaldehyde, and propanaldehyde. CVD patients were identified based on self-reported disease history from questionnaires. The Bayesian kernel machine regression was used to evaluate the cumulative effect of 12 aldehyde concentrations on CVD. Both weighted and unweighted logistic regression were used to assess the association of serum aldehyde concentrations with CVD, presenting effect sizes as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Additionally, a restricted cubic spline analysis was also conducted to explore the relationship between benzaldehyde and CVD. Results: Among the participants, 111 (7.3%) were identified as having CVD. Isopentanaldehyde concentrations were notably higher in CVD patients compared to those without CVD. Bayesian kernel machine regression indicated no cumulative effect of aldehydes on CVD. Unweighted logistic regression revealed a positive association between benzaldehyde and CVD when adjusting for age and sex (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.03-1.21). This association persisted after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, hypertension, diabetes, alcohol consumption, and smoking, with an OR of 1.12 (95% CI = 1.02-1.22). The restricted cubic spline showed a linear association between benzaldehyde and CVD. In the weighted logistic model, the association between benzaldehyde and CVD remains significant (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.06-1.29). However, no significant association was found between other aldehydes and CVD. Conclusions: Our study reveals the potential contributing role of benzaldehyde to CVD. Future studies should further validate these findings in diverse populations and elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel thio-derivatives of d-glucosamine has been synthesized using double inversion procedures at the C3 atom. New compounds were applied as ligands for the diethylzinc addition to benzaldehyde and the products of the addition were obtained with a low to good enantiomeric ratio. The direction and the level of the asymmetric induction were highly dependent on the type of protecting groups on the nitrogen and sulfur atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti3C2Tz MXenes are prepared under different etching conditions and tested as heterogeneous catalysts for the selective oxidation of styrene to benzaldehyde. A clear dependence is observed between the etching conditions (hydrofluoric acid concentration and etching time) and the surface chemistry, morphology and catalytic performance of the resulting MXenes. Under appropriate conditions, etching of the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase precursor with concentrated HF produces Ti3C2Tz MXenes with highly accessible accordion‐like structures and accessible Ti−O surface terminations that can act as active species for the catalytic process, keeping up with the best catalysts reported so far for this reaction. The present study represents one of the few existing reports on catalytic properties of MXenes under mild liquid‐phase conditions, paving the way for future developments of this new family of 2D materials for fine chemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]