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Lipomas, benign tumours of mature fat cells, typically appear in the head-and-neck region, with rare occurrences in the mouth. This case involves an unusually large intraoral lipoma exceeding 1.8 cm. Lipomas, usually painless, may go unnoticed for an extended period. Recognition of atypical presentations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management. A surgical procedure under local anaesthesia removed a 1.8 cm × 1.7 cm × 1.3 cm gingival growth. Using a 15 No, an incision was made on the BP blade to preserve the attached gingiva. Coe-Pak dressing safeguarded the treated area, ensuring optimal recovery. The soft-tissue section’s histopathological examination revealed an encapsulated lesion with mature adipocytes arranged in lobules, separated by fibrous connective tissue. Adipocytes displayed polygonal shapes with clear cytoplasm, eccentrically placed nuclei and compressed membranes. Deeper observations included dilated blood capillaries, extravasated red blood cells, muscle fibres and minimal inflammatory cells. Lobules of mucous salivary acini were also identified as intraoral lipomas, rare but detected during dental check-ups. They usually lack pain, which causes delayed treatment. Patients focus on aesthetics or mild discomfort. Clinicians must use modern diagnostics to identify and conservatively manage intraoral lipomas. Ongoing trials explore non-surgical treatments, potentially shaping future standards of care.

Lipomas, benign tumours of mature fat cells, typically appear in the head-and-neck region, with rare occurrences in the mouth. This case involves an unusually large intraoral lipoma exceeding 1.8 cm. Lipomas, usually painless, may go unnoticed for an extended period. Recognition of atypical presentations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management. A surgical procedure under local anaesthesia removed a 1.8 cm × 1.7 cm × 1.3 cm gingival growth. Using a 15 No, an incision was made on the BP blade to preserve the attached gingiva. Coe-Pak dressing safeguarded the treated area, ensuring optimal recovery. The soft-tissue section's histopathological examination revealed an encapsulated lesion with mature adipocytes arranged in lobules, separated by fibrous connective tissue. Adipocytes displayed polygonal shapes with clear cytoplasm, eccentrically placed nuclei and compressed membranes. Deeper observations included dilated blood capillaries, extravasated red blood cells, muscle fibres and minimal inflammatory cells. Lobules of mucous salivary acini were also identified as intraoral lipomas, rare but detected during dental check-ups. They usually lack pain, which causes delayed treatment. Patients focus on aesthetics or mild discomfort. Clinicians must use modern diagnostics to identify and conservatively manage intraoral lipomas. Ongoing trials explore non-surgical treatments, potentially shaping future standards of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemangioblastomas are benign, highly vascular tumours containing neoplastic stromal cells with characteristic immunohistochemical features. They are slow-growing tumours with a solid or cystic pattern of unknown origin and are classified as Grade-I benign tumours. They mostly arise in the cerebellum, medulla and spinal cord and are histologically similar to the vascular lesions in the retina. Haemangioblastomas are the most frequent manifestations of an autosomal-dominant inherited syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease but can also occur as sporadic non hereditary tumours. Hereby, the current case report is on a 53-year-old male who presented to the tertiary care hospital with a persistent headache for six weeks. Based on just the clinical history and examination, the patient was given a probable diagnosis of either cerebellar haemangioblastoma or cerebellar tumour. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was performed, which suggested that the lesion could be a glioma or metastatic deposits from a different tumour. In view of these differentials, the patient underwent tumour excision and decompression via suboccipital craniectomy, and an extraventricular drainage was placed for ease of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) drainage. With the help of histopathological diagnosis, the patient was diagnosed with an apparent sporadic type of cerebellar haemangioblastoma, but this can be confirmed only after detailed genetic screening.

Cardiac tumours can occur in association with genetic syndromes. Rhabdomyomas have been reported in association with tuberous sclerosis, myxomas with Carney's complex, cardiac fibromas with Gorlin syndrome, and paragangliomas with multiple endocrine neoplasm syndrome. The presentation and prognosis of cardiac tumours associated with genetic syndromes differ compared with sporadic cases. Knowledge about the associated syndromes' genetic features and extracardiac manifestations is essential for the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of cardiac neoplasms. Moreover, identifying genetic mutations in benign and malignant cardiac tumours is needed to personalise management and improve treatment outcomes. Thus, this review discusses the genetic abnormalities associated with cardiac tumours, the current genetic screening recommendations, and the effect of those genetic mutations on the outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leiomyomas are common benign tumours of smooth muscles, often occurring in the uterine muscle wall. These growths usually appear during a woman’s reproductive years and are not malignant. Leiomyomas are quite common and impact a large percentage of women worldwide. Occasionally, leiomyomas can be located in the extremities and cause pain due to compression effects. Typically, foot leiomyomas appear as a lump or mass in the soft tissue of the foot that grows slowly. They are normally painless, but pain or discomfort occurs when the growth affects or compresses the surrounding tissues or nerves. Although the precise cause of leiomyomas is unknown, it is thought that hormone changes, genetics, and other unidentified factors play a role in their incidence. Cutaneous leiomyomas are most often benign, and surgical removal can benefit patients in terms of pain management or symptom relief. Leiomyomas of the foot are uncommon. The present case report illustrates the clinical, radiographic, and pathological findings of a rare subcutaneous leiomyoma in the foot. The authors present the case of a 50-year-old woman who visited the Outpatient Department (OPD) complaining of swelling over the back of her left heel. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the ankle depicted the characteristics of the swelling, which was confirmed as leiomyoma through Immunohistochemical (IHC) tumour markers {Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)}. The lesion was surgically excised, and histopathology of the excised sample revealed leiomyoma.

Musculoskeletal tumours of foot or ankle make up about 4–5% of all musculoskeletal tumours. Fortunately, about 80% of them are benign. However, due to the rarity and low prevalence of each single tumour entity, diagnosis is often difficult and delayed. Ultrasonography is an important diagnostic tool to safely recognize ganglion cysts as a frequently encountered ‘bump’ in the foot. In suspicious lesions, malignancy must be excluded histologically in a tumour center by biopsy after imaging procedures using x-ray, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Most of the benign tumours do not require any further surgical therapy. Resection should be performed in the case of locally aggressive tumour growth or local symptoms of discomfort. In contrast to malignant tumours, the primary purpose in the resection is the least possible loss of function.

Myxomas of the heart are one of the most common primary heart tumours, which most often develop in the left atrium, are characterised by a benign nature and no relapses after surgical removal of the tumour. Karney complex is an autosomal dominant disease characterised by numerous tumours, in particular, myxomas of the heart. Insufficient coverage of this pathology in the literature leads to an erroneous diagnosis, progression of the disease and inadequate treatment. The purpose of the study was to determine the morphological features of heart myxomas in patients with Karney complex. Using light microscopy, a morphological examination of the heart myxomas was performed, which were removed during 7 operations. Histological sections were made from the operating material, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Van Gieson, fuchselin, and Masson's Trichrome Stain in the Zerbino-Lukasevich modification. A comparison of the group of heart myxomas of patients with the Karney complex (16 tumours) with a group with myxomas of the heart that occur sporadically (278 tumours) was made to identify morphological features. It was established that myxomas of the heart are multiple, they were detected with the same frequency in the right and left chambers of the heart. It was generalised that in myxomas of the heart, signs of both alteration and high proliferative activity of endotheliocytes and fibrous connective tissue cells are noted. Secondary myxomas of the heart in patients with the Karney complex have the same structural organisation as primary tumours, but most often they are not relapses, more often they are multiple and do not have a predominant localisation in the left atrium. The analysis established an identical cellular composition of both groups of heart myxomas, which suggests the same source of tumour growth, but the presence of more complex cell formations in sporadic myxomas and the predominance of single cells in Karney heart myxomas indicate the existence of differences in their morphogenesis

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify certain parapharyngeal space tumours with specific characteristics that can be treated successfully through an endoscopically assisted transoral approach (EATA). Methods: Nine patients with PPS tumours underwent surgery through an EATA between 2003 and 2021. All patients underwent clinical examination and fibrolaryngoscopy. Preoperative CT and/or MRI was performed on all patients. Results: All the patients were successfully treated through an endoscopically assisted transoral approach. Histological examination revealed five pleomorphic adenomas, two schwannomas, one ectopic thyroid gland and one lipoma. The only long-term sequelae observed was Horner syndrome in the two schwannomas arising from the carotid space. The mean hospitalisation time was 2.6 days, while the mean follow-up time was of 9.7 years. Conclusions: An endoscopically assisted transoral approach (EATA) is a valid technique for treating benign capsulated tumours of the true PPS and some benign capsulated tumours of the superomedial aspect of the carotid space.

Introduction: Mast cells are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Their role in neoplasm angiogenesis remains an enigma. Mast cells have been observed in association with smooth muscle tumours of the uterus. The role of mast cells in leiomyomas is conflicting, with some studies favoring tumour development and others showing the opposite. Aim: To assess the distribution of mast cells in uterine leiomyomas and the adjacent myometrium. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 consecutive hysterectomy specimens from patients who underwent surgery for leiomyoma over a period of one year and five months at PES Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sections from the leiomyoma and adjacent myometrium were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and toluidine blue stains. Mast cell distribution was calculated. The data was collected and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (Version 23.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Mast cell counts were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The comparison between the means of different groups was performed using the “Independent sample t-test.” A p-value

Surgery is the treatment of choice for tumours in the parotid gland. We evaluated complications following parotid surgery. We conducted a retrospective study on 554 patients undergoing parotid surgery for benign parotid tumours from 2012 to 2021. We analysed complication rates between extracapsular dissection (ECD) and superficial parotidectomy (SP). We found 19 capsular ruptures in patients undergoing ECD (5.34%) and five among those undergoing SP (2.52%) [p < 0,05]; 16 cases of temporary facial paralysis among those undergoing ECD (4.49%) and 35 in patients undergoing SP (17.67%) [p < 0,05]; and eight instances of permanent facial nerve paralysis in patients undergoing ECD (2.25%) [p > 0,05] and 13 in patients undergoing SP (6.56%). Among the mid-term complications described were: 22 salivary fistulas among patients operated with ECD (6.18%) [p > 0,05] and 17 in patients with SP (8.58%) 17 sialoceles in those who underwent ECD (4.77%) and seven with SP (3.53%) [p > 0,05]. Regarding late complications, we found: surgical wound dehiscence, pathological scarring (keloid), Frey's syndrome, and recurrence, which affected 45 patients with ECD (12.64%) and 21 with SP for dehiscence (10.6%) [p < 0,05]; 28 keloids in patients with ECD (7.86%) and 15 in patients with SP (7.57%) [p > 0,05]; 12 cases of Frey's syndrome in patients with ECD (3.37%) and 36 with SP (18.18%) [p < 0,05]; and finally 22 recurrences in patients who underwent ECD (6.18%) and 13 in patients who underwent SP (6.56%) [p > 0,05], including 30 in the 273 patients with pleomorphic adenoma and five in the 214 patients with Warthin's tumour. We can conclude that the onset of the different complications after parotid gland surgery are related to the surgery performed. Our data confirm that there is a tight relationship between type of surgery performed and type of complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leiomyomas are common benign tumours of smooth muscles, often occurring in the uterine muscle wall. These growths usually appear during a woman's reproductive years and are not malignant. Leiomyomas are quite common and impact a large percentage of women worldwide. Occasionally, leiomyomas can be located in the extremities and cause pain due to compression effects. Typically, foot leiomyomas appear as a lump or mass in the soft tissue of the foot that grows slowly. They are normally painless, but pain or discomfort occurs when the growth affects or compresses the surrounding tissues or nerves. Although the precise cause of leiomyomas is unknown, it is thought that hormone changes, genetics, and other unidentified factors play a role in their incidence. Cutaneous leiomyomas are most often benign, and surgical removal can benefit patients in terms of pain management or symptom relief. Leiomyomas of the foot are uncommon. The present case report illustrates the clinical, radiographic, and pathological findings of a rare subcutaneous leiomyoma in the foot. The authors present the case of a 50-year-old woman who visited the Outpatient Department (OPD) complaining of swelling over the back of her left heel. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the ankle depicted the characteristics of the swelling, which was confirmed as leiomyoma through Immunohistochemical (IHC) tumour markers {Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)}. The lesion was surgically excised, and histopathology of the excised sample revealed leiomyoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoid osteoma (OO) is a common benign bone tumour, usually affecting young people. Typically, it is localised to the diaphyses or metaphyses of long bones. The classical manifestation includes distinctive night pain, almost always present, responding well to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sometimes accompanied by complaints due to physical activity, and a typical picture on additional tests. A characteristic of osteoid osteoma is the presence of a nidus, usually visible on imaging tests. The nidus generally presents as a single, round lytic lesion up to 1 cm in diameter, surrounded by an area of reactive ossification. However, OO is a multifaceted neoplasm, and its diagnosis can cause numerous difficulties. OO can mimic multiple diseases and vice versa, which often leads to a prolonged diagnostic and therapeutic path and associated complications. There are few literature reviews about the differentiation and diagnostic difficulties of osteoid osteoma. Very effective therapies for this tumour are known, such as ablation and resection. Enhanced detection of osteoid osteoma could result in faster diagnosis and less suffering for the patient, avoidance of complications, and reduced costs of incorrect and prolonged treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify certain parapharyngeal space tumours with specific characteristics that can be treated successfully through an endoscopically assisted transoral approach (EATA). Methods: Nine patients with PPS tumours underwent surgery through an EATA between 2003 and 2021. All patients underwent clinical examination and fibrolaryngoscopy. Preoperative CT and/or MRI was performed on all patients. Results: All the patients were successfully treated through an endoscopically assisted transoral approach. Histological examination revealed five pleomorphic adenomas, two schwannomas, one ectopic thyroid gland and one lipoma. The only long-term sequelae observed was Horner syndrome in the two schwannomas arising from the carotid space. The mean hospitalisation time was 2.6 days, while the mean follow-up time was of 9.7 years. Conclusions: An endoscopically assisted transoral approach (EATA) is a valid technique for treating benign capsulated tumours of the true PPS and some benign capsulated tumours of the superomedial aspect of the carotid space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major breakthroughs and disruptive methods in disease treatment today owe their thanks to our inch by inch developing conception of the infinitive aspects of medicine since the very beginning, among which, the role of the regenerative medicine can on no account be denied, a branch of medicine dedicated to either repairing or replacing the injured or diseased cells, organs, and tissues. A novel means to accomplish such a quest is what is being called "medical biowaste", a large assortment of biological samples produced during a surgery session or as a result of physiological conditions and biological activities. The current paper accentuating several of a number of promising sources of biowaste together with their plausible applications in routine clinical practices and the confronting challenges aims at inspiring research on the existing gap between clinical and basic science to further extend our knowledge and understanding concerning the potential applications of medical biowaste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cartilaginous tumours comprise a large, heterogeneous group of mesenchymal neoplasms. They pose a challenge in terms of accurate diagnosis and management. Histopathological findings have direct implications for treatment outcomes. Aim: To determine the concordance between the radiological features and the histopathological diagnosis of cartilaginous lesions of bone. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India, among 109 patients with histopathologically proven benign and malignant cartilaginous tumours, received in the laboratory between January 2012 and December 2021 for a duration of 10 years, were analysed. The study was conducted between September 2019 and January 2022. The demographic data for the study, including age, tumour site, clinical findings, and radiological diagnosis, were obtained from medical records. The cases were histopathologically graded based on the World Health Organization 2020 classification of tumours of soft tissue and bone. The concordance between histopathological diagnosis and radiological features was assessed. The Chi-square test was used to find the association between two categorical variables, and the Independent sample t-test was used to find the difference between two groups with respect to mean and standard deviation. results: There were a total of 109 cases of cartilaginous tumours, out of which 82 cases (75.22%) were diagnosed as malignant and 27 cases (24.77%) were diagnosed as benign. Among benign neoplasms, chondroblastoma and osteochondroma were the most common, with 10 cases (37.03%) each. Among malignant chondroid tumours, 73 (89.02%) were diagnosed as conventional chondrosarcoma. There were five cases (6.09%) of secondary chondrosarcomas (malignant transformation of a benign cartilaginous lesion). Among the secondary chondrosarcomas, three cases (60%) were malignant transformation in osteochondroma, 1 (20%) in enchondroma, and 1 (20%) in synovial chondromatosis. Among the 91 cases for which radiology was available, 86 (94.50%) had a concordance between radiological and histopathological diagnosis. Five cases (5.49%) had a discordant radiological diagnosis. conclusion: For histologically benign tumours, the radiological findings in the study were identical and concordant. For histologically malignant tumours, there were discrepancies with radiological findings in this study when the lesion had an associated cyst, absence of cortical destruction, or absence of a clear cartilaginous component and extra cortical expansion. For histologically suspicious cases in the study, the final diagnosis was made based upon radiological findings, with a particular interest in cortical destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The clavicle is a very rare site for primary bone tumours, and Giant cell tumours of the clavicle are even rarer. Very few cases have been reported in the literature. Method: The authors report a rare presentation of intrathoracic extension of a giant cell tumour of the medial end of the clavicle, in an 18-year-old female. The patient had painful swelling at the sternal end of the clavicle associated with a painful shoulder range of motion. Complete resection of the mass was done, preserving the lateral half of the clavicle. Result and Discussion: At a 3-year follow-up, the patient has a good clinical outcome with no signs of recurrence. Being a very rare entity, no clear guidelines are available for the management of GCT of Clavicle. Adequate resection of the tumour mass remains the mainstay of treatment and has shown promising results. Denosumab has been proved to be effective in some studies, but the high cost of treatment is a major limitation in the Indian scenario. Conclusion: Resection of the tumour mass with partial cleidectomy provided good results in this patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ductal papilloma is a type of rare salivary gland tumor of minor salivary glands and commonly seen in the lower lip and buccal vestibule. Ductal papilloma usually presents in the form of three histopathological variants, namely sialedenoma papilliferum, intraductal papilloma, and inverted ductal papilloma. The etiopathogenesis of a ductal papilloma remains unclear, but some authors suggest the association with human papilloma virus. Diagnosis of intraoral ductal papilloma predominantly depends on the histopathological features; however, clinical differential may include benign lesions such as mucocele, lipoma, and fibroma. Considering the benign and nonaggressive nature of such tumors, histopathology alone is suitable for the diagnosis. However, immunohistochemistry may be used in cases of aggressive growth or in malignant counterpart. In this case report, we report the rare case of intraoral ductal papilloma of the lower lip mimicking a mucocele in a 6-year-old female patient.

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of odontogenic tumours and cysts of maxillofacial area. Materials & methods: Eighty cases of odontogenic tumours and cysts of maxillofacial region is reported to the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery were included for the study. The extent of the lesion, size, location and related with adjacent structures was noted. All cases were managed in department of oral surgery. Results: Among tumors ameloblastoma found in 18 (22.5%), Keratocystic odontogenic tumor(KCOT) in 8 (10%), Calcified epithelial odontogenic tumour (CEOT) in 3 (3.75%), complex odontoma in 2 (2.5%), compound odontoma in 7(8.75%), odontogenic fibroma in 3 (3.75%), cementoblastoma in 1 (1.25%), primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma in 2 (2.5%) and ameloblastic carcinoma in 1 (1.25%), fibroscarcoma 2 (2.5%). Cysts were radicular cyst in 13 (16.25%), residual cyst in 6 (7.5%) and dentigerous cyst in 14 (17.5%). A significant difference was observed (P< 0.05). Conservative management was performed in 19 (23.75%), excision in 31 (38.75%), enucleation in 22 (27.5%), en bloc resection in 4(5%) and marsupialisation in 4 (5%). A significant difference was observed (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Maximum cases were seen in age group 18-27 years, males had higher prevalence than females. Most common benign tumour was ameloblastoma and cyst was radicular cyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The benign tumour of the maxilla is characterised by a slowly evolving swelling and usually painless symptoms. It is the object of a consultation in Odontostomatology in Africa when it becomes voluminous causing a significant aesthetic damage.In practice, modern imaging (CT) and, failing that, panoramic imaging of the jaws remain the best means of assessing the size and extent of the tumour, with definitive diagnosis requiring clinical, radiological and histological observations. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and radiographic aspects of benign maxillary tumours diagnosed at the Centre de Consultations et de Treatments Odonto-Stomatologiques (CCTOS). Methods: Our study is descriptive and included 32 records based on clinical examination and panoramic radiography of the maxilla of patients admitted to the Department of Surgery and Odontological and Maxillofacial Pathologies of the CCTOS during one year. Résults: It was revealed that of the 32 cases of benign tumours, a female preponderance was observed with an average age of 30.72 years. The predisposition of the location was the right mandibular corpus of the patient. The radiographic images were large bone lyses, well limited but with inconsistent rhizoses. Conclusion: Our study showed the delay of clinical symptomatology on the radiographic image in the diagnosis of benign maxillary tumours and the frequency of bulky bone tumours.

Importance: Approximately twenty per cent of Von Hippel–Lindau patients with retinal haemangioblastomas (RH) suffer from visual impairment. Various treatment options are available for peripheral RH. However, management of peripheral RH is complex due to multifocality and bilaterality. Objective: To summarize published evidence on efficacy and safety of different interventions for peripheral RH and to provide treatment recommendations for specialists. Evidence review: Comprehensive searches were performed using Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar database on 4 March 2020. English publications that described outcomes related to efficacy or complications in at least two patients with peripheral RH were included. Efficacy and safety were estimated by complete tumour eradication rate, pretherapeutic and treatment‐related complication rate. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to calculate the risk estimate of complications between treatment options. Findings: Twenty‐seven articles were included in this review describing nine different treatment options for peripheral RH: laser photocoagulation (n = 230), cryotherapy (n = 50), plaque radiotherapy (n = 27), vitreoretinal surgery (n = 88), photodynamic therapy (PDT; n = 14), transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT; n = 10), external beam radiotherapy (n = 3), systemic treatment (n = 7) and intravitreal anti‐VEGF (n = 2). Complete tumour eradication was achieved in 86.7% (95% CI: 83.5–89.9%) of all eyes. For the different treatments, this was after laser photocoagulation 89.9% (86.1–93.7%), cryotherapy 70.2% (57.0–83.4%), plaque radiotherapy 96.3% (89.1–100.0%), vitreoretinal surgery (100.0%), PDT 64.3% (38.3–90.3%) and TTT 80.0% (53.8–100.0%). No complete tumour eradication was achieved after systemic therapy, external beam radiotherapy or intravitreal anti‐VEGF. Photodynamic therapy and vitreoretinal surgery showed the highest complication rate after treatment compared to the other treatments (OR 10.5 [95% CI: 2.9–38.4]) and (OR 5.9 [95% CI: 3.4–9.9]), respectively. Cases that had pretherapeutic complications showed a higher treatment‐related complication rate (OR 14.8 [95% CI: 7.3–30.0]) than cases without complications before treatment. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that laser photocoagulation is the safest and most effective treatment method for peripheral RH up to 1.5 mm in diameter. Vitreoretinal surgery has the highest success rate for complete tumour eradication and may be the most suitable treatment option in the presence of pretherapeutic complications and for larger tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Benign tumours of the hand and upper limb are frequently seen by hand surgeons. The literature in this field is relatively rich, however there are several issues which are not referenced in the literature or are subject to divergent opinions. These concerns complaints caused by the tumours. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution, symptomatology and histological analysis of benign tumours within the upper extremity. Materials and methods: The study group consisted of 346 patients – 234 women (68%) and 112 men (32%) at a mean age of 53 years who were operated on in the authors’ institution between 2015–2018. The criteria of inclusion were as follows: the presence of a tumour in the upper extremity which was not a ganglion cyst or malignant tumour, and available results of histopathological examination of the resected tumour. Results: Most lesions – 231 (67%) were localized in the digits, followed by the metacarpus – 46 (13.3%). The size of most of the tumours – 204 (59%) was 0.6–2 cm. The tumours were present for a mean duration of 2.6 years before surgical excision. For most patients, an unaesthetic appearance of the hand was the primary problem. Most of the tumours – 248 (72%), were symptomatic by means of pain at compression or caused mild dysfunction. In the study group, most tumours were giant-cell tumours of the tendon sheath – 96 (27.7%), lipomas – 44 (12.7%) and rheumatoid nodules – 30 (8.7%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverted follicular keratosis (IFK) is a rare benign tumour of the follicular infundibulum characterized by exo-endophytic growing. Generally, the diagnosis of IFK is histopathologically made because clinical differentiation from other lesions is difficult. We present a retrospective series with thirteen patients with histologically confirmed IFK to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and histopathologic characteristics of IFK. The mean age of the patients at the time of the excision was 53 years with extremes ranging from 19 to 82 years. The sex ratio M/F was 3.3. The lesions affected the face in nine patients mainly the moustache, followed by the scalp in three cases and the arm in one case, and 92% of the localizations are sun-exposed. The diagnosis was never clinically evoked. The lesion had a pink colour in ten cases and was pigmented in two cases and hypopigmented in one case. More than half of the lesions (53%) had a keratotic centre. Histopathological examination showed endophytic intradermal proliferation of basaloid cells with a variable degree of squamoid differentiation. Horn cysts were present in all cases. According to our series, the IFK occurs predominantly in young men, in the face and more specifically in the moustache. Dermoscopy may suggest the diagnosis of the IFK. In fact, a histopathological examination is the gold standard for the diagnosis of the IFK and helps differentiate these benign tumours from possible malignant neoplasms.

Urinary bladder leiomyoma is a rare tumour accounting for less than 0.5% of all urinary bladder tumours. Till now, less than 250 cases were documented with variable sizes, most of them were less than 10 cm in maximum diameter. Here we present a 68- year-old female patient with urinary bladder giant leiomyoma measuring about 13 cm. She presented with right loin pain. Postcontrast computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a large posterolateral right-sided urinary bladder mass with moderate right hydroureteronephrosis. It was managed by partial cystectomy. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course. Postoperative pathological examination of the specimen confirmed giant leiomyoma of the urinary bladder.

Tongue is a vital organ within the oral cavity that has varied function,and it may act as an index for the underlying systemic diseases.The investigation of the tongue diseases may begin with mere clinical examination .This review is to highlight the signs and symptoms of the various lesions that affects the tongue and especially to talk in brief about the benign and malignant tumours that affect the tongue along with other inherited and congenital abnormalities.Tongue lesions are categorized as tumours,infections, reactionary,congenital,developmental,acquired,autoimmune and potentially malignant disorders for easy understanding and to arrive at appropriate diagnosis.Tongue playing an important role in maintaining the harmony in the oral environment,it should be treated from diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast majority of tumours arising in the bronchopulmonary system are malignant in nature. Benign tumours of the lung are relatively rare and are often incidental findings during clinical investigations for unrelated conditions. These lesions can arise in the bronchial tree or the pulmonary parenchyma and may be of epithelial, mesenchymal, salivary gland‐type or unknown differentiation. Although the spectrum of these lesions is wide, the clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the most relevant will be the subject of this review. In addition, the most important features allowing differentiation from malignant pulmonary neoplasms will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical spine osteochondromas are rare with approximately 3% of solitary and 7–9% of hereditary osteochondromas occurring in the spine. Almost 50% of spinal osteochondromas occur in the cervical region. A search of osteochondroma of cervical spine was performed of our radiology database. In this study, we present 11 cases of adult cervical spine osteochondromas. These predominantly involved the posterior elements. The cartilage cap was more than 2 cm in 2 cases. There was cord compression in 1 case, foraminal narrowing in 2 patients and vertebral artery compression in 1 case. 6 patients underwent excision with majority being osteochondroma. There was only one case of chondrosarcoma. Osteochondromas of cervical spine and extremely rare and symptomatology are due to mass effect. One should be aware of this entitly when analysing cervical spine for neck pain or lump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Evaluation of phenotype and treatment outcome of retinal haemangioblastomas (RH) in von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease and correlation of these features with the genotype of VHL germline mutation carriers. Methods: Retrospective analysis of a longitudinal cohort of 21 VHL germline mutation carriers and RH. Clinical and genetic data were obtained to analyse the correlation of genotype with phenotype and treatment outcomes. Results: All patients were categorized in two genotypic categories: missense mutations (MM) and truncating mutations (TM). Mean follow‐up duration was 16.3 years and did not differ significantly between mutation groups (p = 0.383). Missense mutations (MM) carriers (n = 6) developed more progression‐related complications compared to TM carriers (n = 15) (p = 0.046). Vitreoretinal surgery was more often applied in MM carriers (p = 0.036). Moderate (visual acuity (VA)20/80 to 20/200) to severe (VA < 20/200) visual impairment was observed in 53.3% of the eyes of MM carriers and 28.1% of the eyes of TM carriers at last recorded visit. Conclusion: Missense mutations in VHL patients seem to have a higher prevalence of progression‐related complications. Missense mutations (MM) carriers required therefore more often vitreoretinal surgical treatment with a worse treatment outcome. Genetic analysis may play a role in determining a pro‐active treatment strategy and prognosis for RH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prostatic gland lesions are becoming an alarming health hazard among Indian males. Early diagnosis and risk prediction are crucial for accurate treatment decisions. TRUS and MRI are effective in the diagnosis of prostatic lesions. Aim: To assess the role of Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) with colour doppler and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in prostatic lesion detection with reference to TRUS guided biopsy. Materials ad Methods: A total 100 cases with chief complaints of prostatic enlargement were included. Study participants underwent MRI, TRUS and TRUS guided biopsy. Collected data was analysed by using SPSS statistical software version 16.0. Lesion diagnostic efficacy was represented in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV). Results: The mean age of cases was 71.53 years. 59% cases had Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), 10% cases had prostatic abscess. Histopathological results showed 80 cases had benign and 13 cases had malignant lesions and rest had inconclusive lesions which means echotexture of the lesion was complicated to judge by the experts and such lesions was avoided for HPE. The main associated clinical symptoms were nocturia (39%), hesitancy (18%) and acute retention (14%). TRUS with colour Doppler detected 13 malignant lesions, among them 10 characterised with increased vascularity whereas in benign 2 lesions showed increased vascularity. MRI was failed to detect few nodular lesions which was confirmed by TRUS. TRUS has lesion detection sensitivity 88.2% and specificity 95.4%. MRI has lesion detection sensitivity 76.8% and specificity 99.7%. Conclusion: MRI was sensitive than TRUS in detection of transcapsular extensions. TRUS is effective in differentiation of malignant and benign prostatic lesions whereas MRI is better in localising the lesions. TRUS with colour doppler was able to visualise vascular lesions promptly when compared to the MRI.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal (GI) lipomas are rare; however, they are frequent enough to be considered in the differential diagnosis of gut tumours. Here, we present our experience with GI lipomas managed at our institute over the last three years., Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with GI lipomas managed between January, 2020 and April, 2023 at a tertiary care centre. Clinical presentation, location, and details of surgical procedure were analysed., Results: Ten patients were included, six of whom had lipoma in the colon, one in the stomach, and one each in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The mean age at the time of presentation was 48.8 years (range, 19-77 years), and strong male preponderance (4:1) was noted. Preoperative diagnosis of lipoma on cross-sectional imaging was possible in all patients. All patients were symptomatic and were managed surgically., Conclusions: While GI lipomas are generally considered to be indolent and benign tumours, they can potentially lead to severe complications. The utilisation of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging has brought about a significant transformation in diagnosing this condition, enabling preoperative identification in most cases. The surgery offers a definitive treatment with minimal risk of postoperative complications.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of watchful waiting in the treatment of metachronous cystadenolymphomas, taking the experience of our department into consideration. All patients suspected of having a metachronous cystadenolymphoma, and who had a minimum follow-up time of 12 months, were studied (n = 26). Data about the growth rate, number of lesions, and symptoms of inflammation were recorded. Mean (range) follow-up was 36 (13–94) months. Metachronous tumours developed in three cases on the ipsilateral side, in 22 cases on the contralateral side, and on both sides in one case. The mean rate of growth /lesion was 15% /year (range: 22%–158%). There were no signs of local inflammation. The extreme variability in the behaviour of metachronous cystadenolymphomas points to the need for an individualised approach, accurate investigation of the sonographic characteristics, and continuous watchful waiting in affected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The establishment of animal models of xenotransplantation can contribute to the elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis of ameloblastic fibrodentinomas (AFD) and it also provides an opportunity for drug tests. We aimed to evaluate the possibility of AFD tumour growth in a patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) model. In addition, we characterized the human tumour and the PDXs. Materials and Methods: A sample of a recurrent AFD was obtained and two fragments were contralaterally implanted subcutaneously in an 8‐week old female NUDE mouse. After 250 days, the PDXs were removed and submitted to histopathological and molecular analysis. Immunohistochemical reactions for Ki67 and the phosphorylated form of ERK1/2 were carried out in both, PDXs and human tumour, and the presence of BRAFV600E was assessed. Results: From day 135 onwards, the PDXs presented a growth peak and remained stable until day 250. Histopathologically, the PDXs presented the same features of the patient's tumour. Tumour cells exhibited Ki67 and pERK1/2 immunoexpression in the patient's tumour and PDX. The AFD was wild‐type for BRAFV600E. Conclusion: The PDX model recapitulated well the human tumour after a long implantation time, representing a possible model to study the AFD and other odontogenic tumours pathobiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anorectal leiomyomas are a rare benign soft tissue tumour with an estimated prevalence of <0.1% of all anorectal neoplasms. Leiomyomas should not be confused with gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) and leiomyo-sarcomas as the prognoses for these is very different. If left untreated, leiomyomas have the potential to turn malignant. Therefore, correct diagnosis, staging and management are paramount to ensure that patients receive the correct treatment. If managed correctly, these patients have a good prognosis and are able to maintain a high quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vagal Nerve Schwannoma (VS) is a rare tumour, usually seen in patients of 30-50 years of age, affecting both sexes equally. Clinically, VS presents as a slow growing, asymptomatic tumour, often with minimal symptoms in the patient. It is necessary to distinguish VS from other neck masses and to arrive at a diagnosis only after ruling out commonly occurring neck lesions. Cytology in cases of VS is often inconclusive; hence, there is a higher degree of reliance on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to establish a preoperative diagnosis. Treatment involves complete excision of the tumour. Other less frequently employed options include intracapsular enucleation. Postoperative morbidity has been reported and includes hoarseness of voice or speech difficulties. The final diagnosis is achieved by findings on histopathological examination. Here, a case of VS occurring in a 60-year-old female is described. The presenting clinical features, diagnosis and surgical management are further discussed.

Osteomas are the most common benign tumours of the sinonasal tract. Even though their location in the sinuses is well known, turbinate osteomas are quite rare. We report one such case of a 26-year-old female who presented with neurological complaints of a seizure rather than nasal complaints. The cause of the seizure was found to be a small abscess in her frontal lobe, secondary to frontal sinusitis due to a bony hard nasal mass arising from the middle turbinate. She underwent endoscopic excision of the mass which was confirmed on histopathology as an osteoma. The case highlights an unusual presentation of a middle turbinate osteoma.