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Using a case study, the article aims to display the evolution of the conservation and restoration practice within the Cultural Heritage Preservation Institute of Belgrade in the second half of the 20th century. The formation of institutions responsible for the protection of cultural heritage in Serbia (then Yugoslavia) began at the end of the fifth decade, and the start of the sixth decade of the 20th century. The Cultural Heritage Preservation Institute of Belgrade was founded to research and protect the Belgrade fortress, which is today a cultural monument of exceptional significance for the Republic of Serbia. The history of the Belgrade Fortress stretches far into the past, from the first prehistorical settlements, the Roman castrum on the limes with the civil settlement Singidunum, the medieval city of Belgrade, to the fortified border between the east and the west, that is the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy. Due to its geostrategic position at the confluence of the Danube and the Sava, the fortress has been almost completely torn down and destroyed many times; hence, today, the primary value of the fortress lies in the layering of various phases and epochs which have been preserved in fragments. The Zindan Gate complex within the Belgrade fortress, built in the second half of the 15th century, represents an amalgamation of various interventions that occurred throughout the centuries intending to create the best possible defense system adapted to the current martial techniques. Through the analysis of the research, valuations, and realized and unrealized projects in the Zindan Gate complex during the second half of the twentieth century, it is possible to understand the methods, ways, and approaches to conservation and simultaneously evaluate and critically analyze the formal structure of the institution, the Cultural Heritage Preservation Institute of Belgrade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Returning to the studies of the topography of the Belgrade Fortress from the perspective of archaeological and geophysical research unveiled a number of valuable insights regarding the structure and chronology of constructions within the spatial unit of the Lower Town. In the light of the newly obtained precise layouts of the objects, and harking back to the indicative narrative sources, a reexamination of the available artistic and archaeological material was undertaken. In addition to the confirmation of the presumed position of the Metropolitan Church of the Assumption, new light is shed on the siting of the Franciscan monastery of St. Mary. Based on the features of the floor plan, a possible period of establishment of the Franciscan church and monastery complex in the late 13th or early 14th century, shortly after the first mention of the presence of their community in Belgrade, is considered. Erected in its immediate vicinity was a caravanserai, a building of massive architectural proportions, with an atrium courtyard surrounded by rows of relatively spacious rooms. Its remains were partly destroyed by the construction of infantry barracks by the Austrians (1723-1739), while later, after 1740, Hasan Pasha's mosque was built over the remains of both voluminous buildings.

Copyright of Archaeology & Science / Arheologija i Prirodne Nauke is the property of Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Belgrade fortress with Kalemegdan, or the Kalemegdan complex, represents one of the most preserved cultural and historical units in Serbia, important for studying the past of many nations and the epoch. Above all, the complex is significant as a part of the former limes of the Roman Empire, but also as a place of importance for the national history of the Middle Ages and New Age. As such, this unit is recognized and protected as a cultural heritage of exceptional importance. The next step towards the achievement of international law protection is enrolment on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In order to achieve this, it is necessary that the unit be deprived of military character. The paper analyses the formal and essential relocation of the Belgrade Military Museum outside the Belgrade Fortress area, as well as other additional contents, all for the purpose of returning more authentic Kalemegdan complex. The paper analyses the legal, organizational and other elements of this idea, as well as the benefits that will be gained through its realization.

Research performed on the complex structure of the Upper Town's south-east rampart was finalized with the archaeological excavations in 2008, which were conducted in the section of the medieval Tower II, in the area colloquially known as "Prolom". The development of Belgrade fortifications is greatly reflected in the complex physical structure of this rampart, a conclusion that is also supported by the research presented in this paper. Layers from antiquity and 11th-12th century were uncovered, as well as fortifications dating back to the early 15th century, including the remains of the Tower II. A significant transformation of the rampart was performed in late 17th century with the construction of a new curtain wall. Among the subsequent extensions, particularly important are the remains of the Blockhouse built in the already existing rampart breach. This structure, which is not present in any of the past layouts of the Fortress, was constructed during the first years of the Austrian rule 1718-1722, but was soon abandoned following the construction of the projecting part of the curtain wall (in 1725), which closed the breach on the older curtain wall dating back to late 17th century.

Copyright of Anthropology Magazine is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of History Studies (13094688) is the property of History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper reviews the scene on the Jerusalem proskynetarion Icon - an iconographically complex pilgrimage icon dating from 1819 and kept in the Rose Church at the Belgrade Fortress. The central part of this scene depicts St Luke Presenting the Icon of the Theotokos to the Virgin Mary. By comparison with more recent graphics, the author concludes that this tradition was related to the miraculous icon from the Kykkos Monastery on Cyprus, which is believed to have been painted by Apostle Luke himself and blessed by the words of the Holy Mother. This legend played its role in justifying the cult of icons in general, but also in strengthening the prestige of the Kykkos Icon itself. Judging by the dates of the Jerusalem proskynetarion from the Ružica (= the Rose) Church and ceratin Bulgarian icons of the same type, it may be concluded that the latter ones had an earlier variant, a model of which could have been one of the icons from the Kykkos Monastery; it is likely that the Balkan and Palestinian workshops of the first half of the 19th century were aware of this earlier variant.

Copyright of Istorijski časopis is the property of Istorijski Institut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As the site of tumultuous cultural and historic events, Belgrade is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the region visited by a growing number of both national and international tourists. Kalemegdan complex, which is, as a rule, an indispensable point of tourist visits, holds a special place among tourist attractions of the city. At the same time, there is a general opinion that Kalemegdan is also the most important element of the overall attraction potential for tourism development in Belgrade, which is otherwise relatively modest compared to other European capitals. In this paper, an attempt has been made to assess the tourist value of Kalemegdan by using the combined qualitative and quantitative method. In contrast to the usual surveys of international tourists whose views do not necessarily reflect the 'attractiveness' and even less the fair value of attraction, the authors have opted for expert opinion in several profiles relevant to the case study. Tourism experts, travel guides, landscape architects, architects and environmentalists assessed the value of Kalemegdan as a tourist attraction, expressed through several distinctive indicators. Average values for each set of indicators, obtained by combining these marks, have led to the conclusion that the Kalemegdan Park with Belgrade Fortress has a relatively high tourism value in the level of national importance. The research has also showed the need for additional activities aimed at improving presentation and interpretation of the Belgrade's famous tourist attractions.

Copyright of Singidunum Scientific Review / Singidunum Revija is the property of Singidunum University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The document refers to the financing of the Belgrade Fortress reconstruction in the year of 1565. Reconstruction was implemented due to heavy damage caused by gunpowder explosion in the Upper Town warehouse provoked by lightening. The works were financed by different incomes from the territory of the Belgrade "nezareti," more precisely from Belgrade and Osijek ferry, rice fields of Nis, Kucajna mine and Karlovac imperial domains (haslar). The total amount was 290.000 akces. The document preserved in the Prime Minister’s Archives in Istanbul, in the series "Maliyeden Mudevver Defterleri" (no. 2775/84), is the summarized copy of the imperial decree issued on 9 August 1565. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]