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This study examines a naked torso from the Roman Imperial Period exhibited in the garden of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. The torso was made of white marble and is slightly over life sized. It was found at an unspecified date in the vicinity of the ancient city of Iuliopolis/Juliopolis in the district of Nallıhan, 122 kilometers northwest of Ankara, Turkey and delivered to the Anatolian Civilizations Museum. There is no context for the artifact due to the uncertainty of the place of discovery. It also lacks arms, legs, head, and inscription. Therefore, it is impossible to determine its exact location and identity. Nevertheless, rest of the body is well preserved. The rear side of the torso is roughly worked, an indication that it might have been placed on a niche. Based on the clues of the work and comparison with similar examples allow us a partial interpretation of the sculpture. Accordingly, it is thought that it was for a euergetes who made important contributions to the Juliopolis and that his sculpture was probably exhibited in a public building. In addition, the stylistic features indicate that the work may have been made in parallel with the development of the city during the Augustan Period. The present study focuses on the introduction, identity, location of display, and the period to which it may belong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of hospitals in promoting charity and philanthropy has not been fully documented in the existing historiography. Following the 1882 crisis in Egypt, Greeks in Alexandria founded a new hospital using British and Egyptian indemnities, loans and donor funds. By examining the operation of St Sofronios Hospital and its staff, this article historicises the development and position of the Greek community in late 19th and early 20th century Alexandria. It argues that the hospital, under the patronage of the Koinotita, consolidated the Greek community in British-controlled Alexandria and, through the institutionalisation of philanthropy, forged intra-communal philanthropic structures, coherence and social hierarchies. At the same time, St Sofronios was responsive to interethnic communication and cooperation.

Abstract Background This study aimed to examine the effect of different types of shame on prosocial behavior tendency to different help-seekers. Methods A total of 120 participants were randomly assigned to a neutral mood condition, a public shame or a private shame condition. Results All participants rated their willingness to help a benefactor and a stranger in an everyday helping situation and a money-donating situation after emotion-induction. The study found a higher willingness of participants in the public shame group to help strangers than those in neutral mood and private shame groups. Conclusion These findings support a facilitation effect of public shame on prosocial behavior tendency toward strangers, indicating an effect of restoring motive of shame on social interaction. The results are further discussed in light of the functionalism of shame.

By drawing on service encounter data in Japanese, this paper analyzes a previously undocumented request action initiated by a service provider to a client as a necessary step to provide the service. The service provider and their client, both exercising respective deontic rights, collaboratively construct a request turn in particular ways. In this case, due to the Japanese SOV word order, the service provider takes advantage of segmenting their request turn to allow the recipient clients to begin compliance, who thereby acquiesce to the service provider's deontic authority at the earliest point. By bringing the request turn to completion after the client's compliance while reflexively showing their deontic and beneficiary stances in the turn final component, the service provider displays commitment to balancing out their relative deontic status to the client. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A football club is exposed to a soft budget constraint (SBC) syndrome if it still survives after finding it impossible to break even financially in the long run. This in-depth case study presents a historical analysis of the evolution of an SBC syndrome in a top-tier Arctic football club over 30 years using public archive data. In oral speeches, strategy documents, and other official situations, the hierarchy at the club emphasized the importance of operating in a financially sustainable manner, that is, complying with a hard budget constraint approach (HBC). The club went along this path during the first years after entering the top tier in the mid-1980s. This was made possible by a team of low-cost local players. However, in line with increased media and sponsorship revenues in the 1990s, the economic threshold for competing at the top-level rose. Thus, during the last two decades of the club's financial history, the budget constraint (BC) approach softened. Primarily, a distant benefactor and capital injections from a joint-stock company owned mainly by the local bank and local energy company funded the overspending. Furthermore, the study uncovers how a soft financial control and monitoring system introduced by the national football association failed to emancipate the club from the SBC syndrome. The study finally suggests some measures that can eventually harden the BC at this as well as many other financially struggling European football clubs.

Background: This study aimed to examine the effect of different types of shame on prosocial behavior tendency to different help-seekers. Methods: A total of 120 participants were randomly assigned to a neutral mood condition, a public shame or a private shame condition. Results: All participants rated their willingness to help a benefactor and a stranger in an everyday helping situation and a money-donating situation after emotion-induction. The study found a higher willingness of participants in the public shame group to help strangers than those in neutral mood and private shame groups. Conclusion: These findings support a facilitation effect of public shame on prosocial behavior tendency toward strangers, indicating an effect of restoring motive of shame on social interaction. The results are further discussed in light of the functionalism of shame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that a thus far neglected aspect of Luke's Christology is the portrayal of Jesus as a benefactor. It interprets the use of lexemes of the semantic domain euergetes ("benefactor") in Luke-Acts (Luke 22:25; Acts 4:9; 10:38) against the background of ancient sources. The common feature of designating kings and emperors as saviours and benefactors fits perfectly, both with Luke's use of the title "saviour" for Jesus and with his royal Christology, but adds a decisive new aspect: Jesus, the heavenly lord and judge, is not a tyrant, but a beneficial ruler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When receiving something beneficial, interlocutors are expected to express their appreciation in the second pair part (SPP) or the sequence-closing third position with linguistic resources such as 'thanks' and 'thank you', thus forming an adjency pair or a complete sequence. However, under some circumstances, relevant or appropriate appreciation is expected but does not appear. Adopting conversation analysis as the research methodology, this article examines the absence of appreciation in ordinary Mandarin interactions where gratitude and appreciation are often socially prescribed. Its sequential analysis of talks demonstrates that at times a verbal appreciative response in situations such as offering and requesting does not occur until a later conversational turn rather than in the preferred second pair part, whereas at other times the social action, although expected, is actually absent in social interaction. The analysis of the data shows that when interlocutors transgress the normative expectation of appreciation, the expected pattern of action and interactional organisation will be evidenced circumstantially within the ongoing interaction itself. The present study proves that deviations from standard forms in the interactional organisation can give rise to additional accounts or other visible interactional behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ostracism presents a paradox: ostracizing a member from a group has been considered anti‐normative yet has been applied in many societies. This study attempts to resolve this paradox through the idea that people ostracize an individual to maximize benefits to the whole group. A paired‐comparison paradigm was developed that forced participants to choose a target of ostracism from one of two members who provided different amounts of benefits to the other members. Participants then rated the degree of psychological pain caused by ostracizing. Four experiments revealed that participants tended to choose to ostracize a benefactor (who provided benefits only to the participant) rather than a utilitarian (who maximized the benefits to the whole group). Participants felt the strongest psychological pain when ostracizing a utilitarian rather than a benefactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semantic features of gratitude are studied on the material of philosophical and psychological texts. It is established that gratitude is a multifaceted semantic category which social destination is to preserve confidence and peace between people. The feeling of gratitude depends upon social status, degree of benefactor’s responsibility for the problem, amount of good deed and degree of benefactor-beneficiary proximity. Ingratitude is a conflict-generating moral quality, it is inseparable from gratitude and in principle is interpreted by negation of gratitude semantic features.

This article contains the publication of a new public inscription from the village of Akkent north of Çal (ancient Atyochorion). The inscription dates from the Roman Imperial period and its upper half is heavily damaged. The remaining part of the inscription contains information about a local benefactor Pl. Eukopos, son of Philodoxos (?), who donated 150 denarii for the sacrifices of oxen to Zeus Trossou and for the payment of the priests' poll tax, under the condition that the expenses are perpetually defrayed from the interest, while the principal remains intact to the people. The lost part of the inscription contained a list of similar dedications/donations, erected under the supervision of the members of local gerousia.

Bohuslav Tablic (1769 – 1812) often expressed his admiration for those who in any way contributed to the development of domestic literature. His dedications of the individual volumes of his poetry collection Poezye (published successively in 1806, 1807, 1809 and 1812) to Michal Žarnocay and Juraj Zmeškal respectively, confirm this. They serve as important evidence of the intense activity of benefactors on behalf of the development of the native language. Analysing the themes, motifs or the poetic meaning of these dedications and gradually identifying the authorial intent of the poet increasingly confirm that secondary materials are also an essential research source and interpreting them can provide answers to numerous questions about cultural, social and political life as well as philosophical and religious developments in our region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the process of getting permission for building new churches of the after-reform period. The source of the present research is the archival cases about the church building which are kept in the Moscow Central State Archive. The author distinguishes three stages in the described process: submitting the documents, checking the information and arriving at decisions. First, the petitioners submitted their requests with the detailed personal data, about the reasons for building a new church, about the source and the amount of the financing, about the availability of the land for the church construction, about the consecration of the altar, and the plan of the building and the area. The commission arrived at the decision about permitting or rejecting to build a certain church taking into consideration all these factors. The author comes to a conclusion that the main factor in such decisions for the church authority was the material security of a priest, the ability of a parish to financially support a church construction, to maintain the church itself and the clergy of the parish. The process described in the article helps to supplement our knowledge about the parish creation, and to understand the scale of the problem of maintaining the clergy which has an influence even on this aspect of the parish life.

A reputable industrialist and banker, one of the richest people in Serbia, Georg Weifert was, at the same time, a researcher, collector, patron of the arts and benefactor of countless scientific, educational and humanitarian associations. 'One should give away in order to earn anew', was what this great and noble man used to say. And he did have a lot, and he did bestow a lot, bigheartedly.

RESUMEN: En la Granada moderna, en un momento histórico en que la mujer estaba muy limitada legal y socialmente, se pueden encontrar casos excepcionales en los que estas se convirtieron en promotoras de importantes espacios concebidos como sepultura de sus familias. Normalmente sus nombres no salieron a la luz, escondidos tras los de sus maridos o tras el apellido del linaje al que pertenecían. Algunos de estos lugares habilitados como capillas funerarias en el interior de los templos granadinos difícilmente podrían ser ahora identificados como tales, y menos aún, dar testimonio del alcance, de la importante actuación de mecenazgo llevada a cabo por aquellas mujeres que los gestionaron. ABSTRACT: In modern Granada, at a time in history when women were very restricted in legal and social terms, there were some exceptional cases in which they became the instigators of important spaces which were conceived as burial places for their families. Their names were not normally made public, as they were hidden behind the names of their husbands or the surname of their lineage. It would be difficult to identify some of these places endowed as funeral chapels inside Granada’s churches, and even more difficult to understand the scope of the important patronage undertaken by the women who were their benefactors.

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Aims: Our main aims are to test how: (1) different nurse species modulate the early establishment of multiple beneficiary species in a degraded area; (2) the intensity and direction of species-specific interactions between nurse and beneficiary species change during beneficiary ontogeny. Location: A shrubby Caatinga forest at Petrolina, northeast Brazil, degraded by grazing and logging activities in recent decades. Methods: We conducted a factorial multi-species experiment in which seeds and seedlings of five beneficiary species were sown in the presence and absence of three pioneer tree species. Beneficiary species performance was monitored for different ontogenetic stages. Results: We found evidence of species-specific facilitation in which the intensity and outcome of the interactions between nurse and beneficiary species varied depending on species identity. Additionally, for most combinations of nurse and beneficiary species, ontogenetic shifts from positive to neutral or negative interactions were observed with increasing beneficiary age. Conclusions: We provide experimental evidence that nurse and beneficiary species identity simultaneously influence the balance between facilitation and competition. Our results suggest that ontogenetic shifts may be a widespread phenomenon in semi-arid ecosystems. We discuss that a key mechanism explaining these findings is the match between what nurse species offer and what beneficiary species require in terms of resources and conditions. As a consequence, different nurse species tend to favour or inhibit unique sets of beneficiary species beneath their canopies. We argue that species-specific facilitation is an overlooked mechanism promoting β-diversity during community succession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was proposed by the United Way of the Midlands to gather information about donors in an uncertain economic environment. Motivation for giving encompasses altruistic and self-serving reasons. The brand is viewed as a 'boomer' brand, which is ageing and will soon be replaced by Generation X, Generation Y and the Millennial. These younger cohorts need to be understood and targeted for the long-range sustainability of the United Way. Engaging these potential donors will entail different forms of media.The researchers gathered qualitative data from three focus groups: upper-level managers of corporations that sponsor in-house United Way campaigns; donors to corporate campaigns; and nondonors to the United Way. When the personal needs of donors are recognised and addressed, charitable giving continues. The attrition rate for the first three months of a campaign sets the pattern for attrition throughout the campaign. Individual donors seem to be less sensitive to personal income changes and charitable giving than do corporate donors. Individual non-donors are more likely to donate useful goods and services than individual or corporate donors. There is a positive relationship between income and the amount given. Fourteen recommendations for acquiring new donors and retaining current donors are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reputable industrialist and banker, one of the richest people in Serbia, Georg Weifert was, at the same time, a researcher, collector, patron of the arts and benefactor of countless scientific, educational and humanitarian associations. "One should give away in order to earn anew", was what this great and noble man used to say. And he did have a lot, and he did bestow a lot, bigheartedly. INSET: A German from Upper Austria with the Cross of Takovo on His Chest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ancient Mediterranean world any public admission of weakness reflected badly on one's personal status and honour, as well as the public reputation of one's group. However, in 1 Corinthians 15:8-10 Paul openly admits about being in error in the past regarding the true identity of Christ. Within the larger cultural framework of meaning, the apostle's graphic confession redefines his prior existence as a form of physical pollution. His open admittance of error also introduces a fresh understanding of God who freely extends grace to the morally impure. Paul serves as the paradigm of the active presence of God's grace, which ontologically transformed his religious status, as well as his understanding of Christ. In this new relationship, based solely on the grace of God, fitting responses by all grateful recipients entail public confessions of previous error and incessant hard work for the sake of Christ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I will describe how spiritual practices in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition can bring about psychotherapeutic healing. Specifically, I will discuss the transformative work of Love and Awareness practice and Dzogchen Skygazing practice in the psychotherapy of two clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prosperity of Thessalonica depended in part on the Roman benefactors who resided there. They contributed to the welfare of the city and its inhabitants not only through their direct works of benefaction, but also by serving as channels of access to the supreme benefactor, the emperor. Many Thessalonians maintained themselves as clients of some patron, and the city as a whole considered itself a client of the emperor. The Thessalonians maintained and strengthened these relations with the Romans and the emperor by honoring them publicly, even through worship. The patron-client relationship between Thessalonica and Rome helps to understand the persecution in Thessalonica in reaction to the preaching of the seditious gospel, and the patron-client institution within the city illuminates the problem of the Christians who didn't want to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gratitude is a concern-based construal of one's situation in terms of three elements: a benefit freely given, oneself as the beneficiary, and a benefactor. For there to be gratitude the beneficiary must consider that the benefit is desirable and the benefactor acts with benevolent motives. The transaction creates a debt that the beneficiary "pays" by feeling and expressing gratitude to the benefactor. We can give thanks in everything if we recognize that transitory goods are not the central gift, but rather redemption in Christ. Three obstacles to gratitude, all manifestations of a lack of humility, are: feeling that benefits received are owed to us, considering that receiving favors reduces our dignity, and resisting the recognition of our dependence on God. The Christian understanding of the universe and our place in it is hospitable to gratitude, for it underlines our dependence on God and on others and the magnitude of the gifts that we receive from God. To grow in gratitude we should look for blessings in adversity, remember that the central gift is redemption, and understand that our dignity does not derive from our self-sufficiency and merit, but rather from our being creatures of God and recipients of his grace. These concepts are illustrated in passages from Dickens, Johnson, Aristotle and Steinbeck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People may experience two opposing motivations after receiving unexpected or counternormative favors: an obligation to reciprocate and psychological reactance. We investigated whether awareness of a future opportunity to reciprocate might affect which reaction would ultimately guide reciprocity behavior. Participants received a generous payment from a “supervisor.” This favor was either expected or unexpected and either normative or counternormative. Recipients were either aware or unaware of a future chance to reciprocate. As predicted, unaware participants demonstrated reactance by reciprocating less when the favor was unexpected or counternormative, whereas aware participants demonstrated obligation by reciprocating more under those circumstances. Participants’ evaluations of the supervisor suggested that people have mixed impressions of someone whose favors violate expectancies or norms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]